THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

DAVIS 

GIFT  OF 

JOHN  C.   HARPER 


GRAY'S 


LESSONS    IN    BOTANY 


AND 


VEGETABLE   PHYSIOLOGY, 


ILLUSTRATED  BY  OVER  360  WOOD  ENGRAVINGS,  FROM  ORIGINAL 
DRAWINGS,  BY  ISAAC  SPRAGUE. 


TO    WHICH     IS     ADDED    A    COPIOUS 

GLOSSARY, 

OR 

DICTIONARY  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


BY    ASA     GRAY, 

FISHER  PROFESSOR  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY  IN  HARVARD  UNIVERSITY. 


NEW  YORK: 

IVISON,  PHINNEY,  BLAKEMAN  &  CO., 

CHICAGO :   S.  C.  GRIGGS  &   CO. 

1809. 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
DAVIS 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  In  the  year  1857,  by 

GEORGE    P.    PUTNAM    &    CO., 
in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  hi  the  year  1868,  by 

ASA   GRAY, 
in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  District  of  Massachusetts. 


PEEFACE. 


THIS  book  is  intended  for  the  use  of  beginners,  and  for  classes  in  the 
common  and  higher  schools,  —  in  which  the  elements  of  Botany,  one  of 
the  most  generally  interesting  of  the  Natural  Sciences,  surely  ought  to  be 
taught,  and  to  be  taught  correctly,  as  far  as  the  instruction  proceeds. 
While  these  Lessons  are  made  as  plain  and  simple  as  they  well  can  be, 
all  the  subjects  treated  of  have  been  carried  far  enough  to  make  the  book 
a  genuine  Grammar  of  Botany  and  Vegetable  Physiology,  and  a  sufficient 
introduction  to  those  works  in  which  the  plants  of  a  country  —  especially 
of  our  own  —  are  described. 

Accordingly,  as  respects  the  principles  of  Botany  (including  Vege- 
table Physiology),  this  work  is  complete  in  itself,  as  a  school-book 
for  younger  classes,  and  even  for  the  students  of  our  higher  seminaries. 
For  it  comprises  a  pretty  full  account  of  the  structure,  organs,  growth, 
and  reproduction  of  plants,  and  of  their  important  uses  in  the  scheme  of 
creation,  —  subjects  which  certainly  ought  to  be  as  generally  understood 
by  all  educated  people  as  the  elements  of  Natural  Philosophy  or  Astron- 
omy are ;  and  which  are  quite  as  easy  to  be  learned. 

The  book  is  also  intended  to  serve  as  an  introduction  to  the  author's 
Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States  (or  to  any  similar 
work  describing  the  plants  of  other  districts),  and  to  be  to  it  what  a 
grammar  and  a  dictionary  are  to  a  Classical  author.  It  consequently  con- 
tains many  terms  and  details  which  there  is  no  necessity  for  young  stu- 
dents perfectly  to  understand  in  the  first  instance,  and  still  less  to  commit 
to  memory,  but  which  they  will  need  to  refer  to  as  occasions  arise,  when 
they  come  to  analyze  flowers,  and  ascertain  the  names  of  our  wild  plants. 

To  make  the  book  complete  in  this  respect,  a  full  Glossary,  or  Diction- 
ary of  Terms  used  in  describing  Plants,  is  added  to  the  volume.  This  con- 
tains very  many  words  which  are  not  used  in  the  Manual  of  Botany; 
but  as  they  occur  in  common  botanical  works,  it  was  thought  best  to  in- 
troduce and  explain  them.  All  the  words  in  the  Glossary  which  seemed 
to  require  it  are  accented. 


IV  PREFACE. 

It  is  by  no  means  indispensable  for  students  to  go  through  the  volume 
before  commencing  with  the  analysis  of  plants.  When  the  proper  season 
for  botanizing  arrives,  and  when  the  first  twelve  Lessons  have  been  gone 
over,  they  may  take  up  Lesson  XXVIII.  and  the  following  ones,  and  pro- 
ceed to  study  the  various  wild  plants  they  find  in  blossom,  in  the  manner 
illustrated  in  Lesson  XXX.,  &c.,  —  referring  to  the  Glossary,  and  thence 
to  the  pages  of  the  Lessons,  as  directed,  for  explanations  of  the  various 
distinctions  and  terms  they  meet  with.  Their  first  essays  will  necessarily 
be  rather  tedious,  if  not  difficult ;  but  each  successful  attempt  smooths 
the  way  for  the  next,  and  soon  these  technical  terms  and  distinctions 
will  become  nearly  as  familiar  as  those  of  ordinary  language. 

Students  who,  having  mastered  this  elementary  work,  wish  to  extend 
their  acquaintance  with  Vegetable  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  and  to  con- 
sider higher  questions  about  the  structure  and  classification  of  plants,  will 
be  prepared  to  take  up  the  author's  Botanical  Text-Book,  an  Introduction 
to  Structural  Botany,  or  other  more  detailed  treatises. 

No  care  and  expense  have  been  spared  upon  the  illustrations  of  this 
volume;  which,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  are  all  original.  They 
were  drawn  from  nature  by  Mr.  Sprague,  the  most  accurate  of  living 
botanical  artists,  and  have  been  as  freely  introduced  as  the  size  to  which 
it  was  needful  to  restrict  the  volume  would  warrant. 

To  append  a  set  of  questions  to  the  foot  of  each  page,  although  not  un- 
usual in  school-books,  seems  like  a  reflection  upon  the  competency  or  the 
faithfulness  of  teachers,  who  surely  ought  to  have  mastered  the  lesson  be- 
fore they  undertake  to  teach  it;  nor  ought  facilities  to  be  afforded  for 
teaching,  any  more  than  learning,  lessons  by  rote.  A  full  analysis  of  the 
contents  of  the  Lessons,  however,  is  very  convenient  and  advantageous. 
Such  an  Analysis  is  here  given,  in  place  of  the  ordinary  table  of  con- 
tents. This  will  direct  the  teacher  and  the  learner  at  once  to  the  leading 
ideas  and  important  points  of  each  Lesson,  and  serve  as  a  basis  to  ground 
proper  questions  on,  if  such  should  be  needed. 

ASA  GRAY. 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY,  CAMBRIDGE, 
January  1,  1857. 


%*  Revised  August,  1868,  and  alterations  made  adapting  it  to  the  new  edition  of 
Manual,  and  to  Fitld,  forest,  and  Garden  Botany,  to  which  this  work  is  the  proper 
introduction  and  companion. 

A.  G. 


ANALYSIS   OF   THE   LESSONS.1 


LESSON  I. — BOTANY  AS  A  BRANCH  OP  NATURAL  HISTORY.     .     .    p.  1. 

1.  Natural  History,  its  subjects.  2.  The  Inorganic  or  Mineral  Kingdom, 
what  it  is  :  why  called  Inorganic.  3.  The  Organic  world,  or  the  world  of  Or- 
ganized beings,  why  so  called,  and  what  its  peculiarities.  4.  What  kingdoms 
it  comprises.  5,  6.  Differences  between  plants  and  animals.  7.  The  use  of 
plants  :  how  vegetables  are  nourished  ;  and  how  animals. 

8.  Botany,  how  defined.  9.  Physiology,  and  Physiological  Botany,  what 
/fiey  relate  to.  10.  Systematic  Botany,  what  it  relates  to  :  a  Flora,  what  it  is. 
11.  Geographical  Botany,  Fossil  Botany,  &c.,  what  they  relate  to. 

LESSON  II. —  THE  GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.      .     p.  4. 

12.  The  Course  of  Vegetation:  general  questions  proposed.  13.  Plants 
formed  on  one  general  plan.  14.  The  Germinating  Plantlet :  15.  exists  in 
miniature  in  the  seed:  16.  The  Embryo;  its  parts:  17,  18.  how  it  develops. 
19.  Opposite  growth  of  Root  and  Stem  :  20.  its  object  or  results  :  21,22.  the 
different  way  each  grows. 

LESSON  III.     GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED;  continued,     p.  9. 

23.  Recapitulation  :  I  Ascending  and  Descending  AxisJ  24,  25.  The  Germi- 
nating Plantlet,  how  nourished.  26.  Deposit  of  food  in  the  embryo,  illustrated 
in  the  Squash,  &c. :  27.  in  the  Almond,  Apple-seed,  Beech,  &c.  :  28.  in  the 
Bean:  29.  in  the  Pea,  Oak,  and  Buckeye  :  peculiarity  of  these  last.  30,  31. 
Deposit  of  food  outside  of  the  embryo  :  Albumen  of  the  seed  :  various  shapes 
of  embryo.  32,  33.  Kinds  of  embryo  as  to  the  number  of  Cotyledons :  di- 
cotyledonous :  monocotyledonous  :  polycotyledonous.  34,  35.  Plan  of  vegeta- 
tion. 36.  Simple-stemmed  vegetation  illustrated. 

LESSON  IV.    THE  GROWTH  OF  PLANTS  FROM  BUDS  AND  BRANCHES,  p.  20. 

37,  38.  Branching  :  difference  in  this  respect  between  roots  and  stems.  39. 
Buds,  what  they  are,  and  where  situated  :  40.  how  they  grow,  and  what  they 
become.  41.  Plants  as  to  size  and  duration:  herb,  annual,  biennial,  perennial : 
shrub  :  tree.  42.  Terminal  Bud.  43.  Axillary  Buds.  44.  Scaly  Buds.  45. 
Naked  Buds.  46.  Vigor  of  vegetation  from  buds  illustrated.  47-49.  Plan 
and  arrangement  of  Branches  :  opposite  :  alternate.  50.  Symmetry  of  Branches, 

*  The  numbers  in  the  analysis  refer  to  the  paragraphs. 


Vi  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS. 

what  it  depends  on:  51.  how  it  becomes  incomplete:  51-59.  how  varied. 
53.  Definite  growth.  54.  Indefinite  growth.  55.  Deliquescent  or  dissolving 
stems,  how  formed.  56.  Excurrent  stems  of  spire-shaped  trees,  how  produced. 
57.  Latent  Buds.  58.  Adventitious  Buds.  59.  Accessory  or  supernumerary- 
Buds.  60.  Sorts  of  Buds  recapitulated  and  defined. 

LESSON  V.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  ROOTS p.  28. 

61  - 64.  Morphology;  what  the  term  means,  and  how  applied  in  Botany.  65. 
Primary  Root,  simple;  and,  66.  multiple.  67.  Rootlets;  how  roots  absorb 5 
time  for  transplantation,  £c.  68.  Great  amount  of  surface  which  a  plant 
spreads  out,  in  the  air  and  in  the  soil ;  reduced  in  winter,  increased  in  spring. 
69.  Absorbing  surface  of  roots  increased  by  the  root-hairs.  70.  Fibrous  roots 
for  absorption.  71.  Thickened  or  fleshy  roots  as  storehouse  of  food.  72,  73. 
Their  principal  forms.  74.  Biennial  roots ;  their  economy.  75.  Perennial 
thickened  roots.  76.  Potatoes,  &c.  are  not  roots.  77.  Secondary  Roots,  their 
economy.  78.  Sometimes  striking  in  open  air,  when  they  are,  79.  Aerial  Roots  ; 
illustrated  in  Indian  Corn,  Mangrove,  Screw  Pine,  Banyan,  &c.  80.  Aerial 
Rootlets  of  Ivy.  81.  Epiphytes  or  Air-Plants,  illustrated.  82.  Parasitic  Plants, 
illustrated  by  the  Mistletoe,  Dodder,  &c. 

LESSON  VI.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  STEMS  AND  BRANCHES.      ...    p.  36. 

83  -  85.  Forms  of  stems  and  branches  above  ground.  86.  Their  direction  or 
habit  of  growth.  87.  Culm,  Caudex,  &c.  88.  Suckers  :  propagation  of  plants 
by  division.  89.  Stolons :  propagation  by  layering  or  laying.  90.  Offsets. 
91.  Runners.  92.  Tendrils;  how  plants  climb  by  them  :  their  disk-like  tips  in 
the  Virginia  Creeper.  93.  Tendrils  are  sometimes  forms  of  leaves.  94.  Spines 
or  Thorns ;  their  nature  :  Prickles.  95.  Strange  forms  of  stems.  96.  Subter- 
ranean stems  and  branches.  97.  The  Rootstock  or  Rhizoma,  why  stem  and 
not  root.  98.  Why  running  rootstocks  are  so  troublesome,  and  so  hard  to  de- 
stroy. 99-101.  Thickened  rootstocks,  as  depositories  of  food.  102.  Their 
life  and  growth.  103.  The  Tuber.  104.  Economy  of  the  Potato-plant.  105. 
Gradations  of  tubers  into,  106.  Corms  or  solid  bulbs  :  the  nature  and  economy 
of  these,  as  in  Crocus.  107.  Gradation  of  these  into,  108.  the  Bulb  :  nature  of 
bulbs.  109,110.  Their  economy.  111.  Their  two  principal  sorts.  112.  Bulb- 
lets.  113.  How  the  foregoing  sorts  of  stems  illustrate  what  is  meant  by  mor- 
phology. 114.  They  are  imitated  in  some  plants  above  ground.  115.  Consoli- 
dated forms  of  vegetation,  illustrated  by  Cactuses,  &c.  116.  Their  economy 
and  adaptation  to  dry  regions. 

LESSON  VII.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  LEAVES P-  49. 

117.  Remarkable  states  of  leaves  already  noticed.  118,  119.  Foliage  the 
natural  form  of  leaves  :  others  am  special  forms,  or  transformations;  why  so 
called.  120.  Leaves  as  depositories  of  food,  especially  the  seed-leaves  ;  and,  121. 
As  Rulh-srMW  i -jo.  Loaves  as  Bud-scales.  123.  As  Spines.  124.  As  Ten- 
drils 125  A<  Pif-hers.  126.  As  Fly-traps.  127- 129.  The  same  leaf  serving 
various  purposes. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS.  vii 

LESSON   VIII.    MORPHOLOGY  or   LEAVES  AS  FOLIAGE.       ...    p.  54. 

130.  Foliage  the  natural  state  of  leaves.  131.  Leaves  a  contrivance  for  in- 
creasing surface  :  the  vast  surface  of  a  tree  in  leaf.  132,  133.  The  parts  of  a 
leaf.  134.  The  blade.  135.  Its  pulp  or  soft  part  and  its  framework.  136. 
The  latter  is  wood,  and  forms  the  ribs  or  veins  and  veinlets.  137.  Division  and 
use  of  these.  138.  Venation,  or  mode  of  veining.  139.  Its  two  kinds.  140. 
Netted-vcined  or  reticulated.  141.  Parallel-veined  or  nerved.  142.  The  so- 
called  veins  and  nerves  essentially  the  same  thing;  the  latter  not  like  the 
nerves  of  animals.  143.  How  the  sort  of  veining  of  leaves  answers  to' the  num- 
ber of  cotyledons  and  the  kind  of  plant.  144.  Two  kinds  of  parallel-veined  leaves. 
145,  146.  Two  kinds  of  netted-veined  leaves.  147.  Relation  of  the  veining  to 
the  shape  of  the  leaf.  148  -  151.  Forms  of  leaves  illustrated,  as  to  general  out- 
line. 152.  As  to  the  base.  153.  As  to  the  apex. 

LESSON  IX.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  LEAVES  AS  FOLIAGE  ;  continued,     p.  61. 

154,  155.  Leaves  either  simple  or  compound.  156-162.  Simple  leaves  il- 
lustrated as  to  particular  outline,  or  kind  and  degree  of  division.  163.  Com- 
pound leaves.  164.  Leaflets.  165.  Kinds  of  compound  leaves.  166,  167. 
The  pinnate,  and,  168.  the  palmate  or  digitate.  169.  As  to  number  of  leaflets, 
£c.  170.  Leaflets,  as  to  lobing,  &c.  171,  172.  Doubly  or  trebly  compound 
leaves  of  both  sorts.  173.  Peculiar  forms  of  leaves  explained,  such  as  :  174. 
Perfoliate:  175.  Equitant:  176.  Those  without  blade.  177.  Phyllodia,  or 
flattened  petioles.  178.  Stipules.  179.  Sheaths  of  Grasses  ;  Ligule. 

LESSON  X.     THE  ARRANGEMENT  OF  LEAVES p.  71. 

181.  Phyllotaxy,  or  arrangement  of  leaves  on  the  stem  :  general  sorts  of  ar- 
rangement. 182.  Leaves  arise  only  one  from  the  same  place.  183.  Clustered 
or  fascicled  leaves  explained.  184.  Spiral  arrangement  of  alternate  leaves.  185v 
The  two-ranked  arrangement.  186.  The  three-ranked  arrangement.  187.  The 
five-ranked  arrangement.  188.  The  fractions  by  which  these  are  expressed.- 
189.  The  eight-ranked  and  the  thirteen-ranked  arrangements.  190.  The  series 
of  these  fractions,  and  their  relations.  191.  Opposite  and  whorled  leaves. 
192.  Symmetry  of  leaves,  &c.  fixed  by  mathematical  rule.  193.  Vernation,  or 
arrangement  of  leaves  in  the  bud.  194.  The  principal  modes. 

LESSON  XI.     THE   ARRANGEMENT  OF  FLOWERS  ON  THE  STEST, 

OR  INFLORESCENCE p.  76. 

195.  Passage  from  the  Organs  of  Vegetation  to  those  of  Fructification  or  Re- 
production. 196.  Inflorescence:  the  arrangement  of  flowers  depends  on  that 
of  the  leaves.  197.  They  are  from  either  terminal  or  axillary  buds.  198.  In- 
determinate Inflorescence.  199.  Its  sorts  of  flower-clusters.  200.  Flower- 
stalks,  viz.  peduncles  and  pedicels,  bracts  and  bractlets,  £c.  201.  Raceme. 
202.  Its  gradation  into  (203)  a  Corymb,  and  that  (204)  into  (205)  an  Umbel. 
206.  Centripetal  order  of  development.  207.  The  Spike.  208.  The  Head, 


yiii  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS. 

209.  Spadix.  210.  Catkin  or  Amcnt.  211,  212.  Compound  inflorescence  of 
the  preceding  kinds.  213.  Panicle.  214.  Thyrsus.  215.  Determinate  In- 
florescence explained.  216,  217.  Cyme:  centrifugal  order  of  development. 
218.  Fascicle.  219.  Glomerule.  221.  Analysis  of  ilower-clusters.  222.  Com- 
bination of  the  two  kinds  of  inflorescence  in  the  same  plant. 

LESSON  XII.    THE  FLOWER  :  ITS  PARTS  OR  ORGANS p.  84. 

223.  The  Flower.  224.  Its  nature  and  use.  225.  Its  organs.  226.  The 
Floral  Envelopes  or  leaves  of  the  flower.  Calyx  and  Corolla,  together  called 
(227)  Perianth.  228.  Petals,  Sepals.  229.  Neutral  and  "double"  flowers, 
those  destitute  of,  230.  The  Essential  Organs :  Stamens  and  Pistils.  231,232. 
The  parts  of  the  flower  in  their  succession.  233.  The  Stamen  :  its  parts.  234. 
The  Pistil :  its  parts. 

LESSON  XIII.    THE  PLAN  OP  THE  FLOWER p.  88. 

235.  Flowers  all  constructed  upon  the  same  plan.  236.  Plan  in  vegetation 
referred  to.  237  -  239.  Typical  or  pattern  flowers  illustrated,  those  at  once 
perfect,  complete,  regular,  and  symmetrical.  241.  Imperfect  or  separated  flowers. 
242.  Incomplete  flowers.  243.  Symmetry  and  regularity.  244.  Irregular  flow- 
ers. 245.  Unsymmetrical  flowers.  246.  Numerical  plan  of  the  flower.  247. 
Alternation  of  the  successive  parts.  248.  Occasional  obliteration  of  certain  parts. 
24.^  Abortive  organs.  250.  Multiplication  of  parts. 

LESSON  XIV.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  FLOWER p.  96. 

251.  Recapitulation  of  the  varied  forms  under  which  stems  and  leaves  appear. 
252.  These  may  be  called  metamorphoses.  253.  Flowers  are  altered  branches  ; 
how  shown.  254.  Their  position  the  same  as  that  occupied  by  buds.  255, 
256.  Leaves  of  the  blossom  are  really  leaves.  257.  Stamens  a  different  modifi- 
cation of  the  same.  258.  Pistils  another  modification ;  the  botanist's  idea  of 
a  pistil.  259.  The  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  a  flower  answers  to  that  of  the 
leaves  on  a  branch. 

LESSON  XV.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  CALYX  AND  COROLLA.    .    .    p.  99. 

260.  The  leaves  of  the  blossom  viewed  as  to  the  various  shapes  they  assume ; 
as,  261.  by  growing  together.  262.  Union  or  cohesion  of  parts  of  the  same  sort, 
rendering  the  flower,  263.  Monopetalous  or  monosepalous  ;  various  shapes  de- 
fine,! and  named.  265  The  tube,  and  the  border  or  limb.  266.  The  claw 
and  the  blade,  or  bmiim  of  a  separate  petal,  &e.  267.  When  the  parts  are 
distinct,  ]io1y-e;,;il,,u<,  and  polypetalous.  268.  Consolidation,  or  the  growing 
tngc'h-T  of  the  parts  of  different  sets.  269.  Insertion,  what  it  means,  and  what 
is  meant  by  the  terms  Free  and  Hypogynous.  270.  Perigynous  insertion.  271, 
•2:-2.  Coherent  or  adherent  calyx,  £c.  273.  Epigynous.  274.  Irregularity  of 
part-.  275.  Papilionaceous  flower,  and  its  parts.  276.  Labiate  or  bilabiate 
flowers.  277,  278.  Ligulate  flowers  :  the  so-called  compound  flowers. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS.  IX 

LESSON  XVI.    JESTIVATION,   OR    THE    ARRANGEMENT    OF    THE 

CALYX  AND  COROLLA  IN  THE  BUD.      ...    p.  108. 

279.  ^Estivation  or  Prrefloration  defined.  280.  Its  principal  modes  illustrated, 
yiz.  the  valvate,  induplicate,  reduplicate,  convolute  or  twisted,  and  imbricated. 
282,  283.  Also  the  open,  and  the  plaited  or  plicate,  and  its  modification,  the 
supervolute. 

LESSON  XVII.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  STAMENS p.  111. 

284.  Stamens  considered  as  to,  285.  Their  insertion.  286.  Their  union  with 
each  other.  287,  288.  Their  number.  289.  Their  parts.  290.  The  Filament. 
291.  The  Anther.  292,  293.  Its  attachment  to  the  filament.  294.  Its  structure. 
295.  Its  mode  of  opening,  &c.  296.  Its  morphology,  or  the  way  in  which  it  is 
supposed  to  be  constructed  out  of  a  leaf;  its  use,  viz.  to  produce,  297.  Pollen. 
298.  Structure  of  pollen-grams.  299.  Some  of  their  forms. 

LESSON  XVIII.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  PISTILS. p.  116. 

300.  Pistils  as  to  position.  301.  As  to  number.  302.  Their  parts ;  Ovary, 
style,  and  stigma.  303,  304.  Plan  of  a  pistil,  whether  simple  or  compound. 
305,  306.  The  simple  pistil,  or  Carpel,  and  how  it  answers  .to  a  leaf.  307.  Its 
sutures.  308.  The  Placenta.  309.  The  Simple  Pistil,  one-celled,  310.  and  with 
one  style.  311,  312.  The  Compound  Pistil,  how  composed.  313.  With  two  or 
more  cells  :  314.  their  placenta?  in  the  axis  :  315.  their  dissepiments  or  parti- 
tions. 316,  317.  One-celled  compound  pistils.  318.  With  a  free  central  pla- 
centa. 319,  320.  With  parietal  placenta?.  321.  Ovary  superior  or  inferior. 
322.  Open  or  Gymnospermous  pistil :  Naked-seeded  plants.  323.  Ovules.  324. 
Their  structure.  325,  326.  Their  kinds  illustrated. 

LESSON  XIX.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  RECEPTACLE p.  124. 

327.  The  Receptacle  or  Torus.  328-330.  Some  of  its  forms  illustrated. 
331.  The  Disk.  332.  Curious  form  of  the  receptacle  in  Nelumbium. 

LESSON  XX.    THE  FRUIT p.  126. 

333.  What  the  Fruit  consists  of.  334.  Fruits  which  are  not  such  in  a  strict 
botanical  sense.  335.  Simple  Fruits.  336,  337.  The  Pericarp,  and  the  changes 
it  may  undergo.  338.  Kinds  of  simple  fruits.  339.  Fleshy  fruits.  340.  The 
Berry.  341.  The  Pepo  or  Ground-fruit,  342.  The  Pome  or  Apple-fruit.  343- 
345.  The  Drupe  or  Stone-fruit.  346.  Dry  fruits.  347.  The  Achenium  :  nature 
of  the  Strawberry.  348.  Raspberry  and  Blackberry.  349.  Fruit  in  the  Com- 
posite Family :  Pappus.  350.  The  Utricle.  351.  The  Caryopsis  or  Grain.  352. 
The  Nut :  Cupule.  353.  The  Samara  or  Key-fruit.  354.  The  Capsule  or  Pod. 
355.  The  Follicle.  356.  The  Legume  and  Loment.  357.  The  true  Capsule. 
358,359.  Dehiscence,  its  kinds.  361.  The  Silique.  362.  The  Silicic.  363.  The 
Pyxis.  364.  Multiple  or  Collective  Fruits.  365.  The  Strobile  or  Cone. 


X  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS. 

LESSON  XXL    THE  SEED p.  134. 

366.  The  Seed;  its  origin.  367.  Its  parts.  360,369.  Its  coats.  370.  The 
Aril  or  Arillus.  371.  Names  applied  to  the  parts  of  the  seed.  372.  The  Ker- 
nel or  Nucleus.  373.  The  Albumen.  374,  375.  The  Embryo.  376.  The 
Radicle.  377.  The  Cotyledons  or  Seed-leaves  :  the  monocotyledonous,  dicoty- 
ledonous, and  polycotyledonous  embryo.  378.  The  Plumule.  379.  The  circle 
of  vegetable  life  completed. 

LESSON  XXII.    How  PLANTS  GROW p.  138. 

380,  381.  Growth,  what  it  is.  382.  For  the  first  formation  or  beginning  of 
a  plant  dates  further  back  than  to,  383.  the  embryo  in  the  ripe  seed,  which  is 
already  a  plantlet.  384.  The  formation  and  the  growth  of  the  embryo  itself. 
385.  Action  of  the  pollen  on  the  stigma,  and  the  result.  386.  The  Embryonal 
Vesicle,  or  first  cell  of  the  embryo.  387.  Its  growth  and  development  into  the 
embryo.  388.  Growth  of  the  plantlet  from  the  seed.  389.  The  plant  built  up 
of  a  vast  number  of  cells.  390.  Growth  consists  of  the  increase  in  size  of  cells, 
and  then*  multiplication  in  number. 

LESSON  XXIII.    VEGETABLE  FABRIC  :  CELLULAR  TISSUE.  .     .    p.  142. 

391,  392.  Organic  Structure  illustrated  :  Cells  the  units  or  elements  of  plants. 
393.  Cellular  Tissue.  394,395,397.  How  the  cells  are  put  together.  396.  Inter- 
cellular spaces,  air-passages.  398.  Size  of  cells.  399.  Rapidity  of  their  produc- 
tion. 400.  Their  walls  colorless ;  the  colors  owing  to  their  contents.  401.  The 
walls  sometimes  thickened.  402.  Cells  are  closed  and  whole ;  yet  sap  flows  from 
one  cell  to  another.  403.  Their  varied  shapes. 

LESSON  XXIV.    VEGETABLE  FABRIC  :  WOOD p.  145. 

404.  All  plants  at  the  beginning  formed  of  cellular  tissue  only ;  and  some 
never  have  anything  else  in  their  composition.  405.  Wood  soon  appears  in 
most  plants.  406.  Its  nature.  408.  Wood-cells  or  Woody  Fibre.  409.  Hard 
wood  and  soft  wood.  410.  Wood-cells  closed  and  whole  ;  yet  they  convey  sap. 
411.  They  communicate  through  thin  places :  Pine-wood,  &c.  412.  Bast-cells 
or  fibres  of  the  bark.  413.  Ducts  or  Vessels.  414.  The  principal  kinds.  415. 
Milk-vessels,  Oil-receptacles,  £c. 

LESSON  XXV.    ANATOMY  OP  THE  ROOT,  STEM,  AND  LEAVES,      p.  149. 

416.  The  materials  of  the  vegetable  fabric,  how  put  together.  417-419. 
Structure  and  action  of  the  rootlets.  420.  Root-hairs.  421.  Structure  of  tho 
Ptcm.  4'2-2.  The  two  sorts  of  stem.  423.  The  Endogenous.  423.  The  Exo- 
genous :  425.  moro  particularly  explained.  420.  Parts  of  the  wood  or  stem 
itself.  427.  Parts  of  the  hark.  428.  Growth  of  the  exogenous  stem  year  after 
year.  420.  Growth  of  the  bark,  and  what  becomes  of  the  older  parts.  431. 
Changes  in  UMJ  wood ;  Sap-wood.  432.  Heart-wood.  433.  This  no  longer  liv- 


ANALYSIS    OF   THE    LESSONS.  XI 

ing.  434.  What  the  living  parts  of  a  tree  are ;  their  annual  renewal.  435. 
Cambium-layer  or  zone  of  growth  in  the  stem ;  connected  with,  436.  new  root- 
lets below,  and  new  shoots,  buds,  and  leaves  above.  437.  Structure  of  a  leaf: 
its  two  parts,  the  woody  and  the  cellular,  or,  438.  the  pulp  ;  this  contains  the  green 
matter,  or  Chlorophyll.  439,  440.  Arrangement  of  the  cells  of  green  pulp  in  the 
leaf,  and  structure  of  its  epidermis  or  skin.  441.  Upper  side  only  endures  the 
sunshine.  442.  Evaporation  or  exhalation  of  moisture  from  the  leaves.  443. 
Stomates  or  Breathing-pores,  their  structure  and  use.  444.  Their  numbers. 

LESSON  XXVI.      THE  PLANT  IN  ACTION,  DOING  THE  WORK 

OF  VEGETATION p.  157. 

446.  The  office  of  plants  to  produce  food  for  animals.  447.  Plants  feed 
upon  earth  and  air.  449.  Their  chemical  composition.  450.  Two  sorts  of 
material.  451,  452.  The  earthy  or  inorganic  constituents.  453.  The  organic 
constituents.  454.  These  form  the  Cellulose,  or  substance  of  vegetable  tissue ; 
composition  of  cellulose.  455.  The  plant's  food,  from  which  this  is  made. 

456.  Water,  furnishing  hydrogen  and  oxygen.    458.  Carbonic  acid,  furnishing, 

457.  Carbon.    459.  The  air,  containing  oxygen  and  nitrogen ;  and  also,  460. 
Carbonic  acid;  461.  which  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves,  462.  and  by  the  roots. 
463.  Water  and  carbonic  acid  the  general  food  of  plants.    464.  Assimilation 
the  proper  work  of  plants.    465.  Takes  place  in  green  parts  alone,  under  the 
light  of  the  sun.    466  -  468.  Liberates  oxygen  gas  and  produces  Cellulose  or 
plant-fabric.    469.  Or  else  Starch  ;  its  nature  and  use.    470.  Or  Sugar;  its  na- 
ture, &c.     The  transformations  starch,  sugar,  &c.  undergo.    471.  Oils,  acids,  &c. 
The  formation  of  all  these  products  restores  oxygen  gas  to  the  air.    472.  There- 
fore plants  purify  the  air  for  animals.     473.  While  at  the  same  time  they  pro- 
duce all  the  food  and  fabric  of  animals.     The  latter  take  all  their  food  ready  made 
from  plants.    474.  And  decompose  starch,  sugar,  oil,  &c.,  giving  back  their  ma- 
terials to  the  air  again  as  the  food  of  the  plant ;  at  the  same  time  producing  ani- 
mal heat.    475.  But  the  fabric  or  flesh  of  animals  (fibrine,  gelatine,  &c.)  contains 
nitrogen.    476.  This  is  derived  from  plants  in  the  form  of  Proteine.    Its  nature 
and  how  the  plant  forms  it.    477.  Earthy  matters  in  the  plant  form  the  earthy 
part  of  bones,  &c.    478.  Dependence  of  animals  upon  plants  ;  showing  the  great 
object  for  which  plants  were  created. 

LESSON  XXVII.    PLANT-LIFE p.  166. 

479.  Life ;  manifested  by  its  effects ;  viz.  its  power  of  transforming  matter : 
480.  And  by  motion.  481,  482.  Plants  execute  movements  as  well  as  animals. 
483.  Circulation  in  cells.  484.  Free  movements  of  the  simplest  plants  in  their 
forming  state.  485.  Absorption  and  conveyance  of  the  sap.  486.  Its  rise  into 
the  leaves.  487.  Explained  by  a  mechanical  law;  Endosmose.  488.  Set  in  ac- 
tion by  evaporation  from  the  leaves.  489.  These  movements  controlled  by  the 
plant,  which  directs  growth  and  shapes  the  fabric  by  an  inherent  power.  490  - 
492.  Special  movements  of  a  conspicuous  sort;  such  as  seen  in  the  bending, 
twining,  revolving,  and  coiling  of  stems  and  tendrils  ;  in  the  so-called  sleeping 
and  waking  states  of  plants  ;  in  movements  from  irritation,  and  striking  spon- 
taneous motions. 


Ill  ANALYSIS    OF   THE   LESSONS. 

493.  Cryptogamous  or  Flowerless  Plants.  494.  What  they  comprise ;  why 
so  called.  495.  To  be  studied  in  other  works. 

LESSON  XXVIII.    SPECIES  AND  KINDS. p.  173. 

496.  Plants  viewed  as  to  their  relationships.  497.  Two  characteristics  of 
plants  and  animals  :  they  form  themselves,  and,  498.  They  exist  as  Individu- 
als. The  chain  of  individuals  gives  rise  to  the  idea  of,  499,  500.  Species  :  as- 
semblages of  individuals,  so  like  that  they  are  inferred  to  have  a  common  an- 
cestry. 501.  Varieties  and  Races.  502.  Tendency  of  the  progeny  to  inherit 
all  the  peculiarities  of  the  parent ;  how  taken  advantage  of  in  developing  and 
fixing  races.  503.  Diversity  and  gradation  of  species  ;  these  so  connected  as  to 
show  all  to  be  formed  on  one  plan,  all  works  of  one  hand,  or  realizations  of  the 
conceptions  of  one  mind.  504.  Kinds,  what  they  depend  upon.  505.  Genera. 
506.  Orders  or  Families.  507.  Suborders  and  Tribes.  508.  Classes.  509.  The 
two  great  Series  or  grades  of  plants.  510.  The  way  the  various  divisions  in 
classification  are  ranked. 

LESSON  XXIX.    BOTANICAL  NAMES  AND  CHARACTERS.    .    .    .    p.  178. 

511,  512.  Classification  ;  the  two  purposes  it  subserves.  513.  Names  :  plan  of 
nomenclature.  514,  515.  Generic  names,  how  formed.  516.  Specific  names, 
how  formed.  517.  Names  of  Varieties.  518,  519.  Names  of  Orders,  Sub- 
orders, Tribes,  &c.  520,  521.  Characters. 

LESSONS  XXX. -XXXII.    How  TO  STUDY  PLANTS,     pp.  181,  187,  191. 

522  -  567.  Illustrated  by  several  examples,  showing  the  mode  of  analyzing  and 
ascertaining  the  name  of  an  unknown  plant,  and  its  place  in  the  system,  &c. 

LESSON  XXXIII.    BOTANICAL  SYSTEMS p.  195. 

568-571.  Natural  System.  572,  573.  Artificial  Classification.  574.  Arti- 
ficial System  of  Linnaeus.  575.  Its  twenty-four  Classes,  enumerated  and  de- 
fined. 576.  Derivation  of  their  names.  577,  578.  Its  Orders. 

LESSON  XXXIV.     How  TO  COLLECT    SPECIMENS  AND    MAKE 

AN  HERBARIUM p-  199. 

579-582.  Directions  for  collecting  specimens.  583,584.  For  drying  and 
preserving  specimens.  585,  586.  For  forming  an  Herbarium. 

GLOSSARY,  OR  DICTIONARY  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS p.  203 


FIRST   LESSONS 

IN 

BOTANY  AND  VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY. 


LESSON   I. 

BOTANY    AS    A    BRANCH    OF    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

1.  THE  subjects  of  Natural  History  are,  the  earth  itself  and  the 
beings  that  live  upon  it. 

2.  The  Inorganic  World,  or  Mineral  Kingdom,  'The  earth  itself,  with; 

the  air  that  surrounds  it,  and  all  things  naturally  belonging  to  them 
which  are  destitute  of  life,  make  up  the  mineral  kingdom,  or  in- 
organic world.  These  are  called  inorganic,  or  unorganized,  because 
they  are  not  composed  of  organs,  that  is,  of  parts  which  answer  to 
one  another,  and  make  up  a  whole,  such  as  is  a  horse,  a  bird,  or  a 
plant.  They  were  formed,  but  they  did  not  grow,  nor  proceed  from 
previous  bodies  like  themselves,  nor  have  they  the  power  of  pro- 
ducing other  similar  bodies,  that  is,  of  reproducing  their  kind.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  various  living  things,  or  those  which  have  pos- 
sessed life,  compose 

3.  The  Organic  World,  —  the  world  of  organized  beings.     These 
consist  of  organs ;  of  parts  which  go  to  make  up  an  individual,  a 
being.     And  each  individual  owes  its  existence  to  a  preceding  one 
like  itself,  that  is,  to  a  parent.      It  was  not  merely  formed,  but 
produced.     At  first  small  and  imperfect,  it  grows  and  develops  by 
powers  of  its  own  ;  it  attains  maturity,  becomes  old,  and  finally  dies. 
It  was  formed  of  inorganic  or  mineral  matter,  that  is,  of  earth  and 
air,  indeed  ;    but  only  of  this  matter  under  the  influence  of  life  : 
and  after  life  departs,  sooner  or  later,  it  is  decomposed  into  earth 
and  air  again. 

1 


BOTANY,    WHAT    IT    RELATES    TO.  [LESSON  1. 

4.) The  organic  world  consists  of  two  kinds  of  beings;  namely, 
1.  Plants  or  Vegetables,  which  make  up  what  is  called  the  Vegetable 
Kingdom ;  and,  2.  Animals,  which  compose  the  Animal  Kingdom. 

?>.  The  Differences  between  Plants  and  Animals  seem  at  first  sight  so 

obvious  and  so  great,  that  it  would  appear  more  natural  to  inquire 
how  they  resemble  rather  than  how  they  differ  from  each  other. 
What  likeness  does  the  cow  bear  to  the  grass  it  feeds  upon  ?  The 
one  moves  freely  from  place  to  place,  in  obedience  to  its  own  will, 
as  its  wants  or  convenience  require :  the  other  is  fixed  to  the  spot 
of  earth  where  it  grew,  manifests  no  will,  and  makes  no  movements 
that  are  apparent  to  ordinary  observation.  The  one  takes  its  food 
into  an  internal  cavity  (the  stomach),  from  which  it  is  absorbed 
into  the  system :  the  other  absorbs  its  food  directly  by  its  surface, 
by  its  roots,  leaves,  &c.  Both  possess  organs;  but  the  limbs  or 
members  of  the  animal  do  not  at  all  resemble  the  roots,  leaves, 
blossoms,  &c.  of  the  plant.  All  these  distinctions,  however,  gradu- 
ally disappear,  as  we  come  to  the  lower  kinds  of  plants  and  the  lower 
animals.  Many  animals  (such  as  barnacles,  coral-animals,  and 
polyps)  are  fixed  to  some  support  as  completely  as  the  plant  is  to 
the  soil ;  while  many  plants  are  not  fixed,  and  some  move  from 
place  to  place  by  powers  of  their  own.  All  animals  move  some  of 
their  parts  freely ;  yet  in  the  extent  and  rapidity  of  the  motion 
many  of  them  are  surpassed  by  the  common  Sensitive  Plant,  by 
the  Venus's  Fly-trap,  and  by  some  other  vegetables ;  while  whole 
tribes  of  aquatic  plants  are  so  freely  and  briskly  locomotive,  that 
they  have  until  lately  been  taken  for  animals.  It  is  among  these 
microscopic  tribes  that  the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms  most 
nearly  approach  each  other,  —  so  nearly,  that  it  is  still  uncertain 
where  to  draw  the  line  between  them. 

6.  Since   the   difficulty  of  distinguishing   between   animals   and 
plants   occurs  only,  or   mainly,  in  those   forms    which   from  their 
minuteness  are  beyond  ordinary  observation,  we  need  not  further 
eoneern  ourselves  with  the  question  here.     One,  and  probably  the 
most  absolute,  difference,  however,  ought  to  be  mentioned  at  the 
outset,  because  it  enables  us  to  see  what  plants  are  made  for.     It 
is  this  :  — 

7.  Vegetables  are  nourished  by  the  mineral  kingdom,  that  is,  by 
the  ground  and  the  air,  which  supply  all  they  need,  and  which  they 
are  adapted  to  live  upon  ;  while  animals  are  entirely  nourished  by 
N<0'<-ta!>l.-s.     The  great  use  of  plants  therefore  is,  to  take  portions  of 


LESSON  1.]      BOTANY,  WHAT  IT  RELATES  TO.  3 

earth  and  air,  upon  which  animals  cannot  subsist  at  all,  and  to  con- 
vert these  into  something  upon  which  animals  can  subsist,  that  is, 
into  food.  All  food  is  produced  by  plants.  Hqw  this  is  done,  it  is 
the  province  of  Vegetable  Physiology  to  explain. 

8.  Botany  is  the  name  of  the  science  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  in 
general. 

0.  Physiology  is  the  study  of  the  way  a  living  being  lives,  and 
grows,  and  performs  its  various  operations.  The  study  of  plants  in 
this  view  is  the  province  of  Vegetable  Physiology.  The  study  of  the 
form  and  structure  of  the  organs  or  parts  of  the  vegetable,  by  which 
its  operations  are  performed,  is  the  province  of  Structural  Botany. 
The  two  together  constitute  Physiological  Botany.  With  this  de- 
partment the  study  of  Botany  should  begin;  both  because  it  lies 
at  the  foundation  of  all  the  rest,  and  because  it  gives  that  kind  of 
knowledge  of  plants  which  it  is  desirable  every  one  should  possess  ; 
that  is,  some  knowledge  of  the  way  in  which  plants  live,  grow,  and 
fulfil  the  purposes  of  their  existence.  To  this  subject,  accordingly, 
a  large  portion  of  the  following  Lessons  is  devoted. 

10.  The  study  of  plants  as  to  their  kinds  is  the  province  of  Sys- 
tematic Botany.     An  enumeration  of  the  kinds  of  vegetables,  as  far 
as  known,  classified  according  to  their  various  degrees  of  resemblance 
Dr  difference,  constitutes  a  general  System  of  plants.     A  similar  ac- 
count of  the  vegetables  of  any  particular  country  or  district  is  called 
a  Flora  of  that  country  or  district. 

1 1 .  Other  departments  of  Botany  come  to  view  when  —  instead 
of  regarding  plants  as  to  what  they  are  in  themselves,  or  as  to  their 
relationship  with  each  other  —  we  consider  them  in  their  relations 
to  other  things.    Their  relation  to  the  earth,  for  instance,  as  respects 
their  distribution  over  its  surface,  gives  rise  to  Geographical  Botany, 
or  Botanical  Geography.      The  study  of  the  vegetation  of  former 
times,  in  their  fossil  remains  entombed  in  the  crust  of  the  earth, 
gives  rise  to  Fossil  Botany.     The  study  of  plants  in  respect  to  their 
uses  to  man  is  the  province  of  Agricultural  Botany,  Medical  Botany, 
and  the  like. 


4  GROWTH    OF   THE   PLANT   FROM   THE    SEED.       [LESSON  2. 

LESSON  II. 

THE  GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED. 

12.  The  Course  Of  Vegetation,     We  see  plants  growing  from  the 
seed  in  spring-time,  and  gradually  developing  their  parts :  at  length 
they  blossom,  bear  fruit,  and  produce  seeds  like  those  from  which 
they  grew.     Shall  we  commence  the  study  of  the  plant  with  the 
full-grown  herb  or  tree,  adorned  with  flowers  or  laden  with  fruit  ? 
Or   shall   we   commence  with   the   seedling  just   rising   from   the 
ground  ?     On  the  whole,  we  may  get  a  clearer  idea  of  the  whole 
life  and  structure  of  plants  if  we  begin  at  the  beginning,  that  is,  with 
the  plantlet  springing  from  the  seed,  and  follow  it  throughout  its 
course  of  growth.     This  also  agrees  best  with  the  season  in  which 
the  study  of  Botany  is  generally  commenced,  namely,  in  the  spring 
of  the  year,  when  the  growth  of  plants  from  the  seed  can  hardly 
fail  to  attract  attention.     Indeed,  it  is  this  springing  forth  of  vegeta- 
tion from  seeds  and  buds,  after  the  rigors  of  our  long  winter, — 
clothing  the  earth's  surface  almost  at  once  with  a  mantle  of  freshest 
verdure,  —  which  gives  to  spring  its  greatest  charm.      Even  the 
dullest  beholder,  the  least  observant  of  Nature  at  other  seasons, 
can  then  hardly  fail  to  ask  :  What  are  plants  ?    How  do  they  live 
and  grow  ?    What  do  they  live  upon  ?     What  is  the  object  and  use 
of  vegetation  in  general,  and  of  its  particular  and  wonderfully  various 
forms  ?     These  questions  it  is  the  object  of  the  present  Lessons  to 
answer,  as  far  as  possible,  in  a  simple  way. 

13.  A  reflecting   as  well  as  observing  person,  noticing  the  re- 
semblances between  one  plant  and  another,  might  go  on  to  inquire 
whether   plants,   with  all  their   manifold    diversities    of  form  and 
aj>j>earanee,  are  not  all  constructed  on  one  and  the  same  general 
plan.     It   will  become   apparent,  as  we  proceed,  that   this  is  the 
case;  —  that  one  common  plan  may  be  discerned,  which  each  par- 
ticular plant,  whether  herb,  shrub,  or  tree,  has  followed  much  more 
closely  than  would  at  first  view  be  supposed.     The  differences,  wide 
as   they  are,  are  merely  incidental.     What  is  true  in  a  general  way 
of  any  ordinary  vegetable,  will  be  found  to  be  true  of  all,  only  with 
great    variation  in   the  details.     In   the  same  language,  though  in 
varied  phrase,  the  hundred  thousand  kinds  of  plants  repeat  the  same 


LESSON  2.]   GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED, 


story,  —  are  the  living  witnesses  and  illustrations  of  one  and  the 
same  plan  of  Creative  Wisdom  in  the  vegetable  world.  So  that  the 
study  of  any  one  plant,  traced  from  the  seed  it  springs  from  round 
to  the  seeds  it  produces,  would  illustrate  the  whole  subject  of  vege- 
table life  and  growth.  It  matters  little,  therefore,  what  particular 
plant  we  begin  with. 

14.  The  Germinating  Plantlet,    Take  for  example  a  seedling  Maple. 
Sugar  Maples  may  be  found  in  abundance  in  many  places,  starting 
from  the  seed  (i.  e.  germinating)  in  early  spring,  and  Red  Maples 
at  the  beginning  of  summer,  shortly  after  the  fruits  of  the  season 
have  ripened  and  fallen  to  the  ground,  f  A  pair  of  narrow  green 
leaves  raised  on  a  tiny  stem  make  up  the  whole  plant  at  its  first 
appearance  (Fig.  4).     Soon  a  root  appears  at  the  lower  end  of  this 
stemlet  ;  then  a  little  bud  at  its  upper  end,  between  the  pair  of 
leaves,  which  soon  grows  into  a  second  joint  or 

stem  bearing  another  pair  of  leaves,  Jresembling 
the  ordinary  leaves  of  the  Red  Maple,  which 
the  first  did  not.  Figures  5  and  6  represent 
these  steps  in  the  growth. 

15.  Was  this  plantlet  formed  in  the  seed  at 
the  time  of  germination,  something  as  the  chick 
is  formed  in  the  egg  during  the  process  of  incu- 
bation ?      Or  did  it.  exist   before  in   the   seed, 
ready   formed  ?      To  decide  this  question,  we 
have  only  to  inspect  a  sound  seed,  which  in  this 
instance  requires  no  microscope,  nor  any  other 
instrument   than  a  sharp   knife,  by  which  the 
coats  of  the  seed  (previously  soaked  in  water,  if 
dry)  may  be  laid  open.      We  find  within  the 
seed,  in  this  case,  the  little  plantlet  ready  formed, 
and  nothing  else   (Fig.  2)  ;  —  namely,   a   pair 
of  leaves    like  those    of  the    earliest    seedling 
(Fig.  4),  only  smaller,  borne  on  a  stemlet  just 
like   that   of  the  seedling,  only  much   shorter, 
and  all  snugly  coiled  up  within  the  protecting 
seed-coat.     The   plant   then   exists   beforehand 

in   the   seed,  in  miniature.     It  was   not  formed,  but   only  devel- 

FIG.  1.  A  winged  fruit  of  Red  Maple,  witli  the  seed-bearing  portion  cut  open,  to  show  the 
seed.  2.  This  seed  cut  open  to  show  the  embryo  plantlet  within,  enlarged.  3.  The  embryo 
taken  out  whole,  and  partly  unfolded.  4.  The  same  after  it  has  begun  to  grow  ;  of  the 
natural  size. 

1* 


6        GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.   [LESSON  2. 

oped,  in  germination  ;  when  it  had  merely  to  unfold  and  grow,  — 
to  elongate  its  rudimentary  stem,  which  takes 
at  the  same  time  an  upright  position,  so  as  to 
bring  the  leaf-bearing  end  into  the  light  and  air, 
where  the  two  leaves  expand ;  while  from  the 
opposite  end,  now  pushed  farther  downwards 
into  the  soil,  the  root  begins  to  grow.  All  this 
is  true  in  the  main  of  all  plants  that  spring  from 
real  seeds,  although  with  great  diversity  in  the 
particulars.  At  least,  there  is  hardly  an  excep- 
tion to  the  fact,  that  the  plantlet  exists  ready 
formed  in  the  seed,  in  some  shape  or  other. 

16.  The  rudimentary  plantlet  contained  in 
the  seed  is  called  an  Embryo.  Its  little  stem 
is  named  the  Radicle,  because  it  was  supposed 
to  be  the  root,  when  the  difference  between  the 
root  and  stem  was  not  so  well  known  as  now. 
It  were  better  to  name  it  the  Caulicle  (i.  e. 
little  stem)  ;  but  it  is  not  expedient  to  change 
old  names.  The  seed-leaves  it  bears  on  its  sum- 
mit (here  two  in  number)  are  technically  called 
Cotyledons.  The  little  bud  of  undeveloped 
leaves  which  is  to  be  found  between  the  co- 
tyledons before  germination  in  many  cases  (as  in  the  Pea,  Bean, 
Fig.  17,  &c.),  has  been  named  the  Plumule. 

17.  In  the  Maple  (Fig.  4),  as  also  in  the  Morning-Glory  (Fig. 
28),  and  the  like,  this  bud,  or  plumule,  is  not  seen  for  some  days 
after  the  seed-leaves  are  expanded.  But  soon  it  appears,  in  the 
Maple  as  a  pair  of  minute  leaves  (Fig.  5),  erelong  raised  on  a  stalk 
which  carries  them  up  to  some  distance  above  the  cotyledons.  The 
plantlet  (Fig.  6)  now  consists,  above  ground,  of  two  pairs  of  leaves, 
viz. :  1.  the  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves,  borne  on  the  summit  of  the 
original  stemlet  (the  radicle)  ;  and  2.  a  pair  of  ordinary  leaves, 
raised  on  a  second  joint  of  stem  which  has  grown  from  the  top 
of  the  first.  Later,  a  third  pair  of  leaves  is  formed,  and  raised 
on  a  third  joint  of  stem,  proceeding  from  the  summit  of  the  second 
(Fur.  7),  just  as  that  did  from  the  first;  and  so  on,  until  the  germi- 
nating plant  let  becomes  a  tree. 

FIG.  5.    Germinating  Red  Maple,  which  has  produced  its  root  beneath,  and  [a  developing 
a  second  pair  of  lcav«s  above.    C.  Same,  further  advanced. 


LESSON  2.]       GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED. 


18.  So  the  youngest  seedling,  and  even  the  embryo  in  the  seed, 
is  already  an  epitome  of  the  herb  or  tree.     It  has  a  stem,  from  the 
lower  end  of  which  it  strikes  root :  and  it 

has  leaves.  The  tree  itself  in  its  whole 
vegetation  has  nothing  more  in  kind. 
To  become  a  tree,  the  plantlet  has  only 
to  repeat  itself  upwardly  by  producing 
more  similar  parts,  —  that  is,  new  por- 
tions of  stem,  with  new  and  larger  leaves, 
in  succession,  —  while  beneath,  it  pushes 
its  root  deeper  and  deeper  into  the  soil. 

19.  The  Opposite  Growth  of  Root  and 

Stem  began  at  the  beginning  of  germi- 
nation, and  it  continues  through  the 
whole  life  of  the  plant.  While  yet 
buried  in  the  soil,  and  perhaps  in  total 
darkness,  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  grow, 
the  stem  end  of  the  embryo  points 
towards  the  light,  —  curving  or  turning 
quite  round  if  it  happens  to  lie  in 
some  other  direction,  —  and  stretches 
upwards  into  the  free  air  and  sunshine  ; 
while  the  root  end  as  uniformly  avoids 
the  light,  bends  in  the  opposite  direction 
to  do  so  if  necessary,  and  ever  seeks  to  bury  itself  more  and  more 
in  the  earth's  bosom.  How  the  plantlet  makes  these  movements  we 
cannot  explain.  But  the  object  of  this  instinct  is  obvious.  It 
places  the  plant  from  the  first  in  the  proper  position,  with  its  roots 
in  the  moist  soil,  from  which  they  are  to  absorb  nourishment,  and  its 
leaves  in  the  light  and  air,  where  alone  they  can  fulfil  their  office  of 
digesting  what  the  roots  absorb. 

20.  So   the  seedling  plantlet  finds  itself  provided  with  all  the 
organs  of  vegetation  that  even  the  oldest  plant  possesses,  —  namely, 
root,  stem,  and  leaves ;  and  has  these  placed  in  the  situation  where 
each  is  to  act,  —  the  root  in  the  soil,  the  foliage  in  the  light  and  air. 
Thus  established,  the  plantlet  has  only  to  set  about  its  proper  work. 

21.  The  different  Mode  of  Growth  of  Root  and  Stem  may  also  be  here 

mentioned.     Each  grows,  not  only  in  a  different  direction,  but  in  a 
different  way.    The  stem  grows  by  producing  a  set  of  joints,  each  from 

FIG.  7.    Germinating  Red  Maple,  further  developed. 


8  GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    Tilt:    SEED.       [LESSON   2. 

the  summit  of  its  predecessor ;  and  each  joint  elongates  throughout 
every  part,  until  it  reaches  its  full  length.  The  root  is  not  composed 
of  joints,  and  it  lengthens  only  at  the  end.  The  stem  in  the  embryo 
(viz.  the  radicle)  has  a  certain  length  to  begin  with.  In  the  pump- 
kin-seed, for  instance  (Fig.  9),  it  is  less  than  an  eighth  of  an  inch 
long :  but  it  grows  in  a  few  days  to  the  length  of  one  or  two  inches 
(Fig.  10),  or  still  more,  if  the  seed  were  deeper  covered  by  the  soil. 
It  is  by  this  elongation  that  the  seed-leaves  are  raised  out  of  the 
soil,  so  as  to  expand  in  the  light  and  air.  The  length  they  acquire 
varies  with  the  depth  of  the  covering.  When  large  and  strong  seeds 
are  too  deeply  buried,  the  stemlet  sometimes  grows  to  the  length  of 
several  inches  in  the  endeavor  to  bring  the  seed-leaves  to  the  sur- 
face. The  lengthening  of  the  succeeding  joints  of  the  stem  serves  to 
separate  the  leaves,  or  pairs  of  leaves,  from  one  another,  and  to  ex- 
pose them  more  fully  to  the  light. 

22.  The  root,  on  the  other  hand,  begins  by  a  new  formation  at 
the  base  of  the  embryo  stem ;  and  it  continues  to  increase  in  length 
solely  by  additions  to  the  extremity,  the  parts  once  formed  scarcely 
elongating  at  all  afterwards.  This  mode  of  growth  is  well  adapted 
to  the  circumstances  in  which  roots  are  placed,  leaving  every  part 
undisturbed  in  the  soil  where  it  was  formed,  while  the  ever-advan- 
cing points  readily  insinuate  themselves  into  the  crevices  or  looser 
portions  of  the  soil,  or  pass  around  the  surface  of  solid  obstacles. 


LESSON  3.]   GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.        9 

LESSON  III. 

GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED. Continued. 

\23)  So  a  plant  consists  of  two  parts,  growing  in  a  different  manner, 
as  well  as  in  opposite  directions.  One  part,  the  root,  grows  down- 
wards into  the  soil :  it  may,  therefore,  be  called  the  descending  axis. 
The  other  grows  upwards  into  the  light  and  air :  it  may  be  called 
the  ascending  axis.  The  root  grows  on  continuously  from  the  ex- 
tremity, and  so  does  not  consist  of  joints,  nor  does  it  bear  leaves, 
or  anything  of  the  kind.  The  stem  grows  by  a  succession  of 
joints,  each  bearing  one  or  more  leaves  on  its  summit.  Root  on 
the  one  hand,  and  stem  with  its  foliage  on  the  other,  make  up  the 
whole  plantlet  as  it  springs  from  the  seed ;  and  the  full-grown  herb, 
shrub,  or  tree  has  nothing  more  in  kind,  —  only  more  in  size  and 
number.  Before  we  trace  the  plantlet  into  the  herb  or  tree,  some- 
other  cases  of  the  growth  of  the  plantlet  from  the  seed  should  be 
studied,  that  we  may  observe  how  the  same  plan  is  worked  out  under 
a  variety  of  forms,  with  certain  differences  in  the  details.  The  mate- 
rials for  this  study  are  always  at  hand.  We  have  only  to  notice  what 
takes  place  all  around  us  in  spring,  or  to  plant  some  common  seeds 
in  pots,  keep  them  warm  and  moist,  and  watch  their  germination. 

24.  The  Germinating  Plantlel  feeds  on  Nourishment  provided  beforehand. 

The  embryo  so  snugly  ensconced  in  the  seed  of  the  Maple  (Fig.  2, 
3, 4)  has  from  the  first  a  miniature  stem,  and  a  pair  of  leaves  already 
green,  or  which  become  green  as  soon  as  brought  to  the  light.  It 
has  only  to  form  a  root  by  which  to  fix  itself  to  the  ground,  when  it 
becomes  a  perfect  though  diminutive  vegetable,  capable  of  providing 
for  itself.  This  root  can  be  formed  only  out  of  proper  material : 
neither  water  nor  anything  else  which  the  plantlet  is  imbibing  from 
the  earth  will  answer  the  purpose.  The  proper  material  is  nourish- 
ing matter,  or  prepared  food,  more  or  less  of  which  is  always  pro- 
vided by  the  parent  plant,  and  stored  up  in  the  seed,  either  in  the 
embryo  itself,  or  around  it.  In  the  Maple,  this  nourishment  is  stored 
up  in  the  thickish  cotyledons,  or  seed-leaves.  And  there  is  barely 
enough  of  it  to  make  the  beginning  of  a  root,  and  to  provide  for  the 
lengthening  of  the  stemlet  so  as  to  bring  up  the  unfolding  seed-leaves 
where  they  may  expand  to  the  light  of  day.  But  when  this  is  done, 


10 


GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.   [LESSON  3. 


the  tiny  plant  is  already  able  to  shift  for  itself;  —  that  is,  to  live  and 
continue  its  growth  on  what  it  now  takes  from  the  soil  and  from  the 
air,  and  elaborates  into  nourishment  in  its  two  green  leaves,  under 
the  influence  of  the  light  of  the  sun. 

25.  In  most  ordinary  plants,  a  larger  portion  of  nourishment  is 
provided  beforehand  in  the  seed ;  and  the  plantlet  consequently  is 
not  so  early  or  so  entirely  left  to  its  own  resources.     Let  us  examine 
a  number  of  cases,  selected  from  very  common  plants.     Sometimes, 
as  has  just  been  stated,  we  find  this 

26.  Deposit  Of  Food  in  the  Embryo  itself,     And  we  may  observe  it 
in  every  gradation  as  to  quantity,  from  the  Maple  of  our  first  illus- 
tration, where  there  is  very  little,  up  to 
the  Pea  and  the  Horsechestnut,  where 
there  is  as  much  as  there  possibly  can 
be.     If  we  strip  off  the  coats  from  the 
large   and   flat   seed   of   a   Squash   or 
Pumpkin,  we  find  nothing  but  the  em- 
bryo within  (Fig.  9)  ;   and  almost  the 
whole  bulk  of  this  consists  of  the  two 
seed-leaves.     That  these  contain  a  good 
supply  of  nourishing  matter,  is  evident 
from  their  sweet  taste  and  from  their 
thickness,  although  there  is  not  enough 
to  obscure  their   leaf-like   appearance. 
It  is  by  feeding  on  this  supply  of  nour- 
ishment that  the  germinating  Squash  or 
Pumpkin    (Fig.   10)   grows  so  rapidly 
and   so   vigorously   from   the   seed,  — 
lengthening   its   stemlet   to   more  than 
twenty  times  the  length  it  had  in  the 
seed,  and  thickening  it  in  proportion,  — 
sending  out  at  once  a  number  of  roots 
from  its  lower  end,  and  soon  developing 

the  plumule  (16)  from  its  upper  end  into  a  third  leaf :  meanwhile 
the  two  cotyledons,  relieved  from  the  nourishment  with  which  their 
tissue  was  gorged,  have  expanded  into  useful  green  leaves. 

27.  For  a  stronger  instance,  take  next  the  seed  of  a  Plum  or 
Peach,  or  an  Almond,  or  an  Apple-seed  (Fig.  11,  12),  which  shows 

FIG.  9.    Embryo  of  a  Pumpkin,  of  the  natural  size ;  the  cotyledons  a  little  opened. 
10.  The  same,  when  it  has  germinated- 


LESSON  3.]      GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED. 


11 


the  same  tiling  on  a  smaller  scale.  The  embryo,  which  here  also 
makes  up  the  whole  bulk  of  the  kernel  of  the 
seed,  differs  from  that  of  the  Pumpkin  only 
in  having  the  seed-leaves  more  thickened,  by 
the  much  larger  quantity  of  nourishment  stored 
up  in  their  tissue,  —  so  large  and  so  pure  in- 
deed, that  the  almond  becomes  an  article  of 
food.  Fed  by  this  abundant  supply,  the  second, 
and  even  the  third  joints  of  the  stem,  with 
their  leaves,  shoot  forth  as  soon  as  the  stemlet  comes  to  the  surface  oi 
the  soil.  The  Beech-nut  (Fig.  13),  with 
its  sweet  and  eatable  kernel,  consisting 
mainly  of  a  pair  of  seed-leaves  folded 
together,  and  gorged  writh  nourishing 
matter,  offers  another  instance  of  the 
same  sort :  this  ample  store  to  feed 
upon  enables  the  germinating  plantlet 
to  grow  with  remarkable  vigor,  and  to 
develop  a  second  joint  of  stem,  with  its 
pair  of  leaves  (Fig.  14),  before  the  first 
pair  has  expanded  or  the  root  has  ob- 
tained much  foothold  in  the  soil. 

28.  A  Bean  affords  a  similar  and 
more  familiar  illustration.  Here  the  co- 
tyledons in  the  seed  (Fig.  1C)  are  so 
thick,  that,  although  they  are  raised  out 
of  ground  in  the  ordinary  way  in  ger- 
mination (Fig.  17),  and  turn  greenish, 
yet  they  never  succeed  in  becoming  leaf- 
like,  —  never  display  their  real  nature  of 
leaves,  as  they  do  so  plainly  in  the  Ma- 
ple (Fig.  5),  the  Pumpkin  (Fig.  10),  the 
Morning-Glory  (Fig.  8,  26-28),  &c. 
Turned  to  great  account  as  magazines 
of  food  for  the  germinating  plantlet,  they 
fulfil  this  special  office  admirably,  but 

FIG.  11.  An  Apple-seed  cut  through  lengthwise,  showing  the  embryo  with  its  thickened 
cotyledons.  12.  The  embryo  of  the  Apple,  taken  out  whole,  its  cotyledons  partly  separated. 

FIG.  13.  A  Beech-nut,  cut  across.  14.  Beginning  germination  of  the  Beech,  showing  the 
plumule  growing  before  the  cotyledons  have  opened  or  the  root  has  scarcely  formed.  15.  The 
aame,  a  little  later,  with  the  second  joint  lengthened. 


12 


GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.   [LESSON  3. 


they  were  so  gorged  and,  as  it  were,  misshapen,  that  they  became 

quite  unfitted  to  perform  the  office  of 
foliage.  This  office  is  accordingly  first 
performed  by  the  succeeding  pair  of 
leaves,  those  of  the  plumule  (Fig.  17, 
18),  which  is  put  into  rapid  growth  by 
the  abundant  nourishment  contained  in 
the  large  and  thick  seed-leaves.  The 
latter,  having  fulfilled  this  office,  soon 
wither  and  fall  away. 

29.  This  is  carried  a  step  farther  in 
the  Pea  (Fig.  19,  20),  a  near  relative 
of  the  Bean, 
and  in  the 
Oak  (Fig. 
21,  22),  a 
near  relative 
of  the  Beech. 
The  differ- 
ence in  these 
and  many 
other  similar 
cases  is  this. 

The  cotyledons,  which  make  up  nearly 

the  whole  bulk  of  the  seed  are  exces- 
sively thickened,  so  as  to  become  nearly 

hemispherical  in  shape.     They  have  lost 

all  likeness  to  leaves,  and  all  power  of 

ever  fulfilling  the  office  of  leaves.     Ac- 
cordingly in     germination    they   remain 

unchanged  within    the  husk  or  coats  of 

the  seed,  never  growing  themselves,  but 

supplying  abundant   nourishment  to  the 

plumule  (the  bud  for  the  forming  stem) 

between  them.     This  pushes  forth  from 

the  seed,  shoots  upward,  and  gives  rise 

FIG.  If!.  A  Dean:  the  embryo,  from  which  seed-coats  have  been  removed:  the  email 
Hti-in  is  MM-II  abnvr.  bent  down  upon  the  edjjf  of  the  thick  cotyledons.  17.  The  same  in  early 
permin.itiun  :  the.  plumule  urowinj:  from  between  the  two  seed-leaves.  18.  The  germination 
more  advanced,  the  two  leaves  of  the  plumule  unfolded,  and  raised  on  a  short  joint  of  M-MII. 

FIG.  19.    A  Tea  :  the  embryo,  with  the  seed-coats  taken  off.    20.  A  Pea  in  germination. 


LESSON  3.]   GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED. 


13 


to  the  first  leaves  that  appear.  In  most  cases  of  the  sort,  the  radicle, 
or  short  original  stemlet  of  the  embryo  be- 
low the  cotyledons  (which  is  plainly  shown 
in  the  Pea,  Fig.  19),  lengthens  very  little, 
or  not  at  all ;  and  so  the  cotyledons  remain 
under  ground,  if  the  seed  was  covered  by 
the  soil,  as  every  one  knows  to  be  the  case 
with  Peas.  In  these  (Fig.  20),  as  alsa  in 
the  Oak  (Fig.  22),  the  leaves  of  the  first 
one  or  two  joints  are  imperfect,  and  mere 
small  scales;  but  genuine  leaves  immedi- 
ately follow.  The  Horsechestnut  and  Buck- 
eye (Fig.  23,  24)  furnish  another  instance 
of  the  same  sort.  These  trees  are  nearly 
related  to  the  Maple  ;  but  while  the  seed- 
leaves  of  the  Maple  show  themselves  to 
be  leaves,  even  in  the  seed  (as  we  have 
already  seen),  and  when  they  germinate 
fulfil  the  office  of  ordinary  leaves,  those 
of  the  Buckeye  and  of  the  Horsechestnut 
(Fig.  23),  would  never  be  suspected  to  be 
the  same  organs.  Yet  they  are  so,  only 
in  another  shape,  —  exceedingly  thickened 
by  the  accumulation  of  a  great  quantity 
of  starch  and  other  nourishing  matter  in 
their  substance  ;  and  besides,  their  contigu- 
ous faces  stick  together  more  or  less  firmly, 
so  that  they  never  open.  But  the  stalks 
of  these  seed-leaves  grow,  and,  as  they 
lengthen,  push  the  radicle  and  the  plumule 
out  of  the  seed,  when  the  former  develops  downwardly  the  root,  the 
latter  upwardly  the  leafy  stem  and  all  it  bears  (Fig.  24). 

30.  Deposit  of  Food  outside  of  the  Embryo,  Very  often  the  nourish- 
ment provided  for  the  seedling  plantlet  is  laid  up,  not  in  the  embryo 
itself,  but  around  it.  A  good  instance  to  begin  with  is  furnished  by 
the  common  Morning- Glory,  or  Convolvulus.  The  embryo,  taken 
out  of  the  seed  and  straightened,  is  shown  in  Fig.  26.  it  consists 
of  a  short  stemlet  and  of  a  pair  of  very  thin  and  delicate  green 
leaves,  having  no  stock  of  nourishment  in  them  for  sustaining  the 

FIG.  21.     An  acorn  divided  lengthwise.    22.  The  germinating  Oak. 

2 


14  GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED.        [LESSON  3. 


earliest  growth.     On  cutting  open  the  seed,  however,  we  find  this 

embryo  (considerably  crumpled  or  folded  together,  so  as  to  occupy 

less  space,  Fig.  25)  to  be  surround- 
ed by  a  mass  of  rich,  mucilaginous 
matter  (becoming  rather  hard  and 
solid  when  dry),  which  forms  the 
principal  bulk  of  the  seed.  Upon 
this  stock  the  embryo  feeds  in  ger- 
mination ;  the  seed-leaves  absorbing 
it  into  their  tissue  as  it  is  rendered 
soluble  (through  certain  chemical 
changes)  and  dissolved  by  the  wa- 
ter which  the  germinating  seed  im- 
bibes from  the  moist  soil.  Having 
by  this  aid  as  se 

lengthened 
its  radicle 
into  a  stem 
of  consider- 
able length, 

and  formed  the  beginning  of  a  root  at  its 

lower  end,  already   imbedded   in  the  soil 

(Fig.   27),  the   cotyledons  now  disengage 

themselves    from   the   seed-coats,   and  ex- 
pand in  the  light  as  the  first  pair  of  leaves 

(Fig.  28).     These   immediately   begin    to 

elaborate,  under  the  sun's  influence,  what 

the  root  imbibes  from  the  soil,  and  the  new 

nourishment  so  produced  is  used,  partly  to 

increase  the  size  of  the  little  stem,  root, 

and  leaves  already  existing,  and  partly  to 

produce  a   second  joint  of  stem  with  its 

le:if  (Fig.  29),  then  a  third  with  its  leaf 

(Fjg.  8)  ;  and  so  on. 

;;i.  This  mukTiKil  store  of  food,  deposited  in  the  seed  along  with 

the  embryo  (but  not  in  its  substance),  the  old  botanists  likened  to 

FIG.  23.     Buckeye  :  a  seed  divided.    24.  A  similar  seed  in  pc-mination. 

I' 1C,.  >-.'.">.  Seed  and  embryo  of  .Morning-Glory,  cut  across.  2J.  Kmbryo  of  the  same,  de- 
tached aul  straightened.  27.  Germinating  Morning-Glory.  28.  The  same  further  advanced; 
it.s  two  thin  seed  -loaves  expanded. 


LESSON  3.]   GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED. 


15 


the  albumen,  or  white  of  the  egg,  which  encloses  the  yolk,  and 
therefore  gave  it  the  same  name,— -  the  albumen  of  the  seed,  —  a 
name  which  it  still  retains.  Food  of  this  sort  for  the  plant  is  also 
food  for  animals,  or  for  man  ;  and  it  is 
this  albumen,  the  floury  part  of  the  seed, 
which  forms  the  principal  bulk  of  such 
important  grains' as  those  of  Indian  Corn 
(Fig.  38  -  40),  Wheat,  Rice,  Buck- 
wheat, and  of  the  seed  of  Four-o'clock, 
(Fig.  36,  37),  and  the  like.  In  all 
these  last-named  cases,  it  may  be  ob- 
served that  the  embryo  is  not  enclosed 
in  the  albumen,  but  placed  on  one  side 
of  it,  yet  in  close  contact  with  it,  so 
that  the  embryo  may  absorb  readily 
from  it  the  nourishment  it  requires 
when  it  begins  to  grow.  Sometimes 
the  embryo  is  coiled  around  the  outside,  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  as 
in  the  Purslane  and  the  Four-o'clock  (Fig.  36,  37) ;  sometimes  it  is 
coiled  within  the  albumen,  as  in  the  Potato  (Fig.  34,  35)  ;  some- 
times it  is  straight  in  the  centre  of  the  albumen,  occupying  nearly  its 

whole  length,  as  in 
the  Barberry  (Fig. 
32,  33),  or  much 
smaller  and  near  one 
end,  as  in  the  Iris 
(Fig.  43)  ;  or  some- 
times so  minute,  in 
the  midst  of  the  al- 
bumen, that  it  needs 
a  magnifying-glass  to 
find  it,  as  in  the  But- 


31 


37 


FIG.  99.  Germination  of  the  Morning  Glory  more  advanced:  the  upper  part  only  ;  showing 
the  leafy  cotyledons,  the  second  joint  of  stem  with  its  leaf,  and  the  third  with  its  leaf  just 
developing. 

FIG.  30.  Section  of  a  seed  of  a  Peony,  showing  a  very  small  embryo  in  the  albumen, 
near  one  end.  31.  This  embryo  detached,  and  more  magnified. 

FIG.  32.  Section  of  a  seed  of  Barberry,  showing  the  straight  embryo  in  the  middle  of 
the  albumen.  33.  Its  embryo  detached. 

FIG.  34.  Section  of  a  Potato-seed,  showing  the  embryo  coiled  in  the  albumen.  35.  Its 
embryo  detaciied. 

FIG.  36.  Section  of  the  seed  of  Four-o'clock,  showing  the  embryo  coiled  round  the 
outside  of  the  albumen.  37.  Its  embryo  detached- 


16       GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.   [LESSON  3. 

tercup  or  the  Columbine,  and  in  the  Peony  (Fig.  30,  31),  where, 
however,  it  is  large  enough  to  be  distinguished  by  the  naked  eye. 
Nothing  is  more  curious  than  the  various  shapes  and  positions  of 
the  embryo  in  the  seed,  nor  more  interesting  than  to  watch  its  de- 
velopment in  germination.  One  point  is  still  to  be  noticed,  since 
the  botanist  considers  it  of  much  importance,  namely  :  — 

32.  The  Kinds  of  Embryo  as  to  the  Number  of  Cotyledons,  In  all  the 
figures,  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  embryo,  however  various  in  shape, 
is  constructed  on  one  and  the  same  plan  ;  —  it  consists  of  a  radicle  or 
stemlet,  with  a  pair  of  cotyledons  on  its  summit.  Botanists  there- 
fore call  it  dicotyledonous,  —  an  inconveniently  long  word  to  express 
the  fact  that  the  embryo  has  two  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves.  In 
many  cases  (as  in  the  Buttercup),  the  cotyledons  are  indeed  so 
minute,  that  they  are  discerned  only  by  the  nick  in  the  upper  end 
of  the  little  embryo ;  yet  in  germination  they  grow  into  a  pair  of 
seed-leaves,  just  as  in  other  cases  where  they  are  plain  to  be  seen, 
as  leaves,  in  the  seed.  But  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  40),  in  Wheat, 
the  Onion,  the  Iris  (Fig.  43),  &c.,  it  is  well  known  that  only  one 

leaf  appears  at  first  from  the 
sprouting  seed :  in  these  the 
embryo  has  only  one  cotyle- 
don, and  it  is  therefore  termed 
ky  the  botanists  monocotyledo- 
40  nous ;  —  an  extremely  long 
word,  like  the  other,  of  Greek  derivation,  which  means  one-cotyle- 
doned.  The  rudiments  of  one  or  more  other  leaves  are,  indeed, 
commonly  present  in  this  sort  of  embryo,  as  is  plain  to  see  in  Indian 
Corn  (Fig.  38  -  40),  but  they  form  a  bud  situated  above  or  within 
the  cotyledon,  and  enclosed  by  it  more  or  less  completely ;  so  that 
they  evidently  belong  to  the  plumule  (1G)  ;  and  these  leaves  appear 
in  the  seedling  plantlet,  each  from  within  its  predecessor,  and  there- 
fore originating  higher  up  on  the  forming  stem  (Fig.  42,  44).  This 
will  readily  be  understood  from  the  accompanying  figures,  with  their 
explanation,  which  the  student  may  without  difficulty  verify  for  him- 

FIG.  38.  A  grain  of  Indian  Corn,  flatwise,  cut  away  a  little,  so  as  to  show  the  embryo, 
lying  on  the  albumen,  which  makes  the  principal  bulk  of  the  seed. 

FIG.  39.  Another  grain  of  Corn,  cut  through  the  middle  in  the  opposite  direction,  divid- 
ing the  embryo  through  its  thick  cotyledon  and  its  plumule,  the  latter  consisting  of  two 
J«TI\ •«•-,  ciiu'  enclosing  the  other. 

FIG.  40.  The  embryo  of  Corn,  taken  out  whole  :  the  thick  mass  is  the  cotyledon  ;  the 
narrow  body  partly  enclosed  by  it  is  the  plumule  ;  the  little  projection  at  its  base  is  the  very 
short  radicle  enclosed  in  the  sheathing  base  of  the  fiKt  leaf  of  the  plumule. 


LESSON  3.]   GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.       17 

self,  and  should  do  so,  by  examining  grains  of  Indian  Corn,  soaked 
in  water,  before  and  also  during  germination.  In  the  Onion,  Lily, 
and  the  Iris  (Fig.  43),  the  monocotyledonous  embryo  is  simpler, 
consisting  apparently  of  a  simple  oblong  or  cylindrical 
body,  in  which  no  distinction  of  parts  is  visible  :  the  lower 
end  is  radicle,  and  from  it  grows  the  root ;  the  rest  is  a 
cotyledon,  which  has  wrapped  up  in  it  a  minute  plumule, 
or  bud,  that  shows  itself  when  the  seeds  sprout  in  germi- 
nation. The  first  leaf  which  appears  above  ground  in  all 
these  cases  is  not  the  cotyledon.  In  all  seeds  with  one  coty- 
ledon to  the  embryo,  this  remains  in  the  seed,  or  at  least 
its  upper  part,  while  its  lengthening  base  comes  out,  so  as 
to  extricate  the  plumule,  which  shoots  upward,  and  de- 
velops the  first  leaves  of  the  plantlet.  These  appear  one 
above  or  within  the  other  in  succes- 
sion,—  as  is  shown  in  Fig.  42  and 
Fig.  44, — the  first  commonly  in  the 
form  of  a  little  scale  or  imperfect 
leaf;  the  second  or  third  and  the  4l 

following  ones  as  the  real,  ordinary  leaves  of 
the  plant.  Meanwhile,  from  the  root  end  of 
the  embryo,  a  root  (Fig.  41,  44),  or  soon  a 
whole  cluster  of  roots  (Fig.  42),  makes  its 
appearance. 

33.  In  Pines,  and  the  like,  the  embryo  con- 
sists of  a  radicle    or    stemlet,  bearing  on  its 
summit  three  or  four,  or  often  from  five  to 
ten  slender  cotyledons,  arranged  in  a 
circle    (Fig.   45),   and    expanding    at 
once  into  a   circle   of  as  many  green 
leaves  in  germination  (Fig.  46).    Such 
embryos  are  said  to  be  polycotyledonous, 
that   is,  as  the   word   denotes,  many- 
cotyledoned. 

34.  Plan  of  Vegetation,    The  student 

42  who  has  understandingly  followed  the 

growth  of  the  embryo  in  the  seed  into  the  seedling  plantlet,  —  com- 
posed of  a  root,  and  a  stem  of  two  or  three  joints,  each  bearing  a 

FIG.  41.    Grain  of  Indian  Corn  in  germination. 
FIG.  42.    The  same,  further  advanced- 

2* 


18 


GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED.       [LESSON  3. 


leaf,  or  a  pair  (rarely  a  circle)  of  leaves,  —  will  have  gained  a  cor- 
rect idea  of  the  plan  of  vegetation  in  general,  and  have  laid  a  good 
foundation  for  a  knowledge  of  the  whole  structure  and  physiology 

43  of  plants.     For  the  plant  goes  on  to  grow  in  the  same 
way  throughout,  by  mere  repetitions  of  what  the  early 
germinating  plantlet  displays  to  view,  —  of  what  was 
contained,  in  miniature  or  in  rudiment,  in  the  seed  itself. 
So  far  as  vegetation  is  concerned  (leaving  out  of  view 
for  the  present  the  flower  and  fruit),  the  full-grown  leafy 
herb  or  tree,  of  whatever  size,  has  nothing,  and  does 
nothing,  which  the  seedling  plantlet  does  not  have  and 
do.     The  whole  mass  of  stem  or  trunk  and  foliage  of 
the  complete  plant,  even  of  the  largest  forest-tree,  is 
composed  of  a  succession  or  multiplication  of  similar 
parts,  —  one  arising  from  the  summit  of  another, — 
each,  so  to  say,  the  offspring   of  the   preceding   and 

the  parent  of  the  next. 
/-•  £ 

\35y  In  the  same  way  that  the  earliest  portions  of 
the  seedling  stem,  with  the  leaves 
they  bear,  are  successively  produced, 
so,  joint  by  joint  in  direct  succes- 
sion, a  single,  simple,  leafy  stem  is 
developed  and  carried  up.  Of  such  a 
simple  leafy  stem  many  a  plant  consists 
(before  flowering,  at  least),  —  many 
herbs,  such  as  Sugar-Cane,  Indian 
Corn,  the  Lily,  the  tall  Banana,  the 
Yucca,  &c. ;  and  among  trees  the 

44  Palms  and  the  Cycas  (wrongly  called 
Sago  Palm)    exhibit   the   same    simplicity,   their 

stems,  of  whatever  age,  being  unbranched  columns  45  46 
(Fig.  47).  (Growth  "._  diameter  is  of  course  to  be  considered, 
as  well  as  growth  in  length.  That,  and  the  question  how  growth 
of  any  kind  takes  place,  we  will  consider  hereafter.)  But  more 
commonly,  as  soon  as  the  plant  has  produced  a  main  stem  of  a  cer- 
tain length,  and  displayed  a  certain  amount  of  foliage,  it  begins  to 

FIG.  43.  Section  of  a  seed  of  the  Iris,  or  Flower-de-Luce,  showing  its  small  embryo  in 
the  albumen,  near  the  bottom. 

I'I<;.  -}•!.     <;<-riniiKiting  plantlet  of  the  Iris. 

FIG.  4f>.  Section  of  a  seed  of  a  Pine,  with  its  embryo  of  several  cotyledons.  46.  Early 
seedling  Pine,  with  its  stcmlet,  displaying  its  six  seed-leaves. 


LESSON  3.]   GROWTH  OP  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED. 


19 


produce  additional  stems,  that  is,  branches.     The   branching  plant 
we  will  consider  in  the  next  Lesson. 

36.  The  subjoined  figures  (Fig.  47)  give  a  view  of  some  forms 
of  simple-stemmed  vegetation.  The  figure  in  the  foreground  on 
the  left  represents  a  Cycas  (wrongly  called  in  the  conservatories 
Sago  Palm).  Behind  it  is  a  Yucca  (called  Spanish  Bayonet  at  the 
South)  and  two  Cocoanut  Palm-trees.  On  the  right  is  some  Indian 
Cora,  and  behind  it  a  Banana. 


20  GROWTH    OF   PLANTS   FROM   BUDS.  [LESSON  4. 


LESSON  IV. 

THE  GROWTH  OF  PLANTS  FROM  BUDS  AND  BRANCHES. 

37.  WE  have  seen  how  the  plant  grows  so  as  to  produce  a  root, 
and  a  simple  stem  with  its  foliage.  Both  the  root  and  stem,  how- 
ever, generally  branch. 

(38.  The  branches  of  the  root  arise  without  any  particular  order. 
There  is  no  telling  beforehand  from  what  part  of  a  main  root  they 
will  spring.  But  the  branches  of  the  stem,  except  in  some  extra- 
ordinary cases,  regularly  arise  from  a  particular  place.  Branches 
or  shoots  in  their  undeveloped  state  are 

39.  Buds,     These  regularly  appear  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  — 
that  is,  in  the  angle  formed  by  the  leaf  with  the  stem  on  the  upper 
side ;  and  as  leaves  are  symmetrically  arranged  on  the  stem,  the 
buds,  and  the  branches  into  which  the  buds  grow,  necessarily  par- 
take of  this  symmetry. 

40.  We  do  not  confine  the  name  of  bud  to  the  scaly  winter-buds 
which  are  so  conspicuous  on  most  of  our  shrubs  and  trees  in  winter 
and  spring.     It  belongs  as  well  to  the  forming  branch  of  any  herb,  at 
its  first  appearance  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf.     In  growing,  buds  lengthen 
into  branches,  just  as  the  original  stem  did  from  the  plumule  of  the 
embryo  (16)  when  the  seed  germinated.     Only,  while  the  original 
stem  is  implanted  in  the  ground  by  its  root,  the  branch  is  implanted 
on  the  stem.     Branches,  therefore,  are  repetitions  of  the  main  stem. 
They  consist  of  the  same  parts,  —  namely,  joints  of  stem  and  leaves, 
—  growing  in  the  same  way.      And  in  the  axils  of  their  leaves 
another  crop  of  buds  is  naturally  produced,  giving  rise  to  another 
generation  of  branches,  which  may  in   turn  produce  still   another 
generation  ;  and  so  on,  —  until  the  tiny  and  simple  seedling  develops 
into  a  tall  and  spreading  herb  or  shrub  ;  or  into  a  massive  tree, 
with  its  hundreds  of  annually  increasing  branches,  and  its  thousands, 
prrliaj)-  millions,  of  leaves. 

1 1 .  The  herb  and  the  tree  grow  in  the  same  way.  The  difference 
is  only  in  size  and  duration. 

An  Herb  dies  altogether,  or  dies  down  to  the  ground,  after  it  has 
ripened  its  fruit,  or  at  the  approach  of  winter. 


LESSON  4.]  GROWTH    OF   PLANTS    FROM   BUDS. 


21 


An  annual  herb  flowers  in  the  first  year,  and  dies,  root  and  all, 
after  ripening  its  seed :  Mustard,  Peppergrass,  Buckwheat,  &c.,  are 
examples. 

A  biennial  herb  —  such  as  the  Turnip,  Carrot,  Beet,  and  Cabbage 
—  grows  the  first  season  without  blossoming,  survives  the  winter, 
flowers  after  that,  and  dies,  root  and  all,  when  it  has  ripened  its  seed. 

A  perennial  herb  lives  and  blossoms  year  after  year,  but  dies 
down  to  the  ground,  or  near  it,  annually,  —  not,  however,  quite  down 
to  the  root :  for  a  portion  of  the  stem,  with  its  buds,  still  survives ; 
and  from  these  buds  the  shoots  of  the  following  year  arise. 

A  Shrub  is  a  perennial  plant,  with  woody  stems  which  continue 
alive  and  grow  year  after  year. 

A  Tree  differs  from  a  shrub  only  in  its  greater  size. 

42.  The  Terminal  Bud,     There  are  herbs,  shrubs,  and  trees  which 
do  not  branch,  as  we  have  already  seen  (35)  ;  but  whose  stems, 
even   when    they  liva    for    many   years,   rise    as    a   simple   shaft 
(Fig.  47).     These  plants  grow  by  the  continued  evolution  of  a  bud 
which  crowns  the  summit  of  the  stem,  and  which  is  therefore  called 
the  terminal   bud.     This   bud  is  very  conspicuous   in 

many  branching  plants  also ;  as  on  all  the  stems  or 
shoots  of  Maples  (Fig.  53),  Horsechestnuts  (Fig.  48), 
or  Hickories  (Fig.  49),  of  a  year  old.  When  they 
grow,  they  merely  prolong  the  shoot  or  stem  on  which 
they  rest.  On  these  same  shoots,  however,  other  buds 
are  to  be  seen,  regularly  arranged  down  their  sides. 
We  find  them  situated  just  over  broad,  flattened  places, 
which  are  the  scars  left  by  the  fall  of  the  leaf-stalk  the 
autumn  previous.  Before  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  they 
would  have  been  seen  to  occupy  their  axils  (39)  :  so 
they  are  named 

43.  Axillary  Buds,     They  were  formed  in  these  trees 
early  in  the  summer.     Occasionally  they  grow  at  the 
time  into  branches  :  at  least,  some  of  them  are  pretty 
sure  to  do  so,  in  case  the  growing  terminal  bud  at  the 
end  of  the  shoot  is  injured  or  destroyed.     Otherwise 
they   lie   dormant   until  the   spring.      In   many   trees 

shrubs  (such  for   example  as  the  Sumach  and  Honey-Locust) 
lese  axillary  buds  do  not  show  themselves  until  spring;    but  if 

FIG.  48.    Shoot  of  Horsechestnut,  of  one  year's  growth,  taken  in  autumn  after  the  leaves 
ive  fallen. 


22 


GROWTH    OF   PLANTS   FROM   BUDS.  [LESSON  4. 


searched  for,  they  may  be  detected,  though  of  small  size,  hidden 
under  the  bark.  Sometimes,  although  early  formed,  they  are  con- 
cealed all  summer  long  under  the  base  of  the  leaf- 
stalk, hollowed  out  into  a  sort  of  inverted  cup,  like  a 
candle-extinguisher,  to  cover  them  ;  as  in  the  Locust, 
the  Yellow-wood,  or  more  strikingly  in  the  Button- 
wood  or  Plane-tree  (Fig.  50). 

44.  Such  large  and  conspicuous  buds  as  those  of 
the  Horsechestnut,  Hickory,  and  the  like,  are  scaly  ; 
the  scales  being  a  kind  of  imperfect  leaves.  The 
use  of  the  bud-scales  is  obvious  ;  namely,  to  protect 
the  tender  young  parts  beneath.  To  do  this  more 
effectually,  they  are  often  coated  on  the  outside  with 
a  varnish  which  is  impervious  to  wet,  while  within 
they,  or  the  parts  they  enclose,  are  thickly  clothed 
with  down  or  wool  ;  not  really  to  keep  out  the  cold 
of  winter,  which  will  of  course  penetrate  the  bud  in 
time,  but  to  shield  the  interior  against  sudden  changes 
from  warm  to  cold,  or  from  cold  to  warm,  which  are 
equally  injurious.  Scaly  buds  commonly  belong,  as  would  be  expect- 
ed, to  trees  and  shrubs  of  northern  climates  ;  while  naked  buds  are 
usual  in  tropical  regions,  as  well  as  in  herbs  everywhere  which 
branch  during  the  summer's  growth  and  do  not  endure  the  winter. 


4.V  But  naked  buds,  or  nearly  naked,  also  occur  in  several  of  our 
own  trees  and  shrubs ;  sometimes  pretty  large  ones,  as  those  of  Hob- 

FIG.  49,    Annual  shoot  of  the  Phagbark  Hickory. 

FIG.  50.    Bud  and  leaf  of  tho  Buttnnwood,  or  American  Piano-tree. 


LESSON  4.]  GROWTH   OF   PLANTS   FROM   BUDS.  23 

blebush  (while  those  of  the  nearly-related  Snowball  or  High  Bush- 
Cranberry  are  scaly)  ;  but  more  commonly,  when  naked  buds  occur 
in  trees  and  shrubs  of  our  climate,  they  are  small,  and  sunk  in  the 
bark,  as  in  the  Sumac ;  or  even  partly  buried  in  the  wood  until  they 
begin  to  grow,  as  in  the  Honey-Locust. 

40.  Vigor  Of  Vegetation  from  Buds,  Large  and  strong  buds,  like  those 
of  the  Horsechestnut,  Hickory,  and  the  like,  on  inspection  will  be 
found  to  contain  several  leaves,  or  pairs  of  leaves,  ready  formed, 
folded  and  packed  away  in  small  compass,  just  as  the  seed-leaves 
are  packed  away  in  the  seed :  they  even  contain  all  the  blossoms  of 
the  ensuing  season,  plainly  visible  as  small  buds.  And  the  stems 
upon  which  these  buds  rest  are  filled  with  abundant  nourishment, 
which  was  deposited  the  summer  before  in  the  wood  or  in  the  bark. 
Under  the  surface  of  the  soil,  or  on  it,  covered  with  the  fallen  leaves 
of  autumn,  we  may  find  similar  strong  buds  of  our  perennial  herbs, 
in  great  variety ;  while  beneath  are  thick  roots,  rootstocks,  or  tubers, 
charged  with  a  great  store  of  nourishment  for  their  use.  As  we 
regard  these,  we  shall  readily  perceive  how  it  is  that  vegetation 
shoots  forth  so  vigorously  in  the  spring  of  the  year,  and  clothes  the 
bare  and  lately  frozen  surface  of  the  soil,  as  well  as  the  naked 
boughs  of  trees,  almost  at  once  with  a  covering  of  the  freshest 
green,  and  often  with  brilliant  blossoms.  Everything  was  prepared, 
and  even  formed,  beforehand :  the  short  joints  of  stem  in  the  bud 
have  only  to  lengthen,  and  to  separate  the  leaves  from  each  other 
so  that  they  may  unfold  and  grow.  Only  a  small  part  of  the  vege- 
tation of  the  season  comes  directly  from  the  seed,  and  none  of  the 
earliest  vernal  vegetation.  This  is  all  from  buds  which  have  lived 
through  the  winter. 

47.  This  growth  from  buds,  in  manifold  variety,  is  as  interesting 
a  subject  of  study  as  the  growth  of  the  plantlet  from  the  seed,  and 
is  still  easier  to  observe.  We  have  only  room  here  to  sketch  the 
general  plan ;  earnestly  recommending  the  student  to  examine  at- 
tentively their  mode  of  growth  in  all  the  common  trees  and  shrubs, 
when  they  shoot  forth  in  spring.  The  growth  of  the  terminal  bud 
prolongs  the  stem  or  branch:  the  growth  of  axillary  buds  pro- 
duces branches. 

IS.  The  Arrangement  of  Branches  is  accordingly  the  same  as  of 

axillary  buds ;  and  the  arrangement  of  these  buds  is  the  same  as 
that  of  the  leaves.  Now  leaves  are  arranged  in  two  principal  ways  : 
they  are  either  opposite  or  alternate.  Leaves  are  opposite  when 


24  GROWTH    OF   PLANTS    FROM   BUDS.  [LESSON  4. 

there  are  two  borne  on  the  same  joint  of  stem,  as  in  the  Horse- 
chestnut,  Maple  (Fig.  7),  Honeysuckle  (Fig.  132),  Lilac,  &c.;  the 
two  leaves  in  such  cases  being  always  opposite  each  other,  that  is, 
on  exactly  opposite  sides  of  the  stem.  Here  of  course  the  buds 
in  their  axils  are  opposite,  as  we  observe  in  Fig.  48,  where  the 
leaves  have  fallen,  but  their  place  is  shown  by  the  scars.  And  the 
branches  into  which  the  buds  grow  are  likewise  opposite  each  other 
in  pairs. 

49.  Leaves  are  alternate  when  there  is  only  one  from  each  joint  of 
stem,  as  in  the  Oak  (Fig.  22),  Lime-tree,  Poplar,  Buttonwood  (Fig. 
50),  Morning- Glory  (Fig.  8), — not  counting  the  seed-leaves,  which  of 
course  are  opposite,  there  being  a  pair  of  them ;  also  in  Indian  Corn 
(Fig.  42),  and  Iris  (Fig.  44).  Consequently  the  axillary  buds  are 
also  alternate,  as  in  Hickory  (Fig.  49)  ;  and  the  branches  they 
form  alternate,  —  making  a  different  kind  of  spray  from  the  other 
mode,  —  one  branch  shooting  on  the  one  side  of  the  stem  and  the 
next  on  some  other.  For  in  the  alternate  arrangement  no  leaf  is 
on  the  same  side  of  the  stem  as  the  one  next  above  or  next 
below  it. 

(50.  Branches,  therefore,  are  arranged  with  symmetry ;  and  the 
mode  of  branching  of  the  whole  tree  may  be  foretold  by  a  glance  at 
the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  on  the  seedling  or  stem  of  the  first 
year.  This  arrangement  of  the  branches  according  to  that  of  the 
leaves  is  always  plainly  to  be  recognized ;  but  the  symmetry  of 
branches  is  rarely  complete.  This  is  owing  to  several  causes  ; 
mainly  to  one,  viz.:  — 

51.  It  never  happens  that  all  the  bud&  grow.     If  they  did,  there 
would  be  as  many  branches  in  any  year  as  there  were  leaves  the 
year  before.     And  of  those  which  do  begin  to  grow,  a  large  portion 
perish,  sooner  or  later,  for  want  of  nourishment  or  for  want  of  light. 
Those  which  first  begin  to  grow  have  an  advantage,  which  they  are 
apt  to  keep,  taking  to  themselves  the  nourishment  of  the  stem,  and 
starving  the  weaker  buds. 

52.  In  the   Horsechestnut   (Fig.  48),  Hickory  (Fig.  49),  Mag- 
nolia, and  most  other  trees  with  large  scaly  buds,  the  terminal  bud 
is  the  strongest,  and  has  the  advantage   in    growth,  and  next  in 
strength  are  the  upper  axillary  buds:  while  the  former  continues 
the  shoot  of  the  last  year,  some  of  the  latter  give  rise  to  branches, 
while  the  rest  fail  to  grow.     In  the  Lilac  also,  the  upper  axillary 
buds  are  stronger   than   the   lower ;   but  the  terminal  bud  rarely 


LESSON  4.]     GROWTH  OF  PLANTS  FROM  BUDS.  25 

appears  at  all ;  in  its  place  the  uppermost  pair  of  axillary  buds  grow, 
and  so  each  stem  branches  every  year  into  two ;  making  a  re- 
peatedly two-forked  ramification. 

53.  In  these  and  many  similar  trees  and  shrubs,  most  of  the  shoots 
make  a  definite  annual  growth.     That  is,  each  shoot  of  the  season 
develops  rapidly  from  a  strong  bud  in  spring,  —  a  bud  which  gen- 
erally contains,  already  formed  in  miniature,  all  or  a  great  part  of  the 
leaves  and  joints  of  stem  it  is  to  produce,  —  makes  its  whole  growth 
in  length  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks,  or  sometimes  even  in  a  few 
days,  and  then  forms  and  ripens  its  buds  for  the  next  year's  similar 
rapid  growth. 

54.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Locust,  Honey-Locust,  Sumac,  and, 
among  smaller  plants,  the  Rose  and  Raspberry,  make  an  indefinite 
annual  growth.     That  is,  their  stems  grow  on  all  summer  long, 
until  stopped  by  the  frosts  of  autumn  or  some  other  cause ;  con- 
sequently they  form  and  ripen  no  terminal  bud  protected  by  scales, 
and  the  upper  axillary  buds  are  produced  so  late  in   the  season 
that  they  have  no  time  to  mature,  nor  has  the  wood  time  to  solidify 
and  ripen.     Such  stems  therefore  commonly  die  at  the  top  in  winter, 
or  at  least  all  their  upper  buds  are  small  and  feeble ;  and  the  growth 
of  the  succeeding  year  takes  place  mainly  from  the  lower  axillary 
buds,  which  are  more  mature.     Most  of  our  perennial  herbs  grow 
in  this  way,  their  stems  dying  down  to  the  ground  every  year :  the 
part  beneath,  however,  is  charged  with  vigorous  buds,  well  pro- 
tected by  the  kindly  covering  of  earth,  ready  for  the  next  year's 
vegetation. 

55.  In  these  last-mentioned  cases  there  is,  of  course,  no  single 
main  stem,  continued  year  after  year  in  a  direct  line,  but  the  trunk 
is  soon  lost  in  the  branches  ;  and  when  they  grow  into  trees,  these 
commonly  have  rounded  or  spreading  tops.      Of  such  trees  with 
deliquescent  stems,  —  that  is,  with  the  trunk  dissolved,  as  it  were, 
into  the  successively  divided  branches,  the  common  American  Elm 
(Fig.  54)  furnishes  a  good  illustration. 

56.  On  the  other  hand,  the  main  stem  of  Pines  and  Spruces,  as 
it  begins  in  the  seedling,  unless  destroyed  by  some  injury,  is  carried 
on  in  a  direct  line  throughout  the  whole  growth  of  the  tree,  by  the 
development  year  after  year  of  a  terminal  bud :  this  forms  a  single, 
uninterrupted  shaft,  —  an  excurrent  trunk,  which  can  never  be  eon- 

nded  with  the  branches  that  proceed  from  it.     Of  such  spiry  or 
Ire-shaped  trees,  the  Firs  or  Spruces  are  the  most  perfect  and 
3 


26  GROWTH    OF    PLANTS   FROM   BUDS.  [LESSON  4. 

familiar  illustrations  (Fig.  54)  ;  but  some  other  trees  with  strong 
terminal  buds  exhibit  the  same  character  for  a  certain  time,  and 
in  a  less  marked  degree. 

57.  Latent    Buds,     Some  of  the  axillary  buds  grow  the  following 
year  into  branches ;  but  a  larger  number  do  not  (51).     These  do  not 
necessarily  die.     Often  they  survive  in  a  latent  state  for  some  years, 
visible  on  the  surface  of  the  branch,  or  are  smaller  and  concealed 
under  the  bark,  resting  on  the  surface  of  the  wood :  and  when  at 
any  time  the  other  buds  or  branches  happen  to  be  killed,  these  older 
latent  buds  grow  to  supply  their  place ;  —  as  is  often  seen  when  the 
foliage  and  young  shoots  of  a  tree  are  destroyed  by  insects.     The 
new  shoots  seen  springing  directly  out  of  large  stems  may  sometimes 
originate  from  such  latent  buds,  which  have  preserved  their  life  for 
years.     But  commonly  these  arise  from 

58.  Adventitious  Buds,     These  are  buds  which  certain  shrubs  and 
trees  produce  anywhere  on  the  surface  of  the  wood,  especially  where 
it  has  been  injured.     They  give  rise  to  the  slender  twigs  which  often 
feather  so  beautifully  the  sides  of  great  branches  or  trunks  of  our 
American  Elms.     They  sometimes  form  on  the  root,  which  naturally 
is  destitute  of  buds  ;  and  they  are  sure  to  appear  on  the  trunks  and 
roots  of  Willows,  Poplars,  and  Chestnuts,  when  these  are  wounded 
or  mutilated.     Indeed  Osier- Willows  are  pollarded,  or  cut  off,  from 
time  to  time,  by  the  cultivator,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  a  crop  of 
slender  adventitious  twigs,  suitable  for  basket-work.    Such  branches, 
being  altogether  irregular,  of  course  interfere  with  the  natural  sym- 
metry of  the  tree  (50).     Another  cause  of  irregularity,  in  certain 
trees  and  shrubs,  is  the  formation  of  what  are  called 

59.  Accessory  or -Supernumerary  Buds,     There  are  cases  where  two, 

three,  or  more  buds  spring  from  the 
axil  of  a  leaf,  instead  of  the  single 
one  which  is  ordinarily  found  there. 
Sometimes  they  are  placed  one  over 
the  other,  as  in  the  Aristolochia  or 
Pipe- Vine,  and  in  the  Tartarian 
Honeysuckle  (Fig.  51)  ;  also  in  the 
Honey-Locust,  and  in  the  Walnut  and 
Butternut  (Fig.  52),  where  the  upper  supernumerary  bud  is  a  good 
way  out  of  the  axil  and  above  the  others.  And  this  is  here  stronger 

FIG.  51.    Tartarian  Honeysuckle,  with  three  accessory  buds  in  one  axil. 


LESSON  4.]  GROWTH    OF   PLANTS    FROM    BUDS. 


27 


, 


than  the  others,  and  grows  into  a  branch  which  is  considerably  out  of 
the  axil,  while  the  lower  and  smaller  ones  commonly  do  not  grow  at 
all.  In  other  cases  the  three  buds  stand  side  by  side 
in  the  axil,  as  in  the  Hawthorn,  and  the  Red  Maple 
(Fig.  53).  If  these  were  all  to  grow  into  branches, 
they  would  stifle  or  jostle  each  other.  But  some 
of  them  are  commonly  flower-buds :  in 
the  Red  Maple,  only  the  middle  one  is 
a  leaf-bud,  and  it  does  not  grow  until 
after  those  on  each  side  of  it  have  ex- 
panded the  blossoms  they  contain. 

60.  Sorts  Of  Buds,  It  may  be  useful 
to  enumerate  the  kinds  of  buds  which 
have  now  been  mentioned,  referring 
back  to  the  paragraphs  in  which  the  pe- 
culiarities of  each  are  explained.  Buds, 
then,  are  either  terminal  or  lateral. 
They  are 

Terminal  when  they  rest  on  the  apex 
of  a  stem  (42).  The  earliest  terminal 
bud  is  the  plumule  of  the  embryo  (16). 

Lateral,  when  they  appear  on  the 
side  of  a  stem :  —  of  which  the  only 
regular  kind  is  the 

Axillary  (43),  namely,  those  which  are  situated  in 
he  axils  of  leaves. 

Accessory  or  Supernumerary  (59),  when  two  or  more 
occur  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  axillary  bud.  53 

Adventitious  (58),  when  they  occur  out  of  the  .axils  and  without 
order,  on  stems  or  roots,  or  even  on  leaves.  Any  of  these  kinds 
may  be,  either 

Naked,  when  without  coverings;  or  scaly,  when  protected  by 
scales  (44,  45). 

Latent,  when  they  survive  long  without  growing,  and  commonly 
without  being  visible  externally  (57). 

Leaf-buds,  when  they  contain  leaves,  and  develop  into  a  leafy 
shoot. 

Flower-buds,  when  they  contain  blossoms,  and  no  leaves,  as  the 

FIG.  52.     Butternut  branch,  with  accessory  buds,  the  uppermost  above  the  axil. 
FIG.  53.    Red-Maple  branch,  with  accessory  buds  placed  side  by  side. 


28  MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS.  [LESSON  5. 

side-buds  of  the  Red-Maple,  or  when  they  are  undeveloped  blossoms. 
These  we  shall  have  to  consider  hereafter. 

Figure  54  represents  a  spreading-topped  tree  (American  Elm), 
the  stem  dividing  off  into  branches  ;  and  some  spiry  trees  (Spruces 
on  the  right  hand,  and  two  of  the  Arbor- Vitae  on  the  left)  with  ex- 
current  stems. 


LESSON  V. 

MORPHOLOGY    (i.e.  VARIOUS    SORTS    AND    FORMS)    OF    ROOTS. 

61.  Morphology,  as  the  name  (derived  from  two  Greek  words) 
denotes,  is  the  doctrine  of  forms.  In  treating  of  forms  in  plants,  the 
botanist  is  not  confined  to  an  enumeration  or  description  of  the 
shapes  or  sorts  that  occur,  —  which  would  be  a  dull  and  tedious 
business,  —  but  he  endeavors  to  bring  to  view  the  relations  between 
one  form  and  another  ;  and  this  is  an  interesting  study. 

G2.  Botanists  give  particular  names  to  all  the  parts  of  plants,  and 
also  particular  terms  to  express  their  principal  varieties  in  form. 
They  use  these  terms  with  great  precision  and  advantage  in  describ- 
ing the  species  or  kinds  of  plants.  They  must  therefore  be  defined 
and  explained  in  our  books.  But  it  would  be  a  great  waste  of  time 


LESSON  5.]  MORPHOLOGY    OF   ROOTS.  29 

for  the  young  student  to  learn  them  by  rote.  The  student  should 
rather  consider  the  connection  between  one  form  and  another ;  and 
notice  how  the  one  simple  plan  of  the  plant,  as  it  has  already  been 
illustrated,  is  worked  out  in  the  greatest  variety  of  ways,  through  the 
manifold  diversity  of  forms  which  each  of  its  three  organs  of  vege- 
tation —  root,  stem,  and  leaf —  is  made  to  assume. 

63.  This  we  are  now  ready  to  do.     That  is,  having  obtained  a 
g  neral  idea  of  vegetation,  by  tracing  the  plant  from  the  seed  and 
the  bud  into  the  herb,  shrub,  or  tree,  we  proceed  to  contemplate  the 
principal  forms  under  which  these  three  organs  occur  in  different 
plants,  or  in  different  parts  of  the  same  plant ;  or,  in  other  words,  to 
study  the  morphology  of  the  root,  stem,  and  leaves. 

64.  Of  these  three  organs,  the  root  is  the  simplest  and  the  least 
varied  in  its  modifications.     Still  it  exhibits  some  widely  different 
kinds.     Going  back  to  the  beginning,  we  commence  with 

65.  The  simple  Primary  Root,  which  most  plants  send  down  from 
the  root-end  of  the  embryo  as  it  grows  from  the  seed ;  as  we  have 
seen  in  the  Maple   (Fig  5  -  7),  Morning-Glory   (Fig.  8  and  28), 
Beech  (Fig.  14,  15),  Oak  and  Buckeye  (Fig.  22-24),  &c.     This, 
if  it  goes  on  to  grow,  makes  a  main  or  tap  root,  from  which  side- 
branches  here  and  there  proceed.     Some  plants  keep  this  main  root 
throughout  their  whole  life,  and  send  off  only  small  side  branches ; 
as  in  the  Carrot  (Fig.  58)  and  Radish  (Fig.  59)  :  and  in  some  trees, 
like  the  Oak,  it  takes  the  lead  of  the  side-branches  for  many  years, 
unless  accidentally  injured,  as  a  strong  tap-root.      But  commonly 
the  main  root  divides  off  very  soon,  and  is  lost  in  the  branches.. 
We  have  already  seen,  also,  that  there  may  be  at  the  beginning 

66.  Multiple  Primary  Roots,     We  have  noticed  them  in  the  Pump- 
kin (Fig.  10),  in  the  Pea  (Fig.  20),  and  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  42).. 
That  is,  several  roots  have  started  all  at  once,  or  nearly  so,  from  the 
seedling  stem,  and  formed  a  bundle  or  cluster  (a  fascicled  root,  as 
it  is  called),  in  place  of  one  main  root.     The  Bean,  as  we  observe 
in  Fig.  18,  begins  with  a  main  root ;  but  some  of  its  branches  soon 
overtake  it,  and  a  cluster  of  roots  is  formed. 

67.  Absorption  of  Moisture  by  Roots,     The  branches  of  roots  as  they 
grow  commonly  branch  again  and  again,  into  smaller  roots  or  rootlets  ; 
in  this  way  very  much  increasing  the  surface  by  which  the  plant 
connects  itself  with  the  earth,  and  absorbs  moisture  from  it.     The 
whole  surface  of  the  root  absorbs,  so  long  as  it  is  fresh  and  new  ; 
and  the  newer  the  roots  and  rootlets  are,  the  more  freely  do  they 

3* 


MORPHOLOGY    OF   ROOTS. 


[LESSON  5. 


imbibe.  Accordingly,  as  long  as  the  plant  grows  above  ground,  and 
expands  fresh  foliage,  from  which  moisture  much  of  the  time  largely 
escapes  into  the  air,  so  long  it  continues  to  extend  and  multiply  its 
roots  in  the  soil  beneath,  renewing  and  increasing  the  fresh  surface 
for  absorbing  moisture,  in  proportion  to  the  demand  from  above. 
And  when  growth  ceases  above  ground,  and  the  leaves  die  and  fall, 
or  no  longer  act,  then  the  roots  generally  stop  growing,  and  their 
soft  and  tender  tips  harden.  From  this  period,  therefore,  until 
growth  begins  anew  the  next  spring,  is  the  best  time  for  transplant- 
ing ;  especially  for  trees  and  shrubs,  and  herbs  so  large  that  they 
cannot  well  be  removed  without  injuring  the  roots  very  mnch. 

68.  We  see,  on  considering  a  moment,  that  an  herb  or  a  tree 
consists  of  two  great  surfaces,  with  a  narrow  part  or  trunk  between 
them,  —  one  surface  spread  out  in  the  air,  and  the  other  in  the  soil. 
These  two  surfaces  bear  a  certain  proportion  to  each  other ;  and  the 

upper  draws  largely  on  the  lower  for 
moisture.  Now,  when  the  leaves  fall 
from  the  tree  in  autumn,  the  vast  sur- 
face exposed  to  the  air  is  reduced  to  a 
very  small  part  of  what  it  was  before ; 
and  the  remainder,  being  covered  with 
a  firm  bark,  cannot  lose  much  by  evap- 
oration. In  common  herbs  the  whole 
surface  above  ground  perishes  in  au- 
tumn ;  and  many  of  the  rootlets  die  at 
the  same  time,  or  soon  afterwards. 
So  that  the  living  vegetable  is  reduced 
for  the  time  to  the  smallest  compass, 
—  to  the  thousandth  or  hundred-thou- 
sandth part  of  what  it  was  shortly 
before,  —  and  what  remains  alive  rests 
in  a  dormant  state,  and  may  now  be 
transplanted  without  much  danger  of 
harm.  If  any  should  doubt  whether 
there  is  so  great  a  difference  between 
the  summer  and  the  winter  size  of 
plants,  let  them  compare  a  lily-bulb 
with  the  full-grown  Lily,  or  calculate  the  surface  of  foliage  which 


FIG.  r>f).     HocdliiiR  Maple,  of  the  natural  size,  showing  the  root-hairs.    56.  A  bit  of  the 
end  of  the  root  magnified. 


LESSON  5.] 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS. 


31 


a  tree    exposes  to  the   air,  as   compared  with   the  surface  of  its 
twigs. 

69.  The  absorbing  surface  of  roots  is  very  much  greater  than 
it  appears  to  be,  on  account  of  the  root-hairs, 
or  slender  fibrils,  which  abound  on  the  fresh  and 
new  parts  of  roots.  These  may  be  seen  with 
an  ordinary  magnifying-glass,  or  even  by  the 
naked  eye  in  many  cases ;  as  in  the  root  of  a 
seedling  Maple  (Fig.  55),  where  the  surface  is 
thickly  clothed  with  them.  They  are  not  root- 
lets of  a  smaller  sort ;  but,  when  more  magnified, 
are  seen  to  be  mere  elongations  of  the  surface 
of  the  root  into  slender  tubes,  which  through 
their  very  delicate  walls  imbibe  moisture  from 
the  soil  with  great  avidity.  They  are  com- 
monly much  longer  than  those  shown  in  Fig. 
56,  which  represents  only  the  very  tip  of  a  root 
moderately  magnified.  Small  as  they  are  indi- 
vidually, yet  the  whole  amount  of  absorbing 
surface  added  to  the  rootlets  by  the  countless 
numbers  of  these  tiny  tubes  is  very  great. 

70.  Roots  intend- 
ed  mainly   for   ab- 
sorbing branch  free- 
ly, and  are  slender 

or  thread-like.  When  the  root  is  prin- 
cipally of  this  character  it  is  said  to  be 
fibrous ;  as  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  42), 
and  other  grain,  and  to  some  extent  in 
all  annual  plants  (41). 

71.  The  Root  as  a  Storehouse  of  Food, 

In  biennial  and  many  perennial  herbs 
(41),  the  root  answers  an  additional 
purpose.  In  the  course  of  the  season  it 
becomes  a  storehouse  of  nourishment, 
and  enlarges  or  thickens  as  it  receives 
the  accumulation.  Such  roots  are  said 
to  be  fleshy ;  and  different  names  are  applied  to  them  according  to 


FIG.  57,  58,  59.     Forms  of  fleshy  or  thickened  roots. 


32 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS. 


[LESSON  5. 


their  shapes.  We  may  divide  them  all  into  two  kinds ;  1st,  those 
consisting  of  one  main  root,  and  2d,  those  without  any  main  root. 

72.  The  first  are  merely  different  shapes  of  the  tap-root ;  which  is 

Conical,  when  it  thickens  most  at  the  crown,  or  where  it  joins 
the  stem,  and  tapers  regularly  downwards  to  a  point,  as  in  the 
Common  Beet,  the  Parsnip,  and  Carrot  (Fig.  58)  : 

Turnip-shaped  or  napiform,  when  greatly  thickened  above ;  but 
abruptly  becoming  slender  below ;  as  the  Turnip  (Fig.  57)  :  and, 

Spindle-shaped,  or  fusiform,  when  thickest  in  the  middle  and 
tapering  to  both  ends ;  as  the  common  Radish  (Fig.  59). 

73.  In  the  second  kind,  where  there 
is  no  main  root,  the  store  of  nourishing 
matter  may  be  distributed  throughout 
the  branches  or  cluster  of  roots  gener- 
ally, or  it  may  be  accumulated  in  some 
of  them,  as  we  see  in  the  tuberous  roots 
of  the  Sweet  Potato,  the  common  Peony, 
and  the  Dahlia  (Fig.  60). 

74.  All  but  the  last  of  these  illustra- 
trations  are  taken  from  biennial  plants. 
These  grow  with  a  large  tuft  of  leaves 
next  the  ground,  and  accumulate  nour- 
ishment all  the  first  summer,  and  store 
up   all   they  produce  beyond   what   is 
wanted  at  the  time  in  their  great  root, 
which  lives  over  the  winter.     We  know 

very  well  what  use  man  and  other  animals  make  of  this  store  of  food, 
in  the  form  of  starch,  sugar,  jelly,  and  the  like.  From  the  second 
year's  growth  we  may  learn  what  use  the  plant  itself  makes  of  it. 
The  new  shoots  then  feed  upon  it,  and  use  it  to  form  with  great 
rapidity  branches,  flower-stalks,  blossoms,  fruit, and  seed;  and,  having 
used  it  up,  the  whole  plant  dies  when  the  seeds  have  ripened. 

75.  In  the  same  way  the  nourishment  contained  in  the  separate 
tuberous  roots  of  the  Sweet  Potato  and  the  Dahlia  (Fig.  60)  is  fed 
upon  in  the  spring  by  the  buds  of  the  stem  they  belong  to ;  and 
as  they  are  emptied  of  their  contents,  they  likewise  die  and  decay. 
But  meanwhile  similar  stores  of  nourishment,  produced  by  the  second 
year's  vegetation,  are  deposited  in  new  roots,  which  live  through  the 


FIG.  60.     Clustered  tuberous  roots  of  the  Dahlia,  with  the  bottom  of  the  stem   they 
belong  to. 


LESSON  5.]  MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS.  33 

next  winter,  and  sustain  the  third  spring's  growth,  and  so  on ;  — 
these  plants  being  perennial  (41),  or  lasting  year  after  year,  though 
each  particular  root  lives  little  more  than  one  year. 

76.  Many  things  which  commonly  pass  for  roots  are  not  really 
roots  at  all.     Common  potatoes  are  tuberous  parts  of  stems,  while 
sweet  potatoes  are  roots,  like  those  of  the  Dahlia  (Fig.  60).    The  dif- 
ference between  them  will  more  plainly  appear  in  the  next  Lesson. 

77.  Secondary  Roots.     So  far  we  have  considered  only  the  original 
or  primary  root,  —  that  which  proceeded  from  the  lower  end  of  the 
first  joint  of  stem  in  the  plantlet  springing  from  the  seed,  —  and  its 
subdivisions.     We  may  now  remark,  that  any  other  part  of  the  stem 
will  produce  roots  just  as  well,  whenever  favorably  situated  for  it ; 
that  is,  when  covered  by  the  soil,  which  provides  the  darkness  and 
the  moisture  which  is  congenial  to  them.     For  these  secondary  roots, 
as  they  may  be  called,  partake  of  the  ordinary  disposition  of  the 
organ :  they  avoid  the  light,  and  seek  to  bury  themselves  in  the 
ground.     In  Indian  Corn  we  see  roots  early  striking  from  the  second 
and  the  succeeding  joints  of  stem  under  ground,  more  abundantly 
than  from  the  first  joint  (Fig.  42).     And  all  stems  that  keep  up  a 
connection  with  the  soil  —  such  as  those  which  creep  along  on  or 
beneath  its  surface  —  are  sure  to  strike  root  from  almost  every  joint. 
So  will  most  branches  when  bent  to  the  ground,  and  covered  with 
the  soil :  and  even  cuttings  from  the  branches  of  most  plants  can  be 
made  to  do  so,  if  properly  managed.     Propagation  by  buds  depends 
upon  this.     That  is,  a  piece  of  a  plant  which  has  stem  and  leaves, 
either  developed  or  in  the  bud,  may  be  made  to  produce  roots,  and 
so  become  an  independent  plant. 

78.  In  many  plants  the  disposition  to  strike  root  is  so  strong,  that 
they  even  will  spring  from  the  stem  above  ground.     In  Indian  Corn, 
for  example,  it  is  well  known  that  roots  grow,  not  only  from  all  those 
joints  round  which  the  earth  is  heaped  in  hoeing,  but  also  from  those 
several  inches  above  the  soil :  and  other  plants  produce  them  from 
stems  or  branches  high  in  the  air.     Such  roots  are  called 

79.  Aerial  Roots,     All  the  most  striking  examples  of  these  are  met 
with,  as  we  might  expect,  in  warmer  and  damper  climates  than  ours, 
and  especially  in  deep  forests  which  shut  out  much  of  the  light ;  this 
being  unfavorable  to  roots.     The  Mangrove  of  tropical  shores,  which 
occurs  on  our  own  southern  borders ;  the  Sugar  Cane,  from  which 
roots  strike  just  as  in  Indian  Corn,  only  from  higher  up  the  stem ; 
the  Pandanus,  called  Screw  Pine   (not  from  its  resemblance  to  a 


34  MORPHOLOGY    OF   ROOTS-  [LESSON  5. 

Pine-tree,  but  because  it  is  like  a Yine-apple  plant)  ;  and  the  famous 
Banyan  of  India,  and  some  other  Fig-trees,  furnish  the  most  remark- 
able examples  of  roots,  which  strike  from  the  stem  or  the  branches 
in  the  open  air,  and  at  length  reach  the  ground,  and  bury  them- 
selves, when  they  act  in  the  same  manner  as  ordinary  roots. 

80.  Some  of  our  own  common  plants,  however,  produce  small 
aerial  rootlets  ;  not  for  absorbing  nourishment,  but  for  climbing.    By 
these  rootlets,  that  shoot  out  abundantly  from  the  side  of  the  stems 
and  branches,  the  Trumpet  Creeper,  the  Ivy  of  Europe,  and  our 
Poison  Rhus,  —  here  called  Poison  Ivy,  —  fasten  themselves  firmly 
to  walls,  or  the  trunks  of  trees,  often  ascending  to  a  great  height. 
Here  roots  serve  the  same  purpose  that  tendrils  do  in  the  Grape- 
Vine  and  Virginia  Creeper.  /  Another  form,  and  the  most  aerial  of 
all  roots,  since  they  never  reach  the  ground,  are  those  of 

81.  Epiphytes,  or  Air-Plants,     These  are  called  by  the  first  name 
(which  means  growing  on  plants),  because  they  are  generally  found 
upon  the  trunks  and  branches  of  trees  ;  —  not  that  they  draw  any 
nourishment  from  them,  for  their  roots  merely  adhere  to  the  bark, 
and  they  flourish  just  as  well  upon  dead  wood  or  any  other  con- 
venient support.      JThey  are  called  air-plants  because  they  really 
live  altogether  upon  what  they  get  from  the  air,  as  they  have  no 
connection  with  the  soil.     Hundreds  of  air-plants  grow  all  around 
us  without  attracting  any  attention,  because  they  are  small  or  hum- 
ble.    Such  are  the  Lichens  and  Mosses  that  abound  on  the  trunks 
or  boughs  of  trees,  especially  on  the  shaded  side,  and  on  old  walls, 
fences,  or  rocks,  from  which  they  obtain  no  nourishment.     But  this 
name  is  commonly  applied  only  to  the  larger,  flower-bearing  plants 
which  live  in  this  way.     These  belong  to  warm  and  damp  parts  of 
the  world,  where  there  is  always  plenty  of  moisture  in  the  air.     The 
greater  part  belong  to  the  Orchis  family  and  to  the  Pine-Apple 
family  ;  and  among  them  are  some  of  the  handsomest  flowers  known. 
"VVe  have  two  or  three  flowering  air-plants  in  the  Southern  States, 
though  they  are  not  showy  ones.     One  of  them  is  an  Epidendrum 
Crowing  on  the  boughs  of  the  Great-flowered  Magnolia:  another  is 
the  Long-Moss,  or  Black  Moss,  so  called,  —  although  it  is  no  Moss 
at  all, —  which  hangs  from  the  branches  of  Oaks  and  Pines  in  all 
the  warm  parts  of  the  Southern   States.     (Fig  61  represents  both 
of  these.     The  upper  is  the  Epidendrum  conopseum;  the  lower,  the 
Black  Moss,  Tillaridsia  usneoides.) 

82.  Parasitic  Plants  exhibit  roots  under  yet  another  remarkable 


LESSON 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS. 


35 


aspect.  For  these  are  not  merely  fixed  upon  other  plants,  as  air- 
plants  are,  but  strike  their  roots,  or  what  answer  to  roots,  into  them, 
and  feed  on  their  juices.  Not  only  Moulds  and  Blights  (which  are 
plants  of  very  low  organization)  live  in  this  predacious  way,  but 
many  flowering  herbs,  and  even  shrubs.  One  of  the  latter  is  the 
Mistletoe,  the  seed  of  which  germinates  on  the  bough  of  the  tree 
where  it  falls  or  is  left  by  birds ;  and  the  forming  root  penetrates  the 
bark  and  engrafts  itself  into  the  wood,  to  which  it  becomes  united  as 
firmly  as  a  natural  branch  to  its  parent  stem  ;  and  indeed  the  parasite 
lives  just  as  if  it  were  a  branch  of  the  tree  it  grows  and  feeds  on. 
A  most  common  parasitic  herb  is  the  Dodder;  which  abounds  in 
low  grounds  everywhere  in  summer,  and  coils  its  long  and  slender 
leafless,  yellowish  stems  —  resembling  tangled  threads  of  yarn  — 
round  and  round  the  stalks  of  other  plants ;  wherever  they  touch 
piercing  the  bark  with  minute  and  very  short  rootlets  in  the  form  of 
suckers,  which  draw  out  the  nourishing  juices  of  the  plants  laid  hold 
of.  Other  parasitic  plants,  like  the  Beech-drops  and  Pine-sap,  fasten 
their  roots  under  ground  upon  the  roots  of  neighboring  plants,  and 
rob  them  of  their  rich  juices. 


86  MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS   AND   BRANCHES.       [LESSON 


LESSON  VI. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES. 

83.  THE   growth  of  the  stem  in  length,  and  the  formation  of 
branches,  have  been  considered  already.     Their  growth  in  thick- 
ness we  may  study  to  more  advantage  in  a  later  Lesson.     The  very 
various  forms  which  they  assume  will  now  occupy  our  attention, — 
beginning  with 

84.  The  Forms  of  Stems  and  Branches  above  ground,    The  principal 

differences  as  regards  size  and  duration  have  been  mentioned  before 
(41);  namely,  the  obvious  distinction  of  plants  into  herbs,  shrubs, 
and  trees,  which  depends  upon  the  duration  and  size  of  the  stem. 
The  stem  is  accordingly 

Herbaceous,  when  it  dies  down  to  the  ground  every  year,  or  after 
blossoming. 

Suffrutescent,  when  the  bottom  of  the  stem  above  the  soil  is  a 
little  woody,  and  inclined  to  live  from  year  to  year. 

Suffruticose,  when  low  stems  are  decidedly  woody  below,  but 
herbaceous  above. 

Fruticose,  or  shrubby,  when  woody,  living  from  year  to  year,  and 
of  considerable  size,  —  not,  however,  more  than  three  or  four  tunes 
the  height  of  a  man. 

Arborescent,  when  tree-like  in  appearance,  or  approaching  a  tree 
in  size. 

Arboreous,  when  forming  a  proper  tree  trunk. 

85.  When  the  stem  or  branches  rise  above  ground  and  are  ap- 
parent to  view,  the  plant  is  said  to  be  caulescent  (that  is,  to  have  a 
caulis  or  true  stem).     When  there  is  no  evident  stem  above  ground, 
but  only  leaves  or  leaf-stalks  and  flower-stalks,  the  plant  is  said  to 
be  acauJescent,  i.  e.  stemless,  as  in  the  Crocus,  Bloodroot,  common 
Violets,  &c.,  and  in  the  Beet,  Carrot,  and  Radish  (Fig.  59),  for  the 
first  season.     There  is  a  stem,  however,  in  all  such  cases,  only  it 
remains  on  or  beneath  the  ground,  and  is  sometimes  very  short. 
Of  course  leaves  and  flowers  do  not  arise  from  the  root.     These 
concealed  soils  of  stem  we  will  presently  study. 

86.  The  direction  taken  by  stems,  &c.,  or  their  mode  of  growth, 


LESSON  6.]  SUCKERS,    STOLONS^   AND    OFFSETS.  37 

gives  rise  to  several  terms,  which  may  be  briefly  mentioned:  — 
such  as 

Diffuse,  when  loosely  spreading  in  all  directions. 

Declined,  when  turned  or  bending  over  to  one  side. 

Decumbent,  reclining  on  the  ground,  as  if  too  weak  to  stand. 

Assurgent  or  ascending,  when  rising  obliquely  upwards. 

Procumbent  or  prostrate,  lying  flat  on  the  ground  from  the  first. 

Creeping,  or  repent,  when  prostrate  stems  on  or  just  beneath  the 
ground  strike  root  as  they  grow ;  as  does  the  White  Clover,  the 
little  Partridge-berry,  &c. 

Climbing,  or  scandent,  when  stems  rise  by  clinging  to  other  ob- 
jects for  support,  —  whether  by  tendrils,  as  do  the  Pea,  Grape- 
Vine,  and  Virginia  Creeper  (Fig.  62) ;  by  their  twisting  leaf-stalks, 
as  the  Virgin's  Bower ;  or  by  rootlets,  like  the  Ivy,  Poison  Ivy,  and 
Trumpet  Creeper  (80). 

Twining,  or  voluble,  when  stems  rise  by  coiling  themselves  spirally 
around  other  stems  or  supports ;  like  the  Morning- Glory  and  the  Bean. 

87.  Certain  forms  of  stems  have  received  distinct  names.  The 
jointed  stem  of  Grasses  and  Sedges  is  called  by  botanists  a  culm ; 
and  the  peculiar  scaly  trunk  of  Palms  and  the  like  (Fig.  47)  is 
sometimes  called  a  caudex.  A  few  forms  of  branches  the  gardener 
distinguishes  by  particular  names ;  and  they  are  interesting  from 
their  serving  for  the  natural  propagation  of  plants  from  buds,  and 
for  suggesting  ways  by  which  we  artificially  multiply  plants  that 
would  not  propagate  themselves  without  the  gardener's  aid.  These 
are  suckers,  offsets,  stolons,  and  runners. 

( 88.  Suckers  are  ascending  branches  rising  from  stems  under  ground, 
such"  as  are  produced  so  abundantly  by  the  Rose,  Raspberry,  and 
other  plants  said  to  multiply  "  by  the  root."  If  we  uncover  them, 
we  see  at  once  the  great  difference  between  these  subterranean 
branches  and  real  roots.  They  are  only  creeping  branches  under 
ground.  Remarking  how  the  upright  shoots  from  these  branches 
become  separate  plants,  simply  by  the  dying  off  of  the  connecting 
under-ground  stems,  the  gardener  expedites  the  result  by  cutting 
them  through  with  his  spade.  That  is,  he  propagates  the  plant  "  by 
division." 

89.  Stolons  are  trailing  or  reclining  branches  above  ground,  which 

strike  root  where  they  touch  the  soil,  and  then  send  up  a  vigorous 

shoot,  which  has  roots  of  its  own,  and  becomes  an  independent  plant 

when  the  connecting  part  dies,  as  it  does  after  a  while.    The  Currant 

4 


38        MORPHOLOGY  OF  STEMS  AND  BRANCHES.   [LESSON  6. 

and  the  Gooseberry  naturally  multiply  in  this  way,  as  well  as  by 
suckers  (which  we  see  are  just  the  same  thing,  only  the  connecting 
part  is  concealed  under  ground).  They  must  have  suggested  the 
operation  of  layering,  or  bending  down  and  covering  with  earth 
branches  which  do  not  naturally  make  stolons  ;  and  after  they  have 
taken  root,  as  they  almost  always  will,  the  gardener  cuts  through 
the  connecting  stem,  and  so  converts  a  rooting  branch  into  a  sepa- 
rate plant. 

90.  Offsets,  like  those  of  the  Houseleek,  are  only  short  stolons, 
with  a  crown  of  leaves  at  the  end. 

91.  Runners,  of  which  the  Strawberry  presents  the  most  familiar 
example,  are  a  long  and  slender,  tendril-like,  leafless  form  of  creep- 
ing branches.     Each  runner,  after  having  grown  to  its  full  length? 
strikes  root  from  the  tip,  and  fixes  it  to  the  ground,  then  forms  a  bud 
there,  which  develops  into  a  tuft  of  leaves,  and  so  gives  rise  to  a  new 
plant,  which  sends  out  new  runners  to  act  in  the  same  way.     In  this 
manner  a  single  Strawberry  plant  will  spread  over  a  large  space,  or 
produce  a  great  number  of  plants,  in  the  course  of  the  summer ;  —  all 
connected  at  first  by  the  slender  runners ;  but  these  die  in  the 
following  winter,  if  not  before,  and  leave  the  plants  as  so  many 
separate  individuals. 

92.  Tendrils  are  branches  of  a  very  slender  sort,  like  runners,  not 
destined  like  them  for  propagation,  and  therefore  always  destitute 


of  buds  or  leaves,  but  intended  for  climbing.     Those  of  the  Grape- 
Vine,  of  the  Virginia  Creeper  (Fig.  62),  and  of  the  Cucumber  and 

FIG.  G2.     Piece  of  the  stem  of  Virginia  Creeper,  bearing  a  leaf  and  a  tendril.    G3.  Tips 
of  a  tendril,  about  the  natural  size,  showing  the  disks  by  which  they  hold  fast  to  walls,  &,c. 


LESSON  6.]  RUNNERS,    TENDRILS,    SPINES.  39 

Squash  tribe  are  familiar  illustrations.  The  tendril  commonly  grows 
straight  and  outstretched  until  it  reaches  some  neighboring  support, 
such  as  a  stem,  when  its  apex  hooks  around  it  to  secure  a  hold ; 
then  the  whole  tendril  shortens  itself  by  coiling  up  spirally,  and  so 
draws  the  shoot  of  the  growing  plant  nearer  to  the  supporting  object. 
"When  the  Virginia  Creeper  climbs  the  side  of  a  building  or  the 
smooth  bark  of  a  tree,  which  the  tendrils  cannot  lay  hold  of  in  the 
usual  way,  their  tips  expand  into  a  flat  disk  or  sucker  (Fig.  62,  63), 
which  adheres  very  firmly  to  the  wall  or  bark,  enabling  the  plant  to 
climb  over  and  cover  such  a  surface,  as  readily  as  the  Ivy  does  by 
means  of  its  sucker-like  little  rootlets.  The  same  result  is  effected 
by  different  organs,  in  the  one  case  by  branches  in  the  form  of  ten- 
drils ;  in  the  other,  by  roots. 

93.  Tendrils,  however,  are  not  always  branches ;  some  are  leaves, 
or  parts  of  leaves,  as  those  of  the  Pea  (Fig.  20).  Their  nature  in 
each  case  is  to  be  learned  from  their  position,  whether  it  be  that  of 
a  leaf  or  of  a  branch.  In  the  same  way 

04.  Spines  or  Thorns  sometimes  represent  leaves,  as  in  the  Bar- 
berry, where  their  nature  is  shown  by  their  situation  outside  of  an 
axillary  bud  or  branch.  In  other  words,  here  they  have  a  bud  in 
their  axil,  and  are  therefore  leaves ;  so  we  shall  have  to  mention 
them  in  another  place.  Most  commonly  spines  are  stunted  and 
hardened  branches,  arising  from  the  axils  of  leaves,  as  in  the  Haw- 
thorn and  Pear.  A  neglected  Pear-tree  or  Plum-tree  shows  every 
gradation  between  ordinary  branches  and  thorns.  Thorns  sometimes 
branch,  their  branches  partaking  of  the  same  spiny  character :  in 
this  way  those  on  the  trunks  of  Honey-Locust  trees  (produced  from 
adventitious  buds,  58)  become  exceedingly  complicated  and  horrid. 
The  thorns  on  young  shoots  of  the  Honey-Locust  may  appear  some- 
what puzzling  at  first  view ;  for  they  are  situated  some  distance 
above  the  axil  of  the  leaf.  Here  the  thorn  comes  from  the  upper- 
most of  several  supernumerary  buds  (59).  Prickles,  such  as  those 
of  the  Rose  and  Blackberry,  must  not  be  confounded  with  thorns : 
these  have  not  the  nature  of  branches,  and  have  no  connection  with 
the  wood ;  but  are  only  growths  of  the  bark.  When  we  strip  off 
the  bark,  the  prickles  go  with  it. 

95.  Still  stranger  forms  of  stems  and  branches  than  any  of  these 
are  met  with  in  some  tribes  of  plants,  such  as  Cactuses  (Fig.  76). 
These  will  be  more  readily  understood  after  we  have  considered 
some  of  the  commoner  forms  of 


40  MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.       [LESSON  6. 

96.  Subterranean  Stems  and  Branches,    These  are  very  numerous 

and  various  ;  but  they  are  commonly  overlooked,  or  else  confounded 
with  roots.  From  their  situation  they  are  out  of  the  sight  of  the 
superficial  observer :  but  if  sought  for  and  examined,  they  will  well 
repay  the  student's  attention.  For  the  vegetation  that  is  carried  on 
under  ground  is  hardly  less  varied,  and  no  less  interesting  and  im- 
portant, than  that  which  meets  our  view  above  ground.  All  their 
forms  may  be  referred  to  four  principal  kinds  ;  namely,  the  Rhizo- 
ma  or  Rootstock,  the  Tuber,  the  Corm,  and  the  Bulb. 

97.  The  Rootstock,  or  Rhizoma,  in  its  simplest  form,  is  merely  a 
creeping  stem  or  branch   (86)  growing  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
soil,  or  partly  covered  by  it.     Of  this  kind  are  the  so-called  creeping, 
running,  or  scaly  roots,  such  as  those  by  which  the  Mint  (Fig.  64), 
the  Scotch  Rose,  the  Couch-grass  or  Quick-grass,  and  many  other 
plants,  spread  so  rapidly  and  widely,  "  by  the  root,"  as  it  is  said. 


That  these  are  really  stems,  and  not  roots,  is  evident  from  the  way 
in  which  they  grow;  from  their  consisting  of  a  succession  of  joints; 
and  from  the  leaves  which  they  bear  on  each  joint  (or  node,  as 
the  botanist  calls  the  place  from  which  leaves  arise),  in  the  form  of 
small  scales,  just  like  the  lowest  ones  on  the  upright  stem  next  the 
ground.  Like  other  stems,  they  also  produce  buds  in  the  axils  of 
these  scales,  showing  the  scales  to  be  leaves ;  whereas  real  roots 
bear  neither  leaves  nor  axillary  buds.  Placed,  as  they  are,  in  the 
damp  and  dark  soil,  such  stems  naturally  produce  roots,  just  as  the 
creeping  stem  does  where  it  lies  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  ;  but 
the  whole  appearance  of  these  roots,  their  downward  growth,  and 
their  mode  of  branching,  are  very  different  from  that  of  the  subter- 
ranean stem  they  spring  from. 

'98.  It  is  easy  to  see  why  plants  with  these  running  rootstocks  take 
such  rapid  and  wide  possession  of  the  soil,  —  often  becoming  great 
pests  to  farmers,  —  and  why  they  are  so  hard  to  get  rid  of.  They  are 

FIG.  64.    Rootstocks,  or  creeping  subterranean  branches,  of  the  Peppermint. 


LESSON  6.]        SUBTERRANEAN    FORMS  I    ROOTSTOCKS.  41 

always  perennials  (41)  ;  the  subterranean  shoots  live  over  the  first 
winter,  if  not  longer,  and  are  provided  with  vigorous  buds  at  every 
joint.  Some  of  these  buds  grow  in  spring  into  upright  stems,  bearing 
foliage,  to  elaborate  the  plant's  crude  food  into  nourishment,  and  at 
length  produce  blossoms  for  reproduction  by  seed ;  while  many  oth- 
ers, fed  by  nourishment  supplied  from  above,  form  a  new  generation 
of  subterranean  shoots ;  and  this  is  repeated  over  and  over  in  the 
course  of  the  season  or  in  succeeding  years.  Meanwhile  as  the  sub- 
terranean shoots  increase  in  number,  the  older  ones,  connecting  the 
series  of  generations  into  one  body,  die  off  year  by  year,  liberating 
the  already  rooted  side-branches  as  so  many  separate  plants ;  and 
so  on  indefinitely.  Cutting  these  running  rootstocks  into  pieces, 
therefore,  by  the  hoe  or  the  plough,  far  from  destroying  the  plant, 
only  accelerates  the  propagation ;  it  converts  one  many-branched 
plant  into  a  great  number  of  separate  individuals.  Even  if  you 
divide  the  shoots  into  as  many  pieces  as  there  are  joints  of  stem, 
each  piece  (Fig.  65)  is  already  a  plantlet,  with  its  roots  and  with  a 
bud  in  the  axil  of  its  scale-like  leaf  (either  latent  or  apparent),  and 
having  prepared  nourishment  enough  in  the  bit  of 
stem  to  develop  this  bud  into  a  leafy  stem ;  and  so 
a  single  plant  is  all  the  more  speedily  converted 
into  a  multitude.  Such  plants  as  the  Quick- 
grass  accordingly  realize  the  fable  of  the  Hy- 
dra ;  as  fast  as  one  of  its  many  branches  is  cut  65 
off,  twice  as  many,  or  more,  spring  up  in  its  stead.  Whereas,  when 
the  subterranean  parts  are  only  roots,  cutting  away  the  stem  com- 
pletely destroys  the  plant,  except  in  the  rather  rare  cases  where  the 
root  produces  adventitious  buds  (58). 

99.  The  more  nourishment  rootstocks  contain,  the  more  readily  do 
separate  portions,  furnished  with  buds,  become  independent  plants. 
It  is  to  such  underground  stems,  thickened  with  a  large  amount  of 
starch,  or  some  similar  nourishing  matter  stored  up  in  their  tissue, 
that  the  name  of  rhizoma  or  rootstock  is  commonly  applied  ;  —  such, 
for  example,  as  those  of  the  Sweet  Flag  or  Calamus,  of  Ginger,  of  Iris 
or  Flower-de-luce  (Fig.  133),  and  of  the  Solomon's  Seal  (Fig.  66). 

100.  The  rootstocks  of  the  common  sorts  of  Iris  of  the  gardens 
usually   lie   on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  partly  uncovered  ;  and 
they  bear  real  leaves  (Fig.  133),  which  closely  overlap  each  other ; 

FIG.  65.     A  piece  of  the  running  rootstock  of  the  Peppermint,  with  its  node  or  joint,  and 
an  axillary  bud  read}'  to  grow. 

4* 


42 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.       [LESSON  6. 


the  joints  (i.  e.  the  internodes,  or  spaces  between  each  leaf)  being 
very  short.  As  the  leaves  die,  year  by  year,  and  decay,  a  scar 
left  in  the  form  of  a  ring  marks  the  place  where  each  leaf  was 
attached.  Instead  of  leaves,  rootstocks  buried  under  ground  com- 
monly bear  scales,  like  those  of  the  Mint  (Fig.  64),  which  are  im- 
perfect leaves. 


101.  Some  rootstocks  are  marked  with  large  round  scars  of  a 
different  sort,  like  those  of  the  Solomon's  Seal  (Fig.  66),  which  gave 
this  name  to  the  plant,  from  their  looking  something  like  the  impres- 
sion of  a  seal  upon  wax.     Here  the  rootstock  sends  up  every  spring 
an  herbaceous  stalk  or  stem,  which  bears  the  foliage  and  flowers, 
and  dies  in  autumn  ;  and  the  seal  is  the  circular  scar  left  by  the 
death  and  separation  of  the  dead  stalk  from  the  living  rootstock. 
As  but  one  of  these  is  formed  each  year,  they  mark  the  limits  of  a 
year's  growth.     The  bud  at  the  end  of  the  rootstock  in  the  figure, 
which  was  taken  in  summer,  will  grow  the  next  spring  into  the  stalk 
of  the  season,  which,  dying  in  autumn,  will  leave  a  similar  scar,  while 
another  bud  will  be  formed  farther  on,  crowning  the  ever-advancing 
summit  or  growing  end  of  the  stem. 

102.  As  each  year's  growth  of  stem,  in  all 
these  cases,  makes  its  own  roots,  it  soon  becomes 
independent  of  the  older  parts.      And  after  a 
certain   age,   a  portion    dies   off  behind,  every 
year,  about  as  fast  as  it  increases  at  the  grow- 
ing end  ;  —  death  following  life  with  equal  and 
certain  step,   with   only   a  narrow  interval  be- 
tween.     In  vigorous   plants  of  Solomon's  Seal 
or  Iris,  the  living  rootstock  is  several  inches  or 
a  foot  in  length ;  while  in  the  short  rootstock  of 


67 


FIG.  6(5.    Rootstock  of  Solomon's  Seal,  with  tho  bottom  of  the  stalk  of  the  season,  and  the 
bud  for  tho  next  year's  pnnvth. 
FIG.  67.    The  very  short  rootstock  and  bud  of  a  Trillium  or  Birthroot. 


LESSON  6.]     SUBTERRANEAN  FORMS  I  TUBERS. 


43 


Trillium  or  Birthroot  (Fig.  67)  life  is  reduced  to  a  very  narrow 
span,  only  an  inch  or  less  intervening  between  death  beneath  and 
young  life  in  the  strong  bud  annually  renewed  at  the  summit. 

103.  A  Tllbcr  is  a  thickened  portion  of  a  rootstock.  When  slender 
subterranean  branches,  like  those  of  the  Quick-grass  or  Mint  (Fig. 
64),  become  enlarged  at  the  growing  end  by  the  accumulation  there 
of  an  abundance  of  solid  nourishing  matter,  tubers  are  produced,  like 
those  of  the  Nut-grass  of  the  Southern  States  (which  accordingly  be- 
comes a  greater  pest  even  than  the  Quick-grass),  and  of  the  Jerusalem 
Artichoke,  and  the  Potato.  The  whole  formation  may  be  seen  at  a 
glance  in  Figure  68,  which  represents  the  subterranean  growth  of  a 
Potato-plant,  and  shows  the  tubers  in  all  their  stages,  from  shoots 
just  beginning  to  enlarge  at  the  tip,  up  to  fully-formed  potatoes. 
And  Fig.  69,  —  one  of  the  forming  tubers  moderately  magnified,  — 
plainly  shows  the  leaves  of  this  thickening  shoot,  in  the  form  of  little 
scales.  It  is  under  these  scales  that  the  eyes  appear  (Fig.  70)  : 
and  these  are  evidently  axillary  buds  (43). 


f Xy 

104.  Let  us  glance  for  a  moment  at  the  economy  or  mode  of  life 
of  the  Potato-plant,  and  similar  vegetables,  as  shown  in  the  mor- 

FIG,  C8.     Forming  tubers  of  the  Potato.    G9.  One  of  tlic  very  young  potatoes,  moderately 
magnified.    70.  Slice  of  a  jx>rtion  through  an  eye,  more  magnified. 


44  MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.       [LESSON  6. 

plwloyy  of  the  branches,  —  that  is,  in  the  different  forms  they  appear 
under,  and  the  purposes  they  serve.  The  Potato-plant  has  three 
principal  forms  of  branches  :  —  1.  Those  that  bear  ordinary  leaves, 
expanded  in  the  air,  to  digest  what  they  gather  from  it  and  what 
the  roots  gather  from  the  soil,  and  convert  it  into  nourishment. 
2.  After  a  while  a  second  set  of  branches  at  the  summit  of  the 
plant  bear  flowers,  which  form  fruit  and  seed  out  of  a  portion  of  the 
nourishment  which  the  leaves  have  prepared.  3.  But  a  larger  part 
of  this  nourishment,  while  in  a  liquid  state,  is  carried  down  the  stem, 
into  a  third  sort  of  branches  under  ground,  and  accumulated  in  the 
form  of  starch  at  their  extremities,  which  become  tubers,  or  deposi- 
tories of  prepared  solid  food; — just  as  in  the  Turnip,  Carrot, 
Dahlia,  &c.  (Fig.  57-60),  it  is  deposited  in  the  root.  The  use 
of  the  store  of  food  is  obvious  enough.  In  the  autumn  the  whole 
plant  dies,  except  the  seeds  (if  it  formed  them)  and  the  tubers ;  and 
the  latter  are  left  disconnected  in  the  ground.  Just  as  that  small 
portion  of  nourishing  matter  which  is  deposited  in  the  seed  (3,  and 
Fig.  34)  feeds  the  embryo  when  it  germinates,  so  the  much  larger 
portion  deposited  in  the  tuber  nourishes  its  buds,  or  eyes,  when  they 
likewise  grow,  the  next  spring,  into  new  plants.  And  the  great 
supply  enables  them  to  shoot  with  a  greater  vigor  at  the  beginning, 
and  to  produce  a  greater  amount  of  vegetation  than  the  seedling 
plant  could  do  in  the  same  space  of  time  ;  which  vegetation  in  turn 
may  prepare  and  store  up,  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks  or  months, 
the  largest  quantity  'of  solid  nourishing  material,  in  a  form  most 
available  for  food.  Taking  advantage  of  this,  man  has  transported 
the  Potato  from  the  cool  Andes  of  South  America  to  other  cool  cli- 
mates, and  makes  it  yield  him  a  copious  supply  of  food,  especially  in 
countries  where  the  season  is  too  short,  or  the  summer's  heat  too 
little,  for  profitably  cultivating  the  principal  grain-plants. 

105.  All  the  sorts  of  subterranean  stems  or  branches  distinguished 
by  botanists  pass  into  one  another  by  gradations.  We  have  seen 
how  nearly  related  the  tuber  is  to  the  rootstock,  and  there  are  many 
casi'-j  in  which  it  is  difficult  to  say  which  is  the  proper  name  to  use. 
So  likewise, 

IOC.  Tll3  Corm,  OF  Solid  Blllb,  like  that  of  the  Indian  Turnip  and 
the  Crocus  (Fig.  71),  is  just  a  very  short  and  thick  rootstock;  as 
will  be  seen  by  comparing  Fig.  71  with  Fig.  G7.  Indeed,  it  grows 
go  very  little  in  length,  that  it  is  often  much  broader  than  long,  as 
in  the  Indian  Turnip,  and  the  Cyclamen  of  our  greenhouses.  Corms 


LESSON  6.] 


SUBTERRANEAN   FORMS  :    BULBS. 


45 


are  usually  upright,  producing  buds  on  their  upper   surface   and 

roots  from  the  lower.     But  (as  we  see  in  the  Crocus  here  figured) 

buds   may  shoot  from  just  above  any  of  the  faint  cross  lines  or 

rings,  which  are  the  scars  left  by  the  death 

and  decay  of  the  sheathing  bases  of  former 

leaves.     That  is,  these  are  axillary  buds.     In 

these  extraordinary  (just  as  in  ordinary)  stems, 

the  buds  are  either  axillary  or  terminal.     The 

whole  mode  of  growth  is  just  the  same,  only 

the  corm  does  not  increase  in  length  faster 

than  it  does  in  thickness.     After  a  few  years 

some  of  the  buds  grow  into  new  corms  at  the 

expense  of  the  old  one ;  the  young  ones  taking 

the  nourishment  from  the  parent,  and  storing 

up  a   large    part   of  it   in   their   own   tissue. 

When  exhausted  in  this  way,  as  well  as  by 

flowering,  the  old  corm  dies,  and  its  shrivelled 

and  decaying  remains  may  be  found  at  the  side  of  or  beneath  the 

present  generation,  as  we  see  iii  the  Crocus  (Fig.  71). 

107.  The  corm  of  a  Crocus  is  commonly  covered  with  a  thin  and 
dry,  scaly  or  fibrous  husk,  consisting  of  the  dead  remains  of  the  bases 
of  former  leaves.     When  this  husk  consists  of  many  scales,  there  is 
scarcely  any  distinction  left  between  the  corm  and 

108.  The  Bulb,     This  is   an  extremely  short  subterranean  stem, 
usually  much  broader  than  high,  producing  roots  from  underneath, 
and  covered  with  leaves  or  the  bases  of  leaves,  in  the  form  of  thick- 
ened scales.     It  is,  therefore,  the  same  as  a  corm,  or  solid  bulb,  only 
it  bears  an  abundance  of  leaves  or  scales,  which  make  up  the  greater 
part  of  its  bulk.     Or  we  may  regard  it  as  a  bud,  with  thick  and 
fleshy  scales.     Compare  a  Lily-bulb  (Fig.  73)  with  the  strong  scaly 
buds  of  the  Hickory  and  Horsechestnut  (Fig.  48  and  49),  and  the 
resemblance  will  be  apparent  enough. 

109.  Bulbs  serve  the  same  purpose  as  tubers,  rootstocks,  or  corms. 
The  main  difference  is,  that  in  these  the  store  of  food  for  future 
growth  is  deposited  in  the  stem ;  while  in  the  bulb,  the  greater  part 
is  deposited  in  the  bases  of  the  leaves,  changing  them  into  thick 
scales,  which  closely  overlap  or  enclose  one  another,  because  the 
stem  does  not  elongate  enough  to  separate  them.     That  the  scales 


FIG.  71.    Corm  or  solid  bulb  of  a  Crocus.    72.  The  same,  cut  through  lengthwise. 


46 


MORPHOLOGY  OF  STEMS  AND  BRANCHES.   [LESSON  6. 


Some 


of  the  bulb  are  the  bases  of  leaves  may  be  seen  at  once  by  follow- 
ing any  of  the  ground-leaves   (root-leaves  as  they  are  incorrectly 

call./"  ^own  to  their 
origin  in  the  bulb. 
Fig.  75  represents 
one  of  them  from 
the  White  Lily ;  the 
thickened  base,  which 
makes  a  scale,  being 
cut  off  below,  to  show 
its  thickness.  After 
having  lasted  its  time 
and  served  its  purpose  as  foliage,  the  green  leaf  dies,  down  to  the 
thickened  base,  which  remains  as  a  scale  of  the  bulb.  And  year 
after  year,  as  the  bulb  grows  from  the  centre,  to  produce  the  vege- 
tation and  the  flowers  of  the  season,  the  outer  scales  yield  up  their 
store  of  nourishment  for  the  purpose,  and  perish. 

110.  Each  scale,  being  a  leaf,  may  have  a  bud  in  its  axil, 
of  these  buds  grow  into  leafy  and  flowering  stems 
above  ground :  others  grow  into  new  bulbs,  feeding 

on  the  parent,  and  at  length  destroying  it,  in  the  same 
way  that  corms  do,  as  just  described  (10G). 

111.  When  the  scales  are  broad  and  enwrap  all 
that  is  within  so  as  to  form  a  succession  of  coats,  one 
over  another,  the  bulb  is  said  to  be  tunicated  or  coated. 
The  Tulip,  Hyacinth,  Leek,  and  Onion  afford  such 
familiar  examples  of  coated  bulbs   that  no  figure  is 
needed.     When  the  scales  are  narrow  and  separate, 
as  in  the  Lily  (Fig.  73),  the  bulb  is  said  to  be  scaly. 

112.  BulbletS  are  small  bulbs  formed  above  ground 
on  some  plants ;  as  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the 
common  bulbiferous  Lily  of  the  gardens,  and  often  in 
the  flower-clusters  of  the  Leek  and  Onion.     They  are 
plainly  nothing  but  bulbs  with  thickened  scales.     They 
never  grow  into  branches,  but  detach  themselves  when  75 

full  grown,  and  fall  to  the  ground,   to  take  root  there  and  form 
jiew  plants. 

113.  From  the  few  illustrations  already  given,  attentive  students 

FIG.  73.     Hull)  of  the  Moadow  or  Canada  Lily.     74.  The  same,  rut  through  lenpthwise. 
FIG.  75.     A  lower  leaf  of  White  Lily,  with  its  base  wnder  ground  thickened  into  a  bulb- 
«cale. 


LESSON  6.]       CONSOLIDATED    FORMS    OF    VEGETATION.  47 

can  hardly  fail  to  obtain  a  good  idea  of  what  is  meant  by  morphology 
in  Botany ;  and  they  will  be  able  to  apply  its  simple  principles  for 
themselves  to  all  forms  of  vegetation.  They  will  find  it  very  inter- 
esting to  identify  all  these  various  subterranean  forms  with  the  com- 
mon plan  of  vegetation  above  ground.  There  is  the  same  structure, 
and  the  same  mode  of  growth  in  reality,  however  different  in  ap- 
pearance, and  however  changed  the  form,  to  suit  particular  conditions, 
or  to  accomplish  particular  ends.  It  is  plain  to  see,  already,  that 
the  plant  is  constructed  according  to  a  plan,  —  a  very  simple  one,  — 
which  is  exhibited  by  all  vegetables,  by  the  extraordinary  no  less 
than  by  the  ordinary  kinds ;  and  that  the  same  organ  may  appear 
under  a  great  many  different  shapes,  and  fulfil  very  different  offices. 

114.  These  extraordinary  shapes  are  not  confined  to  subterra- 
nean vegetation.     They  are  all  repeated  in  various  sorts  of  fleshy 
plants  ;  in  the  Houseleek,  Aloe,  Agave  (Fig.  82),  and  in  the  many 
and   strange    shapes  which   the   Cactus  family  exhibit   (Fig.  76) ; 
shapes  which  imitate  rootstocks,  tubers,  corms,  &c.  above  ground. 
All  these  we  may  regard  as 

115.  Consolidated  Forms  of  Vegetation,     While  ordinary  plants  are 
constructed  on  the  plan  of  great  spread  of  surface    (131),    these 
are  formed  on  the  plan  of  the  least  possible  amount  of  surface  in 
proportion  to  their  bulk.     The  Cereus  genus  of  Cactuses,  for  ex- 
ample, consisting  of  solid  columnar  trunks   (Fig.  76,  #),  may  be 
likened  to  rootstocks.     A  green  rind  serves  the  purpose  of  foliage ; 
but  the  surface  is  as  nothing  compared  with  an  ordinary  leafy  plant 
of  the  same  bulk.     Compare,  for  instance,  the  largest  Cactus  known, 
the  Giant  Cereus  of  the  Gila  River  (Fig.  76,  in  the  background), 
which  rises  to  the  height  of  fifty  or  sixty  feet,  with  a  common  leafy 
tree  of  the  same  height,  such  as  that  in  Fig.  54,  and  estimate  how 
vastly  greater,  even  without  the  foliage,  the  surface  of  the  latter 
is  than  that  of  the  former.     Compare,  in  the  same  view,  an  Opuntia 
or  Prickly-Pear  Cactus,  its  stem  and  branches  formed  of  a  succes- 
sion of  thick  and  flattened  joints  (Fig.  76,  «),  which  may  be  likened 
to  tubers,  or  an  Epiphyllum  (d),  with  shorter  and  flatter  joints,  with 
an  ordinary  leafy  shrub   or  herb  of  equal  size.     And  finally,  in 
Melon-Cactuses  or  Echinocactus  (e),  with  their  globular  or  bulb-like 
shapes,  we  have  plants  in  the  compactest  shape ;  their  spherical  fig- 
ure being  such  as  to   expose  the  least  possible  amount  of  its  bulk 
to  the  air. 

116.  These  consolidated  plants  are  evidently  adapted  and  designed 


48 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.       [LESSON  6. 


for  very  dry  regions  ;  and  in  such  only  are  they  found.  Similarly, 
bulbous  and  corm-bearing  plants,  and  the  like,  are  examples  of  a 
form  of  vegetation  which  in  the  growing  season  may  expand  a  large 
surface  to  the  air  and  light,  while  during  the  period  of  rest  the 
living  vegetable  is  reduced  to  a  globe,  or  solid  form  of  the  least 
possible  surface ;  and  this  is  protected  by  its  outer  coats  of  dead 
and  dry  scales,  as  well  as  by  its  situation  under  ground.  Such 
plants  exhibit  another  and  very  similar  adaptation  to  a  season  of 
drought.  And  they  mainly  belong  to  countries  (such  as  Southern 
Africa,  and  parts  of  the  interior  of  Oregon  and  California)  which 
have  a  long  hot  season  during  which  little  or  no  rain  falls,  when, 
their  stalks  and  foliage  above  and  their  roots  beneath  being  early  cut 
off  by  drought,  the  plants  rest  securely  in  their  compact  bulbs,  filled 
with  nourishment,  and  retaining  their  moisture  with  great  tenacity, 
until  the  rainy  season  comes  round.  Then  they  shoot  forth  leaves 
and  flowers  with  wonderful  rapidity,  and  what  was  perhaps  a  desert 
of  arid  sand  becomes  green  with  foliage  and  gay  with  blossoms, 
almost  in  a  day.  This  will  be  more  perfectly  understood  when  the 
nature  and  use  of  foliage  have  been  more  fully  considered.  (Fig.  76 
represents  several  forms  of  Cactus  vegetation.) 


LESSON  7.J  MORPHOLOGY   OF   LEAVES.  49 


LESSON   VII. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES. 

117.  IN  describing  the  subterranean  forms  of  the  stem,  we  have 
been  led  to  notice  already  some  of  the  remarkable  forms  under 
which  leaves  occur ;  namely,  as  scales,  sometimes  small  and  thin,  as 
those  of  the  rootstocks  of  the  Quick-grass,  or  the  Mint  (Fig.  64), 
sometimes  large  and  thick,  as  those  of  bulbs  (Fig.  73  -  75),  where 
they  are  commonly  larger  than  the  stem  they  belong  to.     We  have 
seen,  too,  in  the  second  Lesson,  the  seed-leaves  (or  cotyledons)  in 
forms  as  unlike  foliage  as  possible  ;  and  in  the  third  Lesson  we  have 
spoken  of  bud-scales  as  a  sort  of  leaves.     So  that  the  botanist  recog- 
nizes the  leaf  under  other  forms  than  that  of  foliage. 

118.  We  may  call  foliage  the  natural  form  of  leaves,  and  look 
upon  the  other  sorts  as  special  forms,  —  as  transformed  leaves:  by 
this  term  meaning  only  that  what  would  have  been  ordinary  leaves 
under  other  circumstances  (as,  for  instance,  those  on  shoots  of  Mint, 
Fig.  64,  had  these  grown  upright  in  the  air,  instead  of  creeping  under 
ground)   are  developed  in  special  forms  to  serve  some  particular 
purpose.     For  the  Great  Author  of  Nature,  having  designed  plants 
upon  one  simple  plan,  just  adapts  this  plan  to  all  cases.     So,  when- 
ever any  special  purpose  is  to  be  accomplished,  no  new  instruments 
or  organs  are  created  for  it,  but  one  of  the  three  general  organs  of 
the  vegetable,  root,  stem,  or  leaf,  is  made  to  serve  the  purpose,  and- 
is  adapted  to  it  by  taking  some  peculiar  form. 

119.  It  is  the  study  of  the  varied  forms  under  this  view  that  con- 
stitutes Morphology  (61),  and  gives  to  this  part  of  Botany  such  great 
interest.     We  have  already  seen  stems  and  roots  under  a  great 
variety  of  forms.     But  leaves  appear  under  more  various  and  widely 
different  forms,  and  answer  a  greater  variety  of  purposes,  than  do 
both  the  other  organs  of  the  plant  put  together.     We  have  to  con- 
sider, then,  leaves  as  foliage,  and  leaves  as  something  else  than  foliage. 
As  we  have  just  been  noticing  cases  of  leaves  that  are  not  foliager 
we  may  consider  these  first,  and  enumerate  the  principal  kinds. 

120.  Leaves  as  Depositories  of  Food,    Of  these  we  have  had  plenty 
of  Instances  in  the  seed-leaves,  such  as  those  of  the  Almond,  Apple- 


50 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES. 


[LESSON  7. 


seed  (Fig.  11),  Beech  (Fig.  13-15),  the  Bean  and  Pea  (Fig.  16- 
20),  the  Oak  (Fig.  21,  22),  and  Horsechestnut  (Fig.  23,  24)  ;  where 
the  food  upon  which  the  plantlet  feeds  when  it  springs  from  the 
seed  is  stored  up  in  its  cotyledons  or  first  leaves.  And  we  have 
noticed  how  very  unlike  foliage  such  leaves  are.  Yet  in  some  cases, 

as  in  the  Pumpkin  (Fig.  10),  they 
actually  grow  into  green  leaves  as 
they  get  rid  of  their  burden. 

121.  Bulb-Scales  (Fig.  73-75)  of- 
fer another  instance,  which  we  were 
considering  at  the  close  of  the  last 
Lesson.    Here  a  part  of  the  nourish- 
ment prepared  in  the  foliage  of  one 
year  is  stored  up  in  the  scales,  or 
subterranean  thickened  leaves,  for  the 
early  growth  and  flowering  of  the  next 
year ;  and  this  enables  the  flowers  to 
appear  before  the  leaves,  or  as  soon 
as  they  do ;  as  in  Hyacinths,  Snow- 
drops, and  many  bulbous  plants. 

122.  Leaves  as  Bud-scales,  £c,  True 
to   its   nature,    the    stem    produces 
leaves    even    under   ground,  where 
they   cannot   serve   as  foliage,  and 
where  often,  as  on  rootstocks  and 
tubers   (97  - 103),  they  are  not  of 
any  use  that  wre  know  of.     In  such 
cases  they  usually  appear   as  thin 
scales.      So  the  first  leaves  of  the 
stems  of  herbs,  as  they  sprout  from 
the  ground,  are  generally  mere  scales, 
such  as  those  of  an  Asparagus  shoot ; 
and  such  are  the  first  leaves  on  the 
stem  of  the  seedling  Oak  (Fig.  22) 
and   the   Pea  (Fig.   20).      Similar 
scales,  however,  often  serve  an  im- 
portant purpose ;  as  when  they  form  the  covering  of  buds,  where 
they  protect  the  tender  parts  within    (44).      That  bud-scales  are 

PIG.  77.     Leaves  of  a  dnveloping  bud  of  the  Low  Sweet  Buckeye  (jEsculus  parviflora), 
showing  a  nearly  complete  set  of  gradations  from  a  scale  to  a  compound  leaf  of  five  leaflets. 


LESSON  7.]  SPINES,    TENDRILS,    AND    PITCHERS. 


51 


leaves  is  plainly  shown,  in  many  cases,  by  the  gradual  transition 
between  them  and  the  first  foliage  of  the  shoot.    The  Common  Lilac 
and  the  Shell-bark  Hickory  are  good  instances 
of  the  sort.      But  the  best   illustration  is  fur- 
nished  by   the    Low   Sweet    Buckeye   of  the 
Southern  States,   which   is  often  cultivated  as 
an  ornamental  shrub.     From  one  and  the  same 
growing  bud  we  may  often  find  all  the  grada- 
tions which  are  shown  in  Fig.  77. 

123.  Leaves  as  Spines  occur  in  several  plants. 
The  most  familiar  instance  is  that  of  the  Com- 
mon Barberry.     In  almost  any  summer  shoot, 
most  of  the  gradations  may  be  seen  between  the 
ordinary  leaves,  with  sharp  bristly  teeth,  and 
leaves  which  are  reduced  to  a  branching  spine 
or  thorn,  as  shown  in  Fig.  78.     The  fact  that 
the  spines  of  the  Barberry  produce  a  leaf-bud 
in  their  axil  also  proves  them  to  be  leaves. 

124.  Leaves  as  Tendrils  are  to  be  seen  in  the 
Pea  and  the  Vetch  (Fig.  20,  127),  where  the 
upper  part  of  each  leaf  becomes  a  tendril,  which 

the  plant    uses  to 

climb  by ;  and  in 

one  kind   of  Vetch   the  whole  leaf  is 

such  a  tendril. 

125.  Leaves  as  Pitchers,  or  hollow  tubes, 

are  familiar  to  us  in  the  common  Pitcher- 
plant  or  Side-saddle  Flower  (Sarracenia, 
Fig.  79)  of  our  bogs.  These  pitchers 
are  generally  half-full  of  water,  in  which 
flies  and  other  insects  are  drowned,  often 
in  such  numbers  as  to  make  a  rich 
manure  for  the  plant,  no  doubt ;  though 
we  can  hardly  imagine  this  to  be  the 
design  of  the  pitcher.  Nor  do  we  per- 
ceive here  any  need  of  a  contrivance 
to  hold  water,  since  the  roots  of  these 
plants  are  always  well  supplied  by  the  wet  bogs  where  they  grow. 


FIG.  78.    Summer  shoot  of  Barberry,  showing  the  transition  of  leaves  into  spinea. 
FIG.  79.     Leaf  of  Sarracenia  purpurea,  entire,  and  another  with  the  upper  part  cut  off. 


52 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES. 


[LESSON  7. 


126.  Leaves  as  Fly-traps,     Insects  are  caught  in  another  way,  and 
more  expertly,  by  the  most  extraordinary  of  all  the  plants  of  this 

country,  the  Dionam  or  Venus's  Fly- 
trap, which  grows  in  the  sandy  bogs 
around  Wilmington,  North  Carolina. 
Here  (Fig.  81)  each  leaf  bears  at  its 
summit  an  appendage  which  opens  and 
shuts,  in  shape  something  like  a  steel- 
trap,  and  operating  much  like  one.  For 
when  open,  as  it  commonly  is  when  the 
sun  shines,  no  sooner  does  a  fly  alight 
on  its  surface,  and  brush  against  any 
one  of  the  several  long  bristles  that  grow 
there,  than  the  trap  suddenly  closes, 
often  capturing  the  intruder,  pressing  it 
all  the  harder  for  its  struggles,  and  com- 
monly depriving  it  of  life.  If  the  fly 
escapes,  the  trap  soon  slowly  opens,  and 
is  ready  for  another  capture.  When  retained,  the  insect  is  after  a 
time  moistened  by  a  secretion  from  minute  glands  of  the  inner  sur- 
face, and  is  apparently  digested !  How  such 
and  various  other  movements  are  made  by 
plants,  —  some  as  quick  as  in  this  case, 
others  very  slow,  but  equally  wonderful, — 
must  be  considered  in  a  future  Lesson. 

127.  kaves  serving  both  Ordinary  and 

Special  Purposes,  Let  us  now  remark,  that 
the  same  leaf  frequently  answers  its  gen- 
eral purpose,  as  foliage,  and  some  special 
purpose  besides.  For  example,  in  the  Dio- 
nasa,  the  lower  part  of  the  leaf,  and  prob- 
ably the  whole  of  it,  acts  as  foliage,  while  the 
appendage  serves  its  mysterious  purpose 
as  a  fly-catcher.  In  the  Pea  and  Vetch 
(Fig.  20,  127),  the  lower  part  of  the  leaf 
is  foliage,  the  upper  a  tendril.  In  the  Pitcher-plants  of  the  Indian 
Archipelago  (Nepenthes,  Fig.  80)  which  are  not  rare  in  conserva- 
tories, the  lower  part  of  the  leaf  is  expanded  and  acts  as  foliage ; 


FIG.  80.     Leaf  of  Nepenthes:  leaf,  tendril,  and  pitcher  combined. 

FIG.  81.     Leaves  of  Dionaea  :  the  trap  in  one  of  them  open,  in  the  others  closed. 


LESSON  7.]  THICKENED    AND    FLESHY   LEAVES.  53 

farther  on,  it  is  contracted  into  a  tendril,  enabling  the  plant  to  climb ; 
the  end  of  this  tendril  is  then  expanded  into  a  pitcher,  of  five  or 
six  inches  in  length,  and  on  the  end  of  this  is  a  lid,  which  exactly 
closes  the  mouth  of  the  pitcher  until  after  it  is  full  grown,  when  the 
lid  opens  by  a  hinge  !  But  the  whole  is  only  one  leaf. 

128.  So  in  the  root-leaves  of  the  Tulip  or  the  Lily  (Fig.  75), 
while  the  green  leaf  is  preparing  nourishment  throughout  the  grow- 
ing season,  its  base  under  ground  is  thickened  into  a  reservoir  for 
storing  up  a  good  part  of  the  nourishment  for  next  year's  use. 

129.  Finally,  the  whole  leaf  often  serves  both  as  foliage,  to  pre- 
pare nourishment,  and  as  a  depository  to  store  it  up.     This  takes 
place  in  all  fleshy-leaved  plants,  such  as  the  Houseleek,  the  Ice- 
plant,  and  various  sorts  of  Mesembryanthemum,  in  the  Live-for-ever 
of  the  gardens  to  some  extent,  and  very  strikingly  in  the  Aloe,  and 
in  the  Century-plant.     In  the  latter  it  is  only  the  green  surface  of 
these  large  and  thick  leaves  (of  three  to  five  feet  in  length  on  a 
strong  plant,  and  often  three  to  six  inches  thick  near  the  base)  which 
acts  as  foliage ;  the  whole  interior  is  white,  like  the  interior  of  a 
potato,  and  almost  as  heavily  loaded  with  starch  and  other  nourish- 
ing matter.     (Fig.  82   represents  a  young  Century-plant,  Agave 
Americana.) 


5* 


54  MORPHOLOGY   OF  LEAVES   AS   FOLIAGE.      [LESSON  8. 

LESSON   VIII. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE. 

130.  HAVING  in  the  last  Lesson  glanced  at  some  of  the  special 
or  extraordinary  forms  and  uses  of  leaves,  we  now  return  to  leaves 
in  their  ordinary  condition,  namely,  as  foliage.     We  regard  this  as 
the  natural  state  of  leaves.     For  although  they  may  be  turned  to 
account   in   other   and  very  various   ways,  as  we  have  just  seen, 
still  their  proper  office  in  vegetation  is  to  serve  as  foliage.     In  this 
view  we  may  regard 

131.  Leaves  as  a  Contrivance  for  Increasing  the  Surface  of  that  large 

part  of  the  plant  which  is  exposed  to  the  light  and  the  air.  This  is 
shown  by  their  expanded  form,  and  ordinarily  slight  thickness  in 
comparison  with  their  length  and  breath.  While  a  Melon-Cactus 
(115,  Fig.  76)  is  a  striking  example  of  a  plant  with  the  least  pos- 
sible amount  of  surface  for  its  bulk,  a  repeatedly  branching  leafy 
herb  or  tree  presents  the  largest  possible  extent  of  surface  to  the 
air.  The  actual  amount  of  surface  presented  by  a  tree  in  full  leaf 
is  much  larger  than  one  would  be  apt  to  suppose.  Thus,  the  Wash- 
ington Elm  at  Cambridge  —  a  tree  of  no  extraordinary  size  —  was 
some  years  ago  estimated  to  produce  a  crop  of  seven  millions  of 
leaves,  exposing  a  surface  of  200,000  square  feet,  or  about  five 
acres,  of  foliage. 

132.  What  is  done  by  the  foliage  we  shall  have  to  explain  in 
another  place.     Under  the  present  head  we  are  to  consider  ordinary 
leaves  as  to  their  parts  and  their  shapes. 

1-J3.  The  Parts  Of  the  Leaf,  The  principal  part  of  a  leaf  is  the 
blade,  or  expanded  portion,  one  face  of  which  naturally  looks  toward 
the  sky,  the  other  towards  the  earth.  The  blade  is  often  raised  on 
a  stalk  of  its  own,  and  on  each  side  of  the  stalk  at  its  base  there  is 
sometimes  an  appendage  called  a  stipule.  A  complete  leaf,  there- 
fore consists  of  a  blade  (Fig.  83,  b),  a  foot-stalk  or  leaf -stalk,  called 
the  petiole  (/>),  and  a  pair  of  stipules  (st).  See  also  Fig.  136. 

134.  It  is  the  blade  which  we  are  now  to  describe.  This,  as 
being  the  essential  and  conspicuous  part,  we  generally  regard  as  the 
leaf:  and  it  is  only  when  we  have  to  particularize,  that  we  speak  of 
the  blade,  or  lamina,  of  the  leaf. 


LESSON  8.] 


THEIR    VENATION. 


135.  Without  here  entering  upon  the  subject  of  the  anatomy  of 
the  leaf,  we  may  remark,  that  leaves  consist  of  two  sorts  of  mate- 
rial, viz.:    1.  the  green  pulp,  or  parenchyma;   and   2.  the  fibrous 
framework,  or  skeleton,  which  extends  throughout  the  soft  green 
pulp  and  supports  it,  giving  the  leaf  a  strength  and  firmness  which 
it  would  not  otherwise  possess.     Besides,  the  whole  surface  is  cov- 
ered with  a  transparent  skin,  called  the 

epidermis,  like  that  which  covers  the 
surface  of  the  shoots,  &c. 

136.  The    framework    consists    of 
wood,  —  a  fibrous  and  tough  material 
which  runs  from  the  stem  through  the 
leaf-stalk,  when   there  is  one,  in   the 
form  of  parallel  threads  or  bundles  of 
fibres ;  and  in  the  blade  these  spread 
out  in  a  horizontal  direction,  to  form 
the  ribs  and  veins  of  the  leaf.     The 
stout  main  branches  of  the  framework 
(like  those  in  Fig.  50)  are  called  the 
ribs.     When  there  is  only  one,  as  in 
Fig.  83,  &c.,  or  a  middle  one  decid- 
edly larger  than  the  rest,  it  is  called 

the  midrib.     The  smaller  divisions   are  termed  veins ;   and  their 
still  smaller  subdivisions,  veinlets. 

137.  The  latter  subdivide  again  and  again,  until  they  become  so 
fine  that  they  are  invisible  to  the  naked  eye.     The  fibres  of  which 
they  are  composed  are  hollow ;  forming  tubes  by  which  the  sap  is 
brought  into  the  leaves  and  carried  to  every  part.    The  arrangement 
of  the  framework  in  the  blade  is  termed  the 

\|.38.  Venation,  or  mode  of  veining.  This  corresponds  so  complete- 
ly with  the  general  shape  of  the  leaf,  and  with  the  kind  of  division 
when  the  blade  is  divided  or  lobed,  that  the  readiest  way  to  study 
and  arrange  the  forms  of  leaves  is  first  to  consider  their  veining. 

139.  Various  as  it  appears  in  different  leaves,  the  veining  is  all 
reducible  to  two  principal  kinds ;  namely,  the  parallel-veined  and  the 
netted-veined. 

140.  In  netted-veined  (also  called  reticulated)   leaves,  the  veins 
branch  off  from  the  main  rib  or  ribs,   divide  into  finer  and  finer 


FIG.  S3.     Leaf  of  the  Quince:  b,  blade  ;  p,  petiole  ;  st,  stipules. 


5G 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  8. 


veinlets,  and  the  branches  unite  with  each  other  to  form  meshes  of 
network.  That  is,  they  anastomose,  as  anatomists  say  of  the  veins 
and  arteries  of  the  body.  The  Quince-leaf,  in  Fig.  83,  shows  this 
kind  of  veining  in  a  leaf  with  a  single  rib.  The  Maple,  Basswood, 
and  Buttonwood  (Fig.  50)  show  it  in  leaves  of  several  ribs. 

141.  In  parallel-veined  leaves,  the  whole  framework  consists  of 
slender  ribs  or  veins,  which  run  parallel  with  each  other,  or  nearly 
so,  from  the  base  to  the  point  of  the  leaf,  not  dividing  and  sub- 
dividing, nor  forming  meshes,  except  by  very  minute  cross-veinlets. 
The  leaf  of  any  grass,  or  that  of  the  Lily  of  the  Valley  (Fig.  84) 
will  furnish  a  good  illustration. 

142.  Such  simple,  parallel  veins  Linnaeus,  to  distinguish  them, 

called  nerves,  and  parallel-veined  leaves 
are  still  commonly  called  nerved  leaves  ; 
while  those  of  the  other  kind  are  said  to 
be  veined;  —  terms  which  it  is  conven- 
ient to  use,  although  these  "  nerves  "  and 
"  veins  "  are  all  the  same  thing,  and  have 
no  likeness  to  the  nerves  of  animals. 

143.  Netted-veined  leaves  belong  to 
plants  which  have  a  pair  of  seed-leaves 
or  cotyledons,  such  as  the  Maple  (Fig.  1 
-7),  Beech  (Fig.  15),  Pea  and  Bean 
(Fig.  18,  20),  and  most  of  the  illustra- 
tions in  the  first  and  second  Lessons. 
While  parallel-veined  or  nerved  leaves 
belong  to  plants  with  one  cotyledon  or 
true  seed-leaf;  such  as  the  Iris  (Fig.  134) 
and  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  42).  So  that  a  mere  glance  at  the  leaves 
of  the  tree  or  herb  enables  one  to  tell  what  the  structure  of  the 
embryo  is,  and  to  refer  the  plant  to  one  or  the  other  of  these  two 
grand  classes,  —  which  is  a  great  convenience.  For  generally  when 
plants  differ  from  each  other  in  some  one  important  respect,  they 
differ  correspondingly  in  other  respects  as  well. 

144.  Parallel-veined  leaves  are  of  two  sorts  ;  one  kind,  and  the 
commonest,  having  the  ribs  or  nerves  all  running  from  the  base  to 
the  point  of  the  leaf,  as  in  the  examples  already  given ;  while  in 
another  kind  they  run  from  a  midrib  to  the  margin ;  as  in  the  com- 


FIG.  84.    A  (parallel-veined)  leaf  of  the  Lily  of  the  Valley. 


LESSON  8.]   THEIR  FORMS  AS  TO  GENERAL  OUTLINE.         57 

mon  Pickerel-weed  of  our  ponds,  in  the  Banana  (Fig.  47),  and  many 
similar  plants  of  warm  climates. 

145.  Netted-veined  leaves  are  also  of  two  sorts,  as  is  shown  in 
the  examples   already  referred  to.     In  one  case  the  veins  all  rise 
from  a  single  rib  (the  midrib),  as  in  Fig.  83.    Such  leaves  are  called 
feather-veined  or  pinnately-veined  ;  both  terms  meaning  the  same 
thing,  namely,  that  the  veins  are  arranged  on  the  sides  of  the  rib 
like  the  plume  of  a  feather  on  each  side  of  the  shaft. 

146.  In   the  other  case  (as  in  the  Button  wood,  Fig.  50,  Maple, 
&c.),  the  veins  branch  off  from  three,  five,  seven,  or  nine  ribs,  which 
spread  from  the  top  of  the  leaf-stalk,  and  run  through  the  blade  like 
the  toes  of  a  web-footed  bird.     Hence  these  are  said  to  be  palmately 
or  digitately  veined,  or  (since  the  ribs  diverge  like   rays  from  a 
centre)  radiate-veined. 

147.  Since  the  general  outline  of  leaves  accords  with  the  frame- 
work or  skeleton,  it  is  plain  that  feather-veined  leaves  will  incline  to 
elongated  shapes,  or  at  least  will  be  longer  than  broad ;  while  in 
radiate-veined  leaves  more  rounded  forms  are  to  be  expected.     A 
glance  at  the  following  figures  shows  this.     Whether  we  consider 
the  veins  of  the  leaf  to  be  adapted  to  the  shape  of  the  blade,  or  the 
green  pulp  to  be  moulded  to  the  framework,  is  not  very  material. 
Either  way,  the  outline  of  each  leaf  corresponds  with  the  mode  of 
spreading,  the  extent,  and  the  relative  length  of  the  veins.     Thus,  in 
oblong  or  elliptical  leaves   of  the  feather-veined  sort  (Fig.  87,  88), 
the  principal  veins  are  nearly  equal  in  length  ;  while  in  ovate  and 
heart-shaped  leaves    (Fig.  89,   90),  those    below   the   middle   are 
longest;    and  in   leaves  which  widen  upwards  (Fig.  91-94),  the 
veins  above  the  middle  are  longer  than  the  others. 

148.  Let  us  pass  on,  without  particular  reference  to  the  kind  of 
veining,  to  enumerate  the  principal 

149.  Forms  of  Leaves  as  to  General  Outline,    It  is  necessary  to  give 

names  to  the  principal  shapes,  and  to  define  them  rather  precisely, 
since  they  afford  the  easiest  marks  for  distinguishing  species.  The 
same  terms  are  used  for  all  other  flattened  parts  as  well,  such  as  the 
petals  of  the  flowers  ;  so  that  they  make  up  a  great  part  of  the 
descriptive  language  of  Botany.  We  do  not  mention  the  names  of 
common  plants  which  exhibit  these  various  shapes.  It  will  be  a  good 
exercise  for  young  students  to  look  them  up  and  apply  them. 

150.  Beginning  with  the  narrower  and  proceeding  to  the  broadest 
forms,  a  leaf  is  said  to  be 


58 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  8. 


Linear  (Fig.  85),  when  narrow,  several  times  longer  than  wide, 
and  of  the  same  breadth  throughout. 

Lanceolate,  or  lance-shaped,  when  several  times  longer  than  wide, 
and  tapering  upwards  (Fig.  8G),  or  both  upwards  and  downwards. 

Oblong  (Fig.  87),  when  nearly  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  broad. 

Elliptical  (Fig.  88)  is  oblong  with  a  flowing  outline,  the  two  ends 
alike  in  width. 

Oval  is  the  same  as  broadly  elliptical,  or  elliptical  with  the  breadth 
considerably  more  than  half  the  len'gth. 

Ovate  (Fig.  89),  when  the  outline  is  like  a  section  of  a  hen's-egg 
lengthwise,  the  broader  end  downward. 

Orbicular,  or  rotund  (Fig.  102),  circular  in  outline,  or  nearly  so. 


151.  When  the  leaf  tapers  towards  the  base,  instead  of  upwards, 
it  may  be 

OUanceolate    (Fig.  91),  which   is  lance-shaped,  with   the  more 

tapering  end  downwards ; 

Spatulate  (Fig.  92),  round- 
ed above  and  long  and  narrow 
below,  like  a  spatula  ; 

Obovate   (Fig.  93),   or   in- 
versely ovate,  that  is,  ovate  with 
the  narrower  end  down  ;  or 
Cuneate,  or  cuneiform,  that  is,   wedge-shaped    (Fig.  94),  broad 
above  and  tapering  by  straight  lines  to  an  acute  angle  at  the  base. 

152.  As  to  lllC  Base,  its  shape  characterizes  several  forms,  such  as 
Cordate,  or  heart-shaped  (Fig.  90,  99,  8),  when  a  leaf  of  an  ovate 

form,  or  something  like  it,  has  the  outline  of  its  rounded  base  turned 
in  (forming  a  notch  or  sinus)  where  the  stalk  is  attached. 

Renifovm,  or  kidney-shaped  (Fig.  100),  like  the  last,  only  rounder 
and  broader  than  long. 

FIG.  85-90.     Various  forma  of  feather-veined  leaves. 

FIG,  91.    Oblanccolatc,  i»-2.  simulate,  93.  obovate,  94.  wedge-shaped,  feather-veined  leaves. 


LESSON  8.] 


THEIR    PARTICULAR    FORMS. 


59 


Auriculate,  or  eared,  having  a  pair  of  small  and  blunt  projections, 
or  ears,  at  the  base,  as  in  one  species  of  Magnolia  (Fig.  96). 

Sagittate,  or  arrow-shaped,  where  such  ears  are  pointed  and  turned 
downwards,  while  the 
main  body  of  the  blade 
tapers  upwards  to  a 
point,  as  in  the  com- 
mon Sagittaria  or  Ar- 
row-head, and  in  the 
Arrow-leaved  Polygo- 
num  (Fig.  95). 

Hastate,  or  halberd- 
shaped,     when      such 
lobes  at  the  base   point  outwards,  giving  the  leaf  the  shape  of  the 
halberd  of  the  olden  time,  as  in  another  Polygonum  (Fig.  97). 

Peltate,  or  shield-shaped,  (Fig.  102,)  is  the  name  applied  to  a 
curious  modification  of  the  leaf,  commonly  of  a  rounded  form,  where 
the  footstalk  is  attached  to  the  lower  surface,  instead  of  the  base,  and 


102 


therefore  is  naturally  likened  to  a  shield  borne  by  the  outstretched 
arm.  The  common  Watershield,  the  Nelumbium,  and  the  White 
Water-lily,  and  also  the  Mandrake,  exhibit  this  sort  of  leaf.  On 
comparing  the  shield-shaped  leaf  of  the  common  Marsh  Pennywort 
'Fig.  102)  with  that  of  another  common  species  (Fig.  101),  we  see 
at  once  what  this  peculiarity  means.  A  shield-shaped  leaf  is  like  a 


FIG.  95.     Sagittate,  96.  auriculate,  97.  halberd-shaped,  loaves. 
FIG.  98  -  102.    Various  forms  of  radiate-veined  leaves. 


GO  MORPHOLOGY    OF   LEAVES    AS   FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  8. 

kidney-shaped  (Fig.  100)  or  other  rounded  leaf,  with  the  margins  at 
the  base  brought  together  and  united. 

153.  As  to  the  Apex,  the  following  terms  express  the  principal 
variations. 

Acuminate,  pointed,  or  taper-pointed,  when  the  summit  is  more  or 
less  prolonged  into  a  narrowed  or  tapering  point,  as  in  Fig.  97. 

Acute,  when  ending  in  an  acute  angle  or  not  prolonged  point,  as 
in  Fig.  104,  98,  95,  &c. 

Obtuse,  when  with  a  blunt  or  rounded  point,  as  in  Fig.  105, 89,  &c. 

Truncate,  with  the  end  as  if  cut  off  square,  as  in  Fig.  106,  94. 

Hetuse,  with  the  rounded  summit  slightly  indented,  forming  a 
very  shallow  notch,  as  in  Fig.  107. 

Emarginate,  or  notched,  indented  at  the  end  more  decidedly,  as 
in  Fig.  108. 

Obcordate,  that  is,  inversely  heart-shaped,  where  an  obovate  leaf 
is  more  deeply  notched  at  the  end  (Fig.  109),  as  in  White  Clover  and 
Wood-sorrel ;  so  as  to  resemble  a  cordate  leaf  (Fig.  99)  inverted. 

Cuspidate,  tipped  with  a  sharp  and  rigid  point ;  as  in  Fig.  110. 

Mucronate,  abruptly  tipped  with  a  small  and  short  point,  like  a 
projection  of  the  midrib  ;  as  in  Fig.  111. 

Aristate,  awn-pointed,  and  bristle-pointed,  are  terms  used  when  this 
mucronate  point  is  extended  into  a  longer  bristle-form  or  other 
slender  appendage. 

The  first  six  of  these  terms  can  be  applied  to  the  lower  as  well  as 
to  the  upper  end  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ.  The  others  belong  to 
the  apex  only. 


FIG.  103  -  111.    Forms  of  the  apex  of  leaves. 


LESSON  9.]  SIMPLE    AND    COMPOUND    LEASES.  61 


LESSON  IX. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE. SIMPLE    AND    COM- 
POUND   LEAVES,    STIPULES,  ETC. 

154.  IN  the  foregoing  Lesson  leaves  have  been  treated  of  in  their 
simplest  form,  namely,  as  consisting  of  a  single  blade.     But  in  many 
cases  the  leaf  is  divided  into  a  number  of  separate  blades.     That  is, 

155.  Leaves  are  either  Simple  or  Compound,    They  are  sdd  to  be 

simple,  when  the  blade  is  all  of  one  piece  :  they  are  compound,  when 
the  blade  consists  of  two  or  more  separate  pieces,  borne  upon  a 
common  leaf-stalk.  And  between  these  two  kinds  every  interme- 
diate gradation  is  to  be  met  with.  This  will  appear  as  we  proceed 
to  notice  the  principal 

15G.  Forms  of  Leaves  as  to  particular  Outline  or  degree  of  division. 

In  this  respect,  leaves  are  said  to  be 

Entire,  when  their  general  outline  is  completely  filled  out,  so  that 
the  margin  is  an  even  line,  without  any  teeth  or  notches  ;  as  in 
Fig.  83,  84,  100,  &c. 

Serrate,  or  saw-toothed,  when  the  margin  only  is  cut  into  sharp 
teeth,  like  those  of  a  saw,  and  pointing  forwards;  as  in  Fig.  112; 
also  90,  &c. 


112         113  114  115  116  117 

Dentate,   or   toothed,   when   such   teeth   point  outwards,  instead 
of  forwards  ;  as  in  Fig.  113. 

FIG.  112  - 117.    Kinds  of  margin  of  leares. 

a 


62  MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.      [LESSON  9. 

Crenate,  or  scalloped,  when  the  teeth  are  broad  and  rounded  ;  as 
in  Fig.  114,  101. 

Repand,  undulate,  or  wavy,  when  the  margin  of  the  leaf  forms  a 
wavy  line,  bending  slightly  inwards  and  outwards  in  succession ;  as 
in  Fig.  115. 

Sinuate,  when  the  margin  is  more  strongly  sinuous,  or  turned 
inwards  and  outwards,  as  in  Fig.  116. 

Incised,  cut,  or  jagged,  when  the  margin  is  cut  into  sharp,  deep, 
and  irregular  teeth  or  incisions,  as  in  Fig.  117. 

157.  When  leaves  are  more  deeply  cut,  and  with  a  definite  number 
of  incisions,  they  are  said,  as  a  general  term,  to  be  lobed  ;  the  parts 
being  called  lobes.     Their  number  is  expressed  by  the  phrase  two- 
lobed,  three-lobed,  Jive-lobed,  many-lobed,  &c.,  as  the  case  may  be. 
When  the  depth  and  character  of  the  lobing  needs  to  be  more  par- 
ticularly specified,  —  as  is  often  the  case,  —  the  following  terms  are 
employed,  viz. : 

Lobed,  when  the  incisions  do  not  extend  deeper  than  about  half- 
way between  the  margin  and  the  centre  of  the  blade,  if  so  far,  and 
are  more  or  less  rounded ;  as  in  the  leaves  of  the  Post-Oak,  Fig. 
118,  and  the  Hepatica,  Fig.  122. 

Cleft,  when  the  incisions  extend  half-way  down  or  more,  and 
especially  when  they  are  sharp,  as  in  Fig.  119,  123.  And  the 
phrases  two-cleft,  or,  in  the  Latin  form,  bifid ;  three-cleft,  or  trijid ; 
four-cleft,  or  quadrifid ;  jive-cleft,  or  quinquefid,  &c. ;  or  many-cleft, 
in  the  Latin  form  multifid,  —  express  the  number  of  the  segments, 
or  portions.  ^ 

Parted,  when  the  incisions  are  still  deeper,  but  yet  do  not  quite 
reach  to  the  midrib  or  the  base  of  the  blade ;  as  in  Fig.  120,  124. 
And  the  terms  two-parted,  three-parted,  &c.  express  the  number  of 
such  divisions. 

Divided,  when  the  incisions  extend  quite  to  the  midrib,  as  in  the 
lower  part  of  Fig.  121  ;  or  to  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  Fig.  125 ;  which 
makes  the  leaf  compound.  Here,  using  the  Latin  form,  the  leaf  is 
said  to  be  bisected,  trisected  (Fig.  125),  &c.,  to  express  the  number 
of  the  divisions. 

158.  In  this  way  the  degree  of  division  is  described.     We  may 
likewise  express  the  mode  of  division.     The  notches  or  incisions, 
being  places  where  the  green  pulp  of  the  blade  has  not  wholly  filled 
up   the  framework,  correspond  with  the   veining ;    as  we  perceive 
on  comparing  the  figures  118  to  121  with  figures  122  to  125.     The 


LESSON  9.] 


LOBED    OR   DIVIDED    LEAVES. 


63 


upper  row  of  figures  consists  of  feather-veined,  or,  in  Latin  form, 
p  innately-veined  leaves  (145) ;  the  lower  row,  of  radiate-veined  or 
palmately-veined  leaves  (146). 


118 


123 


124 


125 


159.  In  the  upper  row  the  incisions  all  point  towards  the  midrib, 
from  which  the  main  veins  arise,  the  incisions  (or  sinuses)  being 
between   the  main  veins.      That  is,  being  pinnately  veined,  such 
lea\7es  are  pinnately  lobed  (Fig.  118),  pinnately  cleft,  or  pinnatijid 
(Fig.  119),  pinnately  parted  (Fig.  120),  or  pinnately  divided  (Fig. 
121),  according  to  the  depth  of  the  incisions,  as~just  defined. 

160.  In  the  lower  row  of  figures,  as  the  main  veins  or  ribs  all 
proceed  from  the  base  of  the  blade  or  the  summit  of  the  leaf-stalk,  so 
the  incisions  all  point  in  that  direction.     That  is,  palmately-vemed 
leaves  are  palmately  lobed  (Fig.  122),  palmately  cleft   (Fig.  123), 
palmately  parted  (Fig.  124),  or  palmately  divided  (Fig.  125).    Some- 
times, instead  of  palmately,  we  say  digitately  cleft,  &c.,  which  means 
just  the  same. 

161.  To  be  still  more  particular,  the  number  of  the  lobes,  &c. 
may  come  into  the  phrase.     Thus,  Fig.  122  is  a  palmately  three- 
lobed  ;  Fig.  123,  a  palmately  three-cleft  ;  Fig.  124,  &  palmately  three- 
parted  ;  Fig.  125,  a  palmately  three-divided,  or  trisected,  leaf.     The 

FIG.  118-121.     Pinnately  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  and  divided  leaves. 

FIG.  122  -  125,    ralinately  or  digitately  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  and  divided  leaves. 


64 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  9. 


Sugar-Maple  and  the  Buttonwood  (Fig.  50)  have  palmately  Jive- 
lobed  leaves ;  the  Soft  White-Maple  palmatcly  five-parted  leaves;  and 
so  on.  And  in  the  other  sort,  the  Post-Oak  has  pinnately  seven- 
to  ninc-lobed  leaves  ;  the  Red-Oak  commonly  has  pinnately  seven-  to 
nine-cleft  leaves,  &c.,  &c. 

1G2.  The  divisions,  lobes,  &c.  may  themselves  be  entire  (without 
teeth  or  notches,  156),  as  in  Fig.  118,  122,  &c. :  or  serrate  (Fig. 
124),  or  otherwise  toothed  or  incised  (Fig.  121 );  or  else  lobed,  cleft, 
parted,  &c. :  in  the  latter  cases  making  twice  pinnalifid,  twice  pal- 
matcly or  pinnately  lobed,  parted,  or  divided  leaves,  &c.  From  these 
illustrations,  the  student  will  perceive  the  plan  by  which  the  bota- 
nist, in  two  or  three  words,  may  describe  any  one  of  the  almost 
endlessly  diversified  shapes  of  leaves,  so  as  to  convey  a  perfectly 
clear  and  definite  idea  of  it. 

163.  Compound  LeaTCS,  These,  as  already  stated  (155),  do  not 
differ  iri  any  absolute  way  from  the  divided  form  of  simple  leaves. 
A  compound  leaf  is  one  which  has  its  blade  in  two  or  more  entirely 
separate  parts,  each  usually  with  a  stalklet  of  its  own :  and  the  stalk- 
let  is  often  jointed  (or  articulated)  with  the  main  leaf-stalk,  just  as 
this  is  jointed  with  the  stem.  "When  this  is  the  case,  there  is  no 


doubt  that  the  leaf  is  compound.  But  when  the  pieces  have  no 
stalklels,  and  are  not  jointed  with  the  main  leaf-stalk,  the  leaf  may 
be  considered  either  as  simple  and  divided,  or  compound,  according 
to  the  circumstances. 

FIO.  12G.     Pinnate  with  an   odd  leaflet,  or  odd-pinnate.     127.  Pinnate  with  a  tendril 
128.  Abruptly  pinnate  leaf. 


V 

; 


LESSON  9.]  COMPOUND  LEAVES.  63 

164.  The  separate  pieces  or  little  blades  of  a  compound  leaf  are 
called  leaflets. 

165.  Compound  leaves  are  of  two  principal  kinds,  namely,  the 
pinnate  and  the  palmate  ;  answering  to  the  two  modes  of  veining  in 
reticulated  leaves  (145-  147),  and  to  the  two  sorts  of  lobed  or  di- 
vided leaves  (158,  159). 

166.  Pinnate  leaves  are  those  in  which  the  leaflets  are  arranged 
on  the  sides  of  a  main  leaf-stalk ;  as  in  Fig.  126  — 128.    They  answer 
to  the  feather-veined  (i.  e.  pinnately-veined)  simple  leaf;  as  will  be 
seen  at  once,  on  comparing  Fig.  126  with  the  figures  118  to  121. 
The  leaflets  of  the  former  answer  to  the  lobes  or  divisions  of  the 
latter ;  and  the  continuation  of  the  petiole,  along  which  the  leaflets 
are  arranged,  answers  to  the  midrib  of  the  simple  leaf. 

167.  Three  sorts  of  pinnate  leaves  are  here  given.     Fig.  126  is 
pinnate  with  an  odd  or  end  leaflet,  as  in  the  Common  Locust  and 
the  Ash.     Fig.  127  is  pinnate  with  a  tendril  at  the  end,  in  place  of 
the  odd  leaflet,  as  in  the  Vetches  and  the  Pea.     Fig.  128  is  abruptly 
pinnate,  having  a  pair  of  leaflets  at  the  end,  like  the  rest  of  the  leaf- 
lets ;  as  in  the  Honey-Locust. 

1G8.  Palmate  (also  named  digitate)  leaves  are  those  in  which  the 
leaflets  are  all  borne  on  the  very  tip  of  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  the 
Lupine,  the  Common  Clover  (Fig.  136),  the  Virginia  Creeper  (Fig. 
62),  and  the  Horsechcstnut  and  Buckeye  (Fig.  129).  They  answer 
to  the  radiate-veined  or  palmately- 
veined  simple  leaf;  as  is  seen  by 
comparing  Fig.  136  with  the  figures 
122  to  125.  That  is,  the  Clover- 
leaf  of  three  leaflets  is  the  same  as 
Tpalmately  three-ribbed  leaf  cut 
ito  three  separate  leaflets.  And 
such  a  simple  five-lobed  leaf  as  that 
of  the  Sugar-Maple,  if  more  cut,  so 
as  to  separate  the  parts,  would  pro- 
duce a  palmate  leaf  of  five  leaflets, 
like  that  of  the  Horsechestnut  or  Buckeye  (Fig.  129). 

169.  Either  sort  of  compound  leaf  may  have  any  number  of  leaf- 
lets ;  though  palmate  leaves  cannot  well  have  a  great  many,  since 
they  are  all  crowded  together  on  the  end  of  the  main  leaf-stalk. 

FIG.  129.     Palmate  leaf  of  five  leaflets,  of  the  Sweet  Buckeye. 
6* 


G6 


MORPHOLOGY    OF   LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  9. 


Some  Lupines  have  nine  or  eleven  ;  the  Horsechestnut  has  seven, 
the  Sweet  Buckeye  more  commonly  five,  the  Clover  three.  A  pin- 
nate leaf  often  has  only  seven  or  five  leaflets,  as  in  the  Wild  Bean 
or  Groundnut ;  and  in  the  Common  Bean  it  has  only  three ;  in 

some  rarer  cases  only  two  ;  in 
the  Orange  and  Lemon  only 
one!  The  joint  at  the  place 
where  the  leaflet  is  united  with 
the  petiole  alone  distinguishes 
this  last  case  from  a  simple 
leaf.* 

170.  The  leaflets  of  a  com- 
pound leaf  may  be  either  entire 
(as  in  Fig.  126-128),  or  ser- 
rate,  or    lobed,   cleft,   parted, 
&c. :    in  fact,  they  may  pre- 
sent all  the  variations  of  simple 
leaves,    and    the   same    terms 
equally  apply  to  them. 

171.  When  this  division  is 
carried  so  far  as  to  separate 
what  would  be  one  leaflet  into 
two,  three,  or  several,  the  leaf 
becomes  doubly  or  twice  com- 
pound, either  pinnately  orpal- 

130          mately,   as  the    case   may  be. 

For  example,  while  some  of  the  leaves  of  the  Honey-Locust  are 
simply  pinnate,  that  is,  once  pinnate,  as  in  Fig.  128,  the  greater  part 

*  When  the  botanist,  in  describing  leaves,  wishes  to  express  the  number  of 
leaflets,  he  may  use  terms  like  these  :  — 

Unifdiolate,  for  a  compound  leaf  of  a  single  leaflet;  from  the  Latin  unum,ono, 
saulfuliolum,  leaflet. 

BiJbUcbte,  of  two  leaflets,  from  the  Latin  Us,  twice,  nmlfolidum,  leaflet. 

Trifollolate  (or  ternate),  of  three  leaflets,  as  the  Clover;  and  so  on. 

When  he  would  express  in  one  phrase  both  the  number  of  leaflets  and  the  way 
the  leaf  is  compound,  he  writes  :  — 

ruhnnli-ly  llfullolale,  Irlfoliolate,  plurifoliolate  (of  several  leaflets),  £e.,  or  else 

Pinnnlrh/  It-,  trl-,  quailrt-,  or  pluri-folidate  (that  is,  of  two,  three,  four,  five,  or 
several  leaflets),  as  the  case  may  be. 


FIG.  130.    A  twico-pinnato  (abruptly)  leaf  of  the  Hon^v-Locust 


LESSON  9.J 


PERFOLIATE    LEAVES,    ETC. 


C7 


are  bipinnate,  i.  e.  twice  pinnate,  as  in  Fig.  130.  If  these  leaflets 
were  again  divided  in  the  same  way,  the  leaf  would  become  thrice 
pinnate,  or  tripinnate,  as  in  many  Acacias.  (^The  first  divisions  are 
called  pinnae ;  the  others,  pinnules ;  and  the  last,  or  little  blades, 
leaflets. 

172."  So  the  palmate  leaf,  if  again  compounded  in  the  same  way, 
becomes  twice  palmate,  or,  as  we  say  when  the  divisions  are  in 
threes,  twice  ternate  (in  Latin  form  Alternate)  ;  if  a  third  time  com- 
pounded, thrice  ternate  or  triternate.  But  if  the  division  goes  still 
further,  or  if  the  degree  is  variable,  we  simply  say  that  the  leaf  is 
decompound ;  either  palmately  or  pinnately  so,  as  the  case  may  be. 
Thus,  Fig.  138  represents  a  four  times  ternately  compound,  in  other 
words  a  ternately  decompound,  leaf  of  our  common  Meadow  Rue. 

173.  So  exceedingly  various  are  the  kinds  and  shapes  of  leaves, 
that  we  have  not  yet  exhausted  the  subject.     "We  have,  however, 
mentioned   the  principal   terms   used   in  describing   them.     Many 
others  will  be  found  in  the  glossary  at  the  end  of  the  volume.     Some 
peculiar  sorts  of  leaves  remain  to  be  noticed,  which  the  student  might 
not  well  understand  without  some  explanation  ;  such  as 

174.  Perfoliate  Leaves.     A  common  and  simple  case  of  this  sort  is 
found  in  two  species  of  Uvularia  or  Bellwort,  where  the  stem  appears 
to  run  through  the  blade  of  the  leaf, 

near  one  end.  If  we  look  at  this  plant 
in  summer,  after  all  the  leaves  are 
formed,  we  may  see  the  meaning  of  this 
at  a  glance.  For  then  we  often  find 
upon  the  same  stem  such  a  series  of 
leaves  as  is  given  in  Fig.  131  :  the  low- 
er leaves  are  perfoliate,  those  next  above 
less  so  ;  then  some  (the  fourth  and  fifth) 
rith  merely  a  heart-shaped  clasping 
base,  and  finally  one  that  is  merely 
sessile.  The  leaf,  we  perceive,  becomes 
perfoliate  by  the  union  of  the  edges  of 
the  base  with  each  other  around  the 
stem  ;  just  as  the  shield-shaped  leaf,  Fig. 
102,  comes  from  the  union  of  the  edges  of  the  base  of  such  a  leaf 
as  Fig.  101.  Of  the  same  sort  are  the  upper  leaves  of  most  of 

FIG.  131.    Leaves  of  Uvularia  (Bellwort) ;  the  lower  ones  perfoliate,  the  others  merely 
clasping,  or  the  uppermost  only  sessile. 


68 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  9. 


the  true  Honeysuckles  (Fig.  132) :  but  here  it  is  a  pair  of  oppo- 
site leaves,  with  their  contiguous  broad  bases  grown  together,  which 
makes  what  seems  to  be  one  round  leaf,  with  the  stem  running 
through  its  centre.  This  is  seen  to  be  the  case,  by  comparing 
together  the  upper  and  the  lowest  leaves  of  the  same  branch. 
Leaves  of  this  sort  are  said  to  be  connate-per foliate. 

175.  Equitant  Leaves.  While  ordinary 
leaves  spread  horizontally,  and  present 
one  face  to  the  sky  and  the  other  to  the 
earth,  there  are  some  that  present  their 
tip  to  the  sky,  and  their  faces  right 
and  left  to  the  horizon.  Among  these 
are  the  equitant  leaves  of  the  Iris  or 
Flower-de-Luce.  On  careful  inspection 
we  shall  find  that  each  leaf  was  formed 
folded  together  length- 
wise, so  that  what 
would  be  the  upper 
surface  is  within,  and 
all  grown  together,  ex- 
cept next  the  bottom, 
where  each  leaf  covers 

the  next  younger  one.  It  was  from  their  strad- 
dling over  each  other,  like  a  man  on  horseback  (as 
is  seen  in  the  cross-section,  Fig.  134),  that  Linnaeus, 
with  his  lively  fancy,  called  these  equitant  leaves. 

176.  Leaves  with  no  distinction  of  Petiole  and  Blade, 
The  leaves  of  Iris  just  mentioned  show  one  form 
of  tliis.  The  flat  but  narrow 
leaves  of  Jonquils,  Daffodils, 
and  the  like,  are  other  in- 
stances. Needle-shaped  leaves, 
like  those  of  the  Pine  (Fig. 
140),  Larch  (Fig.  139),  and 
Spruce,  and  the  awl-shaped 
as  well  as  the  scale-shaped 
leaves  of  Junipers,  Red  Ce- 

FIG.  132.    Branch  of  a  Yellow  Honeysuckle,  with  connate-perfoliate  leaves. 
FIG.  133.    Rootstock  and  equitant  leaves  of  Iris.    134.  A  section  across  the  cluster  of 
leaves  at  the  bottom. 


LESSON  9.] 


PHILLODIA,    STIPULES,    ETC. 


69 


dar,  and  Arbor- Vitae  (Fig.  135),  are  different  examples.  These 
last  are  leaves  serving  for  foliage,  but  having  as 
little  spread  of  surface  as  possible.  They  make 
up  for  this,  however,  by  their  immense  numbers. 

177.  Sometimes  the  petiole  expands  and  flattens, 
and  takes  the  place  of  the  blade ;  as  in  numerous 
New  Holland  Acacias,  some  of  which  are  now 
common  in  greenhouses.  Such  counterfeit  blades 
are  called  phyllodia,  —  meaning  leaf-like  bodies. 
They  may  be  known  from  true  blades  by  their 
standing  edgewise,  their  margins  being  directed 
upwards  and  downwards  ;  while  in  true  blades  the 
faces  look  upwards  and  downwards ;  excepting  in 
equitant  leaves,  as  al- 
ready explained,  and 
in  those  which  are 
turned  edgewise  by 

a  twist,  such  as  those  of  the   Callis- 

temon  or  Bottle-brush  Flower  of  our 

greenhouses,  and  other  Dry  Myrtles 

of  New  Holland,  &c. 

178.  Stipules,  the  pair  of  appendages 

which  is  found  at  the  base  of  the  peti- 
ole in  many  leaves  (133),  should  also 

be  considered  in  respect  to  their  very 

varied  forms  and  appearances.     More 

commonly  they  appear  like  little  blades, 

on  each  side  of  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  the 

Quince  (Fig.  83),  and  more  strikingly 

in  the  Hawthorn  and  in  the  Pea.   Here 

they  remain  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the 

leaf,  and  serve  for  the  same  purpose 

as  the  blade.     Very  commonly  they 

serve  for  bud-scales,  and  fall  off  when 

the  leaves  expand,  as  in  the  Fig-tree, 

and  the  Magnolia  (where  they  are  large  and  conspicuous),  or  soon 

FIG.  135.  Twig  of  Arbor-Vitas,  with  its  two  sorts  of  leaves:  viz.  some  awl-shaped,  th« 
others  scale-like  ;  the  latter  on  the  branchlets,  a. 

FIG.  136.  Leaf  of  Red  Clover  :  st,  stipules,  adhering  to  the  base  o(p,  the  petiole  :  6,  blade 
of  three  leaflets. 

FIG.  137.  Part  of  stem  and  leaf  of  Priuce's-Feather  (Polygonum  orientale)  with  the  united 
sheathing  stipule*  forming  a  sheath. 


70 


MORPHOLOGY    OF   LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  9. 


afterwards,  as  in  the  Tulip-tree.  Li  the  Pea  the  stipules  make  a 
very  conspicuous  part  of  the  leaf;  while  in  the  Bean  they  are  quite 
small ;  and  in  the  Locust  they  are  reduced  to  bristles  or  prickles. 
Sometimes  the  stipules  are  separate  and  distinct  (Fig.  83) :  often 
they  are  united  with  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  the  Rose  and 
the  Clover  (Fig.  136) :  and  sometimes  they  grow  together  by  both 
margins,  so  as  to  form  a  sheath  around  the  stem,  above  the  leaf,  as 
in  the  Buttonwood,  the  Dock,  and  almost  all  the  plants  of  the 
Polygonum  Family  (Fig.  137). 

179.  The  sheaths  of  Grasses  bear  the  blade  on  their  summit,  and 
therefore  represent  a  form  of  the  petiole.  The  small  and  thin  ap- 
pendage which  is  commonly  found  at  the  top  of  the  sheath  (called  a 
ligule)  here  answers  to  the  stipule. 

FIG.  138.    Ternately-decompouiN}  leaf  of  Meadow  Rue  (Thalictrum  Cornuti). 


LESSON  10.]  ARRANGEMENT    OF   LEAVES.  71 

LESSON   X. 

THE    ARRANGEMENT    OF    LEAVES. 

180.  UNDER  this  head  we  may  consider,  —  1.  the  arrangement  of 
leaves  on  the  stem,  or  what  is  sometimes  called  PHYLLOTAXY  (from 
two  Greek  words  meaning  leaf-order)  ;  and  2.  the  ways  in  which 
they  are  packed  together  in  the  bud,  or  their  VERNATION  (the  word 
meaning  their  spring  state). 

181.  Phyllotaxy,     As  already  explained  (48,  49),  leaves  are  ar- 
ranged on  the  stem  in  two  principal  ways.     They  are  either 

Alternate  (Fig.  131,  143),  that  is,  one  after  another,  only  a  single 
leaf  arising  from  each  node  or  joint  of  the  stem ;  or 

Opposite  (Fig.  147),  when  there  is  a  pair  of  leaves  on  each  joint 
of  the  stem ;  one  of  the  two  leaves  being  in  this  case  always  situ- 
ated exactly  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  stem  from  the  other.  A 
third,  but  uncommon  arrangement,  may  be  added  ;  namely,  the 

Whorled,  or  verticillate  (Fig.  148),  when  there  are  three  or  more 
leaves  in  a  circle  (whorl  or  verticil)  on  one  joint  of  stem.  But  this 
is  only  a  variation  of  the  opposite  mode;  or  rather  the  latter  ar- 
rangement is  the  same  as  the  whorled,  with  the  number  of  the 
leaves  reduced  to  two  in  each  whorl. 

182.  Only  one  leaf  is  ever  produced  from  the  same  point.     When 
two  are  borne  on  the  same  joint,  they  are  always  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  stem,  that  is,  are  separated  by  half  the  circumference ;  when 
in  whorls  of  three,  four,  five,  or  any  other  number,  they  are  equally 
distributed  around  the  joint  of  stem,  at  a  distance  of  one  third,  one 
fourth,  or  one  fifth  of  the  circumfer- 
ence  from   each  other,  according  to 

their  number.  So  they  always  have 
the  greatest  possible  divergence  from 
each  other.  Two  or  more  leaves  be- 
longing to  the  same  joint  of  stem 
never  stand  side  by  side,  or  one 
above  the  other,  in  a  cluster. 

183.  What  are  called  clustered  or  fascicled  leaves,  and  which 


FIG.  139.     Clustered  or  fascicled  leaves  of  the  Larch. 


72 


ARRANGEMENT    OF    LEAVES    ON    THE    STEM       [LESSON  10. 


appear  to  be  so,  are  always  the  leaves  of  a  whole  branch  which 
remains  so  very  short  that  they  are  all  crowded  together  in  a 
bundle  or  rosette ;  as  in  the  spring  leaves  of  the  Barberry  and  of 
the  Larch  (Fig.  139).  In  these  cases  an  examination  shows  them 
to  be  nothing  else  than  alternate  leaves,  very  much  crowded  on  a 
short  spur ;  and  some  of  these  spurs  are  seen  in  the  course  of  the 
season  to  lengthen  into  ordinary  shoots  with  scattered  alternate 
leaves.  So,  likewise,  each  cluster  of  two  or  three  needle-shaped 
leaves  in  Pitch  Pines  (as  in  Fig.  140),  or  of  five  leaves 
in  White  Pine,  answers  to  a  similar,  extremely  short 
branch,  springing  from  the  axil  of  a  thin  and  slender 
scale,  which  represents  a  leaf  of  the  main  shoot.  For 
Pines  produce  two  kinds  of  leaves;  —  1.  primary,  the 
proper  leaves  of  the  shoots,  not  as  foliage,  but  in  the 
shape  of  delicate  scales  in  spring,  which  soon  fall  away ; 
and  2.  secondary,  the  fascicled  leaves,  from  buds  in  the 
axils  of  the  former,  and  these  form  the  actual  foliage. 
184.  Spiral  Arrangement  of  Leaves,  If  we  examine  any 

alternate-leaved  stem,  we  shall  find  that  the  leaves  are 
placed  upon  it  in  symmetrical  order,  and  in  a  way  per- 
fectly uniform  for  each  species,  but  different  in  different 
plants.  If  we  draw  a  line  from  the  insertion  (i.  e.  the 
point  of  attachment)  of  one  leaf  to  that  of  the  next,  and 
so  on,  this  line  will  wind  spirally  around  the  stem  as  it 
rises,  and  in  the  same  species  will  always  have  just  the 
same  number  of  leaves  upon  it  for  each  turn  round  the 
stem.  That  is,  any  two  successive  leaves  will  always 
be  separated  from  each  other  by  just  an  equal  portion 
of  the  circumference  of  the  stem.  The  distance  in  height  between 
any  two  leaves  may  vary  greatly,  even  on  the  same  shoot,  for  that 
depends  upon  the  length  of  the  internodes  or  spaces  between  each 
leaf;  but  the  distance  as  measured  around  the  circumference  (in 
other  words,  the  angular  divergence,  or  angle  formed  by  any  two 
successive  leaves)  is  uniformly  the  same. 

is.">.  The  greatest  possible  divergence  is,  of  course,  where  the 
second  leaf  stands  on  exactly  the  opposite  side  of  the  stem  from  the 
first,  the  third  on  the  side  opposite  the  second,  and  therefore  over  the 

FIG.  140.  Piere  of  a  branchlet  of  Pitch  Pine,  with  three  leaves  in  a  fascicle  or  bundle,  in 
the  axil  of  a  thin  pcalo  which  answers  to  a  primary  leaf.  The  bundle  is  surrounded  at  the 
base  by  a  sljort  sheath,  formed  of  the  delicate  scales  of  the  axillary  bud. 


LESSON  10.] 


IN   A    SPIRAL    ORDER. 


73 


first,  and  the  fourth  over  the  second.  This  brings  all  the  leaves  into 
two  ranks,  one  on  one  side  of  the  stem  and  one  on  the  other ;  and 
is  therefore  called  the  two-ranked  arrangement.  It  occurs  in  all 
Grasses,  —  in  Indian  Corn,  for  instance ;  also  in  the  Spiderwort,  the 
Bell  wort  (Fig.  131)  and  Iris  (Fig.  132),  in  the  Bass  wood  or  Lime- 
tree^.  &c.  This  is  the  simplest  of  all  arrangements. 

186.  Next  to  this  is  the  three-ranked  arrangement,  such  as  we 
seeln  Sedges,  and  in  the  Veratrum  or  White  Hellebore.  The  plan 
of  it  is  shown  on  a  Sedge  in  Fig.  141,  and  in  a  diagram  or  cross- 
section  underneath,  in  Fig.  142.  Here  the 
second  leaf  is  placed  one  third  of  the  way 
round  the  stem,  the  third  leaf  two  thirds  of 
the  way  round,  the  fourth  leaf  accordingly 
directly  over  the  first,  the  fifth  over  the 
second,  and  so  on.  That  is,  three  leaves 
occur  in  each  turn  round  the  stem,  and  they 
are  separated  from  each  other  by  one  third 
of  the  circumference. 

187;  The  next  and  one  of  the  most  com- 
mon is  the  five-ranked  arrangement;  which 
is  seen  in  the  Apple  (Fig.  143),  Cherry, 
Poplar,  and  the  greater  part  of  our  trees 
and  shrubs.  In  this  case  the  line  traced 
from  leaf  to  leaf  will  pass  twice  round  the 
stem  before  it  reaches  a  leaf  situated  di- 
rectly over  any  below  (Fig.  144).  Here 
the  sixth  leaf  is  over  the  first ;  the  leaves 
stand  in  five  perpendicular  ranks,  equally 
distant  from  each  other ;  and  the  distance 
between  any  two  successive  leaves  is  just 
two  fifths  of  the  circumference  of  the  stem. 

The  five-ranked  arrangement  Is  expressed  by  the  fraction  f . 
fraction  denotes  the  divergence  of  the  successive  leaves,  i.  e.  the 
angle  they  form  with  each  other :  the  numerator  also  expresses  the 
number  of  turns  made  round  the  stem  by  the  spiral  line  in  complet- 
ing one  cycle  or  set  of  leaves,  namely  2 ;  and  the  denominator  gives 
the  number  of  leaves  in  each  cycle,  or  the  number  of  perpendicular 

FIG.  141.  Piece  of  the  stalk  of  a  Sedge,  with  the  leaves  cut  away,  leavinjr  their  bases  : 
the  leaves  are  numbered  in  order,  from  1  to  6.  142.  Diagram  or  cross-section  of  the  same, 
all  in  one  plane  ;  the  leaves  similarly  numbered. 

7 


74  ARRANGEMENT    OF    LEAVES    ON    THE    STEM.       [LESSON  10. 


ranks,  namely  5.     In  the  same  way  the  fraction  J  stands  for  the 
two-ranked  mode,  and  £  for  the  three-ranked :  and  so  these  different 
143  sorts  are  expressed  by  the  series  of  fractions  J, 

•£,  |.    And  the  other  cases  known  follow  in  the 
same  numerical  progression. 

189.  The  next  is  the  eight-ranked  arrange- 
ment, where  the  ninth  leaf  stands  over  the  first, 
and  three  turns  are  made  around  the  stem  to 
reach  it ;  so  it  is  expressed  by  the  fraction  -g. 
This  is  seen  in  the  Holly,  and  in  the  common 
Plantain.  Then  comes  the  tldrteen-ranked  ar- 
rangement, in  which  the  fourteenth  leaf  is  over 
the  first,  after  five  turns  around  the  stem.  Of 
this  we  have  a  good  example  in  the  common 
Ilouseleek  (Fig.  146). 

(190.  The  series  so  far, 
then,  is  £,  £,  f ,  f ,  T5-j ;  the 
numerator  and  the  denomi- 
nator of  each  fraction  being 
those  of  the  two  next  pre- 
ceding ones  added  together. 
At  this  rate  the  next  higher 
should  be  /T,  then  £f ,  and 
so  on ;  and  in  fact  just  such 
cases  are  met  with,  and  (commonly)  no  others. 
These  higher  sorts  are  found  in  the  Pine  Fam- 
ily, both  in  the  leaves  and  the  cones  (Fig.  324), 
and  in  many  other  plants  with  small  and  crowd- 
ed leaves.  But  the  number  of  the  ranks,  or  of 
leaves  in  each  cycle,  can  here  rarely  be  made 
out  by  direct  inspection:  they  may  be  ascer- 
tained, however,  by  certain  simple  mathematical 
computations,  which  are  rather  too  technical  for 
these  Lessons. 


FIO.  143.    Phoot  with  its  leaves  5-ranked,  the  sixth  leaf  over  the  first ;  as  in  the  Apple-tree. 

FIG.  144.  Diagram  of  this  arrangement,  with  a  spiral  line  drawn  from  the  attachment  of 
one  leaf  to  the  next,  and  so  on  ;  the  parts  on  the  side  turned  from  the  eye  are  fainter. 

FKJ.  11.">.  A  {.'round  plan  of  the  same  ;  the  section  of  the  leaves  similarly  numbered;  a 
dotted  line  drawn  from  the  edge  of  one  leaf  to  that  of  the  next  completes  the  spiral. 

FIG.  MC..  A  young  plant  of  tho  Hoiiseleok,  with  the  leaves  (not  yet  expanded)  numbered, 
and  exhibiting  tho  P  ranked  arrangement* 


LESSON  10.]      ARRANGEMENT    OF    LEAVES    IN    THE   BUD.  75 

191.  The  arrangement  of  opposite  leaves  (181)  is  usually  very 
simple.  The  second  pair  is  placed  over  the  intervals  of  the  first ; 
the  third  over  the  intervals  of  the  second,  and  so  on  (Fig.  147)  ;  the 
successive  pairs  thus  crossing  each  other,  — 
commonly  at  right  angles,  so  as  to  make  four 
upright  rows.  And  whorled  leaves  (Fig.  148) 
follow  a  similar  plan. 

192*  So  the  place  of  every  leaf  on  every  plant 
is  fixed  beforehand  by  unerring  mathematical 
rule.  As  the  stem  grows  on,  leaf  after  leaf  ap- 
pears exactly  in  its  predes- 
tined place,  producing  a  per- 
fect symmetry ;  —  a  symme- 
try which  manifests  itself  not 
in  one  single  monotonous 
pattern  for  all  plants,  but  in 
a  definite  number  of  forms 
exhibited  by  different  spe- 
cies, and  arithmetically  ex- 
pressed by  the  series  of  frac- 
tions, J,  -£,  f ,  f- ,  -fy,  ^8T,  &c.,  according  as  the  formative  energy  in 
its  spiral  course  up  the  developing  stem  lays  down  at  corresponding 
intervals  2,  3,  5,  8,  13,  or  21  ranks  of  alternate  leaves. 

103.  Vernation,  sometimes  called  Prcefoliation,  relates  to  the  way 
in  which  leaves  are  disposed  in  the  bud  (180).  It  comprises  two 
things ;  —  1st,  the  way  in  which  each  separate  leaf  is  folded,  coiled,  or 
packed  up  in  the  bud ;  and  2d,  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  in  the 
bud  with  respect  to  one  another.  The  latter  of  course  depends  very 
much  upon  the  phyllotaxy,  i.  e.  the  position  and  order  of  the  leaves 
upon  the  stem.  The  same  terms  are  used  for  it  as  for  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  leaves  of  the  flower  in  the  flower-bud :  so  we  may  pass 
them  by  until  we  come  to  treat  of  the  flower  in  this  respect. 

194;.  As  to  each  leaf  separately,  it  is  sometimes  straight  and 
open  in  vernation,  but  more  commonly  it  is  either  bent,  folded,  or 
rolled  up.  When  the  upper  part  is  bent  down  upon  the  lower, 
as  the  young  blade  in  the  Tulip-tree  is  bent  upon  the  leafstalk, 
it  is  said  to  be  inflexed  or  reclined  in  vernation.  When  folded 


FIG.  147.    Opposite  leaves  of  the  Spindle-tree  or  Burning-bush. 
FIG,  148.    Whorled  or  verticillate  leaves  of  Galium  or  Bedstraw. 


76  ARRANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM.       [LESSON  11. 

by  the  midrib  so  that  the  two  halves  are  placed  face  to  face,  it  is 
conduplicate  (Fig.  149),  as  in  the  Magnolia,  the  Cherry,  and  the 
Oak :  when  folded  back  and  forth  like  the  plaits  of  a  fan,  it  is  plicate 
or  plaited  (Fig.  150),  as  in  the  Maple  and  Currant.  If  rolled, 
it  may  be  so  either  from  the  tip  downwards,  as  in  Ferns  and  the 
Sundew  (Fig.  154),  when  in  unrolling  it  resembles  the  head  of  a 
crosier,  and  is  said  to  be  circihate  ;  or  it  may  be  rolled  up  parallel 
with  the  axis,  either  from  one  edge  into  a  coil,  when  it  is  convolute 
(Fig.  151),  as  in  the  Apricot  and  Plum,  or  rolled  from  both  edges 
towards  the  midrib;  —  sometimes  inwards,  when  it  is  involute  (Fig. 
152),  as  in  the  Violet  and  Water-Lily  ;  sometimes  outwards,  when 
it  is  revolute  (Fig.  153),  in  the  Rosemary  and  Azalea.  The  figures 
are  diagrams,  representing  sections  through  the  leaf,  in  the  way 
they  were  represented  by  Linna3us. 


LESSON   XL 

THE    ARRANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM,    OR    INFLO. 

RESCENCE. 

]  05.  THUS  far  we  have  been  considering  the  vegetation  of  the 
plant,  and  studying  those  parts,  viz.  root,  stem,  and  leaves,  by  which 
it  increases  in  size  and  extent,  and  serves  the  purpose  of  its  indi- 
vidual life.  But  after  a  time  each  plant  produces  a  different  set  of 
organs,  —  viz.  flowers,  fruit,  and  seed,  —  subservient  to  a  different 
purpose,  that  is,  the  increase  in  numbers,  or  the  continuance  of  the 


LESSON  11.]  INDETERMINATE    INFLORESCENCE.  77 

species.  The  plant  reproduces  itself  in  new  individuals  by  seed. 
Therefore  the  seed,  and  the  fruit  in  which  the  seed  is  formed,  and 
the  flower,  from  which  the  fruit  results,  are  named  the  Organs  of 
Reproduction  or  Fructification.  These  we  may  examine  in  succes- 
sion. We  begin,  of  course,  with  the  flower.  And  the  first  thing  to 
consider  is  the 

196.  Inflorescence,  or  the  mode  of  flowering,  that  is,  the  situation 
and  arrangement  of  blossoms  on  the  plant.     Various  as  this  arrange- 
ment may  seem  to  be,  all  is  governed  by  a  simple  law,  which  is 
easily  understood.     As  the  position  of  every  leaf  is  fixed  beforehand 
by  a  mathematical  law  which  prescribes  where  it  shall  stand  (192), 
so  is  that  of  every  blossom ;  —  and  by  the  same  law  in  both  cases. 
For  flowers  are  buds,  developed  in  a  particular  way ;  and  flower- 
buds  occupy  the  position  of  leaf-buds,  and  no  other      As  leaf-buds 
are  either  terminal  (at  the  summit  of  a  stem  or  branch,  42),  or 
axillary  (in  the  axil  of  a  leaf,  43),  so  likewise 

197.  Flowers  are  either  terminal  or  axillary.     In  blossoming  as 
in  vegetation  we  have  only  buds  terminating  (5.  e.  on  the  summit  of) 
stems  or  branches,  and  buds  from  the  axils  of  leaves.     But  while 
the  same  plant  commonly  produces  both  kinds  of  leaf-buds,  it  rarely 
bears  flowers  in  both  situations.     These  are  usually  either  all  axil- 
lary or  all  terminal;  —  giving  rise  to  two  classes  of  inflorescence, 
viz.  the  determinate  and  the  indeterminate. 

(15&.  Indeterminate  Inflorescence  is  that  where  the  flowers  all  arise 
from  axillary  buds;  as  in  Fig.  155,  156,  157,  &c. ;  and  the  reason 
why  it  is  called  indetermi- 
nate  (or  indefinite)  is,  that 
while  the  axillary  buds 
give  rise  to  flowers,  the 
terminal  bud  goes  on  to 
grow,  and  continues  the 
stem  indefinitely. 

199.  Where  the  flowers  arise,  as  in  Fig.  155,  singly  from  the 
axils  of  the  ordinary  leaves  of  the  plant,  they  do  not  form  flower- 
clusters,  but  are  axillary  and  solitary.  But  when  several  or  many 
flowers  are  produced  near  each  other,  the  accompanying  leaves  are 
usually  of  smaller  size,  and  often  of  a  different  shape  or  character: 
then  they  are  called  bracts ;  and  the  flowers  thus  brought  together 

FIG.  155     Moneywort  (Lysimachia  nummularia)  of  tho  gardens,  with  axillary  flower* 

7* 


78  ARRANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM.       [LESSON  11. 


form  one  cluster  or  inflorescence.  The  sorts  of  inflorescence  of  the 
indeterminate  class  which  have  received  separate  names  are  chiefly 
the  following :  viz.  the  Raceme,  the  Corymb,  the  Umbel,  the  Spike, 
the  Head,  the  Spadix,  the  Catkin,  and  the  Panicle. 

200.  Before  illustrating  these,  one  or  two  terms,  of  common  oc- 
currence, may  be  defined.  A  flower  (or  other  body)  which  has  no 
stalk  to  support  it,  but  which  sits  directly  on  the  stem  or  axis  it  pro- 
ceeds from,  is  said  to  be  sessile.  If  it  has  a  stalk,  this  is  called  its 
peduncle.  If  the  whole  flower-cluster  is  raised  on  a  stalk,  this  is 
called  the  peduncle,  or  the  common  peduncle  (Fig.  156,  p) ;  and  the 
stalk  of  each  particular  flower,  if  it  have  any,  is  called 
the  pedicel  or  partial  peduncle  (p1).  The  portion 
of  the  general  stalk  along  which  flowers  are  dis- 
posed is  called  the  axis  of  inflorescence,  or,  when  cov- 
ered with  sessile  flowers,  the  rhachis  (back-bone),  and 
sometimes  the  receptacle.  The  leaves  of  a  flower- 
cluster  generally  are  termed  bracts.  But  when  we 
wish  particularly  to  distinguish  them,  those  on  the 
peduncle,  or  main  axis,  and  which  have  a  flower  in 
their  axil,  take  the  name  of  bracts  (Fig.  156,  b) ;  and 
those  on  the  pedicels  or  partial  flower-stalks,  if  any, 
that  ofbractlets  (Fig.  156,  b'). 

201.  A  Raceme  (Fig.  156, 157)  is  that  form  of  flower- 
cluster  in  which  the  flowers,  each  on  their  ovni  foot- 
stalk or  pedicel,  are  arranged  along  a  common  stalk 
or  axis  of  inflorescence ;  as  in  the  Lily  of  the  Valley, 
Currant,  Choke-Cherry,  Barberry,  &c.  Each  flower 
comes  from  the  axil  of  a  small  leaf,  or  bract,  which, 
however,  is  often  so  small  that  it  might  escape  notice, 
and  which  sometimes  (as  in  the  Mustard  Family)  disappears  alto- 
gether. The  lowest  blossoms  of  a  raceme  are  of  course  the  oldest, 
and  therefore  open  first,  and  the  order  of  blossoming  is  ascending, 
from  the  bottom  to  the  top.  The  summit,  never  being  stopped  by 
a  terminal  flower,  may  go  on  to  grow,  and  often  does  so  (as  in  the 
common  Shepherd's  Purse),  producing  lateral  flowers  one  after  an- 
other the  whole  summer  long. 

202.  All  the  various  kinds  of  flower-clusters  pass  one  into  another 


FIG.   156.    A  Raceme,  with  a  general  peduncle  (p),  pedicels  (p'),  brarts  (/'),  and  bract- 
lets  (ft'). 


LESSON  11.]  RACEME,    CORYMB,    UMBEL,    ETC. 


79 


by  intermediate  gradations  of  every  sort.  For  instance,  if  we 
lengthen  the  lower  pedicels  of  a  raceme,  and  keep  the  main  axis 
rather  short,  it  is  converted  into 

203.  A  Corymb  (Fig.  158).     This  is  the  same  as  a  raceme,  except 
that  it  is  flat  and  broad,  either  convex,  or  level-topped,  as  in  the 
Hawthorn,  owing  to  the  lengthening  of  the  lower  pedicels  while  the 
uppermost  remain  shorter. 

204.  The  main  axis  of  a  corymb  is  short,  at  least  in  comparison 
with  the  lower  pedicels.     Only  suppose  it  to  be  so  much  contracted 
that  the  bracts  are  all  brought  into  a  cluster  or  circle,  and  the 
corymb  becomes 

205.  An  Umbel  (Fig.  159),  —  as  in  the  Milkweed  and  Primrose, 
—  a  sort  of  flower-cluster  where  the  pedicels  all  spring  apparently 

from  the  same  point,  from  the  top  of  the  peduncle,  so  as  to  resemble, 
when  spreading,  the  rays  of  an  umbrella,  whence  the  name.  Here 
the  pedicels  are  sometimes  called  the  rays  of  the  umbel.  And  the 
bracts,  when  brought  in  this  way  into  a  cluster  or  circle,  form  what 
is  called  an  involucre. 


206.  For  the  same  reason  that  the  order  of  blossoming  in  a  ra- 
ceme is  ascending  (201),  in  the  corymb  and  umbel  it  is  centripetal, 
that  is,  it  proceeds  from  the  margin  or  circumference  regularly  to- 
wards the  centre ;  the  lower  flowers  of  the  former  answering  to  the 
outer  ones  of  the  latter.  Indeterminate  inflorescence,  therefore,  is 
said  to  be  centripetal  in  evolution.  And  by  having  this  order  of 
ining,  all  the  sorts  may  be  distinguished  from  those  of  the 

er,  or  the  determinate  class.  In  all  the  foregoing  cases  the 
flowers  are  raised  on  pedicels.  These,  however,  are  very  short  in 
many  instances,  or  are  wanting  altogether;  when  the  flowers  are 
sessile  (200).  They  are  so  in 


blosso 
other, 


FIG.  157.    A  raceme.    158.  A  corymJ),     159.  An  umbel. 


80 


ARRANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM.       [LESSON  11. 


207.  The  Spike.  This  is  a  flower-cluster  with  a  more  or  less 
lengthened  axis,  along  which  the  flowers  are  sessile  or 
nearly  so;  as  in  the  Mullein  and  the  Plantain  (Fig.  ICO), 
It  is  just  the  same  as  a  raceme,  therefore,  without  any 
pedicels  to  the  flowers. 

208.  The  Head  is  a  round  or  roundish  cluster  of  flowers 
which  are  sessile  on  a  very  short  axis  or  receptacle,  as  in 
the  Button-ball,  Button-bush  (Fig.  1G1),  and  Red  Clover. 
It  is  just  what  a  spike  would  become  if  its  axis  were 
shortened ;  or  an  umbel,  if  its  pedicels  were  all  shortened 
until  the  flowers  became  sessile  or  apparently  so.  The 
head  of  the  Button-bush  (Fig.  161)  is  naked  ;  but  that  of 
the  Thistle,  of  the  Dandelion,  the  Cichory  (Fig.  221), 
and  the  like,  is  surrounded  by  empty  bracts,  which  form 
an  involucre.  Two  particular  forms  of  the  spike  and  the 
head  have  received  particular  names,  namely,  the  Spadix 

160          and  the  Catkin. 

209.  A  Spadix  is  nothing  but  a  fleshy  spike  or  head,  with  small 
and   often  imperfect  flowers,  as  in  the  Calla,  the  Indian  Turnip 


(Fig.  162),  Swrot  Flair,  &c.     It  is  commonly  covered  by  a  peculiar 
enveloping  leaf,  called  a  spathe. 

FIG.  lf)0.     Ppike  of  the  common  Plantain  or  Ribwort. 

FIG.  161.     Iload  of  the  Button-hush  (Cephalanthus). 

FIG.  1G2.     Spadix  and  spathe  of  the  Indian  Turnip  ;  the  latter  cut  through  belovr. 


LESSON  11.]  DETERMINATE    INFLORESCENCE. 


81 


210.  A  Catkin  or  Ament  is  the  name  given  to  the  scaly  sort  of  spike 
of  the  Birch  and  Alder,  the  Willow  and  Poplar,  and  one  sort  of 
flower-clusters  of  the  Oak,  Hickory,  and  the  like ;  —  on  which  ac- 
count these  are  called  Amentaceous  trees. 

211.  Sometimes  these  forms  of  flower-clusters  become  compound. 
For  example,  the  stalks  which,  in  the  simple  umbel  such  as  has 
been  described  (Fig.  159),  are  the  pedicels  of  single  flowers,  may 
themselves  branch  in  the  same  way  at  the  top,  and  so  each  become 
the  support  of  a  smaller  umbel ;  as  is  the  case  in  the  Parsnip,  Cara- 
way, and  almost  the  whole  of  the  great  family  of  what  are  called 
Umbelliferous    (i.   e.    umbel-bearing)    plants.      Here   the  whole  is 

termed  a  compound  umbel;  and  the  smaller  or  partial  umbels  take 
the  name  in  English  of  umbellets.  The  general  involucre,  at  the 
base  of  the  main  umbel,  keeps  that  name ;  while  that  at  the  base 
of  each  umbellet  is  termed  a  partial  involucre  or  an  involucel. 

212.  So  a  corymb  (Fig.  158)  with  its  separate  stalks  branching 

again,  and  bearing  smaller  clusters  of  the  same 
sort,  is  a  compound  corymb ;  of  which  the  Moun- 
tain Ash  is  a  good  example.     A  raceme  where 
what   would    be    the    pedicels    of   single    flowers 
.  I  ($    become   stalks,  along  which  flowers  are  disposed 
\     Y'         on  their  own  pedicels,  forms  a  compound  raceme, 
(TV\      £)    a*  in  the  Goat's-beard  and  the  False  Spikenard. 
But  when  what  would  have  been  a  raceme  or  a. 
corymb   branches   irregularly   into   an   open   and 
more  or  less   compound   flower-cluster,  we   have 
what  is  called 

213.  A  Panicle  (Fig.  163);  as  in  the  Oat  and 
in  most  common  Grasses.     Such  a  raceme  as  that 
of  the  diagram,  Fig.  156,  would  be  changed  into 
a  panicle  like   Fig.  163,  by  the  production  of  a 
flower  from  the  axil  of  each  of  the  bractlets  fr. 

214.  A  Thyrsus  is  a  compact  panicle  of  a  pyramr- 
idal  or  oblong  shape ;  such  as  a  bunch  of  grapes, 
or  the  cluster  of  the  Lilac  or  Horsechestnut. 

215.  Determinate  Inflorescence  is  that  in  which  the  flowers  are  from 
terminal  buds.  The  simplest  case  is  where  a  stem  bears  a  soli- 
tary, terminal  flower,  as  in  Fig.  163*.  This  stops  the  growth  of 


FIG.  1C3.     A  Panicle 


82  ARRANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM.       [LESSON  11. 

the  stem ;  for  its  terminal  bud,  being  changed  into  a  blossom,  can 
no  more  lengthen  in  the  manner  of  a  leaf-bud.     Any  further  growth 

b         a     b  c    b     c       a         e    b 


must  be  from  axillary  buds  developing  into  branches.  If  such 
branches  are  leafy  shoots,  at  length  terminated  by  single  blossoms, 
the  inflorescence  still  consists  of  solitary  flowers  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem  and  branches.  But  if  the  flowering  branches  bear  only  bracts 
in  place  of  ordinary  leaves,  the  result  is  the  kind  of  flower-cluster 
called 

^v  216.  A  Cymet     This  is  commonly  a  flat-topped  or  con- 

\jj  <//  ffy  vex  flower-cluster,  like  a  corymb,  only  the  blossoms  are 
A  /  from  terminal  buds.  Fig.  164  illustrates  the  simplest 
**R  cyme  in  a  plant  with  opposite  leaves,  namely,  with  three 
Q  |  £7  flowers.  The  middle  flower,  a,  terminates  the  stem ; 
1  I  the  two  others,  b  &,  terminate  short  branches,  one  from 
the  axil  of  each  of  the  uppermost  leaves ;  and  being 
later  than  the  middle  one,  the  flowering  proceeds  from 
^ie  centre  outwards,  or  is  centrifugal; — just  the  Op- 
posite of  the  indeterminate  mode,  or  that  where  all 
^ie  fl°wer~DUds  are  axillary.  If  flowering  branches 
appear  from  the  axils  below,  the  lower  ones  are  the 
later,  so  that  the  order  of  blossoming  continues  centrif- 
ugal or  descending  (which  is  the  same  thing),  as  in  Fig.  166,  mak- 
ing a  sort  of  reversed  raceme ;  —  a  kind  of  cluster  which  is  to  the 
true  raceme  just  what  the  flat  cyme  is  to  the  corymb. 

217.  Wherever  there  are  bracts  or  leaves,  buds  may  be  produced 
from  their  axils  and  appear  as  flowers.  Fig.  165  represents  the 
case  where  the  branches,  b  b,of  Fig.  164,  each  with  a  pair  of  small 

FIG.  ]f>3  a.  Diagram  of  an  opposite-leaved  plant,  with  a  single  terminal  flower.  164. 
Panir,  with  a  cyme  of  three  flowers  ;  a,  the  first  flower,  of  the  main  axis  ;  b  b,  those  of  branches. 
165.  Same,  with  flowers  of  the  third  order,  c  c.  166.  Same,  with  flowers  only  of  the  second 
order  from  all  the  axils  ;  the  central  or  uppermost  opening  first,  and  so  on  downwards. 


LESSON  11.]  SORTS    OF    FLOWER-CLUSTERS.  83 

leaves  or  bracts  about  their  middle,  have  branched  again,  and  pro- 
duced the  branchlets  and  flowers  c  c,  on  each  side.  It  is  the  con- 
tinued repetition  of  this  which  forms  the  full  or  compound  cyme, 
such  as  that  of  the  Laurustinus,  Hobblebush,  Dogwood,  and  Hy- 
drangea (Fig.  167). 

218.  A  Fascicle,  like  that  of  the  Sweet- William  and  Lychnis  of 
the  gardens,  is  only  a  cyme  with  the  flowers  much  crowded,  as  it 
were,  into  a  bundle. 

219.  A  Gloinemle  is  a  cyme  still  more  compacted,  so  as  to  form  a 
sort  of  head.     It  may  be  known  from  a  true  head  by  the  flowers 
not  expanding  centripetally,  that  is,  not  from  the  circumference  to- 
wards the  centre,  or  from  the  bottom  to  the  top. 

220.  The  illustrations  of  determinate  or  cymose  inflorescence  have 
been  taken  from  plants  with  opposite  leaves,  which  give  rise  to  the 
most  regular  cymes.     But  the  Rose,  Cinquefoil,  Buttercup,  and  the 
like,  with  alternate  leaves,  furnish  equally  good  examples  of  this 
class  of  flower-clusters. 

221.  It  may  be  useful  to  the  student  to  exhibit  the  principal  sorts 
of  inflorescence  in  one  view,  in  the  manner  of  the  following 


Analysis  of  Flower-Clusters, 


I.  INDETERMINATE  OR  CENTRIPETAL.  (198.) 
Simple ;  and  with  the 

Flowers  borne  on  pedicels, 

Along  the  sides  of  a  lengthened  axis,  RACEME,  201- 

Along  a  short  axis  ;  lower  pedicels  lengthened,   CORYMB,  203- 

Clustered  on  an  extremely  short  axis,  UMBEL,  205- 
Flowers  sessile,  without  pedicels  (206), 

Along  an  elongated  axis,  SPIKE,  207. 

On  a  very  short  axis,  HEAD,  208. 

with  their  varieties,  the  SPADIX,  209,  and  CATKIN,  210. 

Branching  irregularly,  PANICLE,  213. 

with  its  variety,  the  THYRSUS,  214. 
DETERMINATE  OR  CENTRIFUGAL.  (215.) 

Open,  mostly  flat-topped  or  convex,  CYME,  216. 

Contracted  into  a  bundle,  FASCICLE,  218. 

Contracted  into  a  sort  of  head,  GLOMERULE,  219. 

222.  The  numbers  refer  to  the  paragraphs  of  this  Lesson,  The 
various  sorts  run  together  by  endless  gradations  in  different  plants. 
The  botanist  merely  designates  the  leading  kinds  by  particular 
names.  Even  the  two  classes  of  inflorescence  are  often  found  com- 
bined in  the  same  plant.  For  instance,  in  the  whole  Mint  Family, 


84 


THE    FLOWER. 


[LESSON  12.' 


the  flower-clusters  are  centrifugal,  that  is,  are  cymes  or  fascicles  ; 
but  they  are  themselves  commonly  disposed  in  spikes  or  racemes, 
which  are  centripetal,  or  develop  in  succession  from  below  up- 
wards. 


LESSON   XII. 


THE  FLOWER:  ITS  PARTS  OR  ORGANS. 

223.  HAVING  considered,  in  the  last  Lesson,  the  arrangement  of 
flowers  on  the  stem,  or  the  places  from  which  they  arise,  we  now 
direct  our  attention  to  the  flower  itself. 

(224.  Nature  and  Use  Of  the  Flower,  The  object  of  the  flower  is  the 
production  of  seed.  The  flower  consists  of  all  those  parts,  or  organs, 
which  are  subservient  to  this  end.  Some  of  these  parts  are  neces- 
sary to  the  production  of  seed.  Others  serve  merely  to  protect  or 
support  the  more  essential  parts. 

FIG.  1G7.     Cyme  of  the  Wild  Hydrangea  (with  neutral  flowers  in  the  border). 


LESSON  12.]  ITS    PARTS    OR    ORGANS*  85 

225.  The  Organs  Of  the  Flower  are  therefore  of  two  kinds ;  namely, 
first,  the  protecting  organs,  or  leaves  of  the  flower,  —  also  called  the 
floral  envelopes,  —  and,  second,  the  essential  organs.  The  latter  are 
situated  within  or  a  little  above  the  former,  and  are  enclosed  by  them 
in  the  bud.  „ 

220.  TllC  Floral  Envelopes  in  a  complete  flower  are  double  ;  that  is, 
they  consist  of  two  whorls  (181),  or  circles  of  leaves,  one  above  or 
within  the  other.  The  outer  set  forms  the  Calyx ;  this  more  com- 
monly consists  of  green  or  greenish  leaves,  but  not  always.  The 
inner  set,  usually  of  a  delicate  texture,  and  of  some  other  color  than 
green,  and  in  most  cases  forming  the  most  showy  part  of  the  blos- 
som, is  the  Corolla. 

227.  The  floral  envelopes,  taken  together,  are  sometimes  called  the 
Perianth.     This  name  is  not  much  used,  however,  except  in  cases 
where  they  form  only  one  set,  at  least  in  appearance,  as  in  the  Lily, 
or  where,  for  some  other  reason,  the  limits  between  the  calyx  and 
the  corolla  are  not  easily  made  out. 

228.  Each  leaf  or  separate  piece  of  the  corolla  is  called  a  Petal ; 
each  leaf  of  the  calyx  is  called  a  Sepal.     The  sepals  and  the  petals 
• —  or,  in  other  words,  the  leaves  of  the  blossom  —  serve  to  protect, 
support,  or  nourish  the  parts  within.     They  do  not  themselves  make 
a  perfect  flower. 

229.  Some  plants,  however,  naturally  produce,  besides  their  per- 
fect flowers,  others  which  consist  only  of  calyx  and  corolla  (one  or 
both),  that  is,  of  leaves.     These,  destitute  as  they  are  of  the  essential 
organs,  and  incapable  of  producing  seed,  are  called  neutral  flowers. 
We  have  an  example  in  the  flowers  round  the  margin  of  the  cyme  of 
the  Hydrangea  (Fig.  167),  and  of  the  Cranberry-Tree,  or  Snowball, 
in  their  wild  state.     By  long  cultivation  in  gardens  the  whole  cluster 
has  been  changed  into  showy,  but  useless,  neutral  flowers,  in  these 
and  some  other  cases.     What  are  called  double  flowers,  such  as  full 
Roses  (Fig.  173),  Buttercups,  and  Camellias,  are  blossoms  which, 
under  the  gardener's  care,  have  developed  with  all  their  essential 
organs  changed  into  petals.     But  such  flowers  are  always  in  an 
unnatural  or  monstrous  condition,  and  are  incapable  of  maturing 
seed,  for  want  of 

230.  The  Essential  Organs.    These  are  likewise  of  two  kinds,  placed 
one  above  or  within  the  other ;  namely,  first,  the  Stamens  or  fertil- 
izing organs,  and,  second,  the  Pistils,  which  are  to  be  fertilized  and 
bear  the  seeds. 

8 


86 


THE    FLOWER. 


[LESSON  12. 


231.  Taking  them  in  succession,  therefore,  beginning  from  below, 
or  at  the  outside,  we  have  (Fig.  168,  169),  first,  the  calyx  or  outer 

circle  of  leaves,  which  are  individually 
termed  sepals  (a)  ;  secondly,  the  corolla 
or  inner  circle  of  delicate  leaves,  called 
petals  (b)  ;  then  a  set  of  stamens  (c)  ; 
and  in  the  centre  one  or  more  pistils  (d). 
The  end  of  the  flower-stalk,  or  the  short 
168  axis,  upon  which  all  these  parts  stand,  is 

called  the  Torus  or  Receptacle. 

232.  We  use  here  for  illus- 
tration the  flower  of  a  spe- 
cies of  Stonecrop  (Sedum  ter- 
natum),  —  which   is   a  com- 
mon plant  wild  in  the  Middle 
States,  and  in  gardens  almost 
everywhere,  —  because,    al- 
though small,  it  exhibits  all 

the  parts  in  a  perfectly  simple  and  separate  state,  and  so  answers  for 
a  sort  of  pattern  flower,  better  than  any  larger  one  that  is  common 
c  and  well  known. 

233.  A  Stamen  consists  of  two  parts, 
namely,  the  Filament  or  stalk  (Fig.  170, 
«),  and  the  Anther  (b).  The  latter  is 
0  the  only  essential  part.  It  is  a  case, 
commonly  with  two  lobes  or  cells,  each 
opening  lengthwise  by  a  slit,  at  the 
proper  time,  and  discharging  a  pow- 
der or  dust-like  substance,  usually  of  a  yellow  color.  This  powder 
is  the  Pollen,  or  fertilizing  matter,  to  produce  which  is  the  sole  office 
of  the  stamen. 

"2'\\.  A  Pistil  is  distinguished  into  three  parts  ;  namely,  —  beginning 
from  below,  —  the  Ovary,  the  Style,  and  the  Stigma.  The  Ovary  is 
the  hollow  case  or  young  pod  (Fig.  171,  a),  containing  rudimentary 
seeds,  called  Ovules  (d).  Fig.  172,  representing  a  pistil  like  that  of 

FIG.  1C8.  Flower  of  a  Stonecrop  :  Sedum  ternatum. 

FIG.  1C9.  Two  parts  of  each  kind  of  the  same  flower,  displayed  and  enlarged. 

FIG.  170.  A  stamen  :  a,  the  filament ;  ft,  the  anther,  discharging  pollen. 

FIG.  171.  A   pistil   divided   lengthwise,  showing   the   interior  of  the  ovary,  a,  and   ita 

ovules,  d  ;  ft,  the  style  ;  c,  stign.a. 

FIG.  172.  A  pistil,  enlarged  ;  the  ovary  cut  across  to  show  the  ovules  within. 

FIG.  173.  "  Double  "  Rose  j  the  essential  organs  all  replaced  by  petals. 


LESSON  12.] 


ITS    PARTS    OR    ORGANS. 


87 


Fig.  169,  d,  but  on  a  larger  scale,  and  with  the  ovary  cut  across, 
shows  the  ovules  as  they  appear  in  a  transverse 
section.  The  style  (Fig.  171,  b)  is  the  tapering 
part  above,  sometimes  long  and  slender,  sometimes 
short,  and  not  rarely  altogether  wanting,  for  it  is 
not  an  essential  part,  like  the  two  others.  The 
stigma  (c)  is  the  tip  or  some  other  portion  of  the 
style  (or  of  the  top  of  the  ovary  when  there  is  no 
distinct  style),  consisting  of  loose  tissue,  not  cov- 
ered, like  the  rest  of  the  plant,  by  a  skin  or  epi- 
dermis. It  is  upon  the  stigma  that  the  pollen 
falls ;  and  the  result  is,  that  the  ovules  contained 
in  the  ovary  are  fertilized  and  become  seeds,  by 
having  an  embryo  (16)  formed  in  them.  To  the 
pistil,  therefore,  all  the  other  organs  of  the  blos- 
som are  in  some  way  or  other  subservient :  the 
stamens  furnish  pollen  to  fertilize  its  ovules ;  the 
corolla  and  the  calyx  form  coverings  which  pro- 
tect the  whole. 

234\  These  are  all  the  parts  which  belong  to  any  flower.  But 
these  parts  appear  under  a  variety  of  forms  and  combinations,  some 
of  them  greatly  disguising  their  natural  appearance.  To  understand 
the  flower,  therefore,  under  whatever  guise  it  may  assume,  we  must 
study  its  plan. 


68  PLAN    OF    THE   FLOWER.  [LESSON  13. 


LESSON  XIII. 

THE    PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER. 

235.  THE  FLOWER,  like  every  other  part  of  the  plant,  is  formed 
upon  a  plan,  which  is  essentially  the  same  in  all  blossoms ;  and  the 
student  should  early  get  a  clear  idea  of  the  plan  of  the  flower.    Then 
the  almost  endless  varieties  which  different  blossoms  present  will  be 
at  once  understood  whenever  they  occur,  and  will  be  regarded  with 
a  higher  interest  than  their  most  beautiful  forms  and  richest  colors 
are  able  to  inspire. 

236.  We  have  already  become  familiar  with  the  plan  of  the  vege- 
tation;—  with  the  stem,  consisting  of  joint  raised  upon  joint,  each 
bearing  a  leaf  or  a  pair  of  leaves  ;  with  the  leaves  arranged  in  sym- 
metrical order,  every  leaf  governed  by  a  simple  arithmetical  law, 
which  fixes  beforehand  the  precise  place  it  is  to  occupy  on  the  stem ; 
and  we  have  lately  learned  (in  Lesson  11)  how  the  position  of  each 
blossom  is  determined  beforehand  by  that  of  the  leaves  ;  so  that  the 
shape  of  every  flower-cluster  in  a  bouquet  is  given  by  the  same  sim- 
ple mathematical  law  which  arranges  the  foliage.     Let  us  now  con- 
template the  flower  in  a  similar  way.     Having  just  learned  what 
parts  it  consists  of,  let  us  consider  the  plan  upon  which  it  is  made, 
and  endeavor  to  trace  this  plan  through  some  of  the  various  forms 
which  blossoms  exhibit  to  our  view. 

237.  In  order  to  give  at  the  outset  a  correct  idea  of  the  blossom, 
we  took,  in  the  last  Lesson,  for  the  purpose  of  explaining  its  parts,  a 
perfect,  complete,  regular,  and  symmetrical  flower,  and  one  nearly  as 
simple  as  such  a  flower  could  well  be.     Such  a  blossom  the  botanist 
regards  as 

:>:!*.  A  Typical  Flower,  that  is,  a  pattern  flower,  because  it  well  ex- 
emplifies the  plan  upon  which  all  flowers  are  made,  and  serves  as 
what  is  called  a  type,  or  standard  of  comparison. 

239.  Another  equally  good  typical  flower  (except  in  a  single  re- 
spect, which  will  hereafter  be  mentioned),  and  one  readily  to  be  ob- 
tained in  the  summer,  is  that  of  the  Flax  (Fig.  174).  The  parts 
differ  in  shape  from  those  of  the  Stonecrop  ;  but  the  whole  plan  is 
evidently  just  the  same  in  both.  Only,  while  the  Stonecrop  has  ten 
stamens,  or  in  many  flowers  eight  stamens,  —  in  all  cases  just  twice 


LESSON  13.]       PERFECT   AND    IMPERFECT    FLOWERS. 


89 


as  many  as  there  are  petals,  —  the  Flax  has  only  five  stamens,  or 
just  as  many  as  the  petals.     Such  flowers  as  these  are  said  to  be 

Perfect,  because  they  are 
provided  with  both  kinds  of 
essential  organs  (230),  namely, 
stamens  and  pistils ; 

Complete,  because  they  have 
all  the  sorts  of  organs  which 
any  flower  has,  namely,  both 
calyx  and  corolla,  as  well  as 
stamens  and  pistils  ; 

Regular,  because  all  the  parts 
of  each  set  are  alike  in  shape  and  size  ;  and 

Symmetrical,  because  they  have  an  equal  number  of  parts  of  each 
sort,  or  in  each  set  or  circle  of 
organs.  That  is,  there  are  five 
sepals,  five  petals,  five  stamens, 
or  in  the  Stonecrop  ten  stamens 
(namely,  two  sets  of  five  each), 
and  live  pistils. 

240.    On    the    other    hand, 
many  flowers  do  not  present 
this  perfect  symmetry  and  reg- 
ularity, or  this  completeness  of  parts, 
ingly,  we  may  have 

241.  Imperfect,  or  Separated  Flowers;  which  are 

those  where  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  separate 
blossoms ;  that  is,  one  sort  of  flowers  has  stamens 
and  no  pistils,  and  another  has  pistils  and  no  sta- 
mens, or  only  imperfect  ones.  The  blossom  which 
has  stamens  but  no  pistils  is  called  a  staminate  or 
sterile  flower  (Fig.  176)  ;  and  the  corresponding 
one  with  pistils  but  no  stamens  is  called  a  pistil- 
late or  fertile  flower  (Fig.  177).  The  two  sorts 
may  grow  on  distinct  plants,  from  different  roots, 
as  they  do  in  the  Willow  and  Poplar,  the  Hemp,  and  the  Moonseed 

FIG.  174.  Flowers  of  the  common  Flax :  a  perfect,  complete,  regular,  and  symmetrical 
blossom,  all  its  parts  in  fives.  175.  Half  of  a  Flax-flower  divided  lengthwise,  and  enlarged. 

FIG.  178.  Staminate  flower  of  Moonseed  (Mcnisperinum  Canadcnse).  177.  Pistillate 
flower  of  the  same. 

8* 


173 


Accord- 


90 


PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER. 


[LESSON  13. 


(Fig.  176, 177)  ;  when  the  flowers  are  said  to  be  dioecious  (from  two 
Greek  words  meaning  in  two  households).     Or  the  two  may  occur 

on  the  same  plant 
or  the  same  stem, 
as    in    the    Oak, 
Walnut,     Nettle, 
and  the  Castor-oil 
Plant  (Fig.  178); 
when  the  flowers 
are  said  to  be  mo- 
noecious (that  is,  in  one  household).     A  flower 
may,  however,  be  perfect,  that  is,  have  both 
stamens  and  pistils,  and  yet  be  incomplete. 

242.  Incomplete  Flowers  are  those  in  which 
one  or  both  sorts  of  the  floral  envelopes,  or 
leaves  of  the  blossom,  are  wanting.  Some- 
times only  one  sort  is  wanting,  as  in  the 
Castor-oil  Plant  (Fig.  178)  and  in  the  Anem- 
one (Fig.  179).  In  this  case  the  missing 
sort  is  always  supposed  to  be  the  inner,  that  is,  the  corolla ;  and 
accordingly  such  flowers  are  said  to  be  apetalous  (meaning  without 
petals).  Occasionally  both  the  corolla  and  the  calyx  are  wanting, 
when  the  flower  has  no  proper  cover- 
ings or  floral  envelopes  at  all.  It  is  then 
said  to  be  naked,  as  in  the  Lizard's- 
tail  (Fig.  180),  and  in  the  Willow. 

243.  Our  two  pattern  flowers  (Fig. 
168,  174)  are  regular  and  symmetrical 
(239).  We  commonly 
expect  this  to  be  the 
case  in  living  things. 
The  corresponding 

parts  of  plants,  like  the  limbs  or  members  of  ani- 
mals, are  generally  alike,  and  th<;  whole  arrange- 
ment is  symmetrical.     This   symmetry  pervades 
the  blossom,  especially.     But  the  student  may  often  fail  to  perceive 

FIG.  178.     Monoecious  flowers,  i.  e.  one  etaminate  (s)  and   one  pistillate  (p)  flower,  of 
the  Castor-oil  Plant,  growing  on  the  eamo  stem. 

FJ<;.  17H.     Aprt;ilous  (incomplete)  flower  of  Anemone  Pennsylvania. 
FIG.  J80.    A  naked  (but  perfect)  flower  of  the  Lizanl's-tail. 


LESSON  13.J       IRREGULAR  AND  UNSYMMETRICAL  FLOWERS  91 


it,  at  first  view,  at  least  in  cases  where  the  plan  is  more  or  less 
obscured  by  the  leaving  out  (obliteration)  of  one  or  more  of  the 
members  of  the  same  set,  or  by  some  in- 
equality in  their  size  and  shape.  The 
latter  circumstance  gives  rise  to 

244.  Irregular  Flowers,  This  name  is 
given  to  blossoms  in  which  the  different 
members  of  the  same  sort,  as,  for  exam- 
ple, the  petals  or  the  stamens,  are  unlike 
in  size  or  in  form.  We  have  familiar 

cases  of  the 
sort  in  the 
Larkspur 
(Fig.  183, 
184),  and 
Monkshood 
(Fig.  185, 
186);  also 
in  the  Vio- 
let (Fig.  181,  182).  In  the  latter  it 
is  the  corolla  principally  which  is  ir- 
regular, one  of  the  petals  being  larger 
than  the  rest,  and  extended  at  the 
base  into  a  hollow  protuberance  or 
spur.  In  the  Larkspur  (Fig.  183), 
both  the  calyx  and  the  corolla  par- 
take of  the  irregularity.  This  and 
the  Monkshood  are  likewise  good  ex- 
amples of 

245.  Unsymmetrfcal   Flowers,     We 

call  them  unsymmetrical,  when  the 
different  sets  of  organs  do  not  agree 
in  the  number  of  their  parts.  The 
irregular  calyx  of  Larkspur  (Fig.  183,  184)  consists  of  five  sepals, 
one  of  which,  larger  than  the  rest,  is  prolonged  behind  into  a  large 
spur;  but  the  corolla  is  made  of  only  four  petals  (of  two  shapes); 

FIG.  181.  Flower  of  a  Violet.  182.  Its  calyx  and  corolla  displayed:  the  five  smaller 
parts  are  the  sepals ;  the  five  intervening  larger  ones  are  the  petals. 

FIG.  183.  Flower  of  a  Larkspur.  184.  Its  calyx  and  corolla  displayed  ;  the  five  larger 
pieces  are  the  sepals ;  the  four  smaller,  the  petals. 


92 


PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER. 


[LESSON  13. 


the  fifth,  needed  to  complete  the  symmetry,  being  left  out.     And 
the   Monkshood    (Fig.  185,  18G)   has  five  very  dissimilar  sepals, 

and  a  corolla  of  only  two,  very  small, 
curiously-shaped  petals  ;  the  three  need- 
ed to  make  up  the  symmetry  being  left 
out.  For  a  flower  which  is  unsymmet- 
rical  but  regular,  we  may  take  the  com- 
mon Purslane,  which  has  a  calyx  of 
only  two  sepals,  but  a  corolla  of  five 
petals,  from  seven  to  twelve  stamens, 
and  about  six  styles.  The  Mustard, 
and  all  flowers  of  that  family,  are  un- 
symmetrical  as  to  the  stamens,  these 
being  six  in  number  (Fig.  188,  while 
the  leaves  of  the  blossom  (sepals  and 
petals)  are  each  only  four 
(Fig.  187).  Here  the 
stamens  are  irregular  also, 
two  of  them  being  shorter 
than  the  other  four. 

246.  Numerical  Plan  of 
the  Flower,   Although  not 

easy  to  make  out  in  all 
cases,  yet  generally  it  is 
plain  to  see  that  each 

blossom  is  based  upon  a  particular  number,  which 
runs  through  all  or  most  of  its  parts.  And  a  prin- 
cipal thing  which  a  botanist  notices  when  examin- 
ing a  flower  is  its  numerical  plan.  It  is  upon  this 
that  the  symmetry  of  the  blossom  depends.  Our  two 
pattern  flowers,  the  Stonecrop  (Fig.  1C8)  and  the 
Flax  (Fig.  174),  are  based  upon  the  number  five, 
•which  is  exhibited  in  all  their  parts.  Some  flowers  of  this  same 
Stonecrop  have  their  parts  in  fours,  and  then  that  number  runs 
throughout ;  namely,  there  are  four  sepals,  four  petals,  eight  stamens 
(two  sets),  and  four  pistils.  The  Mustard  (Fig.  187,  188),  Radish, 

FIG.  185.  Flower  of  a  Monkshood.  ]Rfi.  Its  parts  displayed  :  the  five  larper  pieces  are  the 
nopals  ;  the  two  small  ones  under  tlio  hood  are  petals ;  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  the 
centre. 

FIG.  187.    Flower  of  Mustard.    188.  Its  stamens  and  pistil  separate  and  enlarged. 


LESSON  13.]       THE    RELATIVE    POSITION    OF    ITS    PARTS. 


93 


&c.,  also  have  their  flowers  constructed  on  the  plan  of  four  as  to  the 
calyx  and  corolla,  but  this  number  is  interfered  with  in  the  stamens, 
either  by  the  leaving  out  of  two  sta- 
mens (which  would  complete  two  sets), 
or  in  some  other  way.  Next  to  five,  \ 
the  most  common  number  in  flowers 
is  three.  On  this  number  the  flowers 
of  Lily,  Crocus,  Iris,  Spiderwort,  and 
Trillium  (Fig.  189)  are  constructed. 
In  the  Lily  and  Crocus  the  leaves  of 
the  flower  at  first  view  appear  to  be 
six  in  one  set ;  but  the  bud  or  just-  139 

opening  blossom  plainly  shows  these  to  consist  of  an  outer  and  an 
inner  circle,  each  of  three  parts,  namely,  of  calyx  and  corolla,  both  of 
the  same  bright  color  and  delicate  texture.  In  the  Spiderwort  and 
Trillium  (Fig.  189)  the  three  outer 
leaves,  or  sepals,  are  green,  and  dif- 
ferent in  texture  from  the  three  inner, 
or  the  petals ;  the  stamens  are  six 
(namely,  two  sets  of  three  each),  and 
the  pistils  three,  though  partly  grown 
together  into  one  mass. 

247.  Alternation  of  Parts,  The  symmetry  of  the  flower  is  likewise 
shown  in  the  arrangement  or  relative  position  of  successive  parts. 
The  rule  is,  that  the  parts  of  successive  circles  alternate  with  one 
another.  That  is,  the  petals  stand  over  the  intervals  between  the 
sepals  ;  the  stamens,  when  of  the  same  number, 
stand  over  the  intervals  between  the  petals ;  or 
when  twice  as  many,  as  in  the  Trillium,  the 
outer  set  alternates  with  the  petals,  and  the 
inner  set,  alternating  with  the  other,  of  course 
stands  before  the  petals  ;  and  the  pistils  alter- 
nate with  these.  This  is  shown  in  Fig.  189, 
and  in  the  diagram,  or  cross-section  of  the  same  in  the  bud,  Fig.  190. 
And  Fig.  191  is  a  similar  diagram  or  ground-plan  (in  the  form  of  a 


FIG.  189.  Flower  of  Trillium  erectum,  or  Birthroot,  spread  out  a  little,  and  viewed  from 
above. 

FIG.  190.  Diagram  or  ground-plan  of  the  same,  as  it  would  appear  in  a  cross-section  of 
the  hud  ;  —  the  parts  all  in  the  same  relative  position. 

FIG.  191.     Diagram,  or  ground-plan,  of  the  Flax-flower,  Fig.  174. 


9-4  PLAN    OF   THE   FLOWER.  [LESSON  13. 

eection  made  across  the  bud)  of  the  Flax  blossom,  the  example  of  a 
pattern  symmetrical  flower  taken  at  the  beginning  of  this  Lesson, 
with  its  parts  all  in  fives. 

248.  Knowing  in  this  way  just  the  position  which  each  organ 
should  occupy  in  the  flower,  it  is  readily  understood  that  flowers 
often  become  unsymmetrical  through  the  loss  of  some  parts,  which 

belong  to  the  plan,  but  are  obliterated 
or  left  out  in  the  execution.  For  ex- 
ample, in  the  Larkspur  (Fig.  183, 
184),  as  there  are  five  sepals,  there 
should  be  five  petals  likewise.  We 
find  only  four ;  but  the  vacant  place 
where  the  fifth  belongs  is  plainly  rec- 
ognized at  the  lower  side  of  the  flower. 
Also  the  similar  plan  of  the  Monkshood  (Fig.  186)  equally  calls  for 
five  petals ;  but  three  of  them  are  entirely  obliterated,  and  the  two 
that  remain  are  reduced  to  slender  bodies,  which  look  as  unlike  or- 
dinary petals  as  can  well  be  imagined.  Yet  their  position,  answer- 
ing to  the  intervals  between  the  upper  sepals  and  the  side  ones, 
reveals  their  true  nature.  All  this  may  perhaps  be  more  plainly 
shown  by  corresponding  diagrams  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  of  the 
Larkspur  and  Monkshood  (Fig.  192,  193),  in  which  the  places  of 
the  missing  petals  are  indicated  by  faint  dotted  lines.  The  oblitera- 
tion of  stamens  is  a  still  more  common  case.  For  example,  the 
Snapdragon,  Foxglove,  Gerardia,  and  almost  all  flowers  of  the 
large  Figwort  family  they  belong  to,  have  the  parts  of  the  calyx 
and  corolla  five  each,  but  only  four  stamens  (Fig.  194) ;  the  place 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  flower  where  the  fifth  stamen  belongs  is 
vacant.  That  there  is  in  such  cases  a  real  obliteration  of  the  miss- 
ing part  is  shown  by  the 

2-1!).  Abortive  Organs,  or  vestiges  which  are  sometimes  met  with; 
• —  bodies  which  stand  in  the  place  of  an  organ,  and  represent  it, 
although  wholly  incapable  of  fulfilling  its  office.  Thus,  in  the  Fig- 
wort  family,  the  fifth  stamen,  which  is  altogether  missing  in  Gerardia 
(Fig.  194)  and  most  others,  appears  in  the  Figwort  as  a  little  scale, 
and  in  Pentstemon  (Fig.  195)  and  Turtlehead  as  a  sort  of  filament 
without  any  anther  ;  —  a  thing  of  no  use  whatever  to  the  plant,  but 

FIG.  192.  Diagram  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  of  a  Larkspur.  193.  Similar  diagram  of 
Monkshood.  The  dotted  lines  show  where  the  petals  are  wanting  ;  one  in  the  former,  three 
in  the  latter. 


LESSON  13.1 


ABORTIVE    ORGANS. 


95 


very  interesting  to  the  botanist,  since  it  completes  the  symmetry  of 
the  blossom.  And  to  show  that  this  really  is  the  lost  stamen,  it 
now  and  then  bears  an  anther,  or  the  rudiment  of  one.  So  the 
flower  of  Catalpa  should  likewise  have  five  stamens  ;  but  we  seldom 
find  more  than  two  good  ones.  Still  we 
may  generally  discern  the  three  others, 
as  vestiges  or  half-obliterated  stamens 
(Fig.  196).  In  separated  flowers  the 
rudiments  of  pistils  are  often  found  in 
the  sterile  blossom,  and  rudimentary  sta- 
mens in  the  fertile  blossom,  as  in  Moon- 
seed  (Fig.  177). 

250.  Multiplication  of  Parts,    Quite  in 

the  opposite  way,  the  simple  plan  of  the 
flower  is  often  more  or  less  obscured  by 
an  increase  in  the  number  of  parts.  In 
the  White  Water-Lily,  and  in  many 
Cactus-flowers  (Fig.  197),  all  the  parts 
are  very  numerous,  so  that  it  is  hard 
to  say  upon  what  number  the  blos- 
som is  constructed.  But  more  com- 
monly some  of  the  sets  are  few  and 
definite  in  the  number  of  their  parts. 
The  Buttercup,  for  instance,  has  five 
sepals  and  five  petals,  but  many  sta- 
mens and  pistils ;  so  it  is  built  upon 
the  plan  of  five.  The  flowers  of  Mag- 
nolia have  indefinitely  numerous  stamens 
and  pistils,  and  rather  numerous  floral  195 

envelopes  ;  but  these  latter  are  plainly  distinguishable  into  sets  o/ 
three ;  namely,  there  are  three  sepals,  and  six  petals  in  two  circles, 
or  nine  in  three  circles,  —  showing  that  these  blossoms  are  con- 
structed on  the  number  three. 


FIG.  194.  Corolla  of  a  purple  Gerardia  laid  open,  showing  the  four  stamens ;  the  cross 
shows  where  the  fifth  stamen  would  be,  if  present. 

FIG.  195.  Corolla,  laid  open,  and  stamens  of  Pentstemon  grandiflorus  of  Iowa,  &c.,  with 
a  sterile  filament  in  the  place  of  the  fifth  stamen,  and  representing  it. 

FIG.  19G.  Corolla  of  Catalpa  laid  open,  displaying  two  good  stamens  and  three  abortive 
vestiges  of  stamens. 


96  MORPHOLOGY   OP   THE   FLOWER.  [LESSON  14. 


LESSON   XIV. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    FLOWER. 

251.  IN  all  the  plant  till  we  came  to  the  blossom  we  found  nothing 
but  root,  stem,  and  leaves  (23,  118).  However  various  or  strange 
their  shapes,  and  whatever  their  use,  everything  belongs  to  one  of 
these  three  organs,  and  everything  above  ground  (excepting  the  rare 
case  of  aerial  roots)  is  either  stem  or  leaf.  We  discern  the  stem 
equally  in  the  stalk  of  an  herb,  the  trunk  and  branches  of  a  tree,  the 
trailing  or  twining  Vine,  the  straw  of  Wheat  or  other  Grasses,  the 
columnar  trunk  of  Palms  (Fig.  47),  in  the  flattened  joints  of  the 
Prickly-Pear  Cactus,  and  the  rounded  body  of  the  Melon  Cactus 
(Fig.  76).  Also  in  the  slender  runners  of  the  Strawberry,  the 
tendrils  of  the  Grape-vine  and  Virginia  Creeper,  the  creeping 
subterranean  shoots  of  the  Mint  and  Couchgrass,  the  tubers  of  the 
Potato  and  Artichoke,  the  solid  bulb  of  the  Crocus,  and  the  solid 
part  or  base  of  scaly  bulbs  ;  as  is  fully  shown  in  Lesson  6.  And  in 
Lesson  7  and  elsewhere  we  have  learned  to  recognize  the  leaf  alike 
in  the  thick  seed-leaves  of  the  Almond,  Bean,  Horsechestnut,  and  the 
like  (Fig.  9-24),  in  the  scales  of  buds  (Fig.  77),  and  the  thickened 

FIG.  197.     A  Cactus-flower,  viz.  of  Mamillarla  caespitosa  of  the  Upucr  Missouri 


LESSON  14.]       ARRANGEMENT    OF    LEAVES    IN    THE    BUD.  97 

Scales  of  bulbs  (Fig.  73-75),  in  the  spines  of  the  Barberry  and  the 
tendrils  of  the  Pea,  in  the  fleshy  rosettes  of  the  Houseleek,  the 
strange  fly-trap  of  Dionrca  (Fig.  81),  and  the  curious  pitcher  of  Sar- 
racenia  (Fig.  79). 

252.  Now  the  student  who  understands  these  varied  forms  or 
metamorphoses  of  the  stem  and  leaf,  and  knows  how  to  detect  the 
real  nature  of  any  part  of  the  plant  under  any  of  its  disguises, 
may  readily  trace  the  leaf  into  the  blossom  also,  and  perceive  that, 
as  to  their  morphology, 

253.  Flowers  are  altered  Branches,  and  their  parts,  therefore,  altered 
leaves.     That  is,  certain  buds,  which  might  have  grown  and  length- 
ened into  a  leafy  branch,  do,  under  other  circumstances  and  to  ac- 
complish other  purposes,  develop  into  blossoms.     In  these  the  axis 
remains  short,  nearly  as  it  is  in  the  bud  ;  the  leaves  therefore  remain 
close  together  in  sets  or  circles ;  the  outer  ones,  those  of  the  calyx, 
generally  partake  more  or  less  of  the  character  of  foliage  ;  the  next 
set  are  more  delicate,  and  form  the  corolla,  while  the  rest,  the  sta- 
mens and  pistils,  appear  under  forms  very  different  from  those  of 
ordinary  leaves,  and  are  concerned  in  the  production  of  seed.     This 
is  the  way  the  scientific  botanist  views  a  flower ;  and  this  view  gives 
to  Botany  an  interest  which  one  who  merely  notices  the  shape  and 
counts  the  parts  of  blossoms,  without  understanding  their  plan,  has 
no  conception  of. 

254.  That  flowers  answer  to  branches  may  be  shown  first  from 
their  position.     As  explained  in  the  Lesson  on  Inflorescence,  flowers 
arise  from  the  same  places  as  branches,  and  from  no  othdr ;  flower- 
buds,  like  leaf-buds,  appear  either  on  the  summit  of  a  &tem,  that  is, 

a  terminal  bud,  or  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf,  as  antwxillary  bud  (196). 
And  at  an  early  stage  it  is  often  impossible  to  foretell  whether  the 
bud  is  to  give  rise  to  a  blossom  or  to  a  branch. 

255.  That  the  sepals  and  petals  are  of  the  nature  of  leaves  is 
evident  from  their  appearance  ;  persons  who  are  not  botanists  com- 
monly call  them  the  leaves  of  the  flower.     The  calyx  is  most  gen- 
erally green  in  color,  and  foliaceous  (leaf-like)  in  texture.     And 
though  the  corolla  is  rarely  green,  yet  neither  are  proper  leaves 
always  green.     In  our  wild  Painted-Cup,  and  in  some  scarlet  Sages, 
common  in  gardens,  the  leaves  just  under  the  flowers  are  of  the 
brightest  red  or  scarlet,  often  much  brighter-colored  than  the  corolla 
itself.     And  sometimes  (as  in  many  Cactuses,  and  in  Carolina  All- 
spice) there  is  sueh  a  regular  gradation  from  the  last  leaves  of  the 

9 


98  MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    FLOWER.  [LESSON  14. 

plant  (bracts  or  bractlets)  into  the  leaves  of  the  calyx,  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  say  where  the  one  ends  and  the  other  begins.  And  if 
sepals  are  leaves,  so  also  are  petals ;  for  there  is  no  clearly  fixed 
limit  between  them.  Not  only  m  the  Carolina  Allspice  and  Cactus 
(Fig.  197),  but  in  the  Water-Lily  (Fig.  198)  and  a  variety  of 
flowers  with  more  than  one  row  of  petals,  there  is  such  a  complete 
transition  between  calyx  and  corolla  that  no  one  can  surely  tell  how 
many  of  the  leaves  belong  to  the  one  and  how  many  to  the  other. 

256.  It  is  very  true  that  the  calyx  or  the  corolla  often  takes  the 
form  of  a  cup  or  tube,  instead  of  being  in  separate  pieces,  as  in  Fig. 
194-196.      It   is  then  composed  of  two  or  more  leaves  grown 
together.     This  is  no  objection  to  the  petals  being  leaves ;  for  the 
same  thing  takes  place  with  the  ordinary  leaves  of  many  plants,  as, 
for  instance,  in  the  upper  ones  of  Honeysuckles  (Fig.  132). 

257.  That  stamens  are  of  the  same  general  nature  as  petals,  and 
therefore  a  modification  of  leaves,  is  shown  by  the  gradual  transitions 
that  occur  between  the  one  and  the  other  in  many  blossoms ;  es- 
pecially in  cultivated  flowers,  such  as  Roses  and  Camellias,  when 
they  begin  to  double,  that  is,  to  change  their  stamens  into  petals. 
Some  wild  and.  natural  flowers  show  the  same  interesting  transitions. 
The  Carolina  Allspice  and  the  White  Water-Lily  exhibit  complete 
gradations  not  only  between  sepals  and  petals,  but  between  petals 
and  stamens.     The  sepals  of  the  Water-Lily  are  green  outside,  but 
white  and  petal-like  on  the  inside ;  the  petals,  in  many  rows,  grad- 
ually grow  narrower  towards  the  centre  of  the  flower ;  some  of  these 
are  tipped  with  a  trace  of  a  yellow  anther,  but  still  are  petals ;  the 
next  are  more  contracted  and  stamen-like,  but  with  a  flat  petal-like 
filament ;  and  a  further  narrowing  of  this  completes  the  genuine  sta- 
men.    A  series  of  these  stages  is  shown  in  Fig.  198. 

258.  Pistils  and  stamens  now  and  then  change  into  each  other  in 
some  Willows  ;  pistils  often  turn  into  petals  in  cultivated  flowers ; 
and  in  the  Double  Cherry  they  occasionally  change  directly  into 
small  green  leaves.     Sometimes  a  whole  blossom  changes  into  a 
cluster  of  green  leaves,  as  in  the  "  green  roses  "  which  are  occa- 
sionally noticed  in  gardens,  and  sometimes  it  degenerates  into  a 
leafy  branch.     So  the  botanist  regards  pistils  also  as  answering  to 
leaves.     And  his  idea  of  a  pistil  is,  that  it  consists  of  a  leaf  with  its 
margins  curved  inwards  till  they  meet  and  unite  to  form  a  closed 
cavity,  the  ovary,  while  the  tip  is  prolonged  to  form  the  style  and 
bear  the  stigma ;  as  will  be  illustrated  in  the  Lesson  upon  the  Pistil. 


LESSON  15.] 


THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA. 


99 


259.  Moreover,  the  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  the  flower  answers 
to  that  of  leaves,  as  illustrated  in  Lesson  10,  —  either  to  a  succes- 
sion of  whorls  alternating  with  each  other  in  the  manner  of  whorled 
leaves,  or  in  some  regular  form  of  spiral  arrangement. 


LESSON   XV. 

MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  CALYX  AND  COROLLA. 

260.  HAVING  studied  the  flower  as  a  whole,  we  proceed  to  con- 
sider  more  particularly  its  several  parts,  especially  as  to  the  principal 
differences  they  present  in  different  plants.     We  naturally  begin 
with  the  leaves  of  the  blossom,  namely,  the  calyx  and  corolla.     And 
first  as  to 

261.  The  Growing  together  Of  Parts,     It  is  this  more  than  anything 
else  which  prevents  one  from  taking  the  idea,  at  first  sight,  that  the 
flower  is  a  sort  of  very  short  branch  clothed  with  altered  leaves. 
For  most  blossoms  we  meet  with  have  some  of  their  organs  grown 
together  more  or  less.     We  have  noticed  it  as  to  the  corolla  of  Ge- 
rardia,  Catalpa,  &c.  (Fig.  194-196),  in  Lesson  13.     This  growing 


PIG.  198.    Succession  of  sepals,  petals,  gradations  between  petals  and  stamens,  and  tn» 
stamens,  of  the  Nymph«a,  or  White  Water-Lily. 


100 


THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA. 


[LESSON  15. 


together  takes  place  in  two  ways :  either  parts  of  the  same  kind, 
or  parts  of  different  kinds,  may  be  united.  The  first  we  may  call 
simply  the  union,  the  second  the  consoli- 
dation) of  parts. 

2 62.  Union  OF  Cohesion  with  one  another 
of  parts  of  the  same  sort.  We  very  com- 
monly find  that  the  calyx  or  the  corolla 
is  a  cup  or  tube,  instead  of  a  set  of  leaves. 
Take,  for  example,  the  flower  of  the  Stra- 
monium or  Thorn- Apple,  where  both  the 
calyx  and  the  corolla  are  so  (Fig.  199); 
likewise  the  common  Morning-Glory,  and 
the  figures  201  to  203,  where  the  leaves 
of  the  corolla  are  united  into  one  piece, 
but  those  of  the  calyx  are  separate.  Now 
there  are  numerous  cases  of  real  leaves 
growing  together  much  in  the  same 
way,  —  those  of  the  common  Thorough- 
wort,  and  the  upper  pairs  in  Woodbines 
or  Honeysuckles,  for  example  (Fig.  132) ; 
so  that  we  might  expect  it  to  occur  in 
the  leaves  of  the  blossom  also.  And  that  this  is  the  right  view  to 
take  of  it  plainly  appears  from  the  transitions  everywhere  met  with 
in  different  plants,  between  a  calyx  or  a  corolla  of  separate  pieces 
and  one  forming  a  perfect  tube  or  cup.  Figures  200  to  203  show 
one  complete  set  of  such  gradations  in  the  corolla,  and  Fig.  204  to 
206  another,  in  short  and  open  corollas.  How  many  leaves  or  petals 
each  corolla  is  formed  of  may  be  seen  by  the  number  of  points  or 
tips,  or  of  the  notches  (called  sinuses)  which  answer  to  the  inter- 
vals between  them. 

203.  When  the  parts  are  united  in  this  way,  whether  much  or 
little,  the  corolla  is  said  to  be  monopetalous,  and  the  calyx  mono- 
sepalous.  These  terms  mean  "  of  one  petal,"  or  "  of  one  sepal "  ; 
that  is,  of  one  piece.  Wherefore,  taking  the  corolla  or  the  calyx 
as  a  whole,  we  say  that  it  is  parted  when  the  parts  are  separate 
almost  to  the  base,  as  in  Fig.  204  ;  cleft  or  lobcd  when  the  notches 
do  not  extend  below  the  middle  or  thereabouts,  as  in  Fig.  205  ; 


FIG.  190.    Flower  of  the  common  Stramonium  ;  both  the  calyx  and  the  corolla  with  then 
parts  united  into  a  tub*. 


LESSON  15.] 


UNION    OF    PARTS. 


101 


toothed  or  dentate,  when  only  the  tips  are  separate  as  short  points ; 
entire,  when  the  border  is  even,  without  points  or  notches,  as  in  the 


common  Morning- Glory,  and  very  nearly  so  in  Fig.  203 ;  and  so 
on ;  —  the  terms  being  just  the  same  as  those  applied  to  leaves  and 
all  other  flat  bodies,  and  illustrated  in  Lessons  8  and  9. 

264.  There  is  a  set  of  terms  applied  particularly  to  calyxes, 
corollas,  or  other  such  bodies  of  one  piece,  to  express  their  general 
shape,  which  we  see  is  very  various.  The  following  are  some  of 
the  principal :  — 

Wheel-shaped,  or  rotate  ;  when  spreading  out  at  once,  without  a 
tube  or  with  a  very  short  one,  something  in  the  shape  of  a  wheel 
or  of  its  diverging  spokes,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the  Potato  and  Bitter- 
sweet (Fig.  204,  205). 

Salver-shaped,  or  salver-form  ;  when  a  flat-spreading  border  ifl 
raised  on  a  narrow  tube,  from  which  it  diverges  at  right  angles, 


like  the  salver  represented  in  old  pictures,  with  a  slender  handle 
beneath.  The  corolla  of  the  Phlox  (Fig.  208)  and  of  the  Cypress- 
Vine  (Fig.  202)  are  of  this  sort. 


FIG.  200.    Corolla  of  Soapvvort  (the  same  in  Pinks,  &c.),  of  5  separate,  long-clawed  petals. 

F[G.  201.  Flower  of  Gilia  or  Ipomopsis  coronopifolia ;  the  parts  answering  to  the  dawn 
of  the  petals  of  the  last  figure  here  all  united  into  a  tube. 

FIG.  202.  Flower  of  the  Cypress-Vine  ;  the  petals  a  little  farther  united  into  a  five-lobed 
spreading  border. 

FIG.  203.  Flower  of  the  small  Scarlet  Morning-Glory,  the  five  petals  it  is  composed  of 
perfectly  united  into  a  trumpet-shaped  tube,  with  the  spreading  border  nearly  even  (or  entire). 

FIG.  204.     Wheel-shaped  and  five-parted  corolla  of  Bittersweet  (Solanum  Dulcamara). 

FIG,  205.     Wheel-shaped  and  five-cleft  corolla  of  the  common  Potato. 

FIG.  206.    Almost  entire  and  very  open  bell-shaped  corolla  of  a  Ground  Cherry  (Physalis). 

9* 


102 


THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA. 


[LESSON  15. 


Bell-shaped,  or  campanulate ;  where  a  short  and  broad  tube 
widens  upward,  in  the  shape  of  a  bell,  as  in  Fig.  207. 

Funnel-shaped,  or  funnel-form  ;  gradually  spreading  at  the  sum- 
mit of  a  tube  which  is  narrow  below,  in  the  shape  of  a  funnel  or 
tunnel,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the  common  Morning-Glory,  and  of  the 
Stramonium  (Fig.  199). 

Tubular  ;  when  prolonged  into  a  tube,  without  much  spreading  at 
the  border,  as  in  .the  corolla  of  the  Trumpet  Honeysuckle,  the  calyx 
of  Stramonium  (Fig.  199),  &c. 


210 


211 


265.  In  most  of  these  cases  we  may  distinguish  two  parts ;  namely, 
the  tube,  or  the  portion  all  in  one  piece  and  with  its  sides  upright  or 
nearly  so  ;  and  the  border  or  limb,  the  spreading  portion  or  summit. 
The  limb  may  be  entire,  as  in  Fig.  203,  but  it  is  more  commonly 
lobed,  that  is,  partly  divided,  as  in  Fig.  202,  or  parted  down  nearly 
to  the  top  of  the  tube,  as  in  Fig.  208,  &c. 

266.  So,  likewise,  a  separate  petal  is  sometimes  distinguishable 
into  two  parts ;  namely,  into  a  narrowed  base  or  stalk-like  part  (a? 
in  Fig.  200,  where  this  part  is  peculiarly  long),  called  the  claw,  and 
a  spreading  and  enlarged  summit,  or  body  of  the  petal,  called  the 
lamina  or  blade. 

267.  When  parts  of  the  same  set  are  not  united  (as  in  the  Flax, 
Cherry,  &c.,  Fig.  212-215),  we  call  them  distinct.    Thus  the  sepals 
or  the  petals  are  distinct  when  not  at  all  united  with  each  other.    As 
a  calyx  with  sepals  united  into  one  body  is  called  monosepalous  (263, 
that  is,  one-sepalled),  or  sometimes  monophyllous,  that  is,  one-leaved ; 
so,  on  the  other  hand,  when  the  sepals  are  distinct,  it  is  said  to  be 

PIG.  207.  Flower  of  the  Harebell,  with  a  rampannlate  or  hell-shaped  corolla.  208.  Of  a 
Phlox,  with  salver-shaped  corolla.  209.  Of  Dead-Nettie  (Lamimn),  with  lahiatc  ringent  (or 
gaping)  corolla.  210.  Of  Snapdragon,  with  labiate  personate  corolla.  211.  Of  Toad-Flax, 
with  a  similar  corolla  spurred  at  the  base. 


LESSON  15.] 


CONSOLIDATION    OF   PARTS. 


103 


polysepalous,  that  is,  composed  of  several  or  many  sepals.  And  a 
corolla  with  distinct  petals  is  said  to  be  polypetalous. 

268.  Consolidation,  the  growing  together  of  the  parts  of  two  or  more 
different  sets.     In  the  most  natural  or  pattern  flower  (as  explained 
in  Lessons   13   and    14),  the 

several  parts  rise  from  the 
receptacle  or  axis  in  succes- 
sion, like  leaves  upon  a  very 
short  stem  ;  the  petals  just 
above  or  within  the  sepals, 
the  stamens  just  above  or 
within  these,  and  then  the 
pistils  next  the  summit  or 

centre.  Now  when  contiguous  parts  of  different  sorts,  one  within 
the  other,  unite  at  their  base  or  origin,  it  obscures  more  or  less  the 
plan  of  the  flower,  by  consolidating  organs  which  in  the  pattern 
flower  are  entirely  separate.  213 

269.  The  nature  of  this  con- 
solidation will  be  at  once  un- 
derstood on  comparing  the  fol- 
lowing series  of   illustrations. 
Fig.  212  represents  a  flower  of 
the  common  Flax,  cut  through 
lengthwise,  so  as  to  show  the 
attachment  (or  what  the  bot- 
anist calls  the  insertion)  of  all 
the  parts.     Here  they  are  all 
inserted  on,  that  is  grow  out 
of,  the   receptacle  or  axis  of 
the  blossom.     In  other  words, 
there  is  no  union  at  all  of  the 
parts  of  contiguous  circles.    So 
the  parts  are  said  to  be  free. 

And  the  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens,  all  springing  of  course  from 
beneath  the  pistils,  which  are  on  the  very  summit  of  the  axis,  are 
said  to  be  hypqqynom  (a  term  composed  of  two  Greek  words,  mean- 
ing "under  the  pistil"). 
•»• 

FIG.  212.    A  Flax-flower,  cut  through  lengthwise. 

FIG.  213.    Flower  of  a  Cherry,  divided  in  the  same  way. 

FIG.  214,    Flower  of  the  common  Purslane,  divided  lengthwise. 


104 


THE    CALYX   AND    COROLLA. 


[LESSON  15. 


270.  Fig.  213  is  a  flower  of  a  Cherry,  cut  through  lengthwise  in 
the  same  way.     Here  the  petals  and  the  stamens  grow  out  of,  that 
is,  are  inserted  on,  the  calyx ;  in  other  words  they  cohere  or  are 
consolidated  with  the  base  of  the  calyx  up  to  a  certain  height.     In 
such  cases  they  are  said  to  be  perigynous  (from  two  Greek  words, 
meaning  around  the  pistil).     The  consolidation  in  the  Cherry  is  con- 
fined to  the  calyx,  corolla,  and  stamens  :  the  calyx  is  still  free  from 
the  pistil.     One  step  more  we  have  in 

271.  Fig.  214,  which  is  a  similar  section  of  a  flower  of  a  Purslane. 

Here  the  lower  part  of  the 
calyx  (carrying  with  it  of 
course  the  petals  and  stamens) 
is  coherent  with  the  surface  of 
the  whole  lower  half  of  the 
ovary.  Therefore  the  calyx, 
seeming  to  rise  from  the  mid- 
dle of  the  ovary,  is  said  to  be 
half  superior,  instead  of  being 
inferior,  as  it  is  when  entirely  free.  It  is  better  to  say,  however, 
calyx  half-adherent  to  the  ovary.  Every  gradation  occurs  between 
n  such  a  case  and  that  of  a  calyx 

altogether  free  or  inferior,  as 
we  see  in  different  Purslanes 
and  Saxifrages.  The  consol- 
idation goes  farther, 

272.  In  the  Apple,  Quince, 
Hawthorn  (Fig.  215),  &c. 
Here  the  tube  of  the  calyx 
is  consolidated  with  the  whole 
surface  of  the  ovary ;  and  its 
limb,  or  free  part,  therefore  appears  to  spring  from  its  top,  instead  of 
underneath  it,  as  it  naturally  should.  So  the  calyx  is  said  to  be 
superior,  or  (more  properly)  adherent  to,  or  coherent  with,  the  ovary. 
In  most  cases  (and  very  strikingly  in  the  Evening  Primrose),  the 
tube  of  the  calyx  is  continued  on  more  or  less  beyond  the  ovary, 
and  has  the  petals  and  stamens  consolidated  with  it  for  some  dis- 
tance; these  last,  therefore,  being  borne  on  the  calyx,  are  said  to 
be  perigynous,  as  before  (270). 


FIG.  215.    Flower  of  a  Hawthorn,  divided  lengthwise. 
FIG.  216.    Flower  of  the  Cranberry,  divided  lengthwise. 


LESSON  15.] 


IRREGULARITY    OF    PARTS. 


105 


273.  But  if  the  tube  of  the  calyx  ends  immediately  at  the  summit 
of  the  ovary,  and  its  lobes  as  well  as  the  corolla  and  stamens  are  as 
it  were  inserted  directly  on  the  ovary,  they  are  said  to  be  epigynous 
(meaning  on  the  pistil),  as  in  Cornel,  the  Huckleberry,  and  the  Cran- 
berry (Fig.  216). 

274.  Irregularity  Of  Parts  in  the  calyx  and  corolla  has  already  been 
noticed  (244)  as  sometimes  obstructing  one's  view  of  the  real  plan  of 
a  flower.     There  is  infinite  variety  in  this  respect ;  but  what  has 
already  been  said  will  enable  the  student  to  understand  these  irreg- 
ularities when  they  occur.     We  have  only  room  to  mention  one  or 
two  cases  which  have  given  rise  to 

particular  names.  A  very  common 
kind,  among  polypetalous  (267) 
flowers,  is 

275.  The  Papilionaceous  flower 
of  the  Pea,  Bean,  and  nearly  all 

that  family.     In  this  we  have  an  21? 

irregular  corolla  of  a  peculiar  shape,  which  Linnaeus  likened  to  a 
butterfly  (whence  the  term,  papilio  being  the  Latin  name  for  a  but- 
terfly) ;  but  the  resemblance  is 
not  very  obvious.  The  five  pet- 
als of  a  papilionaceous  corolla 
(Fig.  217)  have  received  different 
names  taken  from  widely  different 
objects.  The  upper  and  larger 
petal  (Fig.  218,  5),  which  is  gen- 
erally wrapped  round  all  the  rest 
in  the  bud,  is  called  the  standard 
or  banner.  The  two  side  petals 
(id)  are  called  the  ivings.  And 
the  two  anterior  ones  (&),  the 
blades  of  which  commonly  stick 
together  a  little,  and  which  en- 
close the  stamens  and  pistil  in  the  flower,  from  their  forming  a 
body  shaped  somewhat  like  the  keel,  or  rather  the  prow,  of  an 
ancient  boat,  are  together  named  the  keel. 

276.  The  Labiate  or  bilabiate  (that  is,  two-lipped)  flower  is  a  very 
common  form  of  the  monopetalous  corolla,  as  in  the  Snapdragon 


FIG.  217.    Front  view  of  the  papilionaceous  corolla  of  the  Locust-tree.    218.  The  parts  of 
the  same,  displayed' 


106  THE    CALYX   AND    COROLLA.  [LESSON  15. 

(Fig.  210),  Toad-Flax  (Fig.  211),  Dead-Nettie  (Fig.  209),  Catnip, 
Horsemint,  &c. ;  and  in  the  Sage,  the  Catalpa,  &c.,  the  calyx  also  is 
two-lipped.  This  is  owing  to  unequal  union  of  the  different  parts  of 
the  same  sort,  as  well  as  to  diversity  of  shape.  In  the  corolla  two 
of  the  petals  grow  together  higher  than  the  rest,  sometimes  to  the 
very  top,  and  form  the  upper  lip,  and  the  three  remaining  ones  join 
on  the  other  side  of  the  flower  to  form  the  lower  lip,  which  therefore 
is  more  or  less  three-lobed,  while  the  upper  lip  is  at  most  only  two- 
lobed.  And  if  the  calyx  is  also  two-lipped,  as  in  the  Sage,  —  since 
the  parts  of  'the  calyx  always  alternate  with  those  of  the  corolla 
(247), — then  the  upper  lip  has  three  lobes  or  teeth,  namely,  is  com- 
posed of  three  sepals  united,  while  the  lower  has  only  two  ;  which  is 
the  reverse  of  the  arrangement  in  the  corolla.  So  that  all  these 
flowers  are  really  constructed  on  the  plan  of  five,  and  not  on  that  of 
two,  as  one  would  at  first  be  apt  to  suppose.  In  Gerardia,  &c.  (Fig. 
194, 195),  the  number  five  is  evident  in  the  calyx  and  corolla,  but  is 
more  or  less  obscured  in  the  stamens  (249).  In  Catalpa  this  num- 
ber is  masked  in  the  calyx  by  irregular  union,  and  in  the  stamens  by 
abortion.  A  different  kind  of  irregular  flower  is  seen  in 

277.  The  Ligulate  or  strap- 
sltujH'd  corolla  of  most  com- 
pound flowers.  "What  was 
called  the  compound  flower 
of  a  Dandelion,  Succory  (Fig. 
221),  Thistle,  Sunflower,  As- 
ter, Whiteweed,  &c.,  consists 
of  many  distinct  blossoms, 
closely  crowded  together  into 
a  head,  and  surrounded  by  an  involucre  (208).  People  who  are  not 
botanists  commonly  take  the  whole  for  one  flower,  the  involucre  for 
a  calyx,  and  corollas  of  the  outer  or  of  all  the  flowers  as  petals. 
And  this  is  a  very  natural  mistake  when  the  flowers  around  the 
edge  have  flat  and  open  or  strap-shaped  corollas,  while  the  rest 
are  regular  and  tubular,  but  small,  as  in  the  Whiteweed,  Sunflower, 
&c.  Fig.  219  represents  such  a  case  in  a  Coreopsis,  with  the 
head,  or  so-called  compound  flower,  cut  through  ;  and  in  Fig.  220 
we  see  one  of  the  perfect  flowers  of  the  centre  or  di&k,  with  a  reg- 
ular tubular  corolla  (a),  and  with  the  slender  bract  (b)  from  whose 

FIG.  219.    Head  of  flowers  (the  so-called  "  compound  flower  ")  of  Coreopsis,  divided 
lengthwise. 


LESSON  15.]  SO-CALLED    COMPOUND    FLOWERS. 


107 


axil  it  grew-;  and  also  one  belonging  to  the  margin,  or  ray,  with 
a  strap-shaped  corolla  (c),  borne  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf  or  bract  of 


220 

the  involucre  (d).  Here  the  ray-flower  consists  merely  of  a  strap- 
shaped  corolla,  raised  on  the  small  rudiment  of  an  ovary;  it  is 
therefore  a  neutral  flower,  like  those  of  the  ray  or  margin  of  the 
cluster  in  Hydrangea  (229,  Fig.  167),  only  of  a  different  shape. 
More  commonly  the  flowers  with  a  strap-shaped  corolla  are  pis- 
tillate, that  is,  have  a  pistil  only,  and  produce  seed  like  the  others, 
as  in  Whiteweed.  But  in  the  Dandelion,  Succory  (Fig.  221,  222), 


and  all  of  that  tribe,  these  flowers  are  perfect,  that  is,  bear  both 
stamens  and  pistils.  And  moreover  all  the  flowers  of  the  head  are 
strap-shaped  and  alike. 

278.  Puzzling  as  these  strap-shaped  corollas  appear  at  first  view, 
an  attentive  inspection  will  generally  reveal  the  plan  upon  which 
they  are  constructed.  We  can  make  out  pretty  plainly,  that  each 
one  consists  of  five  petals  (the  tips  of  which  commonly  appear  as  five 
teeth  at  the  extremity),  united  by  their  contiguous  edges,  except  on 

FIG.  220.  A  slice  of  Fig.  219,  more  enlarged,  with  one  tubular  perfect  flower  (a)  left 
standing  on  the  receptacle,  with  its  bractlet  or  chaff  (6),  one  ligulate,  neutral  ray-flower  (c), 
and  part  of  another:  d,  section  of  bracts  or  leaves  of  the  involucre. 

FIG.  222,    Head  of  flowers  of  Succory,  cut  through  lengthwise  and  enlarged. 


108  THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA.  [LESSON  16. 

one  side,  and  spread  out  flat.  To  prove  that  this  is  the.  case,  we  have 
only  to  compare  such  a  corolla  (that  of  Coreopsis,  Fig.  220,  c,  or 
one  from  the  Succory,  for  instance)  with  that  of  the  Cardinal-flower, 
or  of  any  other  Lobelia,  which  is  equally  split  down  along  one  side  ; 
and  this  again  with  the  less  irregular  corolla  of  the  Woodbine,  par- 
tially split  down  on  one  side. 


LESSON   XVI. 

ESTIVATION,  OR  THE  ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  CALYX  AND  CO- 
ROLLA IN  THE  BUD. 

279.  ESTIVATION  or  Prcefloration  relates  to  the  way  in  which 
the  leaves  of  the  flower,  or  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  or  corolla,  are 
placed  with  respect  to  each  other  in  the  bud.  This  is  of  some 
importance  in  distinguishing  different  families  or  tribes  of  plants, 
being  generally  very  uniform  in  each.  The  aestivation  is  best  seen 

FIG.  221.    Compound  flowers,  i.  e.  beads  of  flowers,  of  Succory, 


LESSON  16.]        THEIR   ARRANGEMENT    IN    THE    BUD. 


109 


by  making  a  horizontal  slice  of  the  flower-bud  when  just  ready  to 
open  ;  and  it  may  be  expressed  in  diagrams,  as  in  Fig.  223,  224. 

280.  The  pieces  of  the  calyx  or  the  corolla  either  overlap  each 
other  in  the  bud,  or  they  do  not.  When  they  do  not,  the  aestivation 
is  commonly 

Yah-ate,  as  it  is  called  when  the  pieces  meet  each  other  by  their 
abrupt  edges  without  any  infolding  or  overlapping ;  as  the  calyx  of 
the  Linden  or  Basswood  (Fig.  223)  and  the  Mallow,  and  the  corolla 
of  the  Grape,  Virginia  Creeper,  &c.  Or  it  may  be 

Induplicate,  which  is  valvate  with  the  margins  of  each  piece  pro- 
jecting inwards,  or  involute  (like  the  leaf  in  Fig.  152),  as  in  the 
calyx  of  Virgin's-Bower  and  the  corolla  of  the  Potato,  or  else 

Reduplicate,  like  the  last,  but  the  margins  projecting  outwards 
instead  of  inwards ;  these  last  being  mere  vari- 
ations of  the  valvate  form. 

281.  When  the  pieces  overlap  in  the  bud,  it 
is  in  one  of  two  ways  :  either  every  piece  has 
one  edge  in  and  one  edge  out ;  or  some  pieces 
are  wholly  outside  and  others  wholly  inside. 
In  the  first  case  the  cestivation  is 
Convolute  or  twisted,  as  in  the  corolla  of  Geranium  (most  com- 
monly, Fig.   224),  Flax  (Fig.   191),  and  of  the   Mallow  Family. 
Here  one  edge  of  every  petal  covers  the  next 
before  it,  while  its  other  edge  is  covered  by 
the  next  behind  it.    In  the  second  case  it  is 

Imbricated  or  imbricate,  or  breaking  joints, 
like  shingles  on  a  roof,  as  in  the  calyx  of  Ge- 
ranium (Fig.  224)  and  of  Flax  (Fig.  191), 
and  the  corolla  of  the  Linden  (Fig.  223).  In 
these  cases  the  parts  are  five  in  number;  and  the  regular  way  then 
is  (as  in  the  calyx  of  the  figures  above  cited)  to  have  two  pieces  en- 
tirely external  (1  arid  2),  one  (3)  with  one  edge  covered  by  the  first, 
while  the  other  edge  covers  that  of  the  adjacent  one  on  the  other 
side,  and  two  (4  and  5)  wholly  within,  their  margins  at  least  being 
covered  by  the  rest.  That  is,  they  just  represent  a  circle  of  five 
leaves  spirally  arranged  on  the  five-ranked  or  f  plan  (187,  188, 
and  Fig.  143  - 145),  only  with  the  stem  shortened  so  as  to  bring 
the  parts  close  together.  The  spiral  arrangement  of  the  parts  of 

FIG.  223.     Section  across  the  flower-bud  of  Linden. 

FIG.  224.     Section  across  the  flower-bud  of  Geranium  :  the  sepals  numbered  in  their  order- 

10 


110  ARRANGEMENT    OF   PARTS    IN    THE    BUD.       [LESSON  16. 

the  blossom  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  foliage,  —  an  additional  evi- 
dence that  the  flower  is  a  sort  of  branch.  The  petals  of  the  Linden, 
with  only  one  outside  and  one  inside,  as  shown  in  Fig.  223,  exhibit 
a  gradation  between  the  imbricated  and  the  convolute  modes.  When 
the  parts  are  four  in  number,  generally  two  opposite  ones  overlap  the 
other  two  by  both  edges.  When  three  in  number,  then  one  is  outer- 
most, the  next  has  one  edge  out  and  the  other  covered,  and  the  third 
is  within,  being  covered  by  the  other  two;  as  in  Fig.  190.  This  is 
just  the  three-ranked  (£)  spiral  arrangement  of  leaves  (186,  and 
Fig.  171). 

282.  In  the  Mignonette,  and  some  other  flowers,  the  aestivation  is 
open ;  that  is,  the  calyx  and  corolla  are  not  closed  at  all  over  the 
other  parts  of  the  flower,  even  in  the  young  bud. 

283.  When  the  calyx  or  the  corolla  is  tubular,  the  shape  of  the 
tube  in  the  bud  has  sometimes  to  be  considered,  as  well  as  the  way 
the  lobes  are  arranged.     For  example,  it  may  be 

Plaited  or  plicate,  that  is,  folded  lengthwise ;  and  the  plaits  may 
either  be  turned  outwards,  forming  projecting  ridges,  as  in  the 
corolla  of  Campanula ;  or  turned  inwards,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the 
Gentian,  &c.  When  the  plaits  are  wrapped  round  all  in  one  direc- 
tion, so  as  to  cover  one  another  in  a  convolute  manner,  the  aestivation 
is  said  to  be 

Supervolute,  as  in  the  corolla  of  Stramonium  (Fig.  225)  and  the 
Morning- Glory ;  and  in  the  Morning- Glory  it  is  twisted  besides. 

FIG.  225.    Upper  part  of  the  corolla  of  a  Stramonium  (Datura  meteloides),  in  the  bud. 
Underneath  is  a  cross-section  of  the  same. 


LESSON  17.]  THE    STAMENS.  Ill 


LESSON   XVII. 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    STAMENS. 


284.  THE  STAMENS  exhibit  nearly  the  same  kinds  of  variation  in 
different  species  that  the  calyx  and  corolla  do.     They  may  be  dis- 
tinct (that  is,  separate  from  each  other,  267)  or  united.     They  may 
be/ree  (269),  or  else  coherent  with  other  parts  :  this  concerns 

285.  Their  Insertion,  or  place  of  attachment,  which  is  most  com- 
monly the  same  as  that  of  the  corolla.     So,  stamens  are 

Hypogynous  (269),  when  they  are  borne  on  the  receptacle,  or  axis 
of  the  flower,  under  the  pistils,  as  they  naturally  should  be,  and  as  is 
shown  in  Fig.  212. 

Perigynous,  when  borne  on  (that  is  coherent  below  with)  the 
calyx ;  as  in  the  Cherry,  Fig.  213. 

Epigynous,  when  borne  on  the  ovary,  appar- 
ently, as  in  Fig.  216.     To  these  we  may  add 

Gynandrous  (from  two  Greek  words,  answer-  /  A 'jMjJh - »tig. 

ing  to  "stamens  and  pistil  united"),  when  the 
stamens  are  consolidated  with  the  style,  so  as 
to  be  borne  by  it,  as  in  the  Lady's  Slipper 
(Fig.  226)  and  all  the  Orchis  Family.  Also 

Epipetalous  (meaning  on   the    petals),  when 

ey  are  borne  by  the  corolla ;  as  in  Fig.  194, 
and  in  most  monopetalous  blossoms.     As  to 

286.  Their  Union  With  each  Other,  the  stamens  may  be  united  by 
their  filaments  or  by  their  anthers.     In  the  former  case  they  are 

Monadelphous  (from  two  Greek  words,  meaning  "  in  one  brother- 
hood "),  when  united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set,  usually  into  a 
ring  or  cup  below,  or  into  a  tube,  as  in  the  Mallow  Family,  the 
Passion-flower,  and  the  Lupine  (Fig.  228). 

Diadelphous  (in  two  brotherhoods),  when  so  united  in  two  sets, 
as  in  the  Pea  and  almost  all  papilionaceous  flowers  (275)  :  here 
the  stamens  are  nine  in  one  set,  and  one  in  the  other  (Fig.  227). 

FIG.  226.  Style  of  a  Lady's  Slipper  (Cypripediurn),  and  stamens  united  with  it :  a,  a,  the 
anthers  of  the  two  good  stamens  ;  st.,  an  abortive  stamen,  what  should  be  its  anther  changed 
into  a  petal-like  body  ;  stig.,  the  stigma. 


112 


THE    STAMENS. 


[LESSON  17. 


Triadelphous,  in  three  sets  or  parcels,  as  in  the  common  St.  Johns- 
wort  ;  or 

Polyadelphous,  when  in  more  numerous  sets,  as  in  the  Loblolly 
Bay,  where  they  are  in  five  clusters.  On 
the  other  hand,  stamens  are  said  to  be 

Syngenesious,  when  united  by  their  an- 
thers (Fig.  229,  230),  as  they  are  in  Lobelia, 
in  the  Violet  (slightly),  and  in  what  are 
called  compound  flowers,  such  as  the  Thistle, 
Sunflower,  Coreopsis  (Fig.  220),  and  Suc- 
cory (Fig.  222).  In  Lobelia,  and  in  the 
Squash  and  Pumpkin,  the  stamens  are 
united  both  by  their  anthers  and  their  filaments. 

287.  Their  Number  in  the  flower  is  sometimes  expressed  by  terms 
compounded  of  the  Greek  numerals  and  the  word  used  to  signify 
stamen ;  as,  monandrous,  for  a  flower  having 

only  one  stamen  ;  diandrous,  one  with  two 
stamens ;  triandrous,  with  three  stamens ;  te- 
trandrous,  with  four  stamens  ;  pentandrous, 
with  five  stamens ;  and  so  on,  up  to  polyan- 
druus  (meaning  with  many  stamens),  when 
there  are  twenty  or  a  larger  number,  as  in  a 
Cactus  (Fig.  197).  All  such  terms  may  be 
found  in  the  Glossary  at  the  end  of  the  book. 

288.  Two  terms  are  used  to  express  particular  numbers  with  un, 
equal  length.     Namely,  the  stamens  are  didynamous  when  only  four 
in  number,  two  longer  than  the  other  two,  as  in  the  Mint,  Catnip, 
Gerardia  (Fig.   194),  Trumpet-Creeper,  &c. ;   and  tetradynamous, 
when  they  are  six,  with  four  of  them  regularly  longer  than  the 
other  two,  as  in  Mustard  (Fig.  188),  and  all  that  family. 

2SO.  Their  Parts.  As  already  shown  (233),  a  stamen  consists  of 
two  part?,  the  Filament  and  the  Anther  (Fig.  231). 

290.  The  Filament  is  a  kind  of  stalk  to  the  anther :  it  is  to  the 
anther  nearly  what  the  petiole  is  to  the  blade  of  a  leaf.  Therefore 
it  is  not  an  essential  part.  As  a  leaf  may  be  without  a  stalk,  so 
the  anther  may  be  sessile,  or  without  a  filament.  When  present, 

ifSlG.  227.    Diadelphous  stamens  of  the  Pea,  &c.     228.   Monadelphous  stamens  of  the 
Lupine. 

FIG.  229.    Syngencsious  stamens  of  Coreopsis  (Fig.  220,  a),  &c.     230.   Same,  with  th« 
tube  of  anthers  split  down  on  one  side  and  sprcr.d  open. 


LESSON  17.]  THEIR    STRUCTURE    AND    PARTS. 


113 


the  filament  may  be  of  any  shape  ;  but  it  is  commonly  thread-like, 
as  in  Fig.  231,  234,  &c. 

291.  The  Anther  is  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen. 
It  is  a  sort  of  case,  filled  with  a  fine  powder,  called 
Pollen,  which  serves  to  fertilize  the  pistil,  so  that  it 
may  perfect  seeds.      The  anther  may  be  considered, 
first,  as  to 

292.  Its  Attachment  to  the  filament.     Of  this  there  are 
three  ways ;  namely,  the  anther  is 

Innate  (as  in  Fig.  232),  when  it  is  attached  by  its  base  to  the 
very  apex  of  the  filament,  turning  neither  inwards  nor  outwards ;  or 

Adnate  (as  in  Fig.  233),  when  at- 
tached by  one  face,  usually  for  its 
whole  length,  to  the  side  of  the  fila- 
ment ;  and 

Versatile  (as  in  Fig.  234),  when  fixed 
by  its  middle  only  to  the  very  point  of 
the  filament,  so  as  to  swing  loosely,  as 
we  see  it  in  the  Lily,  in  Grasses,  &c. 

293.  In  both  the  last-named  cases, 
232        233  234         the  anther  either  looks  inwards  or  out- 

wards. When  it  is  turned  inwards,  or  is  fixed  to  that  side  of  the 
filament  which  looks  towards  the  pistil  or  centre  of  the  flower,  the 
anther  is  incumbent  or  introrse,  as  in  Magnolia  and  the  Water-Lily. 
When  turned  outwards,  or  fixed  to  the  outer  side  of  the  filament,  it  is 
extrorse,  as  in  the  Tulip-tree. 

294.  Its  Structure,  &c.  There  are  few  cases  in  which  the  stamen 
,rs  any  resemblance  to  a  leaf.  Nevertheless,  the  botanist's  idea  of 
a  stamen  is,  that  it  answers  to  a  leaf  developed  in  a  peculiar  form 
and  for  a  special  purpose.  In  the  filament  he  sees  the  stalk  of  the 
leaf ;  in  the  anther,  the  blade.  The  blade  of  a  leaf  consists  of  two 
similar  sides ;  so  the  anther  consists  of  two  lobes  or  cells,  one  answer- 
ing to  the  left,  the  other  to  the  right,  side  of  the  blade.  The  two  lobes 
are  often  connected  by  a  prolongation  of  the  filament,  which  answers 
to  the  midrib  of  a  leaf  •  this  is  called  the  connective.  It  is  very  con- 
spicuous in  Fig.  23*2,  where  the  connective  is  so  broad  that  it  separates 
e  two  cells  of  the  anther  to  some  distance  from  each  other. 

FIG.  231.    A  stamen  :  a,  filament ;  b,  anther  discharging  pollen. 

FIG.  232.    Stamen  of  Isopyrum,  with  innate  anther.    233.  Of  Tulip-tree,  with  adnate  (and 
extrorse)  anther.    234.  Of  Evening  Primrose,  with  versatile  anther. 
10* 


- 


114 


THE    STAMENS. 


[LESSON  17. 


295.  To  discharge  the  pollen,  the  anther  opens  (or  is  dehiscejit) 
at  maturity,  commonly  by  a  line  along  the  whole 
length  of  each  cell,  and  which  answers  to  the 
margin  of  the  leaf  (as  in  Fig.  231)  ;  but  when 
the  anthers  are  extrorse,  this  line  is  often  on  the 
outer  face,  arid  when  introrse,  on  the  inner  face 
of  each  cell.  Sometimes  the  anther  opens  only 
by  a  chink,  hole,  or  pore  at  the  top,  as  in  the 
Azalea,  Pyrola  or  False  Wintergreen  (Fig.  235), 
&c. ;  and  sometimes  a  part  of  the  face  separates  as  a  sort  of  trap-door 
(or  valve),  hinged  at  the  top,  and  opening  to  allow  the  escape  of  the 
pollen,  as  in  the  Sassafras,  Spice-bush,  and  Barberry  (Fig.  236). 
Most  anthers  are  really  four-celled  when  young ; 
a  slender  partition  running  lengthwise  through 
each  cell  and  dividing  it  into  two  compartments, 
one  answering  to  the  upper,  and  the  other  to  the 
lower,  layer  of  the  green  pulp  of  the  leaf.  Oc- 
casionally the  anther  becomes  one-celled.  This 
takes  place  mostly  by  confluence,  that  is,  the  two 
cells  running  together  into  one,  as  they  do 
slightly  in  Pentstemon  (Fig.  237) 
and  thoroughly  in  the  Mallow  Family  (Fig.  238).  But 
sometimes  it  occurs  by  the  obliteration  or  disappear- 
ance of  one  half  of  the  anther,  as  in  the  Globe  Ama- 
ranth of  the  gardens  (Fig.  239). 

296.  The  way  in  which  a  stamen  is  supposed  to  be 
constructed  out  of  a  leaf,  or  rather  on  the  plan  of  a 
leaf,  is  shown  in  Fig.  240,  an  ideal  figure,  the  lower 
part  representing  a  stamen  with  the  top  of  its  anther 
cut  away ;  the  upper,  the  corresponding  upper  part  of 
a  leaf.  —  The  use  of  the  anther  is  to  produce 
Pollen,  This  is  the  powder,  or  fine  dust,  commonly  of  a  yel- 
low color,  which  fills  the  cells  of  the  anther,  and  is  discharged  during 
blossoming,  after  which  the  stamens  generally  fall  off  or  wither  away. 

FIG.  235.  Ftamon  of  Pyrola  ;  the  anther  opening  by  holes  at  the  top. 

FIG.  236.  Stamen  of  Ilarberry  ;  the  anther  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

FIG.  237.  Stamen  of  Pentstemon  pubesccns  ;  anther-cells  slightly  confluent. 

FIG.  238.  Stamen  of  Mallow  ;  the  two  cells  confluent  into  one,  opening  round  the  margin. 

FIG.  239.  Anther  of  Globe  Amaranth,  of  only  one  cell ;  the  other  cell  wanting. 

FIG.  240  Diagram  of  the  lower  part  of  an  anther,  cut  across  above,  and  the  upper  part  of 
a  leaf,  to  show  how  the  one  answers  to  the  other. 


LESSON  17.] 


POLLEN. 


1J5 


Under  the  microscope  it  is  found  to  consist  of  grains,  usually  round  or 
oval,  and  all  alike  in  the  same  species,  but  very  different  in  different 
plants.  So  that  the  plant  may  sometimes  be  recognized  from  the 
pollen  alone. 

298.  A  grain  of  pollen  is  made  up  of  two  coats ;  the  outer  coat 
thickish,  but  weak,  and  frequently  adorned  with  lines  or  bands,  or 
studded  with  points  ;  the  inner  coat  is  extremely  thin  and  delicate, 
birt  extensible,  and  its  cavity  is  filled  with  a  thickish  fluid,  often 
rendered  turbid  by  an  immense  number  of  minute  grains  that  float 
in  it.     When  wet,  the  grains  absorb  the  water  and  swell  so  much 
that  many  kinds  soon  burst  and  discharge  their  contents. 

299.  Figures  241-250  represent  some  common  sorts  of  pollen, 
magnified  one  or  two  hundred  diameters,  viz. :  —  A  pollen-grain  of 
the  Musk  Plant,  spirally  grooved.     One  of  Sicyos,  or  One-seeded 
Cucumber,  beset  with  bristly  points  and  marked  by  smooth  bands. 
One  of  the  Wild  Balsam- Apple  (Echinocystis),  grooved  lengthwise. 
One  of  Hibiscus  or  Rose-Mallow,  studded  with  prickly  points.     One 
of  Succory,  many-sided,  and  dotted  with  fine  points.     A  grain  of  the 
curious  compound  pollen  of  Pine.     One  from  the  Lily,  smooth  and 
oval.     One  from  Enchanter's  Nightshade,  with  three  small  lobes  on 
the  angles.     Pollen  of  Kalmia,  composed  of  four  grains  united,  as  in 
all  the  Heath  family.     A  grain  from  an  Evening  Primrose,  with  a 
central  body  and  three  large  lobes.     The  figures  number  from  left 
to  right,  beginning  at  the  top. 


116  THE  PISTILS.  [LESSON  18. 


LESSON   XVIII. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    PISTILS. 

300.  THE   PISTIL,  when   only  one,  occupies  the  centre  of  the 
flower ;  when  there  are  two  pistils,  they  stand  facing  each  other  in 
the  centre  of  the  flower ;  when  several,  they  commonly  form  a  ring 
or  circle ;  and  when  very  numerous,  they  are  generally  crowded  in 
rows  or  spiral  lines  on  the  surface  of  a  more  or  less  enlarged  or 
elongated  receptacle. 

301.  Their  number  in  a  blossom  is  sometimes  expressed,  in  Sys- 
tematic Botany,  by  terms  compounded  of  the  Greek  numerals  and 
the  Greek  word  used  to  signify  pistil,  in  the  following  way.    A  flower 
with  one  pistil  is  said  to  be  monogynous  ;  with  two,  digynous  ;  with 
three,  trigynous  ;  with  four,  tetragynous  ;  with  five,  pentagynous,  and 
so  on  ;  with  many  pistils,  polygynous,  —  terms  which  are  explained 
in  the  Glossary,  but  which  there  is  no  need  to  commit  to  memory. 

302.  The  Parts  Of  a  Pistil,  as   already  explained   (234),  are   the 
Ovary,  the  Style,  and  the  Stigma.     The  ovary  is  one  essential  part : 
it  contains  the  rudiments  of  seeds,  called  Ovules.     The  stigma  at 
the  summit  is  also  essential :  it  receives  the  pollen,  which  fertilizes 
the  ovules  in  order  that  they  may  become  seeds.     But  the  style,  the 
tapering  or  slender  column  commonly  borne  on  the  summit  of  the 
ovary,  and  bearing  the  stigma  on  its  apex  or  its  side,  is  no  more  neces- 
sary to  a  pistil  than  the  filament  is  to  the  stamen.    Accordingly,  there 
is  no  style  in  many  pistils :  in  these  the  stigma  is  sessile,  that  is,  rests 
directly  on  the  ovary.     The  stigma  is  very  various  in  shape  and 
appearance,  being  sometimes  a  little  knob  (as  in  the  Cherry,  Fig. 
213),  sometimes  a  small  point,  or  small  surface  of  bare,  moist  tissue 
(as  in  Fig.  254-256),  and  sometimes  a  longitudinal  crest  or  line 
(as  in  Fig.  252,  258,  267,  269),  and  also  exhibiting  many  other 
shapes. 

303.  The  pistil  exhibits  an  almost  infinite  variety  of  forms,  and 
many  complications.     To  understand  these,  it  is  needful  to  begin 
with  the  simple  kinds,  and  to  proceed  gradually  to  the  complex. 
And,  first  of  all,  the  student  should  <ret  a  clear  notion  of 

«"'<>!.  The  Plan  or  Ideal  Structure  of  the  Pistil,  or,  in  other  words,  of 

the  way  in  which  a  simple  pistil  answers  to  a  leaf.     Pistils  are  either 


LESSON  18.] 


SIMPLE    PISTILS. 


117 


simple  or  compound.  A  simple  pistil  answers  to  a  single  leaf.  A 
compound  pistil  answers  to  two  or  more  leaves  combined,  just  as  a 
monopetalous  corolla  (263)  answers  to  two  or  more  petals,  or  leaves 
of  the  flower,  united  into  one  body.  In  theory,  accordingly, 

305^  The  Simple  Pistil,  Or  Carpel  (as  it  is  sometimes  called),  consists 
of  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  curved  until  the  margins  meet  and  unite,  form- 
ing in  this  way  a  closed  case  or  pod,  which  is  the  ovary.  So  that 
the  upper  face  of  the  altered  leaf  answers  to  the  inner  surface  of  the 
ovary,  and  the  lower,  to  its  outer  surface.  And  the  ovules  are  borne 
on  what  answers  to  the  united  edges  of  the  leaf.  The  tapering  sum- 
mit, rolled  together  and  prolonged,  forms  the  style,  when  there  is 
any ;  and  the  edges  of  the  altered  leaf  turned  outwards,  either  at 
the  tip  or  along  the  inner  side  of  the  style,  form  the  stigma.  To 
make  this  perfectly  clear,  compare  a  leaf  folded  together  in  this  way 
(as  in  Fig.  251)  with  a  pistil  of  a 
Garden  Pceony,  or  Larkspur,  or  with 
that  in  Fig.  252 ;  or,  later  in  the 
season,  notice  how  these,  as  ripe  pods, 
split  down  along  the  line  formed  by 
the  united  edges,  and  open  out  again 
into  a  sort  of  leaf,  as  in  the  Marsh- 
Marigold  (Fig.  253).  In  the  Double- 
flowering  Cherry  the  pistil  occasion 
ally  is  found  changed  back  again  into 
a  small  green  leaf,  partly  folded,  much  as  in  Fig.  251. 

306.  Fig.  172  represents  a  simple  pistil  on  a  larger  scale,  th& 
ovary  cut  through  to  show  how  the  ovules  (when  numerous)  are 
attached  to  what  answers  to  the  two  margins  of  the  leaf.      The 
Stonecrop  (Fig.  168)  has  five  such  pistils  in  a  circle,  each  with  the 
side  where  the  ovules  are  attached  turned  to  the  centre  of  the  flower. 

307.  The  line  or  seam  down  the  inner  side,  which  answers  to  the 
united  edges  of  the  leaf,  and  bears  the  ovules,  is  called  the  ventral  or 
inner  Suture.     A  corresponding  line  down  the  back  of  the  ovary, 
and  which  answers  to  the  middle  of  the  leaf,  is  named  the  dorsal  or 
outer  Suture. 

308.  The  ventral  suture  inside,  where  it  projects  a  little  into  the 

FIG.  251.  A  ^eaf  rolled  up  inwards,  to  show  how  the  pistil  is  supposed  to  be  formed. 

FIG.  252.  Pistil  of  Isopyrum  biternatum  cut  across,  with  the  inner  suture  turned  towards 
the  eye. 

FIG.  253.  Pod  or  ripe  pistil  of  the  Caltha,  or  Marsh-Marigold,  after  opening. 


118 


THE    PISTILS. 


[LESSON  18. 


cavity  of  the  ovary,  and  bears  the  ovules,  is  called  the  Placenta, 
Obviously  a  simple  pistil  can  have  but  one  placenta ;  but  this  is  in 
its  nature  double,  one  half  answering  to  each  margin  of  the  leaf. 
And  if  the  ovules  or  seeds  are  at  all  numerous,  they  will  be  found 
to  occupy  two  rows,  one  for  each  margin,  as  we  see  in  Fig.  252, 172, 
in  the  Marsh-Marigold,  in  a  Pea-pod,  and  the  like. 

309.  A  simple  pistil  obviously  can  have  but  one  cavity  or  cell ; 
except  from  some  condition  out  of  the  natural  order  of  things.     But 
the  converse  does  not  hold  true :  all  pistils  of  a  single  cell  are  not 
simple.     Many  compound  pistils  are  one-celled. 

310.  A  simple  pistil  necessarily  has  but  one  style.     Its  stigma, 
however,  may  be  double,  like  the  placenta,  and  for  the  same  reason 
(305) ;  and  it  often  exhibits  two  lines  or  crests,  as  in  Fig.  252,  or  it 
may  even  be  split  into  two  lobes. 

311.  The  Compound  Pistil  consists  of  two,  three,  or  any  greater 

number  of  pistil-leaves, 
or  carpels  (305),  in  a 
circle,  united  into  one 
body,  at  least  by  their 
ovaries.  The  Culti- 
vated Flax,  for  exam- 
ple (Fig.  212),  has  a 
compound  pistil  com- 
posed of  five  simple 
ones  with  their  ovaries 
united,  while  the  five 
styles  are  separate. 

•254  5255  ESS       But    in    one    of    our 

wild  species  of  Flax,  the  styles  are  united  into  one  also,  for  about 
half  their  length.  So  the  Common  St.  John's-wort  of  the  fields  has 
a  compound  ovary,  of  three  united  carpels,  but  the  three  styles  are 
separate  (Fig.  255),  while  some  of  our  wild,  shrubby  species  have  the 
styles  also  combined  into  one  (Fig.  256),  although  in  the  fruit  they 
often  split  into  three  again.  Even  the  ovaries  may  only  partially 
combine  with  each  other,  as  we  see  in  different  species  of  Saxifrage, 
some  having  their  two  pistils  nearly  separate,  while  in  others  they 

FIG,  254.    Pistil  of  a  Saxifrage,  of  two  simple  carpels  or  pistil-leaves,  united  at  the  base 
only,  cut  across  both  above  and  below. 

FIG.  255.     Compound  pistil  of  common  St.  John's-wort,  cut  across  :  styles  separate. 
FIG.  256.    The  same  of  shrubby  St.  John's-wort ;  the  three  styles  united  into  one. 


LESSON  18.]  COMPOUND    PISTILS.  119 

are  joined  at  the  base  only,  or  else  below  the  middle  (as  in  Fig. 
254),  and  in  some  they  are  united  quite  to  the  top. 

312.  Even  when  the  styles  are  all  consolidated  into  one,  the  stig- 
mas are  often  separate,  or  enough  so  to  show  by  the  number  of  their 
lobes  how  many  simple  pistils  are  combined  to  make  the  compound 
one.    In  the  common  Lily,  for  instance,  the  three  lobes  of  the  stigma, 
as  well  as  the  three  grooves  down  the  ovary,  plainly  tell  us  that  the 
pistil  is  made  of  three  combined.     But  in  the  Day-Lily  the  three 
lobes  of  the  stigma  are  barely  discernible  by  the  naked  eye,  and  in 
the  Spiderwort  (Fig.  257)  they  are  as  perfectly  united  into 

one  as  the  ovaries  and  styles  are.  Here  the  number  of 
cells  in  the  ovary  alone  shows  that  the  pistil  is  compound. 
These  are  all  cases  of 

313.  Compound  Pistils  with  two  or  more  Cells,  namely,  with 

as  many  cells  as  there  are  simple  pistils,  or  carpels,  that 
have  united  to  compose  the  organ.  They  are  just  what 
would  be  formed  if  the  simple  pistils  (two,  three,  or  five 
in  a  circle,  as  the  case  may  be),  like  those  of  a  Pseony  or 
Stonecrop,  all  pressed  together  in  the  centre  of  the  flower, 
Were  to  cohere  by  their  contiguous  parts. 

314.  As  each  simple  ovary  has  its  placenta,  or  seed- 
bearing  line   (308),  at  the  inner  angle,  so  the  resulting 
compound  ovary  has  as  many  axile  placenta  (that  is,  as 

many  placentas  in  the  axis  or  centre)  as  there  are  pistil-leaves  in 
its  composition,  but  all  more  or  less  consolidated  into  one.  This  is 
shown  in  the  cross-sections,  Fig.  254-256,  &c. 

315.  The  partitions  (or  Dissepiments,  as   they  are    technically 
named)  of  a  compound  ovary  are  accordingly  part  of  the  walls  or 
the  sides  of  the  carpels  which  compose  it.    Of  course  they  are  double, 
one  layer  belonging  to  each  carpel ;  and  in  ripe  pods  they  often  split 
into  the  two  layers. 

316.  We  have  described  only  one,  though  the  commonest,  kind  of 
compound  pistil.     There  are  besides 

317.  One-celled  Compound  Pistils,    These  are  of  two  sorts,  those  with 
axile,  and  those  with  parietal  placentae.     That  is,  first,  where  the 
ovules  or  seeds  are  borne  in  the  axis  or  centre  of  the  ovary,  and, 
secondly,  where  they  are  borne   on  its  walls.     The  first  of  these 

ises,  or  that 

FIG.  257.    Pistil  of  Spiderwort  (Tradescantia) :  the  three-celled  ovary  cut  across. 


120 


THE   PISTILS. 


[LESSON  18. 


318.  With  a  Free  Central  Placenta,  is  what  we  find  in  Purslane 
(Fig.  214),  and  in  most  Chickweeds  (Fig.  258,  259)  and  Pinks. 
The  difference  between  this  and  the  foregoing  case  is  only  that  the 
delicate  partitions  have  very  early  vanished ;  and  traces  of  them 
may  often  be  detected.  Or  sometimes  this  is  a  variation 
of  the  mode 

319.  With  Parietal  Placentae,  namely,  with  the  ovules 
and  seeds  borne  on  the  sides  or  wall  (parietes^)  of  the 
ovary.  The  pistil  of  the  Prickly  Poppy,  Bloodroot, 
Violet,  Frost-weed  (Fig.  261),  Gooseberry,  and  of 
many  Hypericums,  are  of  this  sort.  To  understand  it 
perfectly,  we  have  only  to  imagine  two,  three,  or  any 
number  of  carpel-leaves  (like  that  of  Fig. 
251),  arranged  in  a  circle,  to  unite  by  their 
259  contiguous  edges,  and  so  form  one  ovary 
or  pod  (as  we  have  endeavored  to  show  in  Fig.  260) ; 
—  very  much  as  in  the  Stramonium  (Fig.  199)  the 
five  petals  unite  by  their  edges  to  compose  a  mono- 
petalous  corolla,  and  the  five  sepals  to  form  a  tubular 
calyx.  Here  each  carpel  is  an  open  leaf,  or  partly 
open,  bearing  ovules  along  its  margins ;  and  each 
placenta  consists  of  the  contiguous  margins  of  two 
pistil-leaves  grown  together. 

320.  All  degrees  occur  between  this  and  the  sev- 
eral-celled ovary  with  the  placentae  in  the  axis.  Com- 
pare, for  illustration,  the  common  St.  John's-worts,  Fig.  255  and  256, 
with  Fig.  262,  a  cross-section  of  the  ovary  of  a  different  species,  in 
which  the  three  large  placentae  meet  in  the  axis,  but 
scarcely  unite,  and  with  Fig.  263,  a  similar  section  of 
the  ripe  pod  of  the  same  plant,  showing  three  parietal 
placenta?  borne  on  imperfect  partitions  projecting  a 
little  way  into  the  general  cell.  Fig.  261  is  the  same 
in  plan,  but  with  hardly  any  trace  of  partitions ;  that 
is,  the  united  edges  of  the  leaves  only  slightly  project  into  the  cell. 

FIG.  258.  Pistil  of  a  Sandwort,  with  the  ovary  divided  lengthwise;  and  259,  the  same 
divided  transversely,  to  show  the  free  central  placenta. 

FIG.  SCO.  Plan  of  a  one-celled  ovary  of  three  carpel-leaves,  with  parietal  placenta;,  cut 
across  below,  where  it  is  complete  ;  the  upper  p;irt  showing  the  top  of  the  three  leaves  it  is 
coni|Miso(l  of.  approaching,  but  nut  united. 

FIG.  261.  Cross-section  of  the  ovary  of  Frost-weed  (Hcliauthcmmn),  with  three  parietal 
placentae  bearing  ovuk-s. 


LESSON  18.] 


OPEN   PISTILS. 


121 


321.  The  ovary,  especially  when  compound,  is  often  covered  by 
and  united  with  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  as  has  already  been  explained 
(272).     We  describe   this  by  saying  either  "  ovary  adherent,"  or 
" calyx  adherent,"  &c.     Or  we  say  " ovary  inferior"  when  the  tube 
of  the  calyx  is  adherent  throughout  to 

the  surface  of  the  ovary,  so   that   its 

lobes,  and   all   the  rest  of  the  flower, 

appear  to  be  borne  on  its   summit,  as 

in  Fig.  215  and   Fig.  216;   or  "half- 

inferior"  as  in  the  Purslane  (Fig.  214), 

where  the  calyx  is  adherent  part  way  up  ;  or  " superior"  where  the 

calyx  and  the  ovary  are  not  combined,  as  in  the  Cherry  (Fig.  213) 

and  the  like,  that  is,  where  these  parts  are  free.     The  term  "  ovary 

superior,"  therefore,  means  just  the  same  as  "  calyx  inferior  " ;  and 

"  ovary  inferior,"  the  same  as  "  calyx  superior." 

322.  Open  or  Gymnospermous  Pistil,    This  is  what  we  have  in  the 

whole  Pine  family,  the  most  peculiar,  and  yet  the  simplest, 
of  all  pistils.  While  the  ordinary  simple  pistil  in  the  eye 
of  the  botanist  represents  a  leaf  rolled  together  into  a 
closed  pod  (305),  those  of  the  Pine,  Larch  (Fig.  264), 
Cedar,  and  Arbor- Vitse  (Fig.  265, 

266)  are  plainly  open  leaves,  in  the  form  of  ^ 

scales,  each  bearing  two  or  more  ovules  on  the 

inner  face,  next  the  base.     At  the  time  of 

blossoming,  these  pistil-leaves  of  the  young 

cone  diverge,  and  the  pollen,  so  abundantly 

shed  from  the  staminate  blossoms,  falls  di- 
rectly upon  the  exposed  ovules.  Afterwards 

the  scales  close  over  each  other  until  the 

seeds  are  ripe.     Then  they  separate  again, 

that  the  seeds  may  be  shed.     As  their  ovules  and  seeds  are  not 

enclosed  in  a  pod,  all  such  plants  are  said  to  be  Gymnospermous, 

that  is,  naked-seeded. 

FIG.  262.  Cross-section  of  the  ovary  of  Hypericum  graveolens.  263.  Similar  section  of 
the  ripe  pod  of  the  same. 

FIG.  264.  A  pistil,  that  is,  a  scale  of  the  cone,  of  a  Larch,  at  the  time  of  flowering ; 
inside  view,  showing  its  pair  of  naked  ovules. 

FIG.  265.  Branchlet  of  the  American  Arbor- Vitae,  considerably  larger  than  in  nature, 
terminated  by  its  pistillate  flowers,  each  consisting  of  a  single  scale  (an  open  pistil),  together 
forming  a  small  cone. 

FIG.  266.  One  of  the  scales  or  pistils  of  tlie  last,  removed  and  more  enlarged,  the  inside 
exposed  to  view,  showing  a  pair  of  ovules  on  its  base. 

11 


122  THE  PISTILS.  [LESSON  18.' 

323.  Ovules  (234).     These  are  the  bodies  which  are  to  become 
seeds.     They  are  either  sessile,  that  is,  stalkless,  or  else  borne  on  a 
stalk,  called  the  Funiculus.    They  may  be  produced  along  the  whole 
length  of  the  cell,  or  only  at  some  part  of  it,  generally  either  at  the 
top  or  the  bottom.     In  the  former  case  they  are  apt  to  be  numerous ; 
in  the  latter,  they  may  be  few  or  single  (solitary,  Fig.  267  -  2G9). 
As  to  their  direction,  ovules  are  said  to  be 

Horizontal,  when   they  are  neither  turned  upwards  nor  down- 
wards, as  in  Fig.  252,  261 ; 

Ascending,  when  rising  obliquely  upwards,  usually  from  the  side 
of  the  cell,  not  from  its  very  base,  as  in  the  Buttercup  (Fig.  267), 

and  the  Purslane  (Fig.  214)  ; 

Erect,  when  rising  upright  from 
the  base  of  the  cell,  as  in  the  Buck- 
wheat (Fig.  268) ; 

Pendulous,  when   hanging  from 
towards   the  top,  as  in   the    Flax 
(Fig.  212);  and 
Suspended,  when  hanging  perpendicularly  from  the  very  sum- 
mit of  the  cell,  as  in  the  Anemone  (Fig.  269),  Dogwood,  &c.     All 
these  terms  equally  apply  to  seeds. 

324.  An  ovule  consists  of  a  pulpy  mass  of  tissue,  the  Nucleus  or 
kernel,  and  usually  of  one  or  two  coats.     In  the  nucleus  the  embryo 
is  formed,  and  the  coats  become  the  skin  or  coverings  of  the  seed. 
There  is  a  hole  ( Orifice  or  Foramen)  through  the  coats,  at  the  place 
which  answers  to  the  apex  of  the  ovule.     The  part  by  which  the 
ovule  is  attached  is  its  base  ;  the  point  of  attachment,  where  the  ripe 
seed  breaks  away  and  leaves  a  scar,  is  named  the  Hilum.     The 
place  where  the  coats  blend,  and  cohere  with  each  other  and  with  the 
nucleus,  is  named  the  Chalaza.     We  will  point  out  these  parts  in 
illustrating  the  four  principal  kinds  of  ovule.     These  are  not  difficult 
to  understand,  although  ovules  are  usually  so  small  that  a  good  mag- 
nifying-glass  is  needed  for  their  examination.    Moreover,  their  names, 
all  taken  from  the  Greek,  are  unfortunately  rather  formidable. 

325.  The  simplest  sort,  although  the  least  common,  is  what  is 
called  the 

Orthotropous,  or  straight  ovule.     The  Buckwheat  affords  a  good 

FIG.  2G7.     Section  of  the  ovary  of  a  Buttercup,  lengthwise,  showing  ita  ascending  ovule. 
FIG.  268,    Section  of  the  ovary  of  Buckwheat,  showing  the  erect  ovule. 
FIG.  269.    Section  of  the  ovary  of  Anemone,  showing  its  suspended  ovule. 


LESSON  18.] 


OVULES. 


123 


instance  of  it :  it  is  shown  in  its  place  in  the  ovary  in  Fig.  268, 
also  detached  in  Fig.  270,  and  a  much  more  magnified  diagram  of  it 
in  Fig.  274.  In  this  kind,  the  orifice  (/)  is  at  the  top,  the  chalaza 
and  the  hilum  (c)  are  blended  at  the  base  or  point  of  attachment, 
which  is  at  the  opposite  end ;  and  the  axis  of  the  ovule  is  straight. 
/._.. 


If  such  an  ovule  were  to  grow  on  one  side  more  than  on  the  other, 
and  double  up,  or  have  its  top  pushed  round  as  it  enlarges,  it  would 
become  a 

Campylotropous  or  curved  ovule,  as  in  Cress  and  Chickweed  (Fig. 
271).  Here  the  base  remains  as  in  the  straight  kind,  but  its  apex 
with  the  orifice  is  brought  round  close  to  it.  —  Much  the  most  com- 
mon form  of  all  is  the 

Anatropous  or  inverted  ovule.  This  is  shown  in  Fig.  267,  and 
273  ;  also  a  much  enlarged  section  lengthwise,  or  diagram,  in  Fig. 
275.  To  understand  it,  we  have  only  to  suppose  the  first  sort  (Fig. 
270)  to  be  inverted  on  its  stalk,  or  rather  to  have  its  stalk  bent 
round,  applied  to  one  side  of  the  ovule  lengthwise,  and  to  grow  fast 
to  the  coat  down  to  near  the  orifice  (jf)  ;  the  hilum,  therefore,  where 
the  seed-stalk  is  to  break  away  (h),  is  close  to  the  orifice  ;  but  the 
chalaza  (c)  is  here  at  the  top  of  the  ovule ;  between  it  and  the  hilum 
runs  a  ridge  or  cord,  called  the  Rhaphe  (r),  which  is  simply  that  part 
of  the  stalk  which,  as  the  ovule  grew  and  turned  over,  adhered  to  its 
surface.  —  Lastly,  the 

Amphitropous  or  half-anatropous  ovule  (Fig.  272)  differs  from 
the  last  only  in  having  a  shorter  rhaphe,  ending  about  half-way 
between  the  chalaza  and  the  orifice.  So  the  hilum  or  attachment  is 
not  far  from  the  middle  of  one  side,  while  the  chalaza  is  at  one  end 
and  the  orifice  at  the  other. 

326.  The  internal  structure  of  the  ovule  is  sufficiently  displayed 

the  subjoined  diagrams,  representing  a  longitudinal  slice  of  two 

FIG.  270.  Orthotropous  ovule  of  Buckwheat:  c,  hilum  and  chalaza;  /,  orifice. 

FIG.  271.  Campylotropous  ovule  of  a  Chickweed  :  c,  hilum  and  chalaza  ;  /,  orifice. 

FIG.  272.  Amphitropous  ovule  of  Mallow  :  /,  orifice  ;  A,  hilum  ;  r,  rhaphe  ;  c,  chalaza. 

FIG.  273.  Anatropous  ovule  of  a  Violet ;  the  parts  lettered  as  in  the  last. 


124 


THE    RECEPTACLE. 


[LESSON  19. 


ovules  ;  Fig.  274,  an  ortbotropous,  Fig.  275,  an  anatropous  ovule. 
The  letters  correspond  in  the  two  ;  c,  the  chalaza ;  f,  the  orifice ; 
r,  rhaphe  (of  which  there  is  of  course  none  in  Fig.  274) ;  p,  the 
outer  coat,  called  primine  ;  s,  inner  coat,  called  secundine ;  n,  nu- 
cleus or  kernel. 


\:\ 

/ 1 


LESSON   XIX. 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    RECEPTACLE. 

THE  RECEPTACLE  (also  called  the  Torus)  is  the  axis,  or 
stem,  which  the  leaves  and  other  parts  of  the  blossom  are  attached 
to  (231).  It  is  commonly  small  and  short  (as  in  Fig.  1GO) ;  but  it 
sometimes  occurs  in  more  conspicuous  and  remarkable  forms. 

328.  Occasionally  it  is  elongated,  as  in  some  plants  of  the  Caper 
family  (Fig.  276),  making  the  flower  really  look  like  a  branch,  hav- 
ing its  circles  of  leaves,  stamens,  &c.,  separated  by  long  spaces  or 
internodes. 

329.  The  Wild  Geranium  or  Cranesbill  has  the  receptacle  pro- 
longed above  and  between  the  insertion  of  the  pistils,  in  the  form 
of  a  slender  beak.     In  the  blossom,  and  until  the  fruit  is  ripe,  it 
is  concealed  by  the  five  pistils  united  around  it,  and  their  flat  stylos 
covering  its  whole  surface  (Fig.  277).     But  at  maturity,  the  five 
small  and  one-seeded  fruits  separate,  and  so  do  their  stylos,  from  the 
beak,  and  hang  suspended  from  the  summit.     They  split  off  elasti- 


LESSON  19.] 


THE    RECEPTACLE. 


125 


cally  from  the  receptacle,  curving  upwards  with  a  sudden  jerk,  which 
scatters  the  seed,  often  throwing  it  to  a  considerable  distance. 

330.  When  a  flower 
bears  a  great  many  pis- 
tils, its  receptacle  is  gen- 
erally enlarged  so  as  to 
give  them  room  ;  some- 
times becoming  broad 
and  flat,  as  in  the  Flow- 
ering Raspberry,  some- 
times elongated,  as  in 
the  Blackberry,  the  Mag- 
nolia, &c.  It  is  the  re- 
ceptacle in  the  Straw- 
berry (Fig.  279),  much 

enlarged  and  pulpy  when  ripe,  which  forms  the  eatable  part  of  the 
fruit,  and  bears  the  small  seed-like  pistils  on  its 
surface.  In  the  Rose  (Fig.  280),  instead  of  being 
convex  or  conical,  the  receptacle  is  deeply  con- 
cave, or  urn-shaped.  Indeed,  a  Rose-hip  may  be 
likened  to  a  strawberry  turned  inside  out,  like 
the  finger  of  a  glove  reversed,  and  the  whole 
covered  by  the  adherent  tube  of  the  calyx,  which 
remains  beneath  in  the  strawberry. 

331.  A  Disk  is  a  part  of  the  re- 
ceptacle, or  a  growth  from  it,  en- 
larged under  or  around  the  pistil. 
It  is  hypogynous  (269),  when  free 
from  all  union  either  with  the  pistil 
or  the  calyx,  as  in  the  Rue  and  the 
Orange  (Fig.  281).  It  is  perigy- 
nous  (270),  when  it  adheres  to  the  281 
base  of  the  calyx,  as  in  the  Bladder-nut  and  Buckthorn  (Fig.  28 2", 

FIG.  27G.  Flower  of  Gynandropsis  ,  the  receptacle  enlarged  and  flattened  where  it  bears 
the  sepals  and  petals,  then  elongated  into  a  slender  stalk,  bearing  the  stamens  (in  appearance, 
but  they  are  monadelphous)  above  its  middle,  and  a  compound  ovary  on  its  summit. 

FIG.  277.     Young  fruit  of  the  common  Wild  Cranesbill. 

FIG.  278.  The  same,  ripe,  with  the  five  pistils  splitting  away  from  the  long  beak  or  recep- 
tacle, and  hanging  from  its  top  by  their  styles. 

FIG.  279.    Longitudinal  section  of  a  young  strawberry,  enlarged. 

FIG.  280.     Similar  section  of  a  young  Rose-hip. 

FIG.  281.    Pistil  of  the  Orange,  with  a  large  hypogynous  disk  at  its  base. 
11* 


]26  THE  FRUIT.  [LESSON  20. 

283).  Often  it  adheres  both  to  the  calyx  and  to  the  ovary,  as  in 
New  Jersey  Tea,  the  Apple,  &c.,  consolidating  the  whole  together. 
In  such  cases  it  is  sometimes  carried  up  and  expanded  on  the  top  of 

the  ovary,  as  in  the  Parsley  and 
the  Ginseng  families,  when  it  is 
said  to  be  epigynous  (273). 

332.  In  Nelumbium, —  a  large 
Water-Lily,  abounding  in  the  wa- 
ters of  our  Western  States,  —  the 
singular  and  greatly  enlarged  receptacle  is  shaped  like  a  top,  and 
bears  the  small  pistils  immersed  in  separate  cavities  of  its  flat  upper 
surface  (Fig.  284). 


LESSON   XX. 

THE    FRUIT. 

333.  THE  ripened  ovary,  with  its  contents,  becomes  the  Fruit. 
When  the  tube  of  the  calyx  adheres  to  the  ovary,  it  also  becomes 
a  part  of  the  fruit :  sometimes  it  even  forms  the  principal  bulk  of  it, 
as  in  the  apple  and  pear. 

(^3^i  Some  fruits,  as  they  are  commonly  called,  are  not  fruits  at 
:ill  in  the  strict  botanical  sense.  A  strawberry,  for  example  (as 
we  have  just  seen,  330,  Fig.  282),  although  one  of  the  choicest  fruits 
in  the  common  acceptation,  is  only  an  enlarged  and  pulpy  receptacle, 
hearing  the  real  fruits  (that  is,  the  ripened  pistils)  scattered  over  its 

FIG.  282.     Flower  of  a  Bur  ktliorn,  with  a  large  perigynous  disk.    283.  The  same,  divided. 
FIG.  284     Receptacle  of  Nelumbium,  in  fruit. 


LESSON  20.]  ITS    KINDS.  127 

surface,  and  too  small  to  be  much  noticed.  And  mulberries,  figs, 
and  pine-apples  are  masses  of  many  fruits  with  a  pulpy  flower-stalk, 
&c.  Passing  these  by  for  the  present,  let  us  now  consider  only 

335.  Simple  Fruits,    These  are  such  as  are  formed  by  the  ripening 
of  a  single  pistil,  whether  simple  (305)  or  compound  (311). 

336.  A  simple  fruit  consists,  then,  of  the  Seed-vessel  (technically 
called  the  Pericarp),  or  the  Avails  of  the  ovary  matured,  and  the  seeds, 
contained  in  it.     Its  structure  is  generally  the  same  as  that  of  the 
ovary,  but  not  always  ;  because  certain  changes  may  take  place  after 
flowering.    The  commonest  change  is  the  obliteration  in  the  growing 
fruit  of  some  parts  which  existed  in  the  pistil  at  the  time  of  flowering. 
The  ovary  of  a  Horsechestnut,  for  instance,  has  three  cells  and  two 
ovules  in  each  cell ;  but  the  fruit  never  has  more  than  three  seeds, 
and  rarely  more  than  one  or  two,  and  only  as  many  cells.     Yet  the 
vestiges  of  the  seeds  that  have  not  matured,  and  of  the  wanting  cells 
of  the  pod,  may  always  be  detected  in  the  ripe  fruit.     This  oblitera- 
tion is  more  complete  in  the  Oak  and  Chestnut.     The  ovary  of  the 
first  likewise  has  three  cells,  that  of  the  second  six  or  seven  cells, 
each  with  two  ovules  hanging  from  the  summit.     We  might  there- 
fore expect  the  acorn  and  the  chestnut  to  have  as  many  cells,  and 
two  seeds  in  each  cell.     Whereas,  in  fact,  all  the  cells  and  all  the 
ovules  but  one  are  uniformly  obliterated  in  the  forming  fruit,  which 
thus  becomes  one-celled  and  one-seeded,  and  rarely  can  any  vestige 
be  found  of  the  missing  parts. 

337.  On  the  other  hand,  a  one-celled  ovary  sometimes  becomes 
several-celled  in  the  fruit  by  the  formation  of  false  partitions,  com- 
monly by  cross-partitions,  as  in  the  jointed  pod  of  the  Sea-Rocket 
and  the  Tick-Trefoil  (Fig.  304). 

338.  Their  Kinds,     In  defining  the  principal  kinds  of  simple  fruits 
which  have  particular  names,  we  may  classify  them,  in  the  first  place, 
into,  —  1.  Fleshy  Fruits-,   2.   Stone  Fruits-,    and  3.   Dry  Fruits. 
The  first  and  second  are  of  course  indekiscent ;  that  is,  they  do  not 
split  open  when  ripe  to  discharge  the  seeds. 

339.  In  fleshy  fruits  the  whole  pericarp,  or  wall  of  the  ovary, 
thickens  and  becomes  soft  (fleshy,  juicy,  or  pulpy)  as  it  ripens.     Of 
this  the  leading  kind  is 

340.  The  Berry,  such  as  the  gooseberry  and  currant,  the  blueberry 
d  cranberry,  the  tomato,  and  the  grape.     Here  the  whole  flesh  is 

equally  soft  throughout.      The  orange  is  merely  a  berry  with  a 
thery  rind. 


mis 

and 


128  THE  FRUIT.  [LESSON  20. 

/-\ 

341.  The  Pepo,  or  Gourd-fruit,  is  the  sort  of  berry  which  belongs 

to  the  Gourd  family,  mostly  with  a  hard  rind  and  the  inner  portion 
softer.  The  pumpkin,  squash,  cucumber,  and  melon  are  the  prin- 
cipal examples. 

342.  The  Pome  is  a  name  applied  to  the  apple,  pear,  and  quince  ; 
fleshy  fruits  like  a  berry,  but  the  principal  thickness  is  calyx,  only 
the  papery  pods  arranged  like  a  star  in  the  core  really  belonging  to 
the  pistil  itself  (333). 

343.  Secondly,  as  to  fruits  which  are  partly  fleshy  and  partly  hard, 
one  of  the  most  familiar  kinds  is 

344.  The  Drupe,  or  Stone-fruit ;  of  which  the  cherry,  plum,  and 

peach  (Fig.  285)  are  familiar  examples.  In 
this  the  outer  part  of  the  thickness  of  the 
pericarp  becomes  fleshy,  or  softens,  like  a 
berry,  while  the  inner  hardens,  like  a  nut. 
From  the  way  in  which  the  pistil  is  con- 
structed (305),  it  is  evident  that  the  fleshy 
part  here  answers  to  the  lower,  and  the  stone 
to  the  upper,  side  of  the  leaf;  —  a  leaf  always 

consisting  of  two  layers  of  green  pulp,  an  upper  and  an  under  layer, 

which  are  considerably  different  (439). 

345.  Whenever  the  walls  of  a  fruit  are  separable  into  two  layers, 
the  outer  layer  is  called  the  Exocarp,  the  inner,  the  Endocarp  (from 
Greek  words  meaning  "outside  fruit"  and  "  inside  fruit").     But  in 
a  drupe  the  outer  portion,  being  fleshy,  is  likewise  called  Sarcocarp 
(which  means  "fleshy  fruit"),  and  the  inner,  the  Putamen  or  stone. 
The  stone  of  a  peach,  and  the  like,  it  will  be  perceived,  belongs  to 
the  fruit,  not  to  the  seed.     When  the  walls  are  separable  into  three 
layers,  the  outer  layer  is  named  either  exocarp  or  Epicarp ;  the 
middle  one  is  called  the  Mesocarp  (i.  e.  middle  fruit) ;  and  the  inner- 
most, as  before,  the  Endocarp. 

."•16.  Thirdly,  in  dry  fruits  the  seed-vessel  remains  herbaceous  in 
texture,  or  becomes  thin  and  membranaceous,  or  else  it  hardens 
throughout.  Some  forms  remain  closed,  that  is,  are  indehiscent 
(338)  ;  others  are  dehiscent,  that  is,  split  open  at  maturity  in  some 
regular  way.  Of  indehiscent  or  closed  dry  fruits  the  principal  kinds 
are  the  following. 

347.  The  Achcnilim,  or  Akene,  is  a  small,  one-seeded,  dry,  indehis- 

FIG.  285.     Longitudinal  section  of  a  poach,  showing  the  flesh,  the  stone,  and  the  seed. 


LESSON  20.] 


ITS    KINDS. 


129 


cent  fruit,  such  as  is  popularly  taken  for  a  naked  seed :  but  it  is 
plainly  a  ripened  ovary,  and  shows  the  re- 
mains of  its  style  or  stigma,  or  the  place 
sss  from    which    it    has 


fallen.  Of  this  sort 
are  the  fruits  of  the 
Buttercup  (Fig.  286, 

287),  the  Cinque-foil,  and  the  Strawberry  (Fig. 
279,  288) ;  that  is,  the  real  fruits,  botanically 
speaking,  of  the  latter,  which  are  taken  for  seeds, 
not  the  large  juicy  receptacle  on  the  surface  of 
which  they  rest  (330).  Here  the  akenes  are 
simple  pistils  (305),  very  numerous  in  the  same 
flower,  and  forming  a  head  of  such  fruits.  In 

the  Nettle,  Hemp,  &c.,  there  is  only  one  pistil  to 

each  blossom. 

348.  In  the  raspberry  and  blackberry,  each  grain 
is  a  similar  pistil,  like  that  of  the  strawberry  in  the 
flower,  but  ripening  into  a  miniature  stone-fruit,  or 
drupe.     So   that   in    the   strawberry  we    eat    the 
receptacle,  or  end  of  the  flower-stalk ;  in  the  rasp- 
berry, a  cluster  of  stone-fruits,  like  cherries  on  a 
very  small  scale ;  and  in  the  blackberry,  both  a  juicy 
receptacle  and  a  cluster  of  stone-fruits  covering  it 
(Fig.  289,  290). 

349.  The  fruit  of  the  Composite  family  is  also 
an  achenium.     Here  the  surface  of  the  ovary  is 
covered  by  an  adherent  calyx-tube,  as  is  evident 
from  the  position  of  the  corolla,  apparently  standing 
on  its  summit  (321,  and  Fig.  220,  a).    Sometimes  the 
limb  or  divisions  of  the  calyx  are  entirely  wanting, 

as  in  Mayweed  (Fig.  291)  and  White  weed.  Sometimes  the  limb 
of  the  calyx  forms  a  crown  or  cup  on  the  top  of  the  achenium,  as  in 
Succory  (Fig.  292);  in  Coreopsis,  it  often  takes  the  form  of  two 
blunt  teeth  or  scales  ;  in  the  Sunflower  (Fig.  293),  it  consists  of  two 


FIG.  286.     Achenium  of  Buttercup.    287.  Same,  cut  through,  to  show  the  seed  within. 

FIG.  288.  Slice  of  a  part  of  a  ripe  strawberry,  enlarged  ;  some  of  the  achenia  shown  cut 
through. 

FIG.  289.  Slice  of  a  part  of  a  blackberry.  290.  One  of  the  grains  or  drupes  divided,  more 
enlarged  ;  showing  the  flesh,  the  stone,  and  the  seed,  as  in  Fig.  285. 


130 


THE    FRUIT. 


[LKS.SON  20. 


thin  scales  which  fall  off  at  the  touch  ;  in  the  Sneezeweed,  of  about 
five  very  thin  scales,  which  look  more  like  a  calyx  (Fig.  294) ;  and 
in  the  Thistle,  Aster,  Sow-Thistle  (Fig.  295),  and  hundreds  of  others, 
it  is  cut  up  into  a  tuft  of  fine  bristles  or  hairs.  This  is  called  the 
Pappus  ;  —  a  name  which  properly  means  the  down  like  that  of  the 
Thistle  ;  but  it  is  applied  to  all  these  forms, 
and  to  every  other  under  which  the  limb  of  the 
calyx  of  the  "  compound  flowers  "  appears.  In 
Lettuce,  Dandelion  (Fig.  29G),  and  the  like, 
the  achenium  as  it  matures  tapers  upwards 
into  a  slender  beak,  like  a  stalk  to  the  pappus. 


350.  A  Utricle  is  the  same  as  an  achenium,  but  with  a  thin  and 
bladdery  loose  pericarp ;  like  that  of  the  Goosefoot  or  Pigweed 
(Fig.  297).  When  ripe  it  bursts  open  irregularly  to 
discharge  the  seed  ;  or  sometimes  it  epens  by  a  circular 
line  all  round,  the  upper  part  falling  off  like  a  lid ;  as  in 
the  Amaranth  (Fig.  298). 

351.  A  Caryopsis,  or  Grain,  differs  from  the  last  only 
in  the  seed  adhering  to  the  thin  pericarp 
throughout,  so  that  fruit  and  seed  are  in- 
corporated into  one  body;  as  in  wheat,  In- 
dian corn,  and  other  kinds  of  grain. 

352.  A  Ntlt  is  a  dry  and  indehiscent  fruit, 
commonly  one-celled  and  one-seeded,  with  a  hard,  crus- 
taceous,  or  bony  wall,  such  as  the  cocoanut,  hazelnut, 
chestnut,  and  the  acorn  (Fig.  21,  299).      Here   the 
involucre,  in  the  form  of  a  cup  at  the  base,  is  called  the  Cvpule.     In 
the  Chestnut  it  forms  the  bur ;  in  the  Hazel,  a  leafy  husk. 

FIG.  291.  Achenium  of  Mayweed  (no  pappus).  292.  That  of  Succory  (its  pappus  a  shal- 
low cup).  293.  Of  Sunflower  (pappus  of  two  deciduous  scales).  294.  Of  Sneezeweed  (Ilele- 
nium),  with  its  pappus  of  five  scales.  295.  Of  Sow-Thistle,  with  its  pappus  of  delicate  downy 
hairs.  290.  Of  the  Dandelion,  its  pappus  raised  on  a  lon<:  beak. 

IG.  297.     Utricle  of  the  common  Pigweed  (riicnopodium  album). 
•     FIG.  298.     Utricle  (pyxis)  of  Amaranth,  opening  all  round  (circumcissile). 
FIG.  299.     Nut  (acorn)  of  the  Oak,  with  its  cup  (or  cupule). 


LESSON  20/] 


ITS    KINDS. 


131 


353.  A  Samara,  Or  Key-fruit,  is  either  a  nut  or  an  achenium,  or  any 
other  indehiscent  fruit,  furnished  with  a  wing,  like  that  of  the  Maple 
(Fig.  1),  Ash  (Fig.  300),  and  Elm  (Fig.  301). 

354.  The  Capsule,  or  Pod,  is  the  general  name  for  dry  seed-vessels 
which  split  or  burst  open  at  maturity. 

But  several  sorts  of  pod  are  distin- 
guished by  particular  names.  Two  of 
them  belong  to  simple  pistils,  namely, 
the  Follicle  and  the  Legume. 

355.  The  Follicle  is  a  fruit  of  a  simple 
pistil  opening  along    the   inner  suture 
(307).     The  pods  of  the  Preony,  Col- 
umbine,     Larkspur,     Marsh-Marigold 
(Fig.  302),  and  Milkweed  are  of  this 
kind.     The  seam  along  which 

the  follicle  opens  answers  to 
the    edges    of    the    pistil-leaf 
(Fig.  251,  253). 
35 G.   The  Legume  or  true 

Pod,  like  the  Pea-pod  (Fig. 
303),  is  similar  to  the  follicle,  only  it  opens  by  the  outer  as  well  as 
the  inner  or  ventral  suture  (307),  that  is,  by  what  answers  to  the 
midrib  as  well  as  by  what  answers  to  the  united  margins  of  the  leaf. 
It  splits  therefore  into  two  pieces,  which  are  called  valves.  The  le- 
gume belongs  to  plants  of  the  Pulse  family,  which  are  accordingly 
termed  Leguminosce,  that  is,  leguminous  plants.  So  the  fruits  of  this 
family  keep  the  name  of  legume,  whatever  their  form,  and  whether 
they  open  or  not.  A  legume  divided  across  into  one-seeded  joints, 
which  separate  when  ripe,  as  in  Tick-Trefoil  (Fig.  304),  is  named  a 
Lament. 

357.  The  true  Capsule  is  the  pod  of  a  compound  pistil.  Like  the 
ovary  it  resulted  from,  it  may  be  one-celled,  or  it  may  have  as  many 
cells  as  there  are  carpels  in  its  composition.  It  may  discharge  its 
seeds  through  chinks  or  pores,  as  in  the  Poppy,  or  burst  irregularly 
in  some  part,  as  in  Lobelia  and  the  Snapdragon ;  but  commonly  it 
splits  open  (or  is  dehiscent)  lengthwise  into  regular  pieces,  called 
valves. 


FIG.  300.  Samara  or  key  of  the  White  Ash.    301.  Samara  of  the  American  Elm. 

FIG.  302.  Follicle  of  Marsh-Marigold  (Caltha  palustris). 

FIG.  303.  Legume  of  a  Sweet  Pea,  opened. 

FIG.  304.  Lonient  or  jointed  legume  of  Tick-Trefoil  .(Desmoth'umJ. 


132 


THE    FRUIT. 


[LESSON  20. 


358.  Dehiscence  of  a  pod  resulting  from  a  compound  pistil,  when 
regular,  takes  place  in  one  of  two  principal  ways,  which  are  best 

shown  in  pods  of  two  or  three  cells.  Either  the  pod 
splits  open  down  the  middle  of  the  back  of  each  cell, 
when  the  dehiscence  is  loculicidal,  as  in  Fig.  305  ;  or 
it  splits  through  the  partitions,  after  which  each  cell 
ft  generally  opens  at  its  inner  angle,  when  it 
is  septicidal,  as  in  Fig.  306.  These  names 
are  of  Latin  derivation,  the  first  meaning 
"  cutting  into  the  cells  " ;  the  second,  "  cut- 
ting through  the  partitions."  Of  the  first 
sort,  the  Lily  and  Iris  (Fig.  305)  are  good 
examples ;  of  the  second,  the  Rhododen- 
dron, Azalea,  and  St.  John's-wort.  From 
the  structure  of  the  pistil  (305-311)  the 
student  will  readily  see,  that  the  line  down 
the  back  of  each  cell  answers  to  the  dorsal  suture  of  the  carpel ;  so 
that  the  pod  opens  by  this  when  loculicidal,  while  it  separates  into 
its  component  carpels,  which  open  as  follicles,  when  septicidal. 
Some  pods  open  both  ways,  and  so  split  into  twice  as  many  valves 
as  the  carpels  of  which  they  are  formed. 

359.  In  loculicidal  dehiscence  the  valves  naturally  bear  the  par- 
titions on  their  middle ;  in  the  septicidal,  half  the  thickness  of  a 
partition  is  borne  on  the  margin  of  each  valve.     See  the  diagrams, 
Fig.  307-309.     A  variation  of  either  mode  sometimes  occurs,  as 


307 


shown  in  the  diagram,  Fig.  309,  where  the  valves  break  away  from 
the  partitions.  This  is  called  septifragal  dehiscence  ;  and  may  be 
seen  in  the  Morning-Glory. 

SCO.  Three  remaining  sorts  of  pods  are  distinguished  by  proper 
names,  viz. :  — 

FIG.  305.     Capsule  of  Iris  (with  loculicidal  dehiscence),  below  cut  across. 

FIG.  306.     Pod  of  a  Marsh  St.  John's-wort,  with  septicidal  dehiscence. 

FIG,  307.     Diagram  of  septicidal ;  308,  of  loculicidal ;  and  309,  of  septifragal  dehiscence. 


LESSON  20.] 


MULTIPLE   FRUITS. 


133 


361.  The  Silique  (Fig.  310),  the  peculiar  pod  of  the  Mustard  fam- 
ily ;  which  is  two-celled  by  a  false  partition  stretched  across  between 
two  parietal  placentas.     It  generally  opens  by  two  valves 

from  below  upwards,  and  the  placentae  with  the  partition 
are  left  behind  when  the  valves  fall  off. 

362.  A  Siliele  or  Pouch  is  only  a  short  and  broad  silique, 
like  that  of  the  Shepherd's  Purse,  of  the  Candy-tuft,  &c. 

363.  The  Pyxis  is  a  pod  which  opens  by  a  circular  hori- 

zontal line,  the  upper  part  forming  a  lid,  as 
in  Purslane  (Fig.  311),  the  Plantain,  Hen- 
bane, &c.  In  these  the  dehiscence  extends 
all  round,  or  is  circumcissile.  So  it  does 
in  Fig.  298,  which  represents  a  sort  of  one- 
seeded  pyxis.  In  Jeffersonia  or  Twin-leaf,  the  line 
does  not  separate  quite  round,  but  leaves  a  portion 
to  form  a  hinge  to  the  lid. 

364.  Multiple  OF  Collective   Fruits  (334)   are,  properly  speaking, 
masses  of  fruits,  resulting  from  several  or  many  blossoms,  aggre- 
gated into  one  body.     The  pine-apple,  mulberry,  Osage-orange,  and 
the  fig,  are  fruits  of  this  kind.     This  latter  is  a  peculiar  form,  how- 
ever, being  to  a  mulberry  nearly  what  a  Rose-hip  is  to  a  strawberry 
(Fig.  279,  280),  namely,  with  a  hollow  receptacle  bearing  the  flowers 
concealed  inside ;  and  the  whole  eatable  part  is  this  pulpy  common 
receptacle,  or  hollow  thickened  flower-stalk. 

365.  A  Strobile,  or  Cone  (Fig.  314),  is  the  pe- 
culiar multiple  fruit  of  Pines,  Cypresses,  and 
the  like ;    hence   named  Coniferce,  viz.  cone- 
bearing  plants.    As  already  shown  (322),  these 
cones  are  made  of  open  pistils,  mostly  in  the 
form  of  flat   scales,  regularly  overlying   each 

other,  and  pressed  together  in  a  spike  or  head.  31*  s13 

Each  scale  bears  one  or  two  naked  seeds  on  its  inner  face.  When 
the  cone  is  ripe  and  dry,  the  scales  turn  back  or  diverge,  and  the 
seed  peels  off  and  falls,  generally  carrying  with  it  a  wing,  which  was 
a  part  of  the  lining  of  the  scale,  and  which  facilitates  the  dispersion 
of  the  seeds  by  the  wind  (Fig.  312,  313).  In  Arbor-Vita?,  the  scales 

FIG.  310.     Silique  of  Spring  Cress  (Cardamine  rhomboidea),  opening. 
FIG.  311.     The  pyxis,  or  pod,  of  the  common  Purslane. 

FIG.  312.    Inside  view  of  a  scale  from  the  cone  of  Pitch-Pine  j  with  one  of  the  seeda 
(Fig,  313)  detached  ;  the  other  in  its  place  on  the  seale. 

12 


134  THE  SEED.  [LESSON  21. 

of  the  small  cone  are  few,  and  not  very  unlike  the  leaves  (Fig.  265). 
In  Cypress  they  are  very  thick  at  the  top  and  narrow  at  the  base,  so 
as  to  make  a  peculiar  sort  of  closed  cone.  In  Juniper  and  Red  Ce- 
dar, the  few  scales  of  the  very  small  cone  become  fleshy,  and  ripen 
into  a  fruit  which  might  be  taken  for  a  berry. 


LESSON  XXL 

THE    SEED. 

366.  THE  ovules  (323),  when  they  have  an  embryo  (or  unde- 
veloped plantlet,  16)  formed  in  them,  become  seeds. 

367.  The  Seed,  like  the  ovule  from  which  it  originates,  consists 
of  its  coats,  or  integuments,  and  a  kernel. 

36§.  The  Seed-COatS  are  commonly  two  (324),  the  outer  and  the 
inner.  Fig.  315  shows  the  two,  in  a  seed  cut  through 
lengthwise.  The  outer  coat  is  often  hard  or  crustaceous, 
whence  it  is  called  the  Testa,  or  shell  of  the  seed ;  the 
inner  is  thin  and  delicate. 

369.  The  shape  and  the  markings,  so  various  in  dif- 
ferent seeds,  depend  mostly  on  the  outer  coat.     Sometimes  it  fits 

FIG.  314.    Cone  of  Pitch-Pino  (Pinus  rigida). 

FIG.  315.    Seed  of  IJasswood  cut  through  lengthwise :  os  the  hilum  or  scar  j  J,  the  outer 
coat ;  e,  the  inner,;  </,  the  albumen  ;  f.  the  embryo. 


LESSON  21.] 


ITS    COATS    OR    COVERINGS. 


135 


the  kernel  closely ;  sometimes  it  is  expanded  into  a  wing,  as  in  the 
Trumpet-Creeper  (Fig.  316),  and  occasionally  this  wing  is  cut  up 
into  shreds  or  tufts,  as  in  the  Catalpa ;  or  instead  of  a 
wing  it  may  bear  a  coma,  or  tuft  of  long  and  soft  hairs, 
such  as  we  find  in  the  Milkweed  or  Silkweed  (Fig.  317). 
The  object  of  wings  or  downy  tufts  is  to  render  the  seeds 
buoyant,  so  that  they  may  be  widely  dispersed  by  the 
winds.  This  is  clear,  not  only  from  their  evident  adap- 
tation to  this  purpose,  but  also  from  the  interesting  fact 
that  winged  and  tufted  seeds  are  found  only  in  fruits  that  split  open 
at  maturity,  never  in  those  that  remain  closed.  The  coat  of  some 
seeds  is  beset  with  long  hairs  or  wool.  Cotton,  one  of 
the  most  important  vegetable  products,  —  since  it  forms 
the  principal  clothing  of  the  larger  part  of  the  human 
race,  —  consists  of  the  long  and  woolly  hairs  which 
thickly  cover  the  wrhole  surface  of  the  seed.  Certain 
seeds  have  an  additional,  but  more  or  less  incomplete 
covering,  outside  of  the  real  seed-coats,  called  an 

370.  Aril,  or  Al'illus,  The  loose  and  transparent  bag 
which  encloses  the  seed  of  the  White  Water-Lily  (Fig.  317 
318)  is  of  this  kind.  So  is  the  mace  of  the  nutmeg ;  and  also  the 
scarlet  pulp  around  the  seeds  of  the  Waxwork  (Celastrus) 
and  Strawberry -bush  (Euonymus),  so  ornamental  in  autumn, 
after  the  pods  burst.  The  aril  is  a  growth  from  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  seed-stalk,  or  the  placenta. 

371.  The  names  of  the  parts  of  the  seed  and  of  its  kinds 
are  the  same  as  in  the  ovule.     The  scar  left  where  the  seed- 
stalk    separates    is    called  c 

the   Hilum.      The   orifice 

of  the   ovule,  now  closed 

up,  and    showing   only  a 

small    point   or    mark,    is  sis  322  220 

named   the  Micropyle.      The    terms   orthotropous,  anatropous^  &c. 

FIG.  310.  A  winged  seed  of  the  Trumpet-Creeper. 

FIG.  317.  Seed  of  Milkweed,  with  a  coma  or  tuft  of  long  silky  hairs  at  one  end. 

FIG.  318.  Seed  of  White  Water-Lily,  enclosed  in  its  aril. 

FIG.  319.  Seed  of  a  Violet  (anatropous):  a,  hilum  ;  b,  rhaphe;  c,  chalaza. 

FIG.  320.  Seed  of  a  Larkspur  (also  anatropous) ;  the  parts  lettered  as  in  the  last. 

FIG.  321.  The  same,  cut  through  lengthwise:  a,  the  hilum;  c,  chalaza ;  </,  outer  seed- 
coat  ;  e,  inner  seed-coat ;  /",  the  albumen  ;  g,  the  minute  embryo. 

FIG.  322.  Seed  of  a  St.  Jolm's-wort,  divided  lengthwise ;  here  the  whole  kernel  is 
embryo. 


136  THE  SEED.  [LESSON  21. 

apply  to  seeds  just  as  they  do  to  ovules  (325)  ;  and  so  do  those 
terms  which  express  the  direction  of  the  ovule  or  the  seed  in  the 
cell ;  such  as  erect,  ascending,  horizontal,  pendulous,  or  suspended 
(323)  :  therefore  it  is  not  necessary  to  explain  them  anew.  The 
accompanying  figures  (Fig.  319-322)  show  all  the  parts  of  the 
most  common  kind  of  seed,  namely,  the  anatropous. 

372.  The  Kernel,  OF  Nucleus,  is  the  whole  body  of  the  seed  within  the 
coats.     In  many  seeds  the  kernel  is  all  Embryo  ;  in  others  a  large 
part  of  it  is  the  Albumen. 

373.  The  Albumen  of  the  seed  is  an  accumulation  of  nourishing 
matter  (starch,  &c.),  commonly  surrounding  the  embryo,  and  des- 
tined to  nourish  it  when  it  begins  to  grow,  as  was  explained  in  the 
earlier  Lessons  (30-32).     It  is  the  floury  part  of  wheat,  corn  (Fig. 
38,  39),  buckwheat,  and  the  like.     But  it  is  not  always  mealy  in 
texture.     In  Poppy-seeds  it  is  oily.     In  the  seeds  of  Pnsony  and 
Barberry,  and  in  the  cocoanut,  it  is  fleshy  ;  in  coffee  it  is  corneous 
(that  is,  hard  and  tough,  like  horn) ;  in  the  Ivory  Palm  it  has  the 
hardness  as  well  as  the  general  appearance  of  ivory,  and  is  now 
largely  used  as  a  substitute  for  it  in  the  fabrication  of  small  objects. 
However  solid  its  texture,  the  albumen  always  softens  and  partly 
liquefies  during  germination  ;  when  a  considerable  portion  of  it  is 
transformed  into  sugar,  or  into  other  forms  of  fluid  nourishment,  on 
which  the  growing  embryo  may  feed. 

374.  The  Embryo,  or  Germ,  is  the  part  to  which  all  the  rest  of  the 
seed,  and  also  the  fruit  and  the  flower,  are  subservient.     When  the 
embryo  is  small  and  its  parts  little  developed,  the  albumen  is  the 
more  abundant,  and  makes  up  the  principal  bulk  of  the  seed,  as  in 
Fig.  30,  321,  325.     On  the  other  hand,  in  many  seeds  there  is  no 
albumen  at  all ;  but  the  strong  embryo  forms  the  whole  kernel ;  as 
in  the  Maple  (Fig.  2,  3),  Pumpkin  (Fig.  9),  Almond,  Plum,  and 
Apple  (Fig.  11,  12),  Beech  (Fig.  13),  and  the  like.     Then,  what- 
ever nourishment  is  needed  to  establish  the  plantlet  in  the  soil  is 
stored  up  in  the  body  of  the  embryo  itself,  mostly  in  its  seed-leaves. 
And  these  accordingly  often  become  very  large  and  thick,  as  in  the 
almond,  bean,  and  pea  (Fig.  1C,  19),  acorn  (Fig.  21),  chestnut,  and 
horsechestnut  (Fig.  23,  24).     Besides  these,  Fig.  25,  26,  30  to  37, 
43,  and  45  exhibit  various  common  forms  of  the  embryo :  and  also 
some  of  the  ways   in  which   it   is   placed  in   the   albumen  ;    being 
sometimes  straight,  and  sometimes  variously  coiled  up  or  packed 
away. 


LESSON  21.] 


THE    EMBRYO. 


137 


pi 

ab 


r* 


375.  The  embryo,  being  a  rudimentary  plantlet,  ready  formed  in 
e  seed,  has  only  to  grow  and  develop  its  parts  to  become  a  young 

lant  (15).  Even  in  the  seed  these  parts  are  generally  distinguish- 
able, and  are  sometimes  very  conspicuous  ;  as  in  a  Pumpkin-seed,  for 
example  (Fig.  323,  324).  They  are,  first, 

376.  The  Radicle,  or  rudimentary  stemlet,  which  is  sometimes  long 
and  slender,  and  sometimes  very  short,  as  we  may  see  in  the  numer- 
ous figures  already  referred  to.    In  the  seed  it  always 

points  to  the  micropyle  (371),  or  what  answers  to  the 
foramen  of  the  ovule  (Fig.  325,  326).  As  to  its  po- 
sition in  the  fruit,  it  is  said  to  be  inferior  when  it  points 
to  the  base  of  the  pericarp,  superior  when  it  points  to 
its  summit,  &c.  The  base  or  free  end  of  the  radicle 
gives  rise  to  the  root ;  the  other  extremity  bears 

377.  The  Cotyledons  OF  Secd-Leaves,    With  these  in  various  forms  we 
have  already  become  familiar.     The  number  of 

cotyledons  has  also  been  explained  to  be  impor- 
tant (32,  33).  In  Corn  (Fig.  40),  and  in  all 
Grasses,  Lilies,  and  the  like,  we  have  a 

Monocotyledonous  embryo,  namely,  one  fur- 
nished with  only  a  single  cotyledon  or  seed-leaf.  —  Nearly  all  the 
rest  of  our  illustrations  exhibit  various  forms  of  the 

Dicotyledonous  embryo ;  namely,  with  a  pair  of  cotyledons  or  seed- 
leaves,  always  opposite  each  other.     In  the  Pine  family  we  find  a 

Polycotyledonous  embryo  (Fig.  45,  46)  ;  that  is,  one  with  several, 
or  more  than  two,  seed-leaves,  arranged  in  a  circle  or  whorl. 

378.  The  Plumule  is  the  little  bud,  or  rudiment  of  the  next  leaf  or 
ir  of  leaves  after  the  seed-leaves.     It  appears  at  the  summit  of 

the  radicle,  between  the  cotyledons  when  there  is  a  pair  of  them, 
as  in  Fig.  324,  14,  24,  &c. ;  or  the  cotyledon  when  only  one  is 
wrapped  round  it,  as  in  Indian  Corn,  Fig.  40.  In  germination  the 
plumule  develops  upward,  to  form  the  ascending  trunk  or  stem  of 
the  plant,  while  the  other  end  of  the  radicle  grows  downward, 
and  becomes  the  root. 


:- 

cd 
ba 

di, 


FIG.  323.  Embryo  of  the  Pumpkin,  seen  flatwise.  324.  Same  cut  through  and  viewed 
wise,  enlarged  ;  the  small  plumule  seen  between  the  cotyledons  at  their  base. 

FIG.  325.  Seed  of  a  Violet  (Fig.  319)  cut  through,  showing  the  embryo  in  the  section, 
edgewise ;  being  an  anatropoua  seed,  the  radicle  of  the  straight  embryo  points  down  to  the 
base  near  the  hilum. 

FIG.  326.  Similar  section  of  the  orthotropous  seed  of  Buckwheat.  Here  the  radicle  points 
directly  away  from  the  hilum,  and  to  the  apex  of  the  seed  ;  also  the  thin  cotyledons  happen 
in  this  plant  to  be  bent  round  into  the  same  direction. 

12* 


138  HOW   PLANTS    GROW.  [LESSON  22. 

379.  This  completes  the  circle,  and  brings  our  vegetable  history 
round  to  its  starting-point  in  the  Second  Lesson  ;  namely,  The 
Growth  of  the  Plant  from  the  Seed. 


LESSON   XXII. 

HOW    PLANTS    GROW. 

380.  A  PLANT  grows  from  the  seed,  and  from  a  tiny  embryo,  like 
that  of  the  Maple  (Fig.  327),  becomes  perhaps  a  large  tree,  pro- 
ducing every  year  a  crop  of  seeds,  to  grow  in  their  turn  in  the  same 
way.     But  how  does  the  plant  grow  ?     A  little  seedling,  weighing 
only  two  or  three  grains,  often  doubles  its  weight  every  week  of  its 
early  growth,  and  in  time  may  develop  into  a  huge  bulk,  of  many 
tons'  weight  of  vegetable  matter.     How  is  this  done  ?    What  is  vege- 
table matter  ?     Where  did  it  all  come  from  ?     Arid  by  what  means 
is  it  increased  and  accumulated  in  plants  ?     Such  questions  as  these 
will  now  naturally  arise  in  any  inquiring  mind ;  and  we  must  try  to 
answer  them. 

381.  Growth  is  the  increase  of  a  living  tit  ing  in  size  and  substance. 
It  appears  so  natural  to  us  that  plants  and  animals  should  grow,  that 
people  rarely  think  of  it  as  requiring  any  explanation.     They  say 
that  a  thing  is  so  because  it  grew  so.     Still  we  wish  to  know  how 
the  growth  takes  place. 

382.  Now,  in  the  foregoing  Lessons  we  explained  the  whole  struc- 
ture of  the  plant,  with  all  its  organs,  by  beginning  with  the  seedling 
plantlet,  and  following  it  onward  in  its  development   through  the 

FIG.  327.    Germinating  embryo  of  a  Maple. 


LESSON  22.]  FORMATION    OF    THE    EMBRYO. 


139 


whole  course  of  vegetation  (12,  &c.).  So,  in  attempting-  to  learn 
how  this  growth  took  place,  it  will  be  best  to  adopt  the  same  plan, 
and  to  commence  with  the  commencement,  that  is,  with  the  first 
formation  of  a  plant.  This  may  seem  not  so  easy,  because  we  have 
to  begin  with  parts  too  small  to  be  seen  without  a  good  microscope, 
and  requiring  much  skill  to  dissect  and  exhibit.  But  it  is  by  no 
means  difficult  to  describe  them ;  and  with  the  aid  of  a  few  figures 
we  may  hope  to  make  the  whole  mat- 
ter clear. 

383.  The  embryo  in  the  ripe  seed 
is  already  a  plant  in  miniature,  as  we 
have  learned  in  the  Second,  Third, 
and  Twenty-first  Lessons.     It  is  al- 
ready provided  with  stem  and  leaves. 
To  learn  how  the  plant  began,  there- 
fore, we  must  go  back  to  an  earlier 
period  still ;   namely,  to  the  forma- 
tion and 

384.  Growth  of  the  Embryo  itself. 

For  this  purpose  we  return  to  the 
ovule  in  the  pistil  of  the  flower  (323). 
During  or  soon  after  blossoming,  a 
cavity  appears  in  the  kernel  or  nu- 
cleus of  the  ovule  (Fig.  274,  o),  lined 
with  a  delicate  membrane,  and  so 
;  a  closed  sac,  named  the 

~bryo-sac  (s).  In  this  sac  or  cav- 
ity, at  its  upper  end  (viz.  at  the 
end  next  the  orifice  of  the  ovule), 
appears  a  roundish  little  vesicle  or 
bladder-like  body  (v),  perhaps  less 
than  one  thousandth  of  an  inch  in 

diameter.  This  is  the  embryo,  or  rudimentary  new  plant,  at  its 
very  beginning.  But  this  vesicle  never  becomes  anything  more 
than  a  grain  of  soft  pulp,  unless  the  ovule  has  been  acted  upon  by 

e  pollen. 

i.    Magnified  pistil  of  Buckwheat ;  the  ovary  and  ovule  divided  lengthwise  :  some 
lien  on  the  stigmas,  one  grain  distinctly  showing  its  tube,  which  penetrates  the  style,  re- 
appears in  the  cavity  of  the  ovary,  enters  the  mouth  of  the  ovule  (o),  and  reaches  the  sur- 
face of  the  embryo-sac  («),  near  the  embryonal  vesicle  (w). 


wii 

el 


140 


HOW   PLANTS    GROW. 


[LESSON  22. 


385.  The  pollen  (297)  which  falls  upon  the  stigma  grows  there 
in  a  peculiar  way  :  its  delicate  inner  coat  extends  into  a  tube  (the 
pollen-tube),  which  sinks  into  the  loose  tissue  of  the  stigma  and 
the  interior  of  the  style,  something  as  the  root  of  a  seedling 
sinks  into  the  loose  soil,  reaches  the  cavity  of  the  ovary,  and  at 
length  penetrates  the  orifice  of  an  ovule.  The  point  of  the  pollen- 
tube  reaches  the  surface  of  the  embryo-sac,  and  in 
some  unexplained  way  causes  a  particle  of  soft  pulpy 
or  mucilaginous  matter  (Fig.  328)  to  form  a  mem- 
branous coat  and  to  expand  into  a  vesicle,  which  is 
the  germ  of  the  embryo. 

38 G.  This  vesicle  (shown  detached  and  more  mag- 
nified in  Fig.  329)  is  a  specimen  of  what  botanists  call 
a  Cell.  Its  wall  of  very  delicate  membrane  encloses  a 
mucilaginous  liquid,  in  which  there  are  often  some 
s  minute  grains,  and  commonly  a  larger  soft  mass 
(called  its  nucleus). 

387.  Growth  takes  place  by  this  vesicle  or  cell, 
after  enlarging  to  a  certain  size,  dividing  by  the  for- 
mation of  a  cross  partition  into  two  such  cells,  co- 
hering together  (Fig.  330) ;  one  of  these  into  two 
more  (Fig.  331)  ;  and  these  repeating  the  process 
by  partitions  formed  in  both  directions  (Fig.  332) ; 
forming  a  cluster  or  mass  of  cells,  essentially  like  the 
first,  and  all  proceeding  from  it.  After  increasing  in  number  for 
some  time  in  this  way, 
and  by  a  continuation  of 
the  same  process,  the  em- 
bryo begins  to  shape  it-  y 
self;  the  upper  end  forms 
the  radicle  or  root-end, 
while  the  other  end  shows  a  notch  between  two  lobes  (Fig.  333), 
these  lobes  become  the  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves,  and  the  embryo 
as  it  exists  in  the  seed  is  at  length  completed  (Fig.  33G) 

FIG.  329.  Vesicle  or  first  cell  of  the  embryo,  with  a  portion  of  the  summit  of  the  embryo- 
eac,  detached.  330.  Same,  more  advanced,  divided  into  two  cells.  331.  Same,  a  little  far- 
ther advanced,  consisting  of  three  cells.  332.  Same,  still  more  advanced,  consisting  of  a 
little  mass  of  young  cells. 

FIG.  333.  Fonning  embryo  of  Buckwheat,  moderately  mnpnificd,  showing  a  nick  at  the 
end  where  the  cotyledons  are  to  be.  33-1.  Paine,  more  advanced  in  growth.  335.  Fame, 
Btill  farther  advanced.  33G.  The  completed  embryo,  displayed  and  straightened  out;  th« 
same  as  shown  in  a  section  when  folded  together  in  Fig.  326. 


LESSON  22.]  GROWTH    OF    THE   PLANTLET. 


141 


388.  The  Growth  Of  the  Plantlet  when  it  springs  from  the  seed  is 
only  a  continuation  of  the  same  process.     The  bladder-like  cells  of 
which  the   embryo  consists    multiply  in  number  by  the  repeated 
division  of  each  cell  into  two.     And  the  plantlet  is  merely  the  ag- 
gregation of  a  vastly  larger  number  of  these  cells.     This  may  be 
clearly  ascertained  by  magnifying  any  part  of  a  young  plantlet.    The 
young  root,  being  more  transparent 

than  the  rest,  answers  the  purpose 
best.  Fig.  56,  on  page  30,  repre-  p| 
sents  the  end  of  the  rootlet  of  Fig. 
55,  magnified  enough  to  show  the 
cells  that  form  the  surface.  Fig. 
337  and  338  are  two  small  bits  of 
the  surface  more  highly  magnified, 
showing  the  cells  still  larger.  And 
if  we  make  a  thin  slice  through  the 
young  root  both  lengthwise  and 
crosswise,  and  view  it  under  a  good 
microscope  (Fig.  340),  we  may  per- 
ceive that  the  whole  interior  is  made  up  of  just  such  cells.  It  is 
the  same  with  the  young  stem  and  the  leaves  (Fig.  355,  357). 
It  is  essentially  the  same  in  the  full-grown  herb  and  the  tree. 

389.  So  the  plant  is  an  aggregation  of  countless  millions  of  little 
vesicles,   or  cells  (Fig.   339),  as  they  are  called,  essentially   like 

the  cell  it  began  with  in  the  formation  of  the  embryo 
(Fig.  329)  ;  and  this  first  cell  is  the  foundation  of 
the  whole  structure,  or  the  ancestor  of  all  the  rest. 
And  a  plant  is  a  kind  of  structure  built  up  of  these 
individual  cells,  something  as  a  house  is  built  of 
bricks,  —  only  the  bricks  or  cells  are  not  brought  to  the  forming 
plant,  but  are  made  in  it  and  by  it ;  or,  to  give  a  better  comparison, 
the  plant  is  constructed  much  as  a  honeycomb  is  built  up  of  cells, 
• —  only  the  plant  constructs  itself,  and  shapes  its  own  materials  into 
fitting  forms. 

390.  And  vegetable  growth  consists  of  two  things  ; —  1st,  the  ex- 
pansion of  each  cell  until  it  gets  its  full  size  (which  is  commonly  not 
more  than  ^-^  of  an  inch  in  diameter)  ;  and  2d,  the  multiplication 


FIG.  337.     Tissue  from  the  rootlet  of  a  seedling  Maple,  magnified,  showing  root-hairs. 
38.   A  small  portion,  more  magnified. 
FIG.  339.    A  regularly  twelye-sided  cell,  like  those  of  Fig.  340,  detached. 


142  VEGETABLE    FABRIC.  [LESSON    23. 

of  the  cells  in  number.     It  is  by  the  latter,  of  course,  that  the  prin- 
cipal increase  of  plants  in  bulk  takes  place. 


LESSON   XXIII. 

VEGETABLE    FABRIC  I     CELLULAR    TISSUE. 

391.  Organic  Structure.     A  mineral  —  such  as  a  crystal  of  spar,  or 
a  piece  of  marble  —  may  be  divided  into  smaller  and  still  smaller 
pieces,  and  yet  the  minutest  portion  that  can  be  seen  with  the  mi- 
croscope will  have  all  the  characters  of  the  larger  body,  and  be 
capable  of  still  further  subdivision,  if  we  had  the  means  of  doing  it, 
into  just  such  particles,  only  of  smaller  size.     A  plant  may  also  be 
divided  into  a  number  of  similar  parts  :  first  into  branches ;  then 
each  branch  or  stem,  into  joints  or  similar  parts  (34),  each  with  its 
leaf  or  pair  of  leaves.    But  if  we  divide  these  into  pieces,  the  pieces 
are  not  all  alike,  nor  have  they  separately  the  properties  of  the 
whole  ;  they  are  not  whole  things,  but  fragments  or  slices. 

392.  If  now,  under  the  microscope,  we  subdivide  a  leaf,  or  a  piece 
of  stem  or  root,  we  come  down  in  the  same  way  to  the  set  of  similar 
things  it  is  made  of,  —  to  cavities  with  closed  walls,  —  to  Cells,  as  we 
call  them  (386),  essentially  the  same  everywhere,  however  they  may 
vary  in  shape.     These  are  the  units,  or  the  elements  of  which  every 
part  consists ;  and  it  is  their  growth  and  their  multiplication  which 

FTG.  340.    Magnified  view,  or  diagram,  of  some  perfectly  regular  cellular  tissue,  formed  of 
twelve-sided  cells,  cut  cross\vi-e  and  l»»r.£thv,i-x>. 


LESSON  23.]  CELLULAR    TISSUE.  143 

make  the  growth  of  the  plant,  as  was  shown  in  the  last  Lesson. 
We  cannot  divide  them  into  similar  smaller  parts  having  the  prop- 
erties of  the  whole,  as  we  may  any  mineral  body.  We  may  cut 
them  in  pieces ;  but  the  pieces  are  only  mutilated  parts  of  a  cell. 
This  is  a  peculiarity  of  organic  things  (2,  3)  :  it  is  organic  structure. 
Being  composed  of  cells,  the  main  structure  of  plants  is  called 

393.  Cellular  Tissue,     The  cells,  as  they  multiply,  build  up  the 
tissues  or  fabric  of  the  plant,  which,  as  we  have  said  (389),  may  be 
likened  to  a  wall  or  an  edifice  built  of  bricks,  or  still  better  to  a 
honeycomb  composed  of  ranges  of  cells  (Fig.  340). 

394.  The  walls  of  the  cells  'are  united  where  they  touch  each 
other ;    and  so  the   partition  appears  to  be  a  simple   membrane, 
although  it  is  really  double  ;  as  may  be  shown  by  boiling  the  tissue 
a  few  minutes  and  then  pulling  the  parts  asunder.    And  in  soft  fruits 
the  cells  separate  in  ripening,  although  they  were  perfectly  united 
into  a  tissue,  when  green,  like  that  of  Fig.  340. 

395.  In  that  figure  the  cells  fit  together  perfectly,  leaving  no 
interstices,  except   a  very  small   space   at   some  of  the   corners. 
But  in  most  leaves,  the  cells  are  loosely  heaped  together,  leaving 
spaces  or  passages  of  all  sizes  (Fig.  356) ;  and  in  the  leaves  and 
stems  of  aquatic  and  marsh  plants,  in  particular,  the  cells  are  built 
up  into  narrow  partitions,  which  form  the  sides  of  large  and  regular 
canals  or  passages  (as  shown  in  Fig.  341).     These  passages  form 
the  holes  or  cavities  so  conspicuous  on  cutting  across  any  of  these 
plants,  and  which  are  always  filled  with  air.     They  may  be  likened 
to  a  stack  of  chimneys,  built  up  of  cells  in  place  of  bricks. 

396.  When  small  and  irregular,  the  interstices  are  called  inter- 
cellular spaces  (that  is,  spaces  between  the  cells).     When  large  and 
regular,  they  are  named  intercellular  passages  or  air-passages. 

397.  It  will  be  noticed  that  in  slices  of  the  root,  stem,  or  any  tissue 
where  the  cells  are  not  partly  separate,  the  boundaries  of  the  cells 
are  usually  more  or  less  six-sided,  like  the  cells  of  a  honeycomb ; 
and  this  is  apt  to  be  the  case  in  whatever  direction  the  slice  is  made, 
whether  crosswise,  lengthwise,  or  obliquely.     The  reason  of  this  is 
easy  to  see.     The  natural  figure  of  the  cell  is  globular.     Cells  which 
are  not  pressed  upon  by  others  are  generally  round  or  roundish 
(except  when  they  grow  in  some  particular  direction),  as  we  see  in 
the  green  pulp  of  many  leaves.     When  a  quantity  of  spheres  (such, 
for  instance,  as  a  pile  of  cannon-balls)  are  heaped  up,  each  one  in  the 
interior  of  the  heap  is  touched  by  twelve  others.     If  the  spheres  be 


144  VEGETABLE    FABRIC.  [LESSON  23. 

soft  and  yielding,  as  young  cells  are,  when  pressed  together  they  will 
become  twelve-sided,  like  that  in  Fig.  339.  And  a  section  in  any 
direction  will  be  six-sided,  as  are  the  meshes  in  Fig.  340. 

(398.  The  size  of  the  common  cells  of  plants  varies  from  about 
the  thirtieth  to  the  thousandth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  An  ordinary 
size  is  from  -yfa  to  -5^  of  an  inch ;  so  that  there  may  generally  be 
from  27  to  125  millions  of  cells  in  the  compass  of  a  cubic  inch  ! 

ll'.i'J.  Now  when  it  is  remembered  that  many  stems  shoot  up  at 
the  rate  of  an  inch  or  two  a  day,  and  sometimes  of  three  or  four 
inches,  knowing  the  size  of  the  cells,  we  may  form  some  conception 
of  the  rapidity  of  their  formation.  'The  giant  Puff-ball  has  been 
known  to  enlarge  from  an  inch  or  so  to  nearly  a  foot  in  diameter 
in  a  single  night ;  but  much  of  this  is  probably  owing  to  expansion. 
"We  take  therefore  a  more  decisive,  but  equally  extraordinary  case, 
in  the  huge  flowering  stem  of  the  Century-Plant.  After  waiting 
many  years,  or  even  for  a  century,  to  gather  strength  and  materials 
for  the  effort,  Century-Plants  in  our  conservatories  send  up  a  flow- 
ering stalk,  which  grows  day  after  day  at  the  rate  of  a  foot  in  twenty- 
four  hours,  and  becomes  about  six  inches  in  diameter.  This,  sup- 
posing the  cells  to  average  ^^  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  requires  the 
formation  of  over  twenty  thousand  millions  of  cells  in  a  day ! 

400.  The  walls  of  the  cells  are  almost  always  colorless.     The 
green  color  of  leaves  and  young  bark,  and  all  the  brilliant  hues  of 
flowers,  are  due  to  the  contents  of  the  cells,  seen  through  their  more 
or  less  transparent  walls. 

401.  At  first  the  walls  are  always  very  thin.     In  all  soft  parts 
they  remain  so  ;  but  in  other  cases  they  thicken  on  the  inside  and 
harden,  as  we  see  in  the  stone  of  stone-fruits,  and  in  all  hard  wood 
(Fig.  345).     Sometimes  this  thickening  continues  until  the  cell  is 
nearly  filled  up  solid. 

402.  The  walls  of  cells  are  perfectly  closed  and  whole,  at  least  in 
all  young  and  living  cells.     Those  with  thickened  walls  have  thin 
places,  indeed ;  but  there  are  no  holes  opening  from  one  cell  into 
another.     And  yet  through  these  closed  cells  the  sap  and  all  the 
juices  are  conveyed  from  one  end  of  the  plant  to  the  other. 

403.  Vegetable  cells  may  vary  widely  in  shape,  particularly  when 
not  combined  into  a  tissue  or  solid  fabric.     The  hairs  of  plants,  for 
example,  are  cells  drawn  out  into  tubes,  or  are  composed  of  a  row 
of  cells,  growing  on  the  surface.     Cotton  consists  of  simple  long  hairs 
on  the  coat  of  the  seed ;  and  these  hairs  are  single  cells.     The  hair- 


LESSON  24.]  WOOD.  145 

like  bodies  which  abound  on  young  roots  are  very  slender  projec- 
tions of  some  of  the  superficial  cells,  as  is  seen  in  Fig.  337.  Even 
the  fibres  of  wood,  and  what  are  called  vessels  in  plants,  are  only 
peculiar  forms  or  transformations  of  cells. 


LESSON   XXIV. 

VEGETABLE    FABRIC  I     WOOD. 

404.  CELLULAR,  TISSUE,  such  as  described  in  the  last  Lesson, 
makes   up  the  whole  structure  of  all  very  young  plants,  and  the 
whole  of  Mosses  and  other  vegetables  of  the  lowest  grade,  even 
when  full  grown.     But  this  fabric  is  too  tender  or  too  brittle  to 
give  needful  strength  and  toughness  for  plants  which  are  to  rise  to 
any  considerable  height  and  support  themselves.     So  all  such  plants 
have  also  in  their  composition  more  or  less  of 

405.  Wood,     This  is  found  in  all  common  herbs,  as  well  as  in 
shrubs  and  trees  ;  only  there  is  not  so  much  of  it  in  proportion  to 
the  softer  cellular  tissue.     It  is  formed  very  early  in  the  growth  of 
the  root,  stem,  and  leaves ;  traces  of  it  appearing  in  large  embryos 
even  while  yet  in  the  seed. 

406.  Wood  is  likewise  formed  of  cells,  —  of  cells  which  at  first 
are  just  like  those  that  form  the  soft  parts  of  plants.     But  early  in 
their  growth,  some  of  these  lengthen  and  at  the  same  time  thicken 
their  walls  ;  these  are  what  is  called  Woody  Fibre  or  Wood-  Cells  ; 
others  grow  to  a  greater  size,  have  thin  walls  with  various  markings 
upon  them,  and  often  run  together  end  to  end  so  as  to  form  pretty 

FIG   341.   Part  of  a  slice  across  the  stem  of  the  Calla,  or  rather  Richardia  Africana,  magnified. 

13 


146 


VEGETABLE    FABRIC. 


[LESSON  24. 


I 


large  tubes,  comparatively  ;    these  are  called  Ducts,  or  sometimes 
Vessels.    Wood  almost  always  consists  of  both  woody  fibres  and  ducts, 
^       343  345  variously  intermingled,  and   combined 

into  bundles  or  threads  which  run 
lengthwise  through  the  root  and  stem, 
and  are  spread  out  to  form  the  frame- 
work of  the  leaves  (13G).  In  trees 
and  shrubs  they  are  so  numerous  and 
crowded  together,  that  they  make  a 

6  solid  mass  of  wood.  In  herbs  they 
are  fewer,  and  often  scattered.  That 
is  all  the  difference. 

407.  The  porosity  of  some  kinds  of 
wood,  which  is  to  be  seen  by  the  naked 
eye,  as  in  mahogany  and  Oak-wood,  is 
owing  to  a  large  sort  of  ducts.  These 
generally  contain  air,  except  in  very 

*  young  parts,  and  in  the  spring  of  the 
year,  when  they  are  often  gorged  with 
sap,  as  we  see  in  a  wounded  Grape- 
vine, or  in  the  trunk  of  a  Sugar-Maple 
at  that  time.  But  in  woody  plants 
through  the  season,  the  sap  is  usually 
carried  up  from  the  roots  to  the  leaves 

9V* 

by  the 

408.  Wood-Cells,  OF  Woody  Fibre,  (Fig.  342-345.)  These  are 
small  tubes,  commonly  between  one  and  two  thousandths,  but  in 
Pine-wood  sometimes  two  or  three  hundredths,  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter. Those  from  the  tough  bark  of  the  Basswood,  shown  in  Fig. 

342,  are  only  the  fifteen-hundredth  of  an  inch  wide.     Those  of  But- 
ton wood  (Fig.  345)  are  larger,  and  are  here  highly  magnified  be- 
sides.    They  also  show  the  way  wood-cells  are  commonly  put  to- 
gether, namely,  with  their  tapering  ends  overlapping  each  other,  — 
spliced  together,  as  it  were,  —  thus  giving  more  strength  and  tough- 
ness to  the  stem,  &c. 

FIG.  342.    Two  wood-cells  from  the  inner  or  fibrous  bark  of  the  Linden  or  Basswood. 

343.  Some  tissue  of  the  wood  of  the  same,  viz.  wood-cells,  and  below  (<!}  a  portion  of  a 
spirally  marked  duct    344.  A  separate  wood-cell.     All  equally  magnified. 

FIG.  345.  Some  wood-cells  of  Buttonwood,  highly  magnified  :  a,  thin  spots  in  the 
walla,  looking  like  holes ;  on  the  right-hand  side,  where  the  walls  arc  cut  through,  these 
(b)  are  seen  in  profile. 


LESSON  24.] 


WOOD. 


147 


409.  In  hardwoods,  such  as  Hickory,  Oak,  and  Button  wood  (Fig. 
345),  the  walls  of  these  tubes  are  very  thick,  as  well  as  dense  ;  while 
in  soft  woods,  such  as  White-Pine  and  Basswood,  they  are  pretty  thin. 

410.  Wood-cells,  like  other  cells  (at  least  when  young  and  living), 
have  no  openings  ;  each  has  its  own  cavity,  closed  and  independent. 
They  do  not  form  anything  like  a  set  of  pipes  opening  one  into  an- 
other, so  as  to  convey  an  unbroken  stream  of  sap  through  the  plant, 
in  the  way  people  generally  suppose.    The  contents  can  pass  from  one 
cell  to  another  only  by  getting  through  the  partitions  in  some  way  or 
other.     And  so  short  are  the  individual  wood- 
cells  generally,  that,  to  rise  a  foot  in  such  a  tree 

as  the  Basswood,  the  sap  has  to  pass  through, 
about  two  thousand  partitions  ! 

411.  But  although  there  are  no  holes  (ex- 
cept by  breaking  away  when  old),  there  are 
plenty  of  thin  places,  which  look  like  perfora- 
tions ;  and  through  these  the  sap  is  readily  trans- 
ferred from  one  cell  to  another,  in  a  manner  to 

be  explained  further  on  (487).     Some  of  them          345  347 

are  exhibited  in  Fig.  345,  both  as  looked  directly  down  upon,  when 
they  appear  as  dots  or  holes,  and  in  profile  where  the  cells  are  cut 
through.  The  latter  view  shows  what  they  really  are,  namely,  very 
thin  places  in  the  thickness  of  the  wall ;  and  also  that  a  thin  place  in 
one  cell  exactly  corresponds  to  one  in  the  contiguous  wall  of  the  next 
cell.  In  the  wood  of  the  Pine  family,  these  thin  spots  are  much 
larger,  and  are  very  conspicuous  in  a  thin  slice  of  wood  under  the 
microscope  (Fig.  346,  347)  ;  —  forming  stamps  impressed  as  it  were 
upon  each  fibre  of  every  tree  of  this  great  family,  by  which  it  may 
lie  known  even  in  the  smallest  fragment  of  its  wood. 

412.  Wood-cells   in  the   bark  are   generally  longer,  finer,  and 
Rougher  than  those  of  the  proper  wood,  and  appear  more  like  fibres. 
,-For  example,  Fig.  344  represents  a  cell  of  the  wood  of  Basswood, 
of  average  length,  and  Fig.  342  one  (and  part  of  another)  of  the 
fibrous  bark,  both  drawn  to  the  same  scale.     As  these  long  cells 
form  the  principal  part  of  fibrous  bark,  or  bast,  they  are  named  Bast- 
cells  or  Bast-fibres.     These  give  the  great  toughness  to  the  inner 
"bark  of  Basswood  (i.  e.  Bast-wood)  and  of  Leatherwood ;  and  they 

FIG.  346.  A  bit  of  Pine-shaving,  highly  magnified,  showing  the  large  circular  thin  spots 
of  the  wall  of  the  wood-cells.  347.  A  separate  wood-eel',  more  ^uagnified,  the  varying  thick" 
ness  of  the  wall  at  these  spots  showing  as  rings, 


148 


VEGETABLE    FABRIC. 


[LESSON  24. 


furnish  the  invaluable  fibres  of  flax  and  hemp ;  the  wood  of  the 
stem  being  tender,  brittle,  and  destroyed  by  the  processes  which 
separate  for  use  the  tough  and  slender  bast-cells. 

413.  Ducts  (Fig.  348-350)  are  larger  than  wood-cells,  some  of 
them  having  a  calibre  large  enough  to  be  seen  by  the  naked  eye, 

when  cut  across  (407),  although 
they  are  usually  much  too  small 
for  this.  They  are  either  long 
single  cells,  or  are  formed  of  a  row 
of  cells  placed  end  to  end.  Fig. 
349,  a  piece  of  a  large  dotted  duct, 
and  two  of  the  ducts  in  Fig.  350, 
show  this  by  their  joints,  which 
mark  the  boundaries  of  the  several 
cells  they  are  composed  of. 

414.  The  walls  of  ducts  under  the  microscope  display  various 
kinds  of  markings.     In  what  are  called 

Dotted  Ducts  (Fig.  348,  349),  which  are  the  commonest  and  the 
largest  of  all,  —  their  cut  ends  making  the  visible  porosity  of  Oak- 
wood,  —  the  whole  wall  is  apparently  riddled  with  holes  ;  but  until 
they  become  old,  these  are  only  thin  places. 

Spiral  Ducts,  or  Spiral  Vessels,  also  the  varieties  of  these  called 
Annular  or  Banded  Ducts  (Fig.  350),  are  marked  by  a  delicate  fibre 
spirally  coiled,  or  by  rings  or  bands,  thickening  the  wall.  In  the 
genuine  spiral  duct,  the  thread  may  be  uncoiled,  tearing  the  trans- 
parent wall  in  pieces ;  —  as  may  be  seen  by  breaking  most  young 
shoots,  or 'the  leaves  of  Strawberry  or  Amaryllis,  and  pulling  the 
broken  ends  gently  asunder,  uncoiling  these  gossamer  threads  in 
abundance.  In  Fig.  355,  some  of  these  various  sorts  of  ducts  or 
vessels  are  shown  in  their  place  in  the  wood. 

415.  Milk-  Vessels,   Turpentine-  Vessels,   Oil-Receptacles,   and   the 
like,  are  generally  canals  or  cavities  formed  between  or  among  the 
cells,  and  filled  with  the  particular  products  of  the  plant. 

FIG.  348.  Part  of  a  dotted  duct  from  a  Grape-vine.  349.  A  similar  one,  evidently  com- 
posed of  a  row  of  cells.  350.  Part  of  a  bundle  of  spiral  and  annular  ducts  from  the  stem 
cf  Polygonuin  orientalo,  or  Princes'  Feather.  All  highly  magnified. 


LESSON  25.]  ANATOMY    OF    THE    ROOT.  149 

LESSON   XXV. 

ANATOMY  OF  THE  ROOT,  STEM,  AND  LEAVES. 

416.  HAVING  in  the  last  preceding  Lessons  learned  what  the 
materials  of  the  vegetable  fabric  are,  we  may  now  briefly  consider 
how  they  are  put  together,  and  how  they  act  in  carrying  on  the 
plant's  operations. 

417.  The  root  and  the  stem  are  so  much  alike  in  their  internal 
structure,  that  a  description  of  the  anatomy  of  the  latter  will  answer 
for  the  former  also. 

418.  The  Structure  Of  the  Rootlets,  however,  or  the  tip  of  the  root, 
demands  a  moment's  attention.     The  tip  of  the  root  is  the  newest 
part,  and  is  constantly  renewing  itself  so  long  as  the  plant  is  active 
(67).   It  is  shown  magnified  in  Fig.  56,  and  is  the  same  in  all  rootlets 
as  in  the  first  root  of  the  seedling.     The  new  roots,  or  their  new 
parts,  are  mainly  concerned  in  imbibing  moisture  from  the  ground ; 
and  the  newer  they  are,  the  more  actively  do  they  absorb.     The  ab- 
sorbing ends  of  roots  are  entirely  composed  of  soft,  new,  and  very 
thin-walled  cellular  tissue ;  it  is  only  farther  back  that  some  wood- 
cells  and  ducts  are  found.     The  moisture  (and  probably  also  air) 
presented  to  them  is  absorbed  through  the  delicate  walls,  which,  like 
those  of  the  cells  in  the  interior,  are  destitute  of  openings  or  pores 
visible  even  under  the  highest  possible  magnifying  power. 

419.  But  as  the  rootlet  grows  older,  the  cells  of  its  external  layer 
harden  their  walls,  and  form  a  sort  of  skin,  or  epidermis  (like  that 
which  everywhere  covers  the  stem  and  foliage  above  ground),  which 
greatly  checks  absorption.     Roots  accordingly  cease  very  actively  to 
imbibe  moisture  almost  as  soon  as  they  stop  growing  (67). 

420.  Many  of  the  cells  of  the  surface  of  young  rootlets  send  out  a 
prolongation  in  the  form  of  a  slender  hair-like  tube,  closed  of  course 
at  the  apex,  but  at  the  base  opening  into  the  cavity  of  the  cell. 
These  tubes  or  root-hairs  (shown  in  Fig.  55  and  56,  and  a  few  of 
them,  more  magnified,  in  Fig.  337  and  338),  sent  out  in  all  direc- 
tions into  the  soil,  vastly  increase  the  amount  of  absorbing  surface 
which  the  root  presents  to  it. 

421.  Structure  Of  the  Stem  (also  of  the  body  of  the  root).     At  the 
beginning,  when  the  root  and  stem  spring  from  the  seed,  they  consist 

13* 


150 


ANATOMY    OF    ENDOGENOUS 


[LESSON  25. 


almost  entirely  of  soft  and  tender  cellular  tissue.     But  as  they  grow, 
wood  begins  at  once  to  be  formed  in  them. 

422.  This  woody  material  is  arranged  in  the  stem  in  two  very 
different  Avays  in  different  plants,  making  two  sorts  of  wood.     One 
sort  we  see  in  a  Palm-stem,  a  rattan,  and  a  Corn-stalk  (Fig.  351)  ; 
the  other  we  are  familiar  with  in  Oak,  Maple,  and  all  our  common 
kinds  of  wood.    In  the  first,  the  wood  is  made  up  of  separate  threads, 
scattered  here  and  there  throughout  the  whole  diameter  of  the  stem. 
In  the  second  the  wood  is  all  collected  to  form  a  layer  (in  a  slice 
across  appearing  as  a  ring)  of  wood,  between  a  central  cellular  part 
which  has  none  in  it,  the  Pith,  and  an  outer  cellular  part,  the  Bark. 
This  last  is  the  plan  of  all  our  Northern  trees  and  shrubs,  and  of  the 
greater  part  of  our  herbs.     The  first  kind  is 

423.  Tile  Endogenous  Stem  ;  so  named  from  two  Greek  words  mean- 
ing "  inside-growing,"  because,  when  it  lasts  from  year  to  year,  the 

new  wood  which  is  added  is  interspersed  among 
the  older  threads  of  wood,  and  in  old  stems  the 
hardest  and  oldest  wood  is  near  the  surface,  and 
the  youngest  and  softest  towards  the  centre.  All 
the  plants  represented  in  Fig.  47,  on  p.  19,  (ex- 
cept the  anomalous  Cycas,)  are  examples  of  En- 
dogenous stems.  And  all  such  belong  to  plants 
with  only  one  cotyledon  or  seed-leaf  to  the  em- 
bryo (32).  Botanists  therefore  call  them  Endoge- 
nous or  Monocotyledonous  Plants,  using  sometimes 
one  name,  and  sometimes  the  other.  Endogenous 
stems  have  no  separate  pith  in  the  centre,  no  distinct  bark,  and  no 
layer  or  ring  of  wood  between  these  two  ;  but  the  threads  of  wood 
are  scattered  throughout  the  whole,  without  any  particular  order. 
This  is  very  different  from 

1-1.  The  Exogenous  Stem,  the  one  we  have  most  to  do  with,  since 
all  our  Northern  trees  and  shrubs  are  constructed  on  this  plan.  It 
belongs  to  all  plants  which  have  two  cotyledons  to  the  embryo  (or 
more  than  two,  such  as  Pines,  33)  ;  so  that  we  call  these  either 
Exogenous  or  Dicotyledonous  Plants  (1C),  accordingly  as  we  take 
thu  name  from  the  stem  or  from  the  embryo. 

•\'2~).  In  the  Exogenous  stem,  as  already  stated,  the  wood  is  all 
collected  into  one  zone,  surrounding-  a  pith  of  pure  cellular  tissue  in 
the  centre,  and  surrounded  by  a  distinct  and  separable  bark,  the 

FIG.  351.    Section  of  a  Cornstalk  (an  endogenous  stem),  both  crosswise  and  lengthwise 


LESSON  25.] 


AND    EXOGENOUS    STEMS. 


151 


outer  part  of  which  is  also  cellular.  This  structure  is  very  familiar 
in  common  wood.  It  is  really  just  the  same  in  the  stem  of  an  herb, 
only  the  wood  is  much  less  in  quantity.  Compare,  for 
instance,  a  cross-section  of  the  stem  of  Flax  (Fig.  352) 
ii  with  that  of  a  shoot  of  Maple  or  Horsechestnut  of 

I    illllliljl'MillllilRllI  L 

the  same  age.     In  an  herb,  the  wood  at  the  beginning 
consists  of  separate  threads  or  little  wedges  of  wood ; 
352  but  these,  however  few  and  scattered  they  may  be,  are 

all  so  placed  in  the 
stem  as  to  mark  out 
a  zone  (or  in  the 
cross-section  a  ring) 
of  wood,  dividing  the 
pith  within*  from  the 
bark  without. 

426.  The  accompa- 
nying figures  (which 
are  diagrams  rather 
than  exact  delinea- 
tions) may  serve  to 
illustrate  the  anat- 
omy of  a  woody 
exogenous  stem,  of 
one  year  old.  The 
parts  are  explained 
in  the  references  be- 
low. In  the  centre  is 
the  Pith.  Surround- 
ing this  is  the  layer 
of  Wood,  consisting  both  of  wood-cells  and  of  ducts  or  vessels.  From 
the  pith  to  the  bark  on  all  sides  run  a  set  of  narrow  plates  of  cellular 
tissue,  called  Medullary  Rays :  these  make  the  silver-grain  of  wood. 
On  the  cross-section  they  appear  merely  as  narrow  lines ;  but  in 
wood  cut  lengthwise  parallel  to  them,  their  faces  show  as  glimmer- 

FIG.  352.    Cross-section  of  the  stem  of  Flax,  showing  its  bark,  wood,  and  pith. 

FIG.  353.    Piece  of  a  stem  of  Soft  Maple,  of  a  year  old,  cut  crosswise  and  lengthwise. 

FIG.  354.    A  portion  of  the  same,  magnified. 

FIG,  355,  A  small  piece  of  the  same,  taken  from  one  side,  reaching  from  the  bark  to  the 
pith,  and  highly  magnified  :  a,  a  small  bit  of  the  pith  ;  6,  spiral  ducts  of  what  is  called  the 
medullary  sheath ;  c,  the  wood  j  d,  d,  dotted  ducts  in  the  wood  j  e,  e,  annular  ducts  ;  /,  the  liber 
or  inner  bark  ;  g,  the  green  bark  ;  A,  the  corky  layer  ;  i,  the  skin,  or  epidermis  ;  /,  one  of  the 
medullary  rays,  or  plates  of  silver-grain,  seen  on  the  cross-section. 


152  ANATOMY    OF    THE  [LESSON  25. 

ing  plates,  giving  a  peculiar  appearance  to  Oak,  Maple,  and  oilier 
wood  with  large  medullary  rays. 

427.  The  Bark  covers  and  protects  the  wood.     At  first  it  is  all 
cellular,  like  the  pith ;    but  soon  some  slender  woody  fibres,  called 
bast-cells  (Fig.  342),  generally  appear  in  it,  next  the  wood,  forming 

The  Liber,  or  Fibrous  Bark,  the  inner  bark  ;  to  which  belongs  the 
fine  fibrous  bast  or  bass  of  Basswood,  and  the  tough  and  slender  fibres 
of  flax  and  hemp,  which  are  spun  and  woven,  or  made  into  cordage. 
In  the  Birch  and  Beech  the  inner  bark  has  few  if  any  bast-cells  in 
its  composition. 

The  Cellular  or  Outer  Bark  consists  of  cellular  tissue  only.  It  is 
distinguished  into  two  parts,  an  inner  and  an  outer,  viz. :  — 

The  Green  Bark,  or  Green  Layer,  which  consists  of  tender  cells, 
containing  the  same  green  matter  as  the  leaves,  and  serving  the 
same  purpose.  In  the  course  of  the  first  season,  in  woody  stems,  this 
becomes  covered  with 

The  Corky  Layer,  so  named  because  it  is  the  same  substance  as 
cork  ;  common  cork  being  the  thick  corky  layer  of  the  bark  of  the 
Cork-Oak,  of  Spain.  It  is  this  which  gives  to  the  stems  or  twigs  of 
shrubs  and  trees  the  aspect  and  the  color  peculiar  to  each ;  namely, 
light  gray  in  the  Ash,  purple  in  the  Red  Maple,  red  in  several  Dog- 
woods, &c.  Lastly, 

The  Epidermis,  or  skin  of  the  plant,  consisting  of  a  layer  of  thick- 
sided  empty  cells,  covers  the  whole. 

428.  Growth  of  the  Stem  year  after  year,    So  much  for  an  exogenous 

stem  only  one  year  old.  The  stems  of  herbs  perish  at  the  end  of  the 
season.  But  those  of  shrubs  and  trees  make  a  new  growth  every 
year.  It  is  from  their  mode  of  growth  in  diameter  that  they  take  the 
name  of  exogenous,  i.  e.  outside-growing.  The  second  year,  such  a 
stem  forms  a  second  layer  of  wood  outside  of  the  first ;  the  third  year, 
another  outside  of  that ;  and  so  on,  as  long  as  the  tree  lives.  So  that 
the  trunk  of  an  exogenous  tree,  when  cut  off  at  the  base,  exhibits  as 
many  concentric  rings  of  wood  as  it  is  years  old.  Over  twelve  hun- 
dred layers  have  actually  been  counted  on  the  stump  of  an  aged  tree, 
such  as  the  Giant  Cedar  or  Redwood  of  California;  and  there  are 
doubtless  some  trees  now  standing  in  various  parts  of  the  world  which 
were  already  in  existence  at  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era. 

429.  As  to  the  bark,  the  green  layer  seldom  grows  much  after  the 
first  season.      Sometimes   the   corky  layer  grows  and   forms   new 
layers,  inside  of  the  old,  for  a  good  many  years,  as  in  the  Cork-Oak, 


LESSON  25.]  EXOGENOUS    STEK.  153 

the  Sweet  Gum-tree,  and  the  White  and  the  Paper  Birch.  But  it 
all  dies  after  a  while ;  and  the  continual  enlargement  of  the  wood 
within  finally  stretches  it  more  than  it  can  bear,  and  sooner  or  later 
cracks  and  rends  it,  while  the  weather  acts  powerfully  upon  its 
surface ;  so  the  older  bark  perishes  and  falls  away  piecemeal  year 
by  year. 

430.  But  the  inner  bark,  or  liber,  does  make  a  new  growth  an- 
nually, as  long  as  the  tree  lives,  inside  of  that  formed  the  year  before, 
and  next  the  surface  of  the  wood.     More  commonly  the  liber  occurs 
in  the  form  of  thin  layers,  which  may  be  distinctly  counted,  as  in 
Bass  wood :  but  this  is  not  always  the  case.     After  the  outer  bark 
is  destroyed,  the  older  and  dead  layers  of  the  inner  bark  are  also 
exposed  to  the  weather,  are  riven  or  split  into  fragments,  and  fall 
away  in  succession.     In  many  trees  the  bark  acquires  a  considerable 
thickness  on  old  trunks,  although  all  except  the  innermost  portion  is 
dead ;   in  others  it  falls  off  more  rapidly ;  in  the  stems  of  Honey- 
suckles and  Grape-vines,  the  bark  all  separates  and  hangs  in  loose 
shreds  when  only  a  year  or  two  old. 

431.  Sap-WOOd,     In   the  wood,  on  the  contrary,  —  owing   to  its 
growing  on  the  outside  alone,  —  the  older  layers  are  quietly  buried 
under  the  newer  ones,  and  protected  by  them  from  all  disturbance. 
All  the  wood  of  the  young  sapling  may  be  alive,  and  all  its  cells 
or  woody  tubes  active  in  carrying  up  the  sap  from  the  roots  to  the 
leaves.     It  is  all  Sap-wood  or  Alburnum,  as  young  and  fresh  wood 
is  called.     But  the  older  layers,  removed  a  step  farther  every  year 
from  the  region  of  growth,  —  or  rather  the  zone  of  growth  every 
year  removed  a  step  farther  from  them,  —  soon  cease  to  bear  much, 
if  any,  part  in  the  circulation  of  the  tree,  and  probably  have  long 
before  ceased  to  be  alive.     Sooner  or  later,  according  to  the  kind  of 
tree,  they  are  turned  into 

432.  Ilcart-WOOd,  which  we  know  is  drier,  harder,  more  solid,  and 
much  more  durable  as  timber,  than  sap-wood.     It  is  generally  of  a 
different  color,  and  it  exhibits  in  different  species  the  hue  peculiar 
to  each,  such  as  reddish  in  Red-Cedar,  brown   in   Black- Walnut, 
black  in  Ebony,  &c.     The  change  of  sap-wood  into  heart-wood  re- 
sults from  the  thickening  of  the  walls  of  the  wood-cells  by  the  depo- 
sition of  hard  matter,  lining  the  tubes  and  diminishing  their  calibre  ; 
and  by  the  deposition  of  a  vegetable  coloring-matter  peculiar  to  each 
species. 

433.  The  heart-wood,  being  no  longer  a  living  part,  may  decay, 


154  ANATOMY    OF   THE    STEM  [LESSON  25. 

and  often  does  so,  without  the  least  injury  to  the  tree,  except  by  im- 
pairing the  strength  of  the  trunk,  and  so  rendering  it  more  liable  to 
be  overthrown. 

434.  The  Living  Paris  Of  a  Tree,  of  the  exogenous  kind,  are  only 
these :   first,  the .  rootlets  at  one  extremity ;   second,  the  buds  and 
leaves  of  the  season  at  the  other ;  and  third,  a  zone  consisting  of 
the  newest  wood  and  the  newest  bark,  connecting  the  rootlets  with 
the  buds  or  leaves,  however  widely  separated  these  maybe,  —  in 
the  largest  trees  from  Uvo  to  four  hundred  feet  apart.     And  these 
parts  of  the  tree  are  all  renewed  every  year.     No  wonder,  there- 
fore, that  trees  may  live  so  long,  since  they  annually  reproduce 
everything  that  is  essential  to  their  life  and  growth,  and  since  only 
a  very  small   part  of  their  bulk  is  alive  at  once.     The  tree  sur- 
vives, but  nothing  now  living  has  existed  long.     In  it,  as  elsewhere, 
life  is  a  transitory  thing,  ever  abandoning  the  old,  and  displaying 
itself  afresh  in  the  new. 

435.  Cambium-Layer,     The  new  growth  in  the  stem,  by  which  it 
increases  in  diameter  year  after  year,  is  confined  to  a  narrow  line 
between  the  wood  and  the  inner  bark.     Cambium  is  the  old  name 
for  the  mucilage  which  is  so  abundant  between  the  bark  and  the 
wood  in  spring.     It  was  supposed  to  be  poured  out  there,  and  that 
the  bark  really  separated  from  the  wood  at  this  time.     This  is  not 
the  case.     The  newest  bark  and  wood  are  still  united  by  a  delicate 
tissue  of  young  and  forming  cells,  —  called  the  Camlium-layer, — 
loaded  with  a  rich  mucilaginous  sap,  and  so  tender  that  in  spring 
the  bark   may  be  raised   from  the  wood   by  the  slightest   force. 
Here,  nourished  by  this  rich  mucilage,  new  cells  are  rapidly  form- 
ing by  division  (387-390);  the  inner  ones  are  added  to  the  wood, 
and  the  outer  to  the  bark,  so  producing  the  annual  layers  of  the 
two,  which  are  ever  renewing  the  life  of  the  trunk. 

436.  At  the  same  time  new  rootlets,  growing  in  a  similar  way,  are 
extending  the  roots  beneath  ;  and  new  shoots,  charged  with  new  buds, 
annually  develop  fresh  crops  of  leaves  in   the  air  above.      Only, 
wliilo.  th<>  additions  to  the  wood  and  bark  remain  as  a  permanent 
portion  of  the  tree,  or  until  destroyed  by  decay,  the  foliage  is  tem- 
porary, the  crop  of  leaves  being  annually  thrown  off  after  they  have 
served  their  purpose. 

l->7.  Structure  of  the  Leaf,  Leaves  also  consist  both  of  a  woody 
and  a  cellular  part  (135).  The  woody  part  is  the  framework  of  ribs 
and  veins,  which  have  already  been  described  in  full  (136-147), 


LESSON  25.]  AND    LEAVES.  155 

They  serve  not  only  to  strengthen  the  leaf,  but  also  to  bring  in  the 
ascending  sap,  and  to  distribute  it  by  the  veinlets  throughout  every 
part.  The  cellular  portion  is  the  green  pulp,  and  is  nearly  the  same 
as  the  green  layer  of  the  bark.  So  that  the  leaf  may  properly 
enough  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of  expansion  of  the  fibrous  and  green 
layers  of  the  bark.  It  has  of  course  no  corky  layer ;  but  the  whole 
is  covered  by  a  transparent  skin  or  epidermis,  resembling  that  of 
the  stem. 

438.  The  green  pulp  consists  of  cells  of  various  forms,  usually 
loosely  arranged,  so  as  to  leave  many  irregular  spaces,  or  air-pas- 
sages, communicating  with  each  other  throughout  the  whole  interior 
of  the  leaf  (Fig.  356).     The  green  color  is  owing  to  a  peculiar 
green  matter  lying  loose  in  the  -  cells,  in  form  of  minute  grains, 

named   Chlorophyll  (i.  e.   the  green  of  "=^1 — -, — ,, — ... — ir-jr-w ' 

leaves).       It    is    this    substance,    seen 

through  the  transparent  walls  of  the 
cells  where  it  is  accumulated,  which 
gives  the  common  green  hue  to  vege- 
tation, and  especially  to  foliage. 

439.  The  green  pulp  in  most  leaves 
forms  two  principal  layers  ;   an  upper 
one,  facing  the  sky,  and  an  under  one, 
facing  the  ground.     The  upper  one  is 

always  deeper  green  in  color  than  the  lower.  This  is  partly  owing, 
perhaps,  to  a  greater  amount  of  chlorophyll  in  the  upper  cells,  but 
mainly  to  the  more  compact  arrangement  of  these  cells.  As  is  seen 
in  Fig.  356  and  357,  the  cells  of  the  upper  side  are  oblong  or  cylin- 
drical, and  stand  endwise  to  the  surface  of  the  leaf,  usually  close  to- 
gether, leaving  hardly  any  vacant  spaces.  Those  of  the  lower  part 
of  the  leaf  are  apt  to  be  irregular  in  shape,  most  of  them  with  their 
longer  diameter  parallel  to  the  face  of  the  leaf,  and  are  very  loosely 
arranged,  leaving  many  and  wide  air-chambers.  The  green  color 
underneath  is  therefore  diluted  and  paler. 

440.  In  many  plants   which   grow  where    they  are    subject   to 
drought,  and  which  hold  -their  leaves  during  the  dry  season  (the 
Oleander  for  example),  the  greater  part  of  the  thickness  of  the  leaf 
consists  of  layers  of  long  cells,  placed  endwise  and  very  much  com- 

FIG.  356.  Section  through  the  thickness  of  a  leaf  of  the  Star- Anise  (Illiciuni),  of  Florida, 
magnified.  The  upper  and  the  lower  layers  of  thick-walled  and  empty  cells  represent  the 
epidermis  or  skin.  All  those  between  are  cells  of  the  green  pulp,  containing  grains  of 
chlorophyll. 


156  ANATOMY    OF    THE    LEAVES.  [LESSON  25. 

pacted,  so  as  to  expose  as  little  surface  as  possible  to  the  direct  action 
of  the  hot  sun.  On  the  other  hand,  the  leaves  of  marsh  plants,  and 
of  others  not  intended  to  survive  a  drought,  have  their  cells  more 
loosely  arranged  throughout.  In  such  leaves  the  epidermis,  or  skin, 
is  made  of  only  one  layer  of  cells  ;  while  in  the  Oleander,  and  the 
like,  it  consists  of  three  or  four  layers  of  hard  and  thick-walled  cells. 
In  all  this,  therefore,  we  plainly  see  an  arrangement  for  tempering 
the  action  of  direct  sunshine,  and  for  restraining  a  too  copious  evap- 
oration, which  would  dry  up  and  destroy  the  tender  cells,  at  least 
when  moisture  is  not  abundantly  supplied  through  the  roots. 

441.  That  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf  alone  is  so  constructed  as  to 
bear  the  sunshine,  is  shown  by  what  happens  when  their  position  is 
reversed :  then  the  leaf  soon  twists  on  its  stalk,  so  as  to  turn  again 
its  under  surface  away  from  the  light ;  and  when  prevented  from 
doing  so,  it  perishes. 

442.  A  large  part  of  the  moisture  which  the  roots  of  a  growing 
plant  are  constantly  absorbing,  after  being  carried  up  through  the 
stem,  is  evaporated  from  the  leaves.     A  Sunflower-plant,  a  little 
over  three  feet  high,  and  with  between  five  and  six  thousand  square 
inches  of  surface  in  foliage,  &c.,  has  been  found  to  exhale  twenty  or 
thirty  ounces  (between  one  and  two  pints)  of  water  in  a  day.     Some 
part  of  this,  no  doubt,  flies  off  through  the  walls  of  the  epidermis  or 
skin,  at  least  in  sunshine  and  dry  weather ;  but  no  considerable  por- 
tion of  it.     The  very  object  of  this  skin  is  to  restrain  evaporation. 
The  greater  part  of  the  moisture  exhaled  escapes  from  the  leaf 


through  the 


443.  StomatCS  or  Breathing-pores,    These  are  small  openings  through 
the  epidermis  into  the  air-chambers,  establishing  a  direct  commu- 
nication between  the  whole  interior  of  the  leaf  and  the  external  air. 
Through  these  the  vapor  of  water  and   air  can  freely  escape,  or 
enter,  as  the  case  may  be.     The  aperture  is  guarded  by  a  pair  of 
thin-walled  cells,  —  resembling  those  of  the  green  pulp  within,— 
which  open  when  moist  so  as   to  allow  exhalation  to  go  on,  but 
promptly  close  when  dry,  so  as  to  arrest  it  before  the  interior  of  the 
leaf  is  injured  by  the  dryness. 

444.  Like  the  air-chambers,  the  breathing-pores  belong  mainly  to 
the  under  side  of  the  leaf.     In  the  White  Lily,  —  where  they  are 
unusually  large,  and   easily  seen  by  a  simple  microscope  of  mod- 
erate power,  —  there  are  about  60,000  to  the  square  inch  on  the 
epidermis  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaf,  and  only  about  3,000  in 


LESSON  26.  J 


THE    PLANT   IN   ACTION. 


157 


the  same  space  of  the  upper  surface.  More  commonly  there  are  few 
or  none  on  the  upper  side  ;  direct  sunshine  evidently  being  unfavor- 
able to  their  operation.  Their  immense  numbers  make  up  for  their 
minuteness.  They  are  said  to  vary  from  less  than  1,000  to  170,000 
to  the  square  inch  of  surface.  In  the  Apple-tree,  where  they  are 
under  the  average  as  to  number,  there  are  about  24,000  to  the 
square  inch  of  the  lower  surface  ;  so  that  each  leaf  has  not  far  from 
100,000  of  these  openings  or  mouths. 


LESSON   XXVI. 


THE    PLANT    IN    ACTION,    DOING    THE    WORK    OF    VEGETATION. 

445.  BEING  now  acquainted  with  the  machinery  of  the  plant,  we 
naturally  proceed  to  inquire  what  the  use  of  it  is,  and  how  it  works. 

44(>.  It  has  already  been  stated,  in  the  first  of  these  Lessons  (7), 
that  the  great  work  of  plants  is  to  change  inorganic  into  organic 
matter  ;  that  is,  to  take  portions  of  earth  and  air,  —  of  mineral  mat- 
ter, —  upon  which  animals  cannot  live  at  all,  and  to  convert  them 

FIG.  357.    Portion  of  a  White-Lily  leaf,  cut  through  and  magnified,  showing  a  section  of 
the  thickness,  and  also  a  part  of  the  skin  of  the  lower  side,  with  some  breathing-pores- 

14 


158  THE   PLANT    IN    ACTION.  [LESSON  26. 

into  something  upon  which  they  can  live,  namely,  into  food.  All 
the  food  of  all  animals  is  produced  by  plants.  Animals  live  upon 
vegetables ;  and  vegetables  live  upon  earth  and  air,  principally 
upon  the  air. 

447.  Plants  feed  upon  Earth  and  Air,     This  is  evident  enough  from 
the  way  in  which  they  live.     Many  plants  will  flourish  in  pure  sand 
or  powdered  chalk,  or  on  the  bare  face  of  a  rock  or  wall,  watered 
merely  with  rain-water.     And  almost  any  plant  may  be  made  to 
grow  from  the  seed  in  pure  sand,  and  increase  its  weight  many  times, 
even  if  it  will  not  come  to  perfection.    Many  naturally  live  suspended 
from  the  branches  of  trees  high  in  the  air,  and  nourished  by  it  alone, 
never  having  any  connection  with  the  soil  (81)  ;  and  some  which 
naturally  grow  on  the  ground,  like  the  Live-for-ever  of  the  gardens, 
when  pulled  up  by  the  roots  and  hung  in  the  air  will  often  flourish 
the  whole  summer  long. 

448.  It  is  true  that  fast-growing  plants,  or  those  which  produce 
considerable  vegetable  matter  in  one  season,  —  especially  in  such  a 
concentrated  form  as  to  be  useful  as  food  for  man  or  the  higher 
animals,  —  will  come  to  maturity  only  in  an   enriched  soil.     But 
what  is  a  rich  soil  ?     One  which  contains  decomposing  vegetable 
matter,  or  some  decomposing  animal  matter ;  that  is,  in  either  case, 
some  decomposing  organic  matter   formerly  produced  by  plants ; 
aided  by  this,  grain-bearing   and  other   important  vegetables  will 
grow  more  rapidly  and  vigorously,  and  make  a  greater  amount  of 
nourishing  matter,  than  they  could  if  left  to  do  the  whole  work  at 
once  from  the  beginning.     So  that  in  these  cases  also  all  the  organic 
matter  was  made  by  plants,  and  made  out  of  earth  and  air. 

449.  Their  Chemical  Composition  shows  what  Plants  arc  made  of,    The 

soil  and  the  air  in  which  plants  live,  and  by  which  they  are  every- 
where surrounded,  supply  a  variety  of  materials,  some  likely  to  be 
useful  to  the  plant,  others  not.  To  know  what  elements  the  plant 
makes  use  of,  we  must  first  know  of  what  its  fabric  and  its  products 
are  composed. 

4")0.  We  may  distinguish  two  sorts  of  materials  in  plants,  one  of 
which  is  absolutely  essential,  and  is  the  same  in  all  of  them  ;  the 
other,  also  to  some  extent  essential,  but  very  variable  in  different 
plants,  or  in  the  same  plant  under  different  circumstances.  The 
former  is  the  organic,  the  latter  the  inorganic  or  eartlnj  materials. 

•r>i.  The  Earthy  or  Inorganic  Constituents,    If  we  burn  thoroughly  a 

leaf,  a  piece  of  wood,  or  any  other  part  of  a  vegetable,  almost  all  of 


LESSON  26.]  ITS    CHEMICAL    COMPOSITION.  159 

it  is  dissipated  into  air.     But  a  little  ashes  remain  :  these  represent 
the  earthy  constituents  of  the  plant. 

452.  They  consist  of  some  potash  (or  soda  if  a  marine  plant  was 
used),  some  silex  (the  same  as  flint),  and  probably  a  little  lime,  al- 
umine,  or  magnesia,  iron  or  manganese,  sulphur  or  phosphorus,  &c. 
Some  or  all  of  these  elements  may  be  detected  in  many  or  most 
plants.     But  they  make  no  part  of  their  real  fabric  ;  and  they  form 
only  from  one  or  two  to  nine  or  ten  parts  out  of  a  hundred  of  any 
vegetable   substance.     The   ashes   vary   according    to   the   nature 
of  the  soil.     In  fact,  they  consist,  principally,  of  such  materials  as 
happened  to  be  dissolved,  in  small  quantity,  in  the  water  which  was 
taken  up  by  the  roots  ;  and  when  that  is  consumed  by  the  plant,  or 
flies  off  pure  (as  it  largely  does,  447)  by  exhalation,  the  earthy  mat- 
ter is  left  behind  in  the  cells,  — just  as  it  is  left  incrusting  the  sides 
of  a  teakettle  in  which  much  hard  water  has  been  boiled.     As  is 
very  natural,  therefore,  we  find   more   earthy  matter  (i.  e.  more 
ashes)  in  the  leaves  than  in  any  other  part  (sometimes  as  much  as 
seven  per  cent,  when  the  wood  contains  only  two  per  cent)  ;  because 
it  is  through  the  leaves  that  most  of  the  water  escapes  from  the  plant. 
These  earthy  constituents  are  often  useful  to  the  plant  (the  silex,  for 
instance,  increases  the  strength  of  the  Wheat-stalk),  or  are  useful  in 
the  plant's  products  as  furnishing  needful  elements  in  the  food  of  man 
and  other  animals ;  and  some  must  be  held  to  be  necessary  to  vege- 
tation, since  this  is  never  known  to  go  on  without  them. 

453.  The  Organic  Constituents,     As  has  just  been  remarked,  when 
we  burn  in  the  open  air  a  piece  of  any  plant,  nearly  its  whole  bulk, 
and  from  88  to  more  than  99  parts  out  of  a  hundred  by  weight  of  its 
substance,  disappear,  being  turned  into  air  and  vapor.     These  are 
the  organic  constituents  which   have  thus    been   consumed,  —  the 
actual  materials  of  the  cells  and  the  whole  real  fabric  of  the  plant. 
And  we  may  state  that,  in  burning,  it  has  been  decomposed  into  ex- 
actly the  same  kinds  of  air,  and  the  vapor  of  water,  that  the  plant 
used  in  its  making.     The  burning  has  merely  undone  the  work  of 
vegetation,  and  given  back  the  materials  to  the  air  just  in  the  state 
in  which  the  plant  took  them. 

454.  It  will  not  be  difficult  to  understand  what  the  organic  con- 
stituents, that  is,  what  the  real  materials,  of  the  plant  are,  and  how 
the  plant  obtains  them.     The  substance  of  which  vegetable  tissue, 
viz.  the  wall  of  the  cells,  is  made,  is  by  chemists  named  Cellulose.    It 
is  just  the  same  thing  in  composition  in  wood  and  in  soft  cellular  tis- 


160  THE    PLANT    IN   ACTION.  [LESSON  26. 

sue,  —  in  the  tender  pot-herb  and  in  the!  oldest  tree.  It  is  composed 
of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  12  parts  of  the  former  to  10  of  each 
of  the  two  latter.  These,  accordingly,  are  necessary  materials  of 
vegetable  growth,  and  must  be  received  by  the  growing  plant. 

455.  The  Plant's  Food  must  contain  these  three  elements  in  some 
shape  or  other.  Let  us  look  for  them  in  the  materials  which  the 
plant  is  constantly  taking  from  the  soil  and  the  air. 

4"x'i.  Water  is  the  substance  of  which  it  takes  in  vastly  more  than 
of  anything  else  :  we  well  know  how  necessary  it  is  to  vegetable  life. 
The  plant  imbibes  water  by  the  roots,  which  are  specially  construct- 
ed for  taking  it  in,  as  a  liquid  when  the  soil  is  wet,  and  probably 
also  in  the  form  of  vapor  when  the  soil  is  only  damp.  That  water 
in  the  form  of  vapor  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves  likewise,  when  the 
plant  needs  it,  is  evident  from  the  way  partly  wilted  leaves  revive 
and  freshen  when  sprinkled  or  placed  in  a  moist  atmosphere.  Now 
water  is  composed  of  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  two  of  the  three  elements 
of  cellulose  or  plant-fabric.  Moreover,  the  hydrogen  and  the  oxygen 
exist  in  water  in  exactly  the  same  proportions  that  they  do  in  cellu- 
lose :  so  it  is  clear  that  water  furnishes  these  two  elements. 

457.  We  inquire,  therefore,  after  the  third  element,  carbon.  This 
is  the  same  as  pure  charcoal.  Charcoal  is  the  carbon  of  a  vegetable 
left  behind  after  charring,  that  is,  heating  it  out  of  contact  of  the  air 
until  the  hydrogen  and  oxygen  are  driven  off.  The  charcoal  of  wood 
is  so  abundant  in  bulk  as  to  preserve  perfectly  the  shape  of  the  cells 
after  charring,  and  in  weight  it  amounts  to  about  half  that  of  the 
original  material.  Carbon  itself  is  a  solid,  and  not  at  all  dissolved 
by  water :  as  such,  therefore,  it  cannot  be  absorbed  into  the  plant, 
however  minute  the  particles  ;  only  liquid  and  air  can  pass  through 
the  walls  of  the  cells  (402,  410).  It  must  therefore  come  to  the 
plant  in  some  combination,  and  in  a  fluid  form.  The  only  substance 
within  the  plant's  reach  containing  carbon  in  the  proper  state  is 

45Si  Carbonic  Acid.  This  is  a  gas,  and  one  of  the  components 
of  the  atmosphere,  everywhere  making  about  J-^TT  part  of  its  bulk, 
i—  enough  for  the  food  of  plants,  but  not  enough  to  be  injurious  to 
animals.  For  when  mixed  in  any  considerable  proportion  with  the 
air  we  breathe,  carbonic  acid  is  very  poisonous.  The  air  produced 
by  burning  charcoal  is  carbonic  acid,  and  we  know  how  soon  burning 
charcoal  in  a  close  room  will  destroy  life. 

459.'  The  air  around  us  consists,  besides  this  minute  proportion 
of  carbonic  acid,  of  two  other  gases,  mixed  together,  viz.  oxygen 


LESSON  26.]  ITS    FOOD.  161 

and  nitrogen.  The  nitrogen  gas  does  not  support  animal  life :  it  only 
dilutes  the  oxygen,  which  does.  It  is  the  oxygen  gas  alone  which 
renders  the  air  fit  for  breathing. 

460.  Carbonic  acid  consists  of  carbon  combined  with  oxygen.     In 
breathing,  animals  are  constantly  forming  carbonic  acid  gas  by  unit- 
ing carbon  from  their  bodies  with  oxygen  of  the  air ;  they  inspire 
oxygen  into  their  lungs  ;   they  breath  it  out  as  carbonic  acid.     So 
with  every  breath  animals  are  diminishing  the  oxygen  of  the  air, — 
so  necessary  to  animal  life,  —  and  are  increasing  its  carbonic  acid,  — 
so  hurtful  to  animal  life  ;  or  rather,  which  would  be  so  hurtful  if  it 
were  allowed  to  accumulate  in  the  air.     The  reason  why  it  does  not 
increase  in  the  air  beyond  this  minute  proportion  is  that  plants  feed 
upon  it.     They  draw  their  whole  stock  of  carbon  from  the  carbonic 
acid  of  the  air. 

461.  Plants  take  it  in  by  their  leaves.     Every  current,  or  breeze 
that  stirs  the  foliage,  brings  to  every  leaf  a  succession  of  fresh  atoms 
of  carbonic  acid,  which  it  absorbs  through  its  thousands  of  breathing- 
pores.     We  may  prove  ,this  very  easily,  by  putting  a  small  plant  or 
a  fresh  leafy  bough  into  a  glass  globe,  exposed  to  sunshine,  and  hav- 
ing two  openings,  causing  air  mixed  with  a  known  proportion  of 
carbonic  acid  gas  to  enter  by  one  opening,  slowly  traverse  the  foliage, 
and  pass  out  by  the  other  into  a  vessel  proper  to  receive  it :  now, 
examining  the  air  chemically,  it  will  be  found  to  have  less  carbonic 
acid  than  before.     A  portion  has  been  taken  up  by  the  foliage. 

462.  Plants  also  take  it  in  by  their  roots,  some  probably  as  a  gas, 
in  the  same  way  that  leaves  absorb  it,  and  much,  certainly,  dissolved 
in  the  water  which  the  rootlets  imbibe.     The  air  in  the  soil,  es- 
pecially in  a  rich  soil,  contains  many  times  as  much  carbonic  acid 
as  an  equal  bulk  of  the  atmosphere  above.     Decomposing  vegetable 
matter  or  manures,  in  the  soil,  are  constantly  evolving  carbonic  acid, 
and  a  large  part  of  it  remains  there,  in  the  pores  and  crevices,  among 
which  the  absorbing  rootlets  spread  and  ramify.    Besides,  as  this  gas 
is  dissolved  by  water  in  a  moderate  degree,  every  rain-drop  that  falls 
from  the  clouds  to  the  ground  brings  with  it  a  little  carbonic  acid, 
dissolving  or  washing  it  out  of  the  air  as  it  passes,  and  bringing  it 
down  to  the  roots  of  plants.     And  what  flows  off  inU  the  streams 
and  ponds  serves  for  the  food  of  water-plants. 

463J  So  water  and  carbonic  acid,  taken  in  by  the  leaves,  or  taken 
in  by  the  roots  and  carried  up  to  the  leaves  as  crude  sap,  are  the 
general  food  of  plants,  —  are  the  raw  materials  out  of  which  at  least 
14* 


162  THE    PLANT    IN    ACTION,  [LESSON  26. 

the  fabric  and  a  part  of  the  general  products  of  the  plant  are  made. 
Water  and  carbonic  acid  are  mineral  matters :  in  the  plant,  mainly 
in  the  foliage,  they  are  changed  into  organic  matters.  This  is 

464.  The  Plant's  proper  Work,  Assimilation,  viz.  the  conversion  by  the 

vegetable  of  foreign,  dead,  mineral  matter  into  its  own  living  sub- 
stance, or  into  organic  matter  capable  of  becoming  living  substance. 
To  do  this  is,  as  we  have  said,  the  peculiar  office  of  the  plant.  How 
and  where  is  it  done  ? 

465.  It  is  done  in  the  green  parts  of  plants  alone,  and  only  when 
these  are  acted  upon  by  the  light  of  the  sun.     The  sun  in  some  way 
supplies  a  power  which  enables  the  living  plant  to  originate  these 
peculiar  chemical  combinations,  —  to  organize    matter   into  forms 
which  are  alone  capable  of  being  endowed  with  life.     The  proof  of 
this  proposition  is  simple  ;  and  it  shows  at  the  same  time,  in  the 
simplest  way,  what  the  plant  does  with  the  water  and  carbonic  acid 
it  consumes.     Namely,  1st,  it  is  only  in  sunshine  or  bright  daylight 
that  the  green  parts  of  plants  give  out  oxygen  gas,  —  then  they  do ; 
and  29,  the  giving  out  of  this  oxygen  gas  is  just  what  is  required  to 
render  the  chemical  composition  of  water  and  carbonic  acid  the  same 
as  that  of  cellulose  (454),  that  is,  of  the  plant's  fabric.     This  shows 
why  plants  spread  out  so  large  a  surface  of  foliage. 

466.  In  plants  growing  or  placed  under  water  we  may  see  bubbles 
of  air  rising  from  the  foliage  ;  we  may  collect  enough  of  this  air  to 
test  it  by  a  candle's  burning  brighter  in  it ;  which  shows  it  to  be 
oxygen  gas.    Now  if  the  plant  is  making  cellulose  or  plant-substance, 
—  that  is,  is  making  the  very  materials  of  its  fabric  and  growth,  as 
must  generally  be  the  case,  —  all  this  oxygen  gas  given  off  by  the 
leaves  comes  from  the  decomposition  of  carbonic  acid  taken  in  by 
the  plant. 

467.  This  must  be  so,  because  cellulose  is  composed  of  10  parts  of 
oxygen  and  10  of  hydrogen  to  12  of  carbon  (454)  :  here  the  first 
two  are  just  in  the  same  proportions  as  in  water,  which  consists  of 
one  part  of  oxygen  and  one  of  hydrogen,  —  so  that  10  parts  of  water 
and  12  of  carbon  represent  one  of  cellulose  or  plant-fabric  ;  and  to 
make  it  out  of  w:'     r  and  carbonic  acid,  the  latter  (which  is  composed 
of  carbon  air1  oxygen)  has  only  to  give  up  all  its  oxygen.     In  other 
words,  the  plant,  in  its  foliage  under  sunshine,  decomposes  carbonic 
n;  5  1  gas,  and  turns  the  carbon  together  with  water  into  cellulose,  at 
the  same  time  giving  the  oxygen  off  into  the  air. 

468.  And  we  can  readily  prove  that  it  is  so,  —  namely,  that  plants 


,ESSON  26.]  PRODUCING    ORGANIC    MATTER.  163 

do  decompose  carbonic  acid  in  their  leaves  and  give  out  its  oxygen, 
—  by  the  experiment  mentioned  in  paragraph  461.  There  the 
leaves,  as  we  have  stated,  are  taking  in  carbonic  acid  gas.  We 
now  add,  that  they  are  giving  out  oxygen  gas  at  the  same  rate. 
The  air  as  it  comes  from  the  glass  globe  is  found  to  have  just  as 
much  more  oxygen  as  it  has  less  carbonic  acid  than  before  — just 
as  much  more  oxygen  as  would  be  required  to  turn  the  carbon  rer 
tained  in  the  plant  back  into  carbonic  acid  again. 

4G9.  It  is  all  the  same  when  plants  —  instead  of  making  fabric  at 
once,  that  is,  growing  —  make  the  prepared  material,  and  store  it 
up  for  future  use.  The  principal  product  of  plants  for  this  purpose 
is  Starch,  which  consists  of  minute  grains  of  organic  matter,  lying 
loose  in  the  cells.  Plants  often  accumulate  this,  perhaps  in  the  root, 
as  in  the  Turnip,  Carrot,  and  Dahlia  (Fig.  57-  60)  ;  or  in  subter- 
ranean stems  or  branches,  as  in  the  Potato  (Fig.  68),  and  many 
rootstocks  ;  or  in  the  bases  of  leaves,  as  in  the  Onion,  Lily  (Fig. 
73-75),  and  other  bulbs  ;  or  in  fleshy  leaves  above  ground,  as  those 
of  the  Ice-Plant,  House-leek,  and  Century-Plant  (Fig.  82)  ;  or  in 
the  whole  thickened  body,  as  in  many  Cactuses  (Fig.  76) ;  or  in 
the  seed  around  the  embryo,  as  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  38,  39)  and 
other  grain ;  or  even  in  the  embryo  itself,  as  in  the  Horsechestnut 
(Fig.  23,  24),  Bean  (Fig.  16),  Pea  (Fig.  19),  &c.  In  all  these 
forms  this  is  a  provision  for  future  growth,  either  of  the  plant 
itself  or  of  some  offset  from  it,  or  of  its  offspring,  as  it  springs 
from  the  seed.  Now  starch  is  to  cellulose  or  vegetable  fabric  just 
what  the  prepared  clay  is  to  the  potter's  vessel,  —  the  same  thing, 
only  requiring  to  be  shaped  and  consolidated.  It  has  exactly  the 
same  chemical  composition,  and  is  equally  made  of  carbon  and  the 
elements  of  water,  by  decomposing  the  same  amount  of  carbonic 
icid  and  giving  back  its  oxygen  to  the  air.  In  using  it  for  growth, 
plant  dissolves  it,  conveys  it  to  the  growing  parts,  and  consoli- 
dates it  into  fabric. 

470.  Sugar,  another  principal  vegetable  product,  also  has  essen- 
tially the  same  chemical  composition,  and  may  be  formed  out  of  the 
same  common  food  of  plants,  with  the  same  result.  The  different 
dnds  of  sugar  (that  of  the  cane,  &c.  and  of  grapes)  consist  of  the 
ime  three  materials  as  starch  and  cellulose,  only  with  a  little  more 
water.  The  plant  generally  forms  the  sugar  out  of  starch,  changing 
one  into  the  other  with  great  ease ;  starch  being  the  form  in  which 
prepared  material  is  stored  up,  and  sugar  that  in  which  it  is  ex- 


164  THE    PLANT    PURIFYING    THE   AIR,  [LESSON  26. 

pended  or  transferred  from  one  part  of  the  plant  to  another.  In  the 
Sugar-cane  and  Indian  Corn,  starch  is  deposited  in  the  seed  ;  in  ger- 
mination this  is  turned  into  sugar  for  the  plantlet  to  begin  its  growth 
with  ;  the  growing  plant  produces  more,  and  deposits  some  as  starch 
in  the  stalk  ;  just  before  blossoming,  this  is  changed  into  sugar  again, 
and  dissolved  in  the  sap,  to  form  and  feed  the  flowers  (which  cannot, 
like  the  leaves,  create  nourishment  for  themselves)  ;  and  what  is  left 
is  deposited  in  the  seed  as  starch  again,  with  which  to  begin  the 
same  operation  in  the  next  generation. 

471.  We  might  enumerate  other  vegetable  products  of  this  class 
(such  as  oil,  acids,  jelly,  the  pulp  of  fruits,  &c.),  and  show  how  they 
are  formed  out  of  the  carbonic  acid  and  water  which  the  plant  takes 
in.     But  those  already  mentioned  are  sufficient.     In  producing  any 
of  them,  carbonic  acid  taken  from  the  air  is  decomposed,  its  carbon 
retained,  and  its  oxygen  given  back  to  the  air.     That  is  to  say, 

472.  Plants  purify  the  Air  for  Animals,  by  taking  away  the  carbonic 
acid  injurious  to  them,  continually  poured  into  it  by  their  breathing, 
as  well  as  by  the  burning  of  fuel  and  by  decay,  and  restoring  in  its 
place  an  equal  bulk  of  life-sustaining  oxygen  (4GO).     And  by  the 
same  operation,  combining  this  carbon  with  the  elements  of  water, 
&c.,  and  elaborating   them  into  organic  matter,  —  especially  into 
starch,  sugar,  oil,  and  the  like, — 

473.  Plants  produce  all  the  Food  and  Fabric  of  Animals,    The  herbiv- 
orous animals  feed  directly  upon  vegetables ;  and  the  carnivorous 
feed  upon  the  herbivorous.     Neither  the  one  nor  the  other  originate 
any  organic  matter.     They  take  it  all  ready-made  from  plants,  — 
altering  the  form  and  qualities  more  or  less,  and  at  length  destroy- 
ing or  decomposing  it. 

474.  Starch,  sugar,  and  oil,  for  example,  form  a  large  part  of  the 
food  of  herbivorous  animals  and  of  man.     When  digested,  they  enter 
into  the  blood ;  any  surplus  may  be  stored  up  for  a  time  in  the  form 
of  fat,  being  changed  a  little  in  its  nature  ;  while  the  rest  (and  finally 
the  whole)  is  decomposed  into  carbonic  acid  and  water,  and  exhaled 
from  the  lungs  in  respiration  ;  —  in  other  words,  is  given  back  to  the 
air  by  the  animal  as  the  very  same  materials  which  the  plant  takes 
from  the  air  as  its  food  (463) ;  —  is  given  back  to  the  air  in  the  same 
form  that  it  would  have  been  if  the  vegetable  matter  had  been  left 
to  decay  where  it  grew,  or  if  it  had  been  set  on  fire  and  burned  ;  — 
and  with  the  same  result  too  as  to  the  heat,  the  heat  in  this  case 
producing  and  maintaining  the  proper  temperature  of  the  animal. 


LESSON  26.]      AND    PRODUCING   THE    FOOD    OF   ANIMALS.  165 

475.  But  starch,  sugar,  and  the  like,  do  not  make  any  part  of  the 
flesh  or  fabric  of  animals.     And  that  for  the  obvious  reason,  that  they 
consist  of  only  the  three  elements  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen ; 
whereas  the  flesh  of  animals  has  nitrogen  as  well  as  these  three  ele- 
ments in  its  composition.     The  materials  of  the  animal  body,  called 
Fibrine  in  the  flesh  or  muscles,  Gelatine  in  the  sinews  and  bones, 
Oaseine  in  the  curd  of  milk,  &c.,  are  all  forms  of  one  and  the  same 
substance,  composed  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  nitrogen.     As 
nitrogen  is  a  large  constituent  of  the  atmosphere,  and  animals  are 
taking  it  into  their  lungs  with  every  breath  they  draw,  we  might 
suppose  that  they  take  this  element  of  their  frame  directly  from  the 
air.     But  they  do  not.     Even  this  is  furnished  by  vegetables,  and 
animals  receive  it  ready-made  in  their  food.     And  this  brings  us  to 
consider  still  another  and  most  important  vegetable  product,  of  » 
different  class  from  the  rest  (omitted  till  now,  for  the  sake  of  greater 
simplicity) ;  namely,  what  is  called 

476.  Proteine.     This  name  has  been  given  to  it  by  chemists,  be* 
cause  it  occurs  under  such  a  protean  variety  of  forms.     The  Gluten 
of  wheat  and  the  Legumine  of  beans  and  other  leguminous  plants 
may  be  taken  to  represent  it.     It  occurs  in  all  plants,  at  least  in 
young  and  growing  parts.     It  does  not  make  any  portion  of  their 
tissue,  but  is  contained  in  all  living  cells,  as  a  thin  jelly,  mingled 
with  the  sap  or  juice,  or  as  a  delicate  mucilaginous  lining.     In  fact, 
it  is  formed  earlier  than  the  cell-wall  itself,  and  the  latter  is  moulded 
on  it,  as  it  were  ;  so  it  is  also  called  Protoplasm.     It  disappears  from 
common  cells  as  they  grow  old,  being  transferred  onward  to  new  or 
forming  parts,  where  it  plays  a  very  active  part  in  growth.     Mixed 
with  starch,  &c.,  it  is  accumulated  in  considerable  quantity  in  wheat, 
beans,  and  other  grains  and  seeds,  especially  those  which  are  most 
nutritious  as  food.    It  is  the  proteine  which  makes  them  so  nutritious. 
Taken  by  animals  as  food,  it  forms  their  flesh  and  sinews,  and  the 
animal  part  of  their  bones,  without  much  change ;  for  it  has  the  same 
composition, — is  just  the  same  thing,  indeed,  in  some  slightly  different 
forms.     To  produce  it,  the  plant  employs,  in  addition  to  the  carbonic 
acid  and  water  already  mentioned  as  its  general  food,  some  ammo- 
nia ;  which  is  a  compound  of  hydrogen  and  nitrogen.      Ammonia 
(which   is  the   same   thing   as   hartshorn)    is    constantly   escaping 
into  the  air   in  small   quantities  from  all   decomposing  vegetable 
and  animal  substances.     Besides,  it«  is  produced  in  every  thunder- 
storm.    Every  flash  of  lightning  causes  some  to  be  made  (in  the 


166  PLANT-LIFE.  [LESSON  27. 

form  of  nitrate  of  ammonia)  out  of  the  nitrogen  of  the  air  and  the 
vapor  of  water.  The  reason  why  it  never  accumulates  in  the  air 
so  as  to  be  perceptible  is,  that  it  is  extremely  soluble  in  water,  as 
are  all  its  compounds.  So  it  is  washed  out  of  the  atmosphere  by  the 
rain  as  fast  as  it  is  made  or  rises  into  it,  and  is  brought  down  to  the 
roots  of  plants,  which  take  it  in  freely.  "When  assimilated  in  the 
leaves  along  with  carbon  and  water,  proteine  is  formed,  the  very 
jsubstance  of  the  flesh  of  animals.  So  all  flesh  is  vegetable  matter 
in  its  origin. 

>{O-<  477.  Even  the  earthy  matter  of  the  bones,  and  the  iron  and  other 
mineral  matters  in  the  blood  of  animals,  are  derived  from  the  plants 
they  feed  upon,  with  hardly  an  exception.  These  are  furnished  by 
the  earthy  or  mineral  constituents  of  plants  (452),  and  are  merely 
accumulated  in  the  animal  frame. 

478.  Animals,  therefore,  depend  absolutely  upon  vegetables  for 
their  being.  The  great  object  for  which  the  All-wise  Creator  estab- 
lished the  vegetable  kingdom  evidently  is,  that  plants  might  stand  on 
the  surface  of  the  earth  between  the  mineral  and  the  animal  crea- 
tions, and  organize  portions  of  the  former  for  the  sustenance  of 
the  latter. 


LESSON   XXVII. 

PLANT-LIFE. 

479.  LIFE  is  known  to  us  only  by  its  effects.     We  cannot  tell 
what  it  is  ;  but  we  notice  some  things  which  it  does.     One  peculi- 
arity of  living  things,  which  has  been  illustrated  in  the  last  Lesson, 
is  their  power  of  transforming  matter  into  new  forms,  and  thereby 
making  products  never  produced  in  any  other  way.     Life  is  also 
manifested  by 

480.  Motion,  that  is,  by  self-caused  movements.     Living  things 
move  ;    those  not  living  are  moved.     Animals,  living  as  they  do 
upon   organized   food,  —  which   is  not   found    everywhere, —  must 
needs  have  the  power  of  going  after  it,  of  collecting  it,  or  at  least  of 
taking  it  in ;  which  requires  them  to  make  spontaneous  movements. 
But  plants,  with  their  wide-spread  surface  (34,  131)  always  in  con- 


LESSON  27.]  CIRCULATION    IN    CELLS.  167 

tact  with  the  earth  and  air  on  which  they  feed,  —  the  latter  and  the 
most  important  of  these  everywhere  just  the  same,  —  have  no  need 
of  locomotion,  and  so  are  generally  fixed  fast  to  the  spot  where 
they  grow. 

481.  Yet  many  plants  move  their  parts  freely,  sometimes  when 
there  is  no  occasion  for  it  that  we  can  understand,  and  sometimes 
accomplishing  by  it  some  useful  end.     The  sudden  closing  of  the 
leaflets  of  the  Sensitive   Plant,  and  the  dropping  of  its  leafstalk, 
when  jarred,  also  the  sudden  starting  forwards  of  the  stamens  of  the 
Barberry  at  the  touch,  are  familiar  examples.     Such  cases  seem  at 
first  view  so  strange,  and  so  different  from  what  we  expect  of  a  plant, 
that  these  plants  are  generally  imagined  to  be  endowed  with  a  pe- 
culiar faculty,  denied  to  common  vegetables.     But  a  closer  exam- 
ination will  show  that  plants  generally  share  in  this  faculty ;  that 
similar  movements  may  be  detected  in  them  all,  only  —  like  those 
of  the  hands  of  a  clock,  or  of  the  shadow  of  a  sun-dial  —  they  are 
too  slow  for  the  motion  to  be  directly  seen. 

482.  It  is  perfectly  evident,  also,  that  growth  requires  motion ; 
that  there  is  always  an  internal  activity  in  living  plants  as  well  as 
in  animals,  —  a  power  exerted  which  causes  their  fluids  to  move  or 
circulate,  and  carries  materials  from  one  part  to  another.     Some 
movements  are  mechanical ;  but  even  these  are  generally  directed 
or  controlled  by  the  plant.     Others  must  be  as  truly  self-caused  as 
those  of  animals  are.     Let  us  glance  at  some  of  the  principal  sorts, 
and  see  what  light  they  throw  upon  vegetable  life. 

483.  Circulation  ill  Cells,     From  what  we  know  of  the  anatomy  of 
plants,  it  is  clear  that  they  have  no  general  circulation  (like  that  of 
all  animals  except  the  lowest),  through  a  system  of  vessels  opening 
into  each  other  (402,  410).     But  in  plants  each  living  cell  carries 
on  a  circulation  of  its  own,  at  least  when, young  and  active.     This 
may  be  beautifully  seen  in  the  transparent  stems  of  Chara  and  many 
other  water-plants,  and  in  the  leaves  of  the  Fresh-water  Tape-Grass 
(Vallisneria),  under  a  good  microscope.     Here  the  sap  circulates, 
often  quite  briskly  in  appearance,  (but  the  motion  is  magnified  as 
well  as  the  objects,)  in  a  steady  stream,  just    beneath   the  wall, 
around  each  cell,  passing  up  one  side,  across  the   end,  down  the 
other,  and  so  round  to  complete  the  circuit,  carrying  with  it  small 
particles,  or  the  larger  green  grains,  which  make  the  current  more 
visible.     This  circulation  may  also  be  observed  in  hairs,  particularly 
those  on  flowers,  such  as  the  jointed  hairs  of  Spiderwort,  looking 


168  PLANT-LIFE.  [LESSON  27. 

under  the  glass  like  strings  of  blue  beads,  each  bead  being  a  cell. 
But  here  a  microscope  magnifying  six  or  eight  hundred  times  in 
diameter  is  needed  to  see  the  current  distinctly. 

484.  The  movement  belongs  to  the  protoplasm  (476),  or  jelly-like 
matter  under  the  cell-wall.     As  this  substance  has  just  the  same 
composition  as  the  flesh  of  animals,  it  is  not  so  strange  that  it  should 
exhibit  such  animal-like  characters.     In  the  simplest  water-plants, 
of  the  Sea-weed  family,  the  body  which  answers  to  the  seed  is  at 
first  only  a  rounded  little  mass  of  protoplasm.     When  these  bodies 
escape  from  the  mother  plant,  they  often  swim  about  freely  in  the 
water  in  various  directions,  by  a  truly  spontaneous  motion,  when  they 
closely  resemble  animalcules,  and  are  often  mistaken  for  them.    After 
enjoying  this  active  life  for  several  hours,  they  come  to  rest,  form 
a  covering  of  cellulose,  and  therefore  become  true  vegetable  cells, 
fix   themselves   to    some    support,  germinate,  and    grow   into   the 
perfect  plant. 

485.  Absorption,  Conveyance  of  the  Sap,  &c.    Although  contained  in 

cells  with  closed  walls,  nevertheless  the  fluids  taken  in  by  the  roots 
are  carried  up  through  the  stem  to  the  leaves  even  of  the  topmost 
bough  of  the  tallest  tree.  And  the  sap,  after  its  assimilation  by  the 
leaves,  is  carried  down  in  the  bark  or  the  cambium-layer,  and  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  plant,  or  else  is  conveyed  to  the  points  where 
growth  is  taking  place,  or  is  accumulated  in  roots,  stems,  or"  wherever 
a  deposit  is  being  stored  up  for  future  use  (71,  104,  128,  4G9). 

486.  That  the  rise  of  the  sap  is  pretty  rapid  in  a  leafy  and  growing 
plant,  on  a  dry  summer's  day,  is  evident  from  the  amount  of  water  it 
is  continually  losing  by  exhalation  from  the  foliage  (447)  ;  —  a  loss 
which  must  all  the  while  be  supplied  from  the  roots,  or  else  the 
leaves  would  dry  up  and  die  ;   as  they  do  so  promptly  when  sepa- 
rated from  the  stem,  or  when  the  stem  is  cut  off  from  the  roots. 
Of  course  they  do  not  then  lose   moisture  any  faster  than   they 
did   before   the   separation  ;    only  the   supply   is  no   longer   kept 
up  from  below. 

487.  The  rise  of  the  sap  into  the  leaves  apparently  is  to  a  great 
degree  the  result  of  a  mode  of  diffusion  which  has  been  called  En- 
dosmose.     It  acts  in  this  way.     Whenever  two  fluids  of  different 
density  are  separated  by  a  membrane,  whether  of  dead  or  of  living 
substance,  or  are  separated  by  any  porous   partition,  a  flow  takes 
place  through  the  partition,  mainly  towards  the  heavier  fluid,  until 
that  is  brought  to  the  same  density  as  the  other,     A  familiar  illus- 


LESSON  27.]  CONVEYANCE    OF    THE    SAP.  169 

tration  is  seen  when  we  place  powdered  sugar  upon  strawberries, 
and  slightly  moisten  them :  the  dissolving  sugar  makes  a  solution 
stronger  than  the  juice  in  the  cells  of  the  fruit ;  so  this  is  gradually 
drawn  out.  Also  when  pulpy  fruits  are  boiled  in  a  strong  sirup ;  as 
soon  as  the  sirup  becomes  denser  than  the  juice  in  the  fruit,  the 
latter  begins  to  flow  out  and  the  fruit  begins  to  shrivel.  But  when 
shrivelled  fruits  are  placed  in  weak  sirup,  or  in  water,  they  become 
plump,  because  the  flow  then  sets  inwards,  the  juice  in  the  cells  being 
denser  than  the  water  outside.  Now  the  cells  of  the  living  plant 
contain  organic  matter,  in  the  form  of  mucilage,  protoplasm,  some- 
times sugar,  &c. ;  and  this  particularly  abounds  in  young  and 
growing  parts,  such  as  the  tips  of  roots  (Fig.  56),  which,  as  is  well 
known,  are  the  principal  agents  in  absorbing  moisture  from  the 
ground.  The  contents  of  their  cells  being  therefore  always  much 
denser  than  the  moisture  outside  (which  is  water  containing  a  little 
carbonic  acid,  &c.,  and  a  very  minute  quantity  of  earthy  matter), 
this  moisture  is  constantly  drawn  into  the  root.  What  makes  it 
ascend  to  the  leaves  ? 

488.  To  answer  this  question,  we  must  look  to  the  leaves,  and 
consider  what  is  going  on  there.     For  (however  it  may  be  in  the 
spring  before  the  leaves  are  out),  in  a  leafy  plant  or  tree  the  sap  is 
not  forced  up  from  below,  but  is  drawn  up  from  above.    "Water  large- 
ly evaporates  from  the  leaves  (447)  ;  it  flies  off  into  the  air  as  vapor, 
leaving  behind  all  the  earthy  and  the  organic  matters,  —  these  not 
being  volatile  ;  —  the  sap  in  the  cells  of  the  leaf  therefore  becomes 
denser,  and  so  draws  upon  the  more  watery  contents  of  the  cells  of 
the  stalk,  these  upon  those  of  the  stem  below,  and  so  on,  from  cell  to 
cell  down  to  the  root,  causing  a  flow  from  the  roots  to  the  leaves, 
which  begins  in  the  latter,  —  just  as  a  wind  begins  in  the  direction 
towards  which   it   blows.      Somewhat  similarly,  elaborated  sap  is 
drawn  into  buds  or  any  growing   parts,  where  it  is  consolidated 
into   fabric,  or  is  conveyed  into  tubers,  roots,  seeds,  and   the  like, 
in  which  it  is  condensed  into  starch  and  stored  up  for  future  use 
(74,  103,  &c.). 

489.  So  in  absorbing  moisture  by  the  roots,  and  in  conveying 
e  sap  or  the  juices  from  cell  to  cell  and  from  one  part  to  another, 
e  plant  appears  to  make  use  of  a  physical  or  inorganic  force ;  but 

manages  and  directs  this  as  the  purposes  of  the  vegetable  econ- 
omy demand.     Now,  when  the  proper  materials  are  brought  to  the 
wing  parts,  growth  takes  place  >  and  in  growth  the  plant  moves 
15 


V 

• 

on 

• 


170  PLANT-LIFE.  [LESSON  27. 

the  particles  of  matter,  arranges  them,  and  shapes  the  fabric  in  a 
manner  which  we  cannot  at  all  explain  by  any  mechanical  laws. 
The  organs  are  not  shaped  by  any  external  forces  ;  they  shape 
themselves,  and  take  such  forms  and  positions  as  the  nature  of 
each  part,  or  the  kind  of  plant,  requires. 

490.  Special  Movements,  Besides  growing,  and  quite  independent 
of  it,  plants  not  only  assume  particular  positions,  but  move  or  bend 
one  part  upon  another  to  do  so.  Almost  every  species  does  this,  as 
well  as  what  are  called  sensitive  plants.  In  springing  from  the  seed, 
the  radicle  or  stem  of  the  embryo,  if  not  in  the  proper  position 
already,  bends  itself  round  so  as  to  direct  its  root-end  downwards, 
and  the  stern-end  or  plumule  upwards.  It  does  the  same  when 
covered  so  deeply  by  the  soil  that  no  light  can  affect  it,  or  when 
growing  in  a  perfectly  dark  cellar.  But  after  reaching  the  light, 
the  stem  bends  towards  that,  as  every  one  knows ;  and  bends 
towards  the  stronger  light,  when  the  two  sides  are  unequally  ex- 
posed to  the  sun.  It  is  now  known  that  the  shoot  is  bent  by  the 
shortening  of  the  cells  on  the  more  illuminated  side  ;  for  if  we  split 
the  bending  shoot  in  two,  that  side  curves  over  still  more,  while  the 
opposite  side  inclines  to  fly  back.  But  how  the  light  causes  the 
cells  to  shorten  on  that  side,  we  can  no  more  explain,  than  we  can 
tell  how  the  will,  acting  through  the  nerves,  causes  the  contraction 
of  the  fibres  of  the  muscles  by  which  a  man  bends  his  arm.  We 
are  sure  that  the  bending  of  the  shoot  has  nothing  to  do  with 
growth,  because  it  takes  place  after  a  shoot  is  grown  ;  and  the  del- 
icate stem  of  a  young  seedling  will  bend  a  thousand  times  faster 
than  it  grows.  Also  because  it  is  yellow  light  that  most  favors 
growth  and  the  formation  of  vegetable  fabric,  while  the  blue  and 
violet  rays  produce  the  bending.  Leaves  also  move,  even  more 
freely  than  steins.  They  constantly  present  their  upper  face  to  the 
light ;  and  when  turned  upside  down,  they  twist  on  their  stalks,  or 
curve  round  to  recover  their  original  position.  The  free  ends  of 
twining  stems,  as  of  Hop,  or  Morning  Glory,  or  Bean,  which  appar- 
ently hang  over  to  one  side  from  their  weight,  arc  in  fact  bent  over, 
ami,  the  direction  of  the  bend  constantly  chaiiLrmu,  the  shoot  is 
stead;  Iv  sweeping  round  the,  circle,  making  a  revolution  every  few 
hours,  or  even  more  rapidly  in  certain  cases,  until  it  reaches  a 
neighboring  support,  when,  by  a  continuation  of  the  same  move- 
ment, it  twines  around  it.  Most  tendrils  revolve  in  the  same  way, 
sometimes  even  more  rapidly ;  while  others  only  turn  from  the 


LESSON    27.]  MOVEMENTS.  171 

light ;  this  is  especially  the  case  with  those  that  cling  to  walls  or 
trunks  by  sucker-like  disks,  as  Virginia  Creeper,  p.  38,  fig.  62. 
When  an  active  tendril  comes  into  contact  with  a  stem  or  any  such 
extraneous  body,  it  incurves  at  the  point  of  contact,  and  so  lays  hold 
of  the  support :  the  same  contraction  or  tendency  to  curve  affecting 
the  whole  length  of  the  tendril,  it  soon  shortens  into  a  coil,  part  coil- 
ing one  way,  part  the  other,  thus  drawing  the  shoot  up  to  the  sup- 
porting body ;  or,  if  the  tendril  be  free,  it  winds  up  in  a  simple  coil. 
This  movement  of  tendrils  is  so  prompt  in  the  Star-Cucumber  (Sic- 
yos)  in  Echinocystis,  and  in  two  sorts  of  Passion-flower,  that  the 
end,  after  a  gentle  rubbing,  coils  up  by  a  movement  rapid  enough  to 
be  readily  seen.  In  plants  that  climb  by  their  leaf-stalks,  such  as 
Maurandia  and  Tropseolum,  the  movements  are  similar,  but  much 
too  slow  to  be  seen. 

491.  The  so-called  sleep  of  plants  is  a  change  of  position  as  night 
draws  on,  and  in   different  ways,  according  to  the  species,  —  the 
Locust  and  Wood-Sorrel  turning  down  their  leaflets,  the  Honey 
Locust  raising  them  upright,  the  Sensitive  Plant  turning  them  for- 
wards one  over  another ;  and  the  next  morning  they  resume  their 
diurnal  position.     One  fact,  among  others,  showing  that  the  changes 
are  not  caused  by  the  light,  but  by  some  power  in  the  plant  itself,  is 
this.     The  leaves  of  the  Sensitive  Plant  close  long  before  sunset ; 
but  they  expand  again  before  sunrise,  under  much  less  light  than 
they  had  when  they  closed.     In  several  plants  the  leaves  take  the 
nocturnal  position  when  brushed  or  jarred,  —  in  the  common  Sensi- 
tive Plant  very  suddenly,  in  other  sorts  less  quickly,  in  the  Honey 
Locust  a  little  too  slowly  for  us  to  see  the  motion.     The  way  in 
which  blossoms  open  and  close,  some  when  the  light  increases,  some 
when  it  diminishes,  illustrates  the  same  thing.     The  stamens  of  the 
Barberry,  when  touched  at  the  base  on  the  inner  side,  —  as  by  an 
insect  seeking  for  honey,  or  by  the  point  of  a  pin,  —  make  a  sudden 
jerk   forward,  and   in   the   process    commonly  throw  some    pollen 
upon  the  stigma,  which  stands  a  little  above  their  reach. 

492.  In  many  of  these  cases  we  plainly  perceive  that  a  useful  end 
is  subserved.     But  what  shall  we  say  of  the  Venus's  Fly-trap  of 
North  Carolina,  growing  where  it  might  be  sure  of  all  the  food  a 
plant  can  need,  yet  provided  with  an  apparatus  for  catching  insects, 
and  actually  capturing  them  expertly  by  a  sudden  motion,  in  the 
manner  already  described  (12G,  Fig.  81)  ?     Or  of  the  leaflets  of  the 


172  CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.    [LESSON    27. 

Desmodium  gyrans  of  the  East  Indies,  spontaneously  falling  and 
rising  by  turns  in  jerking  motions  nearly  the  whole  day  long  ?  We 
can  only  say,  that  plants  are  alive,  no  less  than  animals,  and  that  it 
is  a  characteristic  of  living  things  to  move. 


*#*  CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 

493.  IN  all  the  foregoing  Lessons,  we  have  had  what  may  be 
called  plants  of  the  higher  classes  alone  in  view.     There  are  others, 
composing  the  lower  grades  of  vegetation,  to  which  some  allusion 
ought  to  be  made. 

494.  Of  this    sort  are    Ferns    or    Brakes,   Mosses,  Liverworts, 
Lichens,    Sea-weeds,   and    Fungi   or   Mushrooms.      They  are  all 
classed  together  under  the  name  of  Flowerless  Plants,  or   Crypto- 
gamous  Plants;  the  former  epithet  referring  to  the  fact  that  they  do 
not  bear  real  blossoms  (with  stamens  and  pistils)  nor  seeds  (with  an 
embryo  ready-formed  within).     Instead  of  seeds  they  have  spores, 
which  are  usually  simple  cells   (392).     The  name    Cryptogamous 
means,  of  hidden  fructification,  and  intimates  that  they  may  have 
something  answering  to  stamens  and  pistils,  although  not  the  same ; 
and  this  is  now  known  to  be  the  case  with  most  of  them. 

495.  Flowerless  plants  are  so  very  various,  and  so  peculiar  in 
each  family,  that  a  volume  would  be  required  to  illustrate  them. 
Curious  and  attractive  as  they  are,  they  are  too  difficult  to  be  studied 
botanically  by  the  beginner,  except  the  Ferns,   Club-Mosses,  and 
Horse-tails.     For  the  study  of  these  we  refer  the  student  at  once  to 
the  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States,  and  to  the 
field,  forest,  and  Garden  Botany.     The  structure  and  physiology 
of  these  plants,  as  well  as  of  the  Mosses,  Liverworts,  Lichens,  Sea- 
weeds, and  Fungi,  are  explained  in  the  Structural  Botany,  or  Botanical 
Text-Book,  and   in  other  similar  works.     When   the   student  has 
become  prepared  for  the  study,  nothing  can  be  more  interesting  than 
these  plants  of  the  lowest  orders. 


LESSON  28.]  SPECIES    AND    KINDS.  173 


LESSON  XXVIII. 


SPECIES    AND    KINDS. 


496.  UNTIL  now,  we  have  been  considering  plants  as  to  their 
structure  and  their  mode  of  life.     We  have,  as  it  were,  been  read- 
ing the  biography  of  an  individual  plant,  following  it  from  the  tiny 
seedling  up  to  the  mature  and  fruit-bearing  herb  or  tree,  and  learning 
how  it  grows  and  what  it  does.     The  botanist  also  considers  plants 
as  to  their  relationships. 

497.  Plants  and  animals,  as  is  well  known,  have  two  great  pecu- 
liarities :  1st,  they  form  themselves  ;  and  2d,  they  multiply  them- 
selves.    They  reproduce  themselves  in  a  continued  succession  of 

498.  Individuals  (3).     Mineral  things  occur  as  masses,  which  are 
divisible  into  smaller  and  still  smaller  ones  without  alteration  of 
their  properties  (391).     But  organic  things  (vegetables  and  ani- 
mals) exist  as  individual  beings.     Each  owes  its   existence   to  a 
parent,  and  produces  similar  individuals  in  its  turn.     So  each  indi- 
vidual is  a  link  of  a  chain ;  and  to  this  chain  the  natural-historian 
applies  the  name  of 

499.  Species,     All  the  descendants  from  the  same  stock  therefore 
compose  one  species.     And  it  was  from  our  observing  that  the  sev- 
eral sorts  of  plants  or  animals  steadily  reproduce  themselves, —  or,  in 

her  words,  keep  up  a  succession  of  similar  individuals,  —  that  the 
of  species  originated.  So  we  are  led  to  conclude  that  the  Ore- 
established  a  definite  number  of  species  at  the  beginning,  which 

ve  continued  by  propagation,  each  after  its  kind. 

500.  There  are  few  species,  however,  in  which  man  has  actually 
erved  the  succession  for  many  generations.     It  could  seldom  be 

proved  that  all  the  White  Pine  trees  or  White  Oaks  of  any  forest 
came  from  the  same  stock.  But  observation  having  familiarized 
us  with  the  general  fact,  that  individuals  proceeding  from  the  same 
stock  are  essentially  alike,  we  infer  from  their  close  resemblance 

E'Mt  these  similar  individuals  belong  to  the  same  species.  That  is, 
infer  it  when  the  individuals  are  as  much  like  each  other  as  those 
5  which  we  know  to  have  sprung  from  the  same  stock. 
501.  We  do  not  infer  it  from  every  resemblance  ;  for  there  is  the 
emblance  of  kind,  —  as  between  the  White  Oak  and  the  Red  Oak, 
"• 


174  SPECIES    AND    KINDS.  [LESSON  28. 

and  between  the  latter  and  the  Scarlet  Oak  :  these,  we  take  for 
granted,  have  not  originated  from  one  and  the  same  stock,  but  from 
three  separate  stocks.  Nor  do  we  deny  it  on  account  of  every 
difference  ;  for  even  the  sheep  of  the  same  flock,  and  the  plants 
raised  from  peas  of  the  same  pod,  may  show  differences,  and  such 
differences  occasionally  get  to  be  very  striking.  When  they  are 
pretty  well  marked,  we  call  them 

Varieties.  The  White  Oak,  for  example,  presents  two  or  three 
varieties  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  although  they  may  be  all  alike 
upon  each  particular  tree.  The  question  often  arises,  practically, 
and  it  is  often  hard  to  answer,  whether  the  difference  in  a  particular 
case  is  that  of  a  variety,  or  is  specific.  If  the  former,  we  may 
commonly  prove  it  to  be  so  by  finding  such  intermediate  degrees 
of  difference  in  various  individuals  as  to  show  that  no  clear  line  of 
distinction  can  be  drawn  between  them ;  or  else  by  observing  the 
variety  to  vary  back  again,  if  not  in  the  same  individual,  yet  in  its 
offspring.  Our  sorts  of  Apples,  Pears,  Potatoes,  and  the  like,  show 
us  that  differences  which  are  permanent  in  the  individual,  and  con- 
tinue unchanged  through  a  long  series  of  generations  when  propa- 
gated by  division  (as  by  offsets,  cuttings,  grafts,  bulbs,  tubers,  &c.), 
are  not  likely  to  be  reproduced  by  seed.  Still  they  sometimes  are 
so :  and  such  varieties  are  called 

Races.  These  are  strongly  marked  varieties,  capable  of  being 
propagated  by  seed.  Our  different  sorts  of  Wheat,  Indian  Corn, 
Peas,  Radishes,  &c.,  are  familiar  examples :  and  the  races  of  men 
offer  an  analogous  instance. 

502.  It  should  be  noted,  that  all  varieties  have  a  tendency  to  be 
reproduced  by  seed,  just  as  all  the  peculiarities  of  the  parent  tend  to 
be  reproduced  in  the  offspring.  And  by  selecting  those  plants  which 
have  developed  or  inherited  any  desirable  peculiarity,  keeping  them 
from  mingling  with  their  less  promising  brethren,  and  selecting  again 
the  most  promising  plants  raised  from  their  seeds,  we  may  in  a  few 
generations  render  almost  any  variety  transmissible  by  seed,  so  long 
as  we  take  good  care  of  it.  In  fact,  this  is  the  way  the  cultivated  or 
domesticated  races,  so  useful  to  man,  have  been  fixed  and  preserved. 
Races,  in  fact,  can  hardly,  if  at  all,  be  said  to  exist  independently  of 
man.  But  man  does  not  really  produce  them.  Such  peculiarities 
—  often  surprising  enough  —  now  and  then  originate,  we  know  not 
how  (the  plant  sports,  as  the  irnrdcners  say)  ;  they  are  only  pre- 
served, propagated,  and  generally  further  developed,  by  the  culti- 


; 


LESSON    28.]  CLASSIFICATION.  175 

valor's  skilful  care.     If  left  alone,  they  are  likely  to  dwindle  and 
perish,  or  else  revert  to  the  original  form  of  the  species. 

503.  Botanists  variously  estimate  the  number  of  known  species 
of  plants  at  from  seventy  to  one  hundred  thousand.     About  3,850 
species  of  the  higher  classes  grow  wild  in  the  United  States  east  of 
the  Mississippi.     So  that  the  vegetable  kingdom  exhibits  a  very- 
great  diversity.     Between  our  largest  and  highest-organized  trees, 
such  as  a  Magnolia  or  an  Oak,  and  the  simplest  of  plants,  reduced 
to  a  single  cell  or  sphere,  much  too  minute  to  be  visible  to  the 
naked  eye,  how  wide  the  difference  !     Yet  the  extremes  are  con- 
nected by  intermediate  grades  of  every  sort,  so  as  to  leave  no  wide 
gap  at  any  place ;  and  not  only  so,  but  every  grade,  from  the  most 
complex  to  the  most  simple,  is  exhibited  under  a  wide  and  most 
beautiful  diversity  of  forms,  all  based  upon  the  one  plan  of  vegeta- 
tion which  we  have  been  studying,  and  so  connected  and  so  an- 
swering to  each  other  throughout  as  to  convince  the  thoughtful 
botanist  that  all  are  parts  of  one  system,  works  of  one  hand,  realiza- 
tions in  nature  of  the  conception  of  One  Mind.     We  perceive  this, 
also,  by  the  way  in  which  the  species  are  grouped  into 

504.  Kinds,     If  the  species,  when  arranged  according  to  their  re- 
semblances, were  found  to  differ  from  one  another  about  equally,  — 
that  is,  if  No.  1  differed  from  No.  2  just  as  much  as  No.  2  did  from 
No.  3,  and  No.  4  from  No.  5,  and  so  on  throughout,  —  then,  with  all 
the  diversity  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  there  is  now,  there  would  yet 
be  no  foundation  in  nature  for  grouping  species  into  kinds.     Species 
and  kinds  would  mean  just  the  same  thing.    We  should  classify  them, 
no  doubt,  for  convenience,  but  our  classification  would  be  arbitrary. 

e  fact  is,  however,  that  species  resemble  each  other  in  very  un- 
equal degrees.  Some  species  are  almost  exactly  alike  in  their  whole 
structure,  and,  differ  only  in  the  shape  or  proportion  of  their  parts; 
se,  we  say,  belong  to  one  Genus.  Some,  again,  show  a  more  gen- 
1  resemblance,  and  are  found  to  have  their  flowers  and  seeds  con- 
ucted  on  the  same  particular  plan,  but  with  important  differences 
the  details  ;  these  belong  to  the  same  Order  or  Family.  Then, 
ing  a  wider  survey,  we  perceive  that  they  all  group  themselves 
er  a  few  general  types  (or  patterns),  distinguishable  at  once  by 
ir  flowers,  by  their  seeds  or  embryos,  by  the  character  of  the 
ling  plant,  by  the  structure  of  their  stems  and  leaves,  and  by 
their  general  appearance  :  these  great  groups  we  call  Classes. 
Finally,  we  distinguish  the  whole  into  two  great  types  or  grades ; 


176  SPECIES    AND    KINDS.  ^LESSON    28. 

the  higher  grade  of  Flowering  plant?,  exhibiting  the  full  plan  of 
vegetation,  and  the  lower  grade  of  Flowerless  plants,  in  which 
vegetation  is  so  simplified  that  at  length  the  only  likeness  between 
them  and  our  common  trees  or  Flowering  plants  is  that  they  are 
both  vegetables.  From  species,  then,  we  rise  first  to 

505.  Genera  (plural  of  Genus).     The  Rose  kind  or  genus,  the  Oak 
genus,  the   Chestnut  genus,  &c.,  are  familiar  illustrations.     Each 
genus  is  a  group  of  nearly  related  species,  exhibit  ing  a  particular 
plan.     All  the  Oaks  belong  to  one  genus,  the  Chestnuts  to  another, 
the  Beech  to  a  third.     The  Apple,  Pear,  and  Crab  are  species  of  one 
genus,  the  Quince  represents  another,  the  various  species  of  Haw- 
thorn a  third.     In  the  animal  kingdom  the  common  cat,  the  wild  cat, 
the  panther,  the  tiger,  the  leopard,  and  the  lion  are  species  of  the  cat 
kind  or  genus  ;  while  the  dog,  the  jackal,  the  different  species  of  wolf, 
and  the  foxes,  compose  another  genus.    Some  genera  are  represented 
by  a  vast  number  of  species,  others  by  few,  very  many  by  only  one 
known  species.     For  the  genus  may  be  as  perfectly  represented  in 
one  species  as  in  several,  although,  if  this  were  the  case  throughout, 
genera  and  species  would  of  course  be  identical  (504).     The  Beech 
genus  and  the  Chestnut  genus  would  be  just  as  distinct  from  the  Oak 
genus  even  if  but  one  Beech  and  one  Chestnut  were  known ;  as  in- 
deed was  the  case  formerly. 

506.  Orders  or  Families  (the  two  names  are  used  for  the  same  thing 
in  botany)  are  groups  of  genera  that  resemble  each  other ;  that  is, 
they  are  to  genera  what  genera  are  to  species.     As  familiar  illustra- 
tions, the  Oak,  Chestnut,  and  Beech  genera,  along  with  the  Hazel 
genus  and  the  Hornbeams,  all  belong  to  one  order,  viz.  the  Oak  Fam- 
ily ;  the  Birches  and  the  Alders  make  another  family  ;  the  Poplars 
and  Willows,  another;  the  Walnuts  (with  the  Butternut)  and  the 
Hickories,  another.     The  Apple  genus,  the  Quince  and  the  Haw- 
thorns, along  with  the  Plums   and    Cherries  and  the  Peach,  the 
Raspberry,  with  the  Blackberry,  the  Strawberry,  the  Rose,  and  many 
other  genera,  belong  to  a  large  order,  the  Rose  Family. 

507.  Tribes  and  Suborders,     This  leads  us  to  remark,  that  even  the 
genera  of  the  same  order  may  show  very  unequal  degrees  of  resem- 
blance.   Some  may  be  very  closely  related  to  one  another,  and  at  the 
same  time  differ  strikingly  from  the  rest  in  certain  important  partic- 
ulars.    In  the  Rose  Family,  for  example,  there  is  the  Rose  genus 
itself,  with  tlu-    Raspberry  genus,  the   Strawberry,  the   Cinquefoil, 
&c.  near  it,  but  by  no  means  so  much  like  it  as  they  are  like  each 


LESSON  28.]  ORDERS,    CLASSES,    ETC.  177 

other :  this  group,  therefore,  answers  to  what  is  called  a  Tribe  ;  and 
the  Rose  itself  stands  for  another  tribe.  But  we  further  observe 
that  the  Apple  genus,  the  Hawthorns,  the  Quince,  and  the  June- 
berry,  though  of  the  same  order,  and  nearly  related  among  them- 
selves, differ  yet  more  widely  from  the  Rose  and  its  nearest  relations; 
and  so,  on  the  other  hand,  do  the  Plum  and  Cherry,  the  Peach  and 
the  Almond.  So  this  great  Rose  Family,  or  Order,  is  composed  of 
three  groups,  of  a  more  marked  character  than  tribes,  —  groups 
which  might  naturally  be  taken  for  orders  ;  %and  we  call  them  Sub- 
orders. But  students  will  understand  these  matters  best  after  a  few 
lessons  in  studying  plants  in  a  work  describing  the  kinds. 

508.  ClasseSt     These  are  great  assemblages  of  orders,  as  already 
explained  (515).     The  orders  of  Flowering  Plants  are  numerous, 
no  less  than  134  being  represented  in  the  Botany  of  the  Northern 
United    States  ;   but  they  all   group  themselves  under  two  great 
classes.     One  class   comprises  all  that  have  seeds  with  a  mono- 
cotyledonous  embryo  (32),  endogenous  stems  (423),  and  generally 
parallel-veined  leaves  (139)  ;  the  other,  those  with  dicotyledonous 
embryo,  exogenous  stems,  and  netted-veined  leaves ;  and  the  whole 
aspect  of  the  two  is  so  different  that  they  are  known  at  a  glance. 

509.  Finally,  these  two  classes  together  compose  the  upper  Series 
or  grade  of  Flowering  or  Phcenogamous  Plants,  which  have  their 
counterpart  in  the  lower  Series  of  Flowerless  or  Cryptogamous  Plants,. 
—  composed  of  three  classes,  and  about  a  dozen  orders. 

510.  The  universal  members  of  classification  are  CLASS,  ORDER^ 
GENUS,  SPECIES,  always  standing  in  this  order.     When  there  are 
more,  they  take  their  places  as  in  the  following  schedule,  which 
comprises  all  that  are  generally  used  in  a  natural  classification 
proceeding  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest,  viz. :  — 

Series, 

CLASS, 

Subclass, 

ORDER,  or  FAMILY, 
Suborder, 
Tribe, 

Subtribe, 
GENUS, 

Subgenus  or  Section, 
SPECIES, 
Variety. 


178  BOTANICAL    NAMES.  [LESSON  29. 

LESSON   XXIX. 

BOTANICAL    NAMES    AND    CHARACTERS. 

511.  PLANTS  are  classified,  —  i.  e.  are  marshalled  under  their  re- 
spective classes,  orders,  tribes,  genera,  and  species,  —  and  they  are 
characterized,  —  that  is,  their  principal  characteristics  or  distinguish- 
ing marks  are  described  or  enumerated,  in  order  that, 

First,  their  resemblances  or  differences,  of  various  degrees,  may 
be  clearly  exhibited,  and  all  the  species  and  kinds  ranked  next  to 
those  they  are  most  related  to  ;  —  and 

Secondly,  that  students  may  readily  ascertain  the  botanical  names 
of  the  plants  they  meet  with,  and  learn  their  peculiarities,  properties, 
and  place  in  the  system. 

512.  It  is  in  the  latter  that  the  young  student  is  chiefly  interested. 
And  by  his  studies  in  this  regard  he  is  gradually  led  up  to  a  higher 
point  of  view,  from  which  he  may  take  an  intelligent  survey  of  the 
whole  general  system  of  plants.     But  the  best  way  for  the  student 
to  learn  the  classification  of  plants  (or  Botany  as  a  system),  is  to  use 
it,  in  finding  out  by  it  the  name  and  the  peculiarities  of  all  the  wild 
plants  he  meets  with. 

513.  Names,     The  botanical  name  of  a  plant,  that  by  which  a 
botanist  designates  it,  is  the  name  of  its  genus  followed  by  that  of 
the  species.     The  name  of  the  genus  or  kind  is  like  the  family  name 
or  surname  of  a  person,  as  Smith,  or  Jones.     That  of  the  species 
answers  to  the  baptismal  name,  as  John,  or  James.     Accordingly, 
the  White  Oak  is  called  botanically  Quercus  alia  ;  the  first  word,  or 
Quercus,  being  the  name  of  the  Oak  genus ;  the  second,  alba,  that 
of  this  particular  species.     And  the  Red  Oak  is  named  Quercus 
rubra ;  the  Black-Jack  Oak,  Quercus  nigra ;  and  so  on.     The  bo- 
tanical names  are  all  in  Latin  (or  are  Latinized),  this  being  the 
common   language  of  science  everywhere ;   and  according  to  the 
usage  of  that  language,  and  of  most  others,  the  name  of  the  species 
comes  after  that  of  the  genus,  while  in  English  it  comes  before  it. 

514.  Generic  Names,    A  plant,  then,  is  named  by  two  words.     The 
generic  name,  or  that  of  the  genus,  is  one  word,  and  a  substantive. 
Commonly  it  is  the  old  classical  name,  when  the  genus  was  known 
to  the  Greeks  and  Romans  ;  as  Quercus  for  the  Oak,  Fagus  for  the 


LESSON  29.]  BOTANICAL    NAMES.  179 

Beech,  Corylus,  the  Hazel,  and  the  like.  But  as  more  genera  be- 
came known,  botanists  had  new  names  to  make  or  borrow.  Many- 
are  named  from  some  appearance  or  property  of  the  flowers,  leaves, 
or  other  parts  of  the  plant.  To  take  a  few  examples  from  the  early 
pages  of  the  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States,  — 
in  which  the  derivation  of  the  generic  names  is  explained.  The 
genus  Jfepatica,  p.  6,  comes  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf  resembling 
that  of  the  liver.  Myosurus,  p.  10,  means  mouse-tail.  Delphin- 
ium, p.  12,  is  from  delphin,  a  dolphin,  and  alludes  to  the  shape  of 
the  flower,  which  was  thought  to  resemble  the  classical  figures  of  the 
dolphin.  Zanthorhiza,  p.  13,  is  from  two  Greek  words  meaning 
yellow-root,  the  common  name  of  the  plant.  Cimicifuga,  p.  14,  is 
formed  of  two  Latin  words,  meaning,  to  drive  away  bugs,  the  same 
as  its  common  name  of  Bugbane,  the  Siberian  species  being  used  to 
keep  away  such  vermin.  Sanguinaria,  p.  26,  is  named  from  the 
blood-like  color  of  its  juice. 

515.  Other  genera  are  dedicated  to  distinguished  botanists  or  pro- 
moters of  natural  science,  and  bear  their  names :  such  are  Magnolia, 
p.  15,  which  commemorates  the  early  French  botanist,  Magnol,  and 
Jejfersonia,  p.  20,  named  after  President  Jefferson,  who  sent  the  first 
exploring  expedition  over  the  Rocky  Mountains.     Others  bear  the 
name  of  the  discoverer  of  the  plant  in  question  ;  as,  Sarracenia,  p. 
23,  dedicated  to  Dr.  Sarrazin  of  Quebec,  who  was  one  of  the  first 
to  send  our  common  Pitcher-plant  to  the  botanists  of  Europe .;  and 
Claytonia,  p.  65,  first  made  known  by  the  early  Virginian  botanist 
Clayton. 

516.  Specific  Names,     The  name  of  the  species  is  also  a  single 
word,  appended  to  that  of  the  genus.     It  is  commonly  an  adjective, 
and  therefore  agrees  with  the  generic  name  in  case,  gender,  &c. 
Sometimes  it  relates  to  the  country  the  species  inhabits ;  as,  Clay- 
tonia    Virginica,   first    made   known   from  Virginia  ;    Sanguinaria 
Canadensis,  from   Canada,  &c.     More  commonly.it  denotes  some 
obvious  or  characteristic  trait  of  the  species;    as,  for  example,  in 
Sarracenia,  our  northern  species  is  named  purpurea,  from  the  pur- 
ple blossoms,  while  a  more  southern  one  is  named  flava,  because 
its  petals  are  yellow ;  the  species  of  Jeffersonia  is  called  diphylla, 
meaning  two-leaved,  because  its  leaf  is  divided  into  two  leaflets. 
Some  species  are  named  after  the  discoverer,  or  in  compliment  to  a 
botanist  who  has  made  them  known  ;  as,  Magnolia  Fraseri,  named 
after  the  botanist  Fraser,  one  of  the  first  to  find  this  species  ;  Ra- 


180  BOTANICAL    NAMES    AND    CHARACTERS.    [LESSON  29. 

worthia  Michauxii,  p.  65,  named  for  the  early  botanist  Michaux ; 
and  Polygala  Nuttallii,  in  compliment  to  Mr.  Nuttall,  who  described 
it  under  another  name.  Such  names  of  persons  are  of  course  writ- 
ten with  a  capital  initial  letter.  Occasionally  some  old  substantive 
name  is  used  for  the  species ;  as  Magnolia  Umbrella,  p.  49,  and  Ra- 
nunculus Flammula,  p.  41.  These  are  also  written  with  a  capital 
initial,  and  need  not  accord  with  the  generic  name  in  gender,  &c. 

517.  The  name  of  a  variety,  when  it  is  distinct  enough  to  require 
any,  is  made  on  the  same  plan  as  that  of  the  species,  and  is  written 
after  it;  as,  Ranunculus  Flammula,  variety  reptans,  p.  41  (i.  e.  the 
creeping  variety),  and  R.  abortivus,  variety  micranthus,  p.  42,  or 
the  small-flowered  variety  of  this  species. 

518.  Names  of  Groups,     The  names  of  tribes,  orders,  and  the  like, 
are  in  the  plural  number,  and  are  commonly  formed  by  prolonging 
the  name  of  a  genus  of  the  group  taken  as  a  representative  of  it. 
For  example,  the  order  of  which  the  Buttercup  or  Crowfoot  genus, 
Ranunculus,  is  the  representative,  takes  from  it  the  name  ofJRanun- 
culacece   (Manual,  p.  34)  ;    meaning  Plantce  Ranunculacece  when 
written  out  in  full,  that  is,  Ranunculaceous   Plants.     This  order 
comprises  several  tribes ;  one  of  which,  to  which  Ranunculus  itself 
belongs,  takes  the  name  of  Ranunculece ;  another,  to  which  the 
genus   Clematis,  or  the  Virgin's-Bower,  belongs,  takes  accordingly 
the  name  of  Clematidece  ;  and  so  on.     So  the  term  Rosacea  (mean- 
ing Rosaceous  plants)  is  the  name  of  the  order  of  which  the  Rose 
(Rosa)  is  the  well-known  representative ;  and  Rosece  is  the  name  of 
the  particular  tribe  of  it  which  comprises  the  Rose. 

519.  A  few  orders  are  named  on  a  somewhat  different  plan.    The 
great  order  Leguminosce,  for  instance  (Manual,  p.  123),  is  not  named 
after  any  genus  in  it ;  but  the  fruit,  which  is  a  legume  (35 G),  gives 
the  name  of  Leguminous  Plants.    So,  likewise,  the  order  Umbelliferce 
(Manual,  p.  187)  means  Umbelliferous  or  Umbel-bearing  Plants; 
and  the  vast  order  Composite  (Manual,  p.  215)  is  so  named  because 
it  consists  of  plants  whose  blossoms  are  crowded  into  heads  of  the 
sort  which  were  called  "  compound  flowers "  by  the  old  botanists 
(277). 

520.  Characters,     The  brief  description,  or  enumeration  in  scien- 
tific terms,  of  the  principal   distinctive  marks  of  a  species,  genus, 
order,  or  other  group,  as  given   in  botanical  works,  is    called   its 
Character.     Thus,  in  the  Manual,  already  referred  to,  at  the  begin- 


LESSON    30.]  HOW   TO    STUDY   PLANTS.  181 

ning,  the  character  of  the  first  great  series  is  given ;  then  that  of 
the  first  class,  of  the  first  subclass,  and  of  the  first  division  under  it. 
Then,  after  the  name  of  the  order,  follows  its  character  (the  ordinal 
character)  :  under  the  name  of  each  genus  (as,  1.  Clematis,  p.  35) 
is  added  the  generic  character,  or  description  of  what  essentially 
distinguishes  it ;  and  finally,  following  the  name  of  each  species,  is 
the  specific  character,  a  succinct  enumeration  of  the  points  in  which 
it  mainly  differs  from  other  species  of  the  same  genus.  See,  for 
illustration,  Clematis  Viorna,  p.  36,  where  the  sentence  immediately 
following  the  name  is  intended  to  characterize  that  species  from  all 
others  like  it. 

521.  Under  this  genus,  and  generally  where  we  have  several  spe- 
cies of  a  genus,  the  species  are  arranged  under  sections,  and  these 
often  under  subsections,  for  the  student's  convenience  in  analysis, — 
the  character  or  description  of  a  section  applying  to  all  the  species 
under  it,  and  therefore  not  having  to  be  repeated  under  each  species. 
Under  Clematis,  also,  are  two  sections  with  names,  or  sub-genera, 
which  indicates  that  they  might  almost  be  regarded  as  two  distinct 
genera;  But  these  details  are  best  understood  by  practice,  in  the 
actual  studying  of  plants  to  ascertain  their  name  and  place.  And  to 
this  the  student  is  now  ready  to  proceed. 


LESSON    XXX 

HOW   TO    STUDY   PLANTS. 

522.  HAVING  explained,  in  the  two  preceding  Lessons,  the  gen- 
eral principles  of  Classification,  and  of  Botanical  Names,  we  may 
now  show,  by  a  few  examples,  how  the   student  is  to  proceed  in 
applying  them,  and  how  the  name  and  the  place  in  the  system  of  an 
unknown  plant  are  to  be  ascertained. 

523.  We  suppose  the  student  to  be  provided  with  a  hand  magni- 
fying-glass,  and,  if  possible,  with  a  simple  microscope,  i.  e.  with  a 
magnifying-glass,  of  two  or  more  different  powers,  mounted  on  a 
support,  over  a  stage,  holding  a  glass  plate,  on  which  small  flowers 
or  their  parts  may  be  laid,  while  they  are  dissected  under  the  mi- 
croscope with  the  points  of  needles  (mounted  in  handles),  or  divided 

16 


182  HOW   TO    STUDY   PLANTS.  [LESSON    30. 

by  a  sharp  knife.  Such  a  microscope  is  not  necessary,  except  for 
very  small  flowers ;  but  it  is  a  great  convenience  at  all  times,  and 
is  indispensable  in  studying  the  more  difficult  orders  of  plants. 

524.  We  suppose  the  student  now  to  have  a  work  in  which  the 
plants  of  the   country  or   district  are  scientifically  arranged  and 
described :  if  in  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  Dr.  Chapman's  Flora 
of  the  Southern  States  ;  if  north  of  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  Gray's 
Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  United  States,  fifth  edition  ;  or,  as  cov- 
ering the  whole  ground  as  to  common  plants,  and  including  also  all 
the  common  cultivated  plants,  Gray's  Field,  Forest,  and   Garden 
Botany,  which  is  particularly  arranged  as  the  companion  of  the 
present  work ;   that  containing  brief  botanical  descriptions  of  the 
plants,  and  this  the  explanation  of  their  general  structure,  and  of 
the   technical   terms   employed   in    describing   them.     To   express 
clearly  the  distinctions  which  botanists  observe,  and  which  furnish 
the  best  marks  to  know  a  plant  by,  requires  a  good  many  technical 
terms,  or  words  used  with  a  precise  meaning.     These,  as  they  are 
met  with,  the  student  should  look  out  in  the  Glossary  at  the  end  of 
this  volume.     The  terms  in  common  use  are  not  so  numerous  as 
they  would  at  first  appear  to  be.     With  practice  they  will  soon  be- 
come so  familiar  as  to  give  very  little  trouble.     And  the  application 
of  botanical  descriptive  language  to  the  plants  themselves,  indicating 
all  their  varieties  of  form  and  structure,  is  an  excellent  discipline 
for  the  mind,  equal,  if  not  in  some  respects  superior,  to  that  of  learn- 
ing a  classical  language. 

525.  The  following  illustrations  and  explanations  of  the  way  to  use 
the  descriptive  work  are,  first,  for  The  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Bot- 
any, that  being  the  one  which  will  be  generally  used  by  beginners  and 
classes.     This  and  the  Lessons,  bound  together  in  a  single  compact 
volume,  will  serve  the  whole  purpose  of  all  but  advanced  students, 
teachers,  and  working  botanists.     Thus  equipped,  we  proceed  to 

526.  The  Analysis  of  a  Plant,     A  Buttercup  will  serve   as   well 
as  any.    Some  species  or  other  may  be  found  in  blossom  throughout 
nearly  the   whole  spring  and  summer;    and,  except  at  the   very 
beginning  of  the  season,  the  fruit,  more  or  less  developed,  may  be 
gathered  with  the  blossom.     To  a  full  knowledge  of  a  plant  the 
fruit  is  essential,  although  the  name  may  almost  always  be  ascer- 
tained without  it.     This  common  yellow  flower  being  under  exam- 
ination, we  are  to  refer  the  plant  to  its  proper  class  and  order  or 


LESSON    30.] 


HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS. 


183 


family.  The  families  are  so  numerous,  and  so  generally  distinguish- 
able only  by  a  combination  of  a  considerable  number  of  marks  that 
the  student  must  find  his  way  to  them  by  means  of  a  contrivance 
called  an  Analytical  Key.  This  Key  begins  on  p.  12. 

527.  It  takes  note  of  the  most  comprehensive  possible  division  of 
plants,  namely  those  "  producing  true  flowers  and  seeds,"  and  those 
"not  producing  flowers,  propagated  by  spores."     To   the  first  of 
these,  the  great  series  of  PH^ENOGAMOUS  or  FLOWERING  PLANTS, 
the  plant  under  examination  obviously  belongs. 

528.  This  series  divides  into  those  "with  wood  in  a  circle,  or  in 
concentric  annual  circles  or  layers  around  a  central  pith,  netted-veined 
leaves,  and  parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in  fives  or  fours,"  —  to  which 
might  be  added  the  dicotyledonous  embryo,  but  that  in  the  present 
case  is  beyond  the  young  student's  powers,  even  if  the  fruit  were  at 
hand;  —  and  into  those  "  with  wood  in  separate  threads  scattered 
through  the  diameter  of  the  stem,  not  in  a  circle,"  also  the  "  leaves 
mostly  parallel-veined,  and   parts  of  the  flower  almost  always  in 
threes,  never  in  fives."     Although  the  hollowness  of  the  stem  of  the 
present  plant  may  obscure  its  internal  structure,  a  practised  hand, 
by  throwing  the  light  through  a  thin  cross  section  of  the  stem  under 
the  glass,  would  make  it  evident  that  its  woody  bundles  were  all  in 
a  circle  near  the  circumference,  yet  this  could  hardly  be  expected 
of  an  unassisted  and  inexperienced  beginner.     But  the  two  other 
and  very  obvious  marks,  the  netted-veined  leaves,  and  the  number 
five  in  both  calyx  and  corolla,  certify  at  once  that  the  plant  belongs 
to  the  first  class,  EXOGENOUS  or  DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 

529.  We  should  now  look  at  the  flower  more  particularly,  so 
as  to  make  out  its   general 

plan  of  structure,  which  we 

shall  need  to  know  all  about 

as  we  go  on.     We  observe 

that   it    has    a   calyx   of    5 

sepals,  though  these  are  apt 

to  fall  soon  after  the  blossom 

opens  ;  that  the  5  petals  are  353 

borne  on  the  receptacle  (or  common  axis  of  the  flower)  just  above 

the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them ;   that  there  are  next  borne,  a 


FIG.  353.     A  flower  of  a  Buttercup  (Ranunculus  bulbosus)  cut  through  from  top  to  bottom, 
arid  enlarged. 


184  HOW   TO    STUDY   PLANTS.  [LESSON    30. 

little  higher  up  on  the  receptacle,  an  indefinite  number  of  stamens ; 
and,  lastly,  covering  the  summit  or  centre  of  the  receptacle,  an  in- 
definite number  of  pistils. 
A  good  yiew  of  the  whole 
is  to  be  had  by  cutting  the 
flower  directly  through  the 
middle,  from  top  to  bottom 
(Fig.  358).  If  this  be  done 
with  a  sharp  knife,  some  of  the  pistils  will  be  neatly  divided,  or  may 
be  so  by  a  second  slicing.  Each  pistil,  we  see,  is  a  closed  ovary, 
containing  a  single  ovule  (Fig.  359)  ascending  from  near  the  base 
of  the  cell,  and  is  tipped  with  a  very  short  broad  style,  which  has 
the  stigma  running  down  the  whole  length  of  its  inner  edge.  The 
ovary  is  little  changed  as  it  ripens  into  the  sort  of  fruit  termed  an 
akene  (Fig.  360)  ;  the  ovule  becoming  the  seed  and  fitting  the  cell 
(Fig.  3G1).  Reverting  to  the  key,  on  p.  13,  we  find  that  the  class 
to  which  our  plant  belongs  has  two  subclasses,  one  "  with  pistil  of 
the  ordinary  sort,  the  ovules  in  a  closed  ovary";  the  other  "without 
proper  pistil,  the  ovules  naked  on  a  scale,"  &c.  The  latter  is 
nearly  restricted  to  the  Pine  Family.  The  examination  already  had 
makes  it  quite  clear  that  our  plant  belongs  to  the  first  subclass, 
ANGIOSPERMOUS  Exogenous  or  Dicotyledonous  Plants. 

530.  We  have  here  no  less  than  110  orders  under  this  subclass. 
To  aid  the  unpractised  student  in  finding  his  way  among  them,  they 
are  ranked  under  three  artificial  divisions ;    the  Polypetalous,  the 
Munopetalous,  and  the  Apetalous.     The  plant  in  hand  being  fur- 
nished, in  the  words  of  the  key,  "  with  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the 
latter  of  wholly  separate  petals,"  is  to  be  sought  under  I.  POLY- 
PETALOUS  DIVISION;  for  the  analysis  of  which,  see  p.  14. 

531.  Fully  half  the  families  of  the  class  rank  under  this  division. 
The  first  step  in  the  key  is  to  the  sections  A  and  B  ;  to  the  first  of 
which,  having  "stamens  more  than  10,  and  more  than  twice  the 
number  of  the  sepals  or  divisions  of  the  calyx,"  our  plant  must  pertain. 

532.  Under  this  we  proceed  by  a  series  of  successive  steps,  their 
gradations  marked  by  their  position  on  the  page,  leading  down  to 
the  name  of  the  order  or  family,  to  which  is  appended  the  number 

FIG.  359.  A  pistil  taken  from  a  Buttercup  (JUnunculus  bulbosus),  and  morn  magnified  ; 
Its  ovary  cut  through  length  wise,  showing  tho  ovule.  300.  One  of  Its  pistils  wlu-n  ripened 
into  a  fruit  (achenium  or  akene).  301.  The  same,  cut  through,  to  show  the  seed  iu  it. 


LESSON    30.]  HOW   TO    STUDY   PLANTS.  185 

of  the  page  where  that  family  and  the  plants  under  it  are  described. 
The  propositions  of  the  same  grade,  two  or  more,  from  which  de- 
termination is  to  be  made,  not  only  stand  one  directly  under  the 
other,  but  begin  with  the  same  word  or  phrase,  or  with  some 
counterpart,  —  in  the  present  case  again  with  "  Stamens,"  and  with 
four  propositions,  with  one  and  only  one  of  which  the  flower  in 
hand  should  agree.  It  agrees  with  the  last  of  the  four  :  "  Stamens 
not  monadelphous." 

533.  The  propositions  under  this,  to  which  we  are  now  directed, 
are  six,  beginning  with  the  word  "  Pistils  "  or  "  Pistil."     The  one 
which  applies  to  the  flower  in  hand  is,  clearly,  the  fourth :  "  Pistils 
numerous  or  more  than  one,  separate,  on  the  receptacle." 

534.  The  terms  of  the  analysis  directly  subordinate  to  this  are 
only  two  :    we   have  to  choose   between  "  Stamens  borne  on  the 
calyx,"  and  "  Stamens  borne  on  the  receptacle."     The  latter  is  true 
of  our  flower.     The  terms  subordinate  to  this  are  four,  beginning 
with  the  word  "  Leaves."     The  fourth  alone  accords :  "  Leaves  not 
peltate ;    herbs,"  —  and   this   line   leads   out    to   the    CROWFOOT 
FAMILY,  and  refers  to  p.  33. 

535.  Turning  to  that  page,  a  perusal  of  the  brief  account  of  the 
marks  of  the  RANUNCULACE^E  (the  technical  Latin  name)  or  CROW- 
FOOT FAMILY,  assures  us  that  the  Key  has  led  us  safely  and  readily 
to  a  correct  result.     Knowing  the  order  or  family,  we  have  next  to 
ascertain  the  genus.     Here  are  twenty  genera  to  choose  from ;  but 
their  characters   are  analyzed   under  sections  and  successive  sub- 
sections (§,  *  ,•{—,-«-»•,  &c.)  so  as  to  facilitate  the  way  to  the  desired 
result.     Of  the  two  primary  sections,  we  must  reject  §  1,  as  it  agrees 
only  in  respect  to  the  pistils,  and  differs  wholly  in  the  characters 
furnished  by  the  sepals,  the  petals,  and  the  leaves.     With  "  §  2. 
Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud:  not  climbing  nor  woody"  it  agrees.     It 
also  agrees  with  the  sub-section  immediately  following,  viz. :  "  *  Pis- 
tils and  akenes,  several  or  many  in  a  head,  one-seeded"     The  sub- 
division following :  "  -j—  Petals  none:  sepals  petal-like,'"  is  inapplicable  ; 
but  its  counterpart,  "  -i—  •*—  Petals  and  sepals  both  conspicuous,  Jive  or 
more :  akenes,  naked,  short-pointed"  suits,  and  restricts  our  choice  to 
the  three  genera,  Adonis,  Myosurus,  and  Ranunculus.     The  deter- 
mination is  soon  made,  upon  noting  the  naked  sepals,  the  petals  with 
the  little  scale  on  the  upper  face  of  the  short  claw,  and  the  akenes 
in  a  head:  so  the  genus  is,  7.  RANUNCULUS. 


186  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  [LESSON    30. 

536.  The  arrangement  of  the  species  of  Ranunculus  is  to  be 
found,  under   the  proper  number,  7,  on  p.  37  and  the  following. 
The  first  section  contains  aquatic  species ;  ours  is  terrestrial,  and  in 
all  other  particulars  answers  to  §  2.     The  smooth  ovary  and  akene, 
and  the  perennial  root  refer  it  to  the  subsection  following,  marked 
by  the  single  star.     The  shape  of  the  leaves  excludes  it  from  the 
"•*—  Spearwort   Crowfoots,"  the   large  and  showy  petals  from  the 
"  •»—  H-  Small-flowered  Crowfoots ;  while  all  the  marks  agree  with 
H-  4—  -t—  BUTTERCUPS  or  COMMON  CROWFOOTS.      There  is   still 
a  subdivision,  one  set  marked,  "  -M-  Natives  of  the  country,  low  or 
spreading"  the  other  "  ++  ++  Introduced  weeds  from  Europe,  com- 
mon in  fields,  fyc.:  stem  erect:   leaves  much  cut" — which  is  the 
case.     We  have  then  only  to  choose  between  the  two  field  Crow- 
foots, and  we  have  supposed  the  pupil  to  have  in  hand  the  lower, 
early-flowered  one,  common  at  the  east,  which  has  a  solid  bulb  or  corm 
at  the  base  of  the  stem,  and  displays  its  golden  flowers  in  spring  or 
earliest  summer,  and  which  accordingly  answers  to  the  description 
of  RANUNCULUS  BULBOSUS,  the  BULBOUS  BUTTERCUP. 

537.  Later  in  the  season  it  might  have  been  R.  acris,  the  Tall 
Buttercup,  or  much  earlier  R.  fascicularis,  or  JR.  rcpens.     Having 
ascertained  the  genus  from  any  one  species,  the  student  would  not 
fail  to  recognize  it  again  in  any  other,  at  a  glance. 

538.  If  now,  with  the  same  plant  in  hand,  the  Manual  (Fifth 
edition)  be  the  book  used,  the  process  of  analysis  will  be  so  similar, 
that  a  brief  indication  of  the  steps  may  suffice.     Here  the  corres- 
ponding Analytical  Key,  commencing  on  p.  21,  leads  similarly  to 
the  first  Series,  Class,  Subclass,  and  Division  ;  —  to  A,  with  nume- 
rous stamens;    1,  with  calyx  entirely  free  and  separate  from  the 
pistil  or  pistils,  thence  to  the  fourth  line  beginning  with  the  word 
Pistils;  thence  to  the  third  of  the  three  subordinate  propositions, 
viz.  to  "  Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle  " ;  to  the  second  of  the 
succeeding  couplet,  or  "Filaments  longer  than  the  anther";  to  the 
second  of  the  next  couplet,  "  Flowers  perfect,"  &c.,  and  to  the  first 
of  the  final  couplet,  "  Leaves  not  peltate  ;  petals  deciduous,"  —  which 
ends  in  "  RANUNCULACEJE,  34."     This  is  the  technical  name  of  the 
family,  and  the  page  where  it  is  described. 

539.  Turning  to  that  page  we  read  the  general  description  of  that 
order,  particularly  the  portion  at  the  beginning  printed  in  italics, 
which  comprises  the  more  important  points.     The  "  Synopsis  of  the 


LESSON    31.]  HOW   TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  187 

Genera  "  which  follows  is  similar  to,  but  more  technical  than  that  of 
the  other,  more  elementary  book ;  and  the  names  of  the  tribes  or 
natural  groups  of  genera  (507)  are  inserted.  The  steps  of  analysis 
bring  the  student  to  the  Tribe  III.  RANUNCULEJS,  and  under  it  to 
the  genus  RANUNCULUS.  The  number  prefixed  to  the  name  enables 
the  student  to  turn  forward  and  find  the  genus,  p.  40.  The  name, 
scientific  and  popular,  is  here  followed  by  a  full  generic  character 
(520).  The  primary  sections  here  have  names :  the  plant  under 
examination  belongs  to  "  §  2.  RANUNCULUS  proper " ;  and  thence 
is  to  be  traced,  through  the  subdivisions  *,  -f—  •»—  4-  4- ,  n-t-  +-»-,  to 
the  ultimate  subdivision  &.,  under  which,  through  a  comparison  of 
characters,  the  student  reaches  the  species  R.  BULBOSUS,  L. 

540.  The  L.  at  the  end  of  the  name  is  the  recognized  abbrevia- 
tion of  the  name  of  Linnaeus,  the  botanist  who  gave  it.  Then  come 
the  common  or  English  names ;  then  the  specific  character  ;  after  this, 
the  station  where  the  plant  grows,  and  the  region  in  which  it  occurs. 
This  is  followed  by  the  time  of  blossoming  (from  May  to  July); 
and  then  by  some  general  descriptive  remarks.  The  expression 
"  Nat.  from  Eu."  means  that  the  species  is  a  naturalized  emigrant 
from  Europe,  and  is  not  original  to  this  country.  But  all  these 
details  are  duly  explained  in  the  Preface  to  the  Manual,  which  the 
student  who  uses  that  work  will  need  to  study. 


LESSON   XXXI. 

HOW   TO    STUDY   PLANTS:     FURTHER    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

541.  BEGINNERS  should  not  be  discouraged  by  the  slow  progress 
ey  must  needs  make  in  the  first  trials.  By  perseverance  the  vari- 
ous difficulties  will  soon  be  overcome,  and  each  successful  analysis 
will  facilitate  the  next.  Not  only  will  a  second  species  of  the  same 
genus  be  known  at  a  glance,  but  commonly  a  second  genus  of  the 
same  order  will  be  recognized  as  a  relative  at  sight,  by  the  family 
likeness.  Or  if  the  family  likeness  is  not  detected  at  the  first  view, 

frill  be  seen  as  the  characters  of  the  plant  are  studied  out. 
)42.  To  help  on  the  student  by  a  second  example,  we  will  take 
common  cultivated  Flax.     Turning  to  the  Key,  as  before,  on 


188 


HOW    TO    STUDY   PLANTS. 


[LESSON  31. 


p.  12,  the  student  is  led  to  ask,  first,  is  the  plant  PELENOGAMOUS  or 
FLOWERING  ?  Of  course  it  is  ;  the  blossom,  with  its 
A  stamens  and  pistils,  answers  that  question.  Next,  to 
which  of  the  two  classes  of  Flowering  Plants  does  it 
belong  ?  If  we  judge  by  the  stem,  we  ask  whether  it 
is  exogenous  or  endogenous  (422-424).  A  section  of 
the  stem,  considerably  magnified,  given  on  page  151, 
we  may  here  repeat  (Fig.  362)  ;  it  plainly  shows  a 
ring  of  wood  between  a  central  pith  and  a  bark.  It  is  therefore 
exogenous.  Moreover,  the  leaves  are  netted-veined,  though  the 
veins  are  not  conspicuous.  We  might  even  judge  from  the  embryo ; 
for  there  is  little  difficulty  in  dissecting  a  flax-seed,  and  in  finding 
that  almost  the  whole  interior  is  occupied  by  an  embryo  with  two 
cotyledons,  much  like  that  of  an  apple-seed  (Fig.  11,  12),  and  this 
class,  as  one  of  its  name  denotes,  is  dicotyledonous.  If  we  view  the 
parts  of  the  blossom,  we  perceive  they  are  five  throughout  (Fig.  363, 
365),  a  number  which  occurs  in  that  class  only.  All  these  marks, 
or  as  many  of  them  as  the  student  is  able  to  verify,  show  that  the 
plant  belongs  to  Class  I.  EXOGENOUS  or  DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 

543.  To  which  subclass,  is  the  next  inquiry.      The  single  but 
several-celled  ovary  in  the  centre  of  the  flower,  enclosing  the  ovules, 
assures  us  that  it  belongs  to  the  ANGIOSPERMOUS  subclass,  p.  13. 

544.  To  get  a  good  idea  of  the  general  plan  of  the  flower,  before 


proceeding  farther,  cut  it  through  the  middle  lengthwise,  as  in  Fig. 
3G4,  and  also  take  a  slice  across  a  flower-bud,  which  will  bring  to  view 
an  arrangement  somewhat  like  that  of  Fig.  365.  Evidently  the 
blossom  is  regularly  constructed  upon  the  number  five.  It  has  a 
calyx  of  five  sepals,  a  corolla  of  iive  petals,  live  stamens,  and  five 

FIG.  332.    Section  of  the  stem  of  Flax,  magnified.     SJ3.  Summit  of  a  branch  of  the  common 
Flax,  with  two  flowers.     3G4.  A  llowcr  divided  lengthwise  and  enlarged. 


LESSON    31.]  HOW   TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  189 

styles,  with  their  ovaries  all  combined  into  one  compound  ovary. 
We  note,  also,  that  the  several  parts  of  the  blos- 
som are  all  free  and  unconnected,  —  the  leaves 
of  the  calyx,  the  petals,  and  the  stamens  all  ris- 
ing separately  one  after  another  from  the  recep- 
tacle underneath  the  ovary ;  but  the  filaments, 
on  close  inspection,  may  show  a  slight  union 
among  themselves,  at  the  base. 

545.  So  our  plant,  having  5  separate  petals,  is  of  the  POLYPETA- 
LOUS  division  of  the  first  class,  for  the  analysis  of  which  see  page  14. 

546.  But  it  does  not  belong  to  the  primary  division  A,  which  has 
more  than  10  stamens.     The  student  passes  on,  therefore,  to  the 
counterpart  division  B,  on  page  16,  to  which  the  few  stamens,  here 
only  five,  refer  it. 

547.  Of  the  three  subdivisions,  with  numerals  prefixed,  only  the 
second  answers ;  for  the  calyx  is  free  from  the  ovary,  and  there  is 
only  one  ovary,  although  the  styles  are  five. 

548.  The  divisions  subordinate  to  this  form  a  couplet ;  and  our 
plant  agrees  with  the  second  member  of  it,  having  "  Stamens  of  the 
same  number  as  the  petals  "  [5]  and  "  alternate  with  them."     The 
division  under  this  is  a  triplet,  of  which  we  take  the  third  member ; 
for  the  "  Leaves  are  not  punctate  with  pellucid  dots."     Under  this, 
in  turn,  is  a  triplet  beginning  with  the  word  Ovary,  and  the  five,  if 
not   ten   cells,   determine    our  choice  of  the  third  member  of  it, 
"  Ovary  compound."     Under  this  we  have  no  less  than  nine  choices, 
dependent  upon  the  structure  of  the  ovary,  the  number  of  ovules 
and  seeds,  &c.     But  the  5-celled  ovary  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in 
each  cell,  separated  by  a  false  partition  projecting  from  the  back 
(Fig.  365),  so  that  the  pod  becomes  in  fact  10-celled,  with  a  sol- 
itary seed  in  each  cell,  is  described  only  in  the  ninth  and  last  of 
the  set,  p.  18.     Under  this,  again,  we  have  to  choose  among  five 
propositions  relating  to  the  seeds.     Here  the  fifth  — "  Seeds  and 
ovules   only  one  or   two   in  each  cell "  —  alone    meets    the    case. 
Under  this,  finally,  we   have   to  choose  from  six  lines,  beginning 
with  the  words  Tree,  Shrubs,  or  Herbs.     The  fifth  alone  agrees, 
and  leads  to  the  FLAX  FAMILY,  p.  77. 

549.  There  is  only  one  genus  of  it  in  this  country,  namely,  the 
FLAX  genus  itself,  or  LINUM.     To  determine  the  species,  look  first 

FIG.  365.    Cross-section  of  an  unexpanded  flower  of  the  same,  a  sort  of  diagram. 


190  HOW    TO    STUDY   PLANTS.  [LESSON    31. 

at  the  three  section?,  marked  with  stars.  The  second  answers  to 
our  plant ;  and  the  annual  root,  pointed  sepals,  and  blue  petals  deter- 
mine it  to  be  the  COMMON  FLAX,  LINUM  USITATISSIMUM. 

550.  By  the  Manual,  the  same  plant  would  be  similarly  traced, 
along  a  somewhat  different  order  of  steps,  down  to  the  genus  on 
p.  104,  and  to  the  species,  which  being  a  foreign  cultivated  one,  and 
only  by  chance  spontaneous,  is  merely  mentioned  at  the  close. 

551.  After  several  analyses  of  this  kind,  the  student  will  be  able 
to  pass  rapidly  over  most  of  these  steps  ;  should  ordinarily  recog- 
nize the  class  and  the  division  at  a  glance.    Suppose  a  common  Mal- 
low to  be  the  next  subject.     Having  flowers  and  seeds,  it  is  Phaeno- 
gamous.     The  netted-veined  leaves,  the  structure  of  the  stem,  and 
the  leaves  of  the  flower  in  fives,  refer  it  to  Class  I.     The  pistils,  of 
the  ordinary  sort,  refer  it  to  Subclass  I.    The  five  petals  refer  it  to 
the  Polypetalous  division.     Turning  to  the  Key  in  the  Field,  Forest, 
and  Garden  Botany,  and  to  the  analysis  of  that  division,  commencing 
on  p.  14,  the  numerous  stamens  fix  it  upon  A,  under  which   the 
very  first  line,  "  Stamens  monadelphous,   united  with   the  base  of 
the  corolla;  anthers  kidney-shaped,  one-celled,"  exactly  expresses 
the  structure  of  these  organs  in  ouu;  plant,  which  is  thus  determined 
to  be  of  the  MALLOW  FAMILY,  -^for  which  see  page  70. 

552.  After  reading  the  character  of  the  family,  and  noting  its 
agreement  in  all  respects,  we  fix  upon  §  1,  in  which  the  anthers  are 
all  borne  at  the  top,  and  not  down  the  side  of  the  tube  of  filaments. 
We  pass  the  subdivision  with  a  single  star,  and  choose  the  alternative, 
with  two  stars,  on  account  of  the  ring  of  ovaries,  &c. ;  fix  upon  the 
division  •»-,  on  account  of  the  stigmas  running  down  one  side  of  the 
slender  style,  instead  of  forming  a  little  head  or  blunt  tip  at  their 
apex  ;    and  then  have   to  choose  among  five  genera.     The  three 
separate  bracts  outside  of  the  calyx,  the  obcordate  petals,  a"nd  the 
fruit  determine  the  plant  to  be  a  MALVA.     Then,  referring  to  p.  71 
for  the  species,  the  small  whitHi  flowers  point  to  the  first  division, 
and  a  comparison  of  the  characters  of  the  two  species  under  it, 
assures  us  that  the  plant  in  hand  is  MALVA  ROTUNDIFOLIA. 

553.  For  the  sake  of  an  example  in  the  Monopetalous  Division, 
we  take  a  sort  of  Morning-Glory  which  is  often  met  with  climbing 
over  shrubs  along  the  moist  banks  of  streams.     Its  netted-veined 
leaves,  the  sepals  arid  the  stamens  being  five,  —  also  the  structure  of 
the  stem,  if  we  choose  to  examine  it,  and  the  embryo  with  two  leafy 


LESSON    31.]  HOW   TO    STUDY   PLANTS.  191 

cotyledons  (as  in  Fig.  26),  readily  inspected  if  we  have  seeds, — 
show  it  belongs  to  Class  I.  Its  pistil  refers  it  of  course  to  Subclass  I. 
The  corolla  being  a  short  funnel-shaped  tube,  theoretically  regarded 
as  formed  of  five  petals  united  up  to  the  very  summit  or  border,  ren- 
ders the  flower  a  good  illustration  of  the  MONOPETALOUS  DIVISION, 
the  analysis  of  which  begins  on  p.  20,  in  the  work  we  are  using. 

554.  The  calyx  free  from  the  ovary  excludes  it  from  the  section 
A,  and  refers  it  to  section  B.     This  is  subdivided,  in  the  first  place, 
by  the  number  of  the  stamens,  and  their  position  as  respects  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla.     Now,  as  the  petals  of  the  corolla  in  this  flower 
are  united  up  to  the  very  border,  the  student  may  at  first  be  puzzled 
to  tell  how  many  lobes  it  should  have,  or,  in  other  words,  how  many 
petals  enter  into  its  composition.     But  the  five  leaves  of  the  calyx 
would  lead  one  to  expect  a  corolla  of  five  parts  also.    And,  although 
there  are  here  really  no  lobes  or  notches  to  be  seen,  yet  the  five 
plaits  of  the  corolla  answer  to  the  notches,  and  show  it  to  consist  of 
five  petals   perfectly  united.     Since  the  stamens  are  of  the  same 
number  as  the  plaits  of  the  corolla,  and  are  placed  before  them  (as 
may  be  best  seen  by  splitting  down  the  corolla  on  one  side  and 
spreading  it  out  flat),  it  follows  that  they  alternate  with  the  lobes  or 
petals  ;  therefore  our  plant  falls  under  the  third  subdivision  :  "  Sta- 
mens as  many  as  the  lobes  or  parts  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with 
them."     This  subdivides  by  the  pistils.  ^Our  plant,  having  a  pistil 
with  two  stigmas  and  two  cells  to  the  ovary,  must  be  referred  to  the 
fifth  and  last  category :  "  Pistil  one,  with  a  single  compound  ovary,'* 
&c.     We  are  then  directed  to  the  stamens,  which  here  are  "  plainly 
borne  on  the  corolla " ;  next  to  the  leaves,  which  are  on  the  stem 
(not  all  at  the  root),  also  alternate,  without  stipules;  the  stamens 
5,  and  the  ovary  2-celled,  —  all  of  which  accords  with  the  seventh 
of  the  succeeding  propositions,  and  with  no  other.     The  middle  one 
alone  under  this  agrees  as  to  the  ovary  and  seeds,  and  all  is  confirmed 
by  the  twining  stem.     It  is  the  CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY,  p.  262. 

555.  The  proper  Convolvulus  Family  has  green  foliage,  as  has 
our  plant.     Its  style  is  single  and  entire,  as  in  §  1.     Its  calyx  has  a 
pair  of  large  leafy  bracts,  as  in  the  subdivision  with  two  stars.     So 
we  reach  the  genus  CALYSTEGIA,  or  BptACTED  BINDWEED. 

556.  Under  this  genus  two  species  are  described  :  the  twining  stem, 
and  the  other  particulars  of  our  plant,  direct  us  to  the  first  C.  SEPIUM, 
which  in  England  is  named  HEDGE  BINDWEED,  and  here  is  one 
of  the  various  Convolvulaceous  plants  known  as  MORNING-GLORY. 


192 


HOW    TO    STUDY   PLANTS. 


[LESSON  32. 


LESSON  XXXII. 

HOW    TO    STUDY   PLANTS:    FURTHER    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

557.  THE  foregoing  illustrations  have  all  been  of  the  first  or  Ex- 
ogenous class.     We  will  take  one  from  the  other  class,  and  investi- 
gate it  by  the  Manual. 

558.  It  shall  be  a  rather  common  plant  of  our  woods  in  spring, 
the   Three-leaved   Nightshade,   or   Birthroot.     With  specimens   in 
hand,   and  the  Manual  open  at  the  Analytical  Key,  p.  21,  seeing 
that  the  plant  is  of  the  Pha3nogamous  series,  we  proceed  to  deter- 
mine the  class.     The  netted-veined  leaves  would  seem  to  refer  the 
plant   to  the  first  class;  while  the  blossom  (Fig.  366,  367),  con- 
structed on  the  number  three,  naturally  directs  us  to  the  second 

class,  in  which  this    number    almost 
universally  prevails.     Here    the  stu- 
dent will   be  somewhat  puzzled.     If 
the   seeds  were  ripe,  they  might  be 
examined,  to  see  whether  the  embryo 
has   one  cotyledon  only,   or   a    pair. 
But  the  seeds  are  not  to  be  had  in 
spring,  and  if  they  were,  the  embryo 
would  not  readily  be  made  out.     We 
must  judge,  therefore,  by  the  structure 
of  the  stem.     Is  it  exogenous  or  endogenous  ?     If  we  cut  the  stem 
through,  or  take  off  a  thin  slice  crosswise  and  lengthwise,  we  shall 
perceive  that  the  woody  matter  in  it  consists  of 
^;     ^^v        a  number   of  threads,   interspersed    throughout 

/  \      the  soft  cellular  part  without  regularity,  and  not 

/  /»  . — .  <r\  \  •" 

f      <4&^>      I     collected  into  a  ring  or  layer.    In  fact,  it  is  just 
like  the  Corn-stalk  (Fig.  351),  except  that  the 
woody  threads  are  fewer.     It  is  therefore  endo- 
genous (422) ;  and  this  decides  the  question  in 
favor  of  Class  II.  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  or  EN- 
DOGENOUS PLANTS  (page  30),  notwithstanding  the  branching  veins 
of  the  loaves.     For  neither  this  character,  nor  the  number  of  parts  in 


FIG.  33G.  Flower  of  Trillium  ercctum,  viewed  from  above.    367.    Diagram  of  the  same,  a 
cross-section  of  the  unopened  blossom,  showing  the  number  and  arrangement  of  parts. 


LESSON    32.]  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  193 

the  blossom,  holds  good  universally,  while   the  plan   of  the  stem 
does. 

559.  The  single  flower  of  our  plant  with  distinct  calyx  and  corolla 
takes  us  over  the   Spudiceous  to  the  PETALOIDEOUS  DIVISION: 
the  Petaloideous  Division    of   Endogens    there    begins    on   p.  28. 
These  parts  being  free  from  and  beneath  the  ovary,  refer  us  to  the 
third  subdivision,  viz  :  "3.  Perianth  ivholly  free  from  the  ovary." 

559a.  The  pistil  is  next  to  be  considered :  it  accords  with  the  third 
of  the  triplet:  "Pistil  one,  compound  (cells  or  placenta  3)  ;  anthers 
2-celled."  Under  this  follows  a  triplet,  of  which  the  initial  word  is 
"Perianth":  our  choice  falls  upon  the  first,  as  there  is  nothing 
"  glumaceous  "  about  this  flower. 

560.  The  succeeding  triplet  relates  to  the  stamens;  here  6,  so 
we  take  the  first  alternative.     The  next  refers  to  mode  and  place  of 
growth :  our  plant  is   "  Terrestrial,  and  not  rush-like."     The  next 
again  to  the  perianth  :  the  second  number  of  the  triplet :  "  Perianth 
of  3  foliaceous  and  green  sepals,  and  3  colored  withering-persistent 
petals  "  (as  would  be  seen  after  flowering-time),  brings  us  to  a  par- 
ticular group  in  the  great  Lily  family,  or  LILIACE^E,  p.  520. 

561.  Reading  over  the  family  character,  and  collating  the  five 
tribes  comprised,  we  perceive  that  our  plant  belongs  to  the  group, 
quite  peculiar  among   Liliaceous   plants,  here  ranked  as   Tribe  I. 
TRILLIDE^E,  the  Trillium  tribe.     And  the  next  step,  leading  to  a 
choice  between  two  genera,  determines  the  genus  to  be  TRILLIUM. 

562.  Turning  to  this,  on  p.  522,  and  reading  the  full  description 
of  it,  we  proceed  to  the  easy  task  of  ascertaining  the  species.     The 
"  flower  is  raised  on  a  peduncle,"  as  in  §  2.     This  peduncle  is  slender 
and  nearly  erect,  and  all  the  other  particulars  accord  with  the  sub- 
division marked  by  a  single  star.     And,  finally,  the  ovate,  acutish, 
widely-spreading,  dark  dull-purple  petals  mark  the  species  as  the 
PURPLE  BIRTHROOT,  TRILLIUM  ERECTUM,  L. 

563.  By  the  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany,  the  analysis  is 
similar,  only  more  simple.      The   details  need  not   be  particularly 
recapitulated. 

564.  The  student  residing  west  of  New  England  will    also  be 
likely  to  find  another  species,  with  similar  foliage,  but  with  larger, 
pure  white,  and  obovate  petals,  turning  rose-color  when  about  to 
fade.      This  will  at  once   be  identified  as   T.  grandiflorum.     And 
towards  the  north,  in  cold  and  damp  woods  or  swamps,  a  smaller 

17 


194  HOW    TO    STUDY   PLANTS.  [LESSON    32. 

species  will  be  met  with,  having  dull-green  and  petioled  leaves 
rounded  at  the  base,  and  rather  narrow,  wavy,  white  petals,  marked 
with  pink  or  purple  stripes  at  the  base :  this  the  student  will  refer 
to  T.  erythrocarpum.  But  the  species  principally  found  in  the  east- 
ern parts  of  the  country  has  a  short  peduncle  recurved  under  the 
leaves,  so  as  nearly  to  conceal  the  much  less  handsome,  dull  white 
flower :  this,  it  will  be  seen,  is  T.  cernuum,  the  Nodding  Trillium 
or  Wake  Robin. 

565.  Whenever  the  student  has  fairly  studied  out  one  species  of 
a  genus,  he  will  be  likely  to  know  the  others  when  he  sees  them. 
And  when  plants  of  another  genus  of  the  same  order  are  met  with, 
the  order  may  generally  be  recognized  at  a  glance,  from  the  family 
resemblance.     For  instance,  having  first  become  acquainted  with  the 
Convolvulus  family  in  the  genus  Calystegia  (555),  we  recognize  it 
at  once  in  the  common  Morning- Glory,  and  in  the  Cypress-Vine, 
and  even  in  the  Dodder,  although  these  belong  to  as  many  different 
genera.     Having  examined  the  common  Mallow  (552),  we  immedi- 
ately recognize  the  Mallow  family  (Malvacece)  in  the  Marsh-Mallow, 
sparingly  naturalized  along  the  coast,  in  the  Glade  Mallow,  and  the 
Indian  Mallow,  in  the  Hibiscus  or  Rose-Mallow,  and  so  of  the  rest : 
for  the  relationship  is  manifest  in  their  general  appearance,  and  in 
the  whole  structure  of  the  flowers,  if  not  of  the  foliage  also. 

566.  So  the  study  of  one  plant  leads  naturally  and  easily  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  whole  order  or  family  of  plants  it  belongs  to :  — 
which  is  a   great   advantage,  and   a   vast   saving   of  labor.     For, 
although  we  have  about  one  hundred  and  thirty  orders  of  Flowering 
Plants  represented  in  our  Botany  of  the  Northern  States  by  about 
2,540  species,  yet  half  of  these  species  belong  to  nine  or  ten  of  these 
orders ;  and  more  than  four  fifths  of  the  species  belong  to  forty  of 
the  orders.     One  or  two  hundred  species,  therefore,  well  examined, 
might  give  a  good  general  idea  of  our  whole  botany.     And  students 
who  will  patiently  and  thoroughly  study  out  twenty  or  thirty  well- 
chosen  examples  will  afterwards  experience  little  difficulty  in  determin- 
ing any  of  our  Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns,.and  will  find  the  pleasure 
of  the  pursuit  largely  to  increase  with  their  increasing  knowledge. 

567.  And  the  interest  will  be  greatly  enhanced  as  the  student, 
rising  to  higher  and  wider  views,  begins  to  discern  the  System  of 
Botany,  or,  in  other  words,  comprehends  more  and  more  of  the  Plan 
of  the  Creator  in  the  Vegetable  Kingdom. 


LESSON  33.]  NATURAL    SYSTEM.  195 


LESSON   XXXIII. 

BOTANICAL    SYSTEMS. 

568.  Natural  System.     The  System  of  Botany  consists  of  the  orders 
or  families,  duly  arranged  under  their  classes,  and  having  the  tribes, 
the  genera,  and  the  species  arranged  in  them  according  to  their  re- 
lationships.    This,  when  properly  carried  out,  is  the  Natural  System  ; 
because  it  is  intended  to  express,  as  well  as  we  are  able,  the  various 
degrees  of  relationship  among  plants,  as  presented  in  nature ;  —  to 
rank  those  species,  those  genera,  &c.  next  to  each  other  in  the  classi- 
fication which  are  really  most  alike  in  all  respects,  or,  in  other  words, 
which  are  constructed  most  nearly  on  the  same  particular  plan. 

569.  Now  this  word  plan  of  course  supposes  a  planner,  —  an  in- 
telligent mind  working  according  to  a  system :   it  is  this  system, 
therefore,  which  the  botanist  is  endeavoring  as  far  as  he  can  to 
exhibit  in  a  classification.     In  it  we  humbly  attempt  to  learn  some- 
thing of  the  plan  of  the  Creator  in  this  department  of  Nature. 

570.  So  there  can  be  only  one  natural  system  of  Botany,  if  by  the 
term  we  mean  the  plan  according  to  which  the  vegetable  creation 
was  called  into  being,  with  all  its  grades  and  diversities  among  the 
species,  as  well  of  past  as  of  the  present  time.     But  there  may  be 
many  natural  systems,  if  we  mean  the  attempts  of  men  to  interpret 
and  express  the  plan  of  the  vegetable  creation,  —  systems  which  will 
vary  with  our  advancing  knowledge,  and  with  the  judgment  and 
skill  of  different  botanists,  —  and  which  must  all  be  very  imperfect. 
They  will  all  bear  the  impress  of  individual  minds,  and  be  shaped 
by  the  current  philosophy  of  the  age.     But  the  endeavor  always  is 
to  make  the  classification  a  reflection  of  Nature,  as  far  as  any  system 
can  be  which  has  to  be  expressed  in  a  series  of  definite  propositions, 
and  have  its  divisions  and  subdivisions  following  each  other  in  some 
single  fixed  order.* 


*  The  best  classification  must  fail  to  give  more  than  an  imperfect  and  con- 
siderably distorted  reflection,  not  merely  of  the  plan  of  creation,  but  even  of  our 
knowledge  of  it.  It  is  often  obliged  to  make  arbitrary  divisions  where  Nature 
shows  only  transitions,  and  to  consider  genera,  &c.  as  equal  units,  or  groups  of 
equally  related  species,  while  in  fact  they  may  be  very  unequal,  —  to  assume,  on 


196  BOTANICAL    SYSTEMS.  [LESSON  33. 

571.  The  Natural  System,  as  we  receive  it,  and  as  to  that  portion 
of  it  which  is  represented  in  the  botany  of  our  country,  is  laid  before 
the  student  in  the  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States. 
The  orders,  however,  still  require  to  be  grouped,  according  to  their 
natural  relationships,  into  a  considerable  number  of  great  groups 
(or  alliances)  ;  but  this  cannot  yet  be  done  throughout  in  any  easy 
way.     So  we  have  merely  arranged  them  somewhat  after  a  custom- 
ary order,  and  have  given,  in  the  Artificial  Key,  a  contrivance  for 
enabling  the  student  easily  to  find  the  natural  order  of  any  plant 
This  is  a  sort  of 

572.  Artificial  Classification,     The  object  of  an  artificial  classifica- 
tion is  merely  to  furnish  a  convenient  method  of  finding  out  the  name 
and  place  of  a  plant.     It  makes  no  attempt  at  arranging  plants  ac- 
cording to  their  relationships,  but  serves  as  a  kind  of  dictionary.     It 
distributes  plants  according  to  some  one  peculiarity  or  set  of  pecu- 
liarities (just  as  a  dictionary  distributes  words  according  to  their 
first  letters),  disregarding  all  other  considerations. 

573.  At  present  we  need  an  artificial  classification  in  Botany 
only  as  a  Key  to  the  Natural  Orders,  —  as  an  aid  in  referring  an 
unknown  plant  to  its  proper  family ;  and  for  this  it  is  very  needful  to 
the  student.    Formerly,  when  the  orders  themselves  were  not  clearly 
made  out,  an  artificial  classification  was  required  to  lead  the  student 
down  to  the  genus.     Two  such  classifications  were  long  in  vogue. 
First,  that  of  Tournefort,  founded  mainly  on  the  leaves  of  the  flower, 
the  calyx  and  corolla :  this  was  the  prevalent  system  throughout  the 
first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century ;  but  it  has  long  since  gone  by. 
It  was  succeeded  by  the  well-known  artificial  system  of  Linnaeus, 
which  has  been  used  until  lately ;  and  which  it  is  still  worth  while 
to  give  some  account  of. 

574.  The  Artificial  System  Of  LinnffiUS  was  founded  on  the  stamens 
and  pistils.     It  consists  of  twenty-four  classes,  and  of  a  variable 
number  of  orders,  which  were  to  take  the  place  temporarily  of  the 
natural  classes  and  orders ;  the  genera  being  the  same  under  all 
classifications. 


paper  at  least,  a  strictly  definite  limitation  of  genera,  of  tribes,  and  of  orders, 
although  observation  shows  so  much  blending  here  and  there  of  natural  groups, 
sufficiently  distinct  on  the  whole,  as  to  warrant  us  in  assuming  the  likelihood 
that  the  Creator's  plan  is  one  of  gradation,  not  of  definite  limitation,  even  perhapi 
to  the  species  themselves. 


LESSON  33.]         ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM    OF    LINNJEUS. 


197 


575.  The  twenty-four  classes  of  Lirmasus  were  founded  upon 
something  about  the  stamens.  The  following  is  an  analysis  of 
them.  The  first  great  division  is  into  two  great  series,  the  Phce- 
nogamous  and  the  Cryptogamous,  the  same  as  in  the  Natural  System. 
The  first  of  these  is  divided  into  those  flowers  which  have  the  sta- 
mens in  the  same  flower  with  the  pistils,  and  those  which  have  not; 
and  these  again  are  subdivided,  as  is  shown  in  the  following  tabular 
view. 

Series  I.  PH^ENOGAMIA ;  plants  with  stamens  and  pistils,  i.  e.  with  real 

flowers. 

1.  Stamens  in  the  same  flower  as  the  pistils  : 
*  Not  united  with  them, 
4-  Nor  with  one  another. 

++  Of  equal  length  if  either  6  or  4  in  number. 
One  to  each  flower,  Class 

Two      "          " 
Three    " 
Four      "          " 
Five      " 
Six 

Seven    "          " 
Eight     " 
Nine      " 
Ten       " 

Eleven  to  nineteen  to  each  flower, 
Twenty  or  more  inserted  on  the  calyx, 

"        on  the  receptacle,  13. 
•«-f  -w.  Of  unequal  length  and  either  4  or  6. 
Four,  2  long  and  2  shorter, 
Six,  4  long  and  2  shorter, 
••-  •«-  United  with  each  other, 
By  their  filaments, 
Into  one  set  or  tube, 
Into  two  sets, 
Into  three  or  more  sets, 
By  their  anthers  into  a  ring, 
#  *  United  with  the  pistil, 

2.  Stamens  and  pistils  in  separate  flowers, 
Of  the  same  individuals, 
Of  different  individuals, 
Some  flowers  perfect,  others  staminate  or 

pistillate  either  in  the  same  or  in  different 

individuals, 


3    1. 

MONANDRIA. 

2. 

DlANDRIA. 

3. 

TRIANDRIA. 

4. 

TETRANDRIA. 

5. 

PENTANDRIA. 

6. 

HEXANDRIA. 

7. 

HEPTANDRIA. 

8. 

OCTANDRIA. 

9. 

ENNEANDRIA. 

10. 

DECANDRIA. 

11. 

DODECANDRIA. 

12. 

ICOSANDRIA. 

13. 

POLYANDRIA. 

14. 

DlDYNAMIA. 

15. 

TETRADYNAMIA. 

16. 

MONADELPHIA. 

17. 

DlADELPHIA. 

18. 

POLYADELPHIA. 

19. 

SYNGENESIA. 

20. 

GYNANDRIA. 

21. 

MONCECIA. 

22. 

DICECIA. 

Series  II.     CRYPTOGAMIA.     No  stamens  and 
pistils,  therefore  no  proper  flowers, 
17* 


23.      POLYGAMIA. 


24.     CRYPTOGAMIA. 


198  ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM    OF   LINNAEUS.          [LESSON  33. 

576.  The  names  of  these  classes  are  all  compounded  of  Greek 
words.     The  first  eleven  consist  of  the  Greek  numerals,  in  succes- 
sion, from  1  to  11,  combined  with  andria,  which  here  denotes  sta- 
mens ;  —  e.  g.  Monandria,  with  one  stamen;  and  so  on.     The  llth 
has  the  numeral  for  twelve  stamens,  although  it  includes  all  which 
have  from  eleven  to  nineteen  stamens,  numbers  which  rarely  occur. 
The  12th  means  "  with  twenty  stamens,"  but  takes  in  any  higher 
number,  although  only  when  the  stamens  are  borne  on  the  calyx. 
The  13th  means  "  with  many  stamens,"  but  it  takes  only  those 
with  the  stamens  borne  on  the  receptacle.     The  14th  means  "two 
stamens  powerful,"  the  shorter  pair  being  supposed  to  be  weaker ; 
the  15th,  "four  powerful,"  for  the  same  reason.     The  names  of  the 
next  three  classes  are  compounded  of  adelphia,  brotherhood,  and 
the  Greek  words  for  one,  two,  and  many  (Monadelphia,  Diadelphia, 
and  Poly  adelphia).     The  19th  means  "united  in  one  household." 
The  20th  is  compounded  of  the  words  for  stamens  and  pistils  united. 
The  21st  and  22d  are  composed  of  the  word  meaning  house  and  the 
numerals  one,  or  single,  and  two :  Moncecia,  in  one  house,  Dicecia, 
in  two  houses.     The  23d  is  fancifully  formed  of  the  words  meaning 
plurality  and  marriage,  from  which  the  English  word  polygamy  is 
derived.     The  24th  is  from  two  words  meaning  concealed  nuptials, 
and  is  opposed  to  all  the  rest,  which  are  called  Phcenogamous,  be- 
cause their  stamens  and  pistils,  or  parts  of  fructification,  are  evident. 

577.  Having  established  the  classes  of  his  system  on  the  stamens, 
Linnaeus  proceeded  to  divide  them  into  orders  by  marks  taken  from 
the  pistils,  for  those  of  the  first  thirteen  classes.     These  orders  de- 
pend on  the  number  of  the  pistils,  or  rather  on  the  number  of  styles, 
or  of  stigmas  when  there  are  no  styles,  and  they  are  named,  like  the 
classes,  by  Greek  numerals,  prefixed  to  gynia,  which  means  pistil 
Thus,  flowers  of  these  thirteen  classes  with 

One  style  or  sessile  stigma  belong  to  Order  1.  MOXOGYNIA. 

Two  styles  or  sessile  stigmas,  to  2.  Di GYNIA. 

Three           "                   "  3.  TRIGYNIA. 

Four             "                   "  4.  TETRAGYNIA. 

Five              "                   "  5.  PENTAGYNIA. 

Six               "                   "  6.  HEXAGYNIA. 

Seven           "                   "  7.  HEPTAGYNIA. 

Eight            "                   "  8.  OCTOGYNIA. 

Nine             "                   "  9.  ENNEAGYNIA. 

Ten              "                   "  10.  DECAGYNIA. 

Eleven  or  twelve  11.  DODECAGYNIA. 

More  than  twelve              "  13.  POLYGYNIA. 


LESSON  34."]  HOW   TO    COLLECT    SPECIMENS.  199 

578.  The  orders  of  the  remaining  classes  are  founded  on  various 
considerations,  some  on  the  nature  of  the  fruit,  others  on  the  number 
and  position  of  the  stamens.  But  there  is  no  need  to  enumerate 
them  here,  nor  farther  to  illustrate  the  Linnaean  Artificial  Classifi- 
cation. For  as  a  system  it  has  gone  entirely  out  of  use ;  and  as  a 
Key  to  the  Natural  Orders  it  is  not  so  convenient,  nor  by  any  means 
so  certain,  as  a  proper  Artificial  Key,  prepared  for  the  purpose,  such 
as  we  have  been  using  in  the  preceding  Lessons. 


LESSON   XXXIV. 

HOW    TO    COLLECT    SPECIMENS    AND    MAKE    AN    HERBARIUM. 

579.  For  Collecting  Specimens  the  needful  things  are  a  large  knife, 
gtrong  enough  to  be  used  for  digging  up  bulbs,  small  rootstocks, 
and  the  like,  as  well  as  for  cutting  woody  branches ;  and  a  botanical 
box,  or  a  portfolio,  for  holding  specimens  which  are  to  be  carried  to 
any  distance. 

580.  It  is  well  to  have  both.     The  botanical  box  is  most  useful 
for  holding  specimens  which  are  to  be  examined  fresh.     It  is  made 
of  tin,  in  shape  like  a  candle-box,  only  flatter,  or  the  smaller  sizes 
like  an    English   sandwich-case ;   the  lid   opening   for   nearly  the 
whole  length  of  one  side  of  the  box.     Any  portable  tin  box  of  con- 

lient  size,  and  capable  of  holding  specimens  a  foot  or  fifteen  inches 
ig,  will  answer  the  purpose.  The  box  should  shut  close,  so  that 
specimens  may  not  wilt :  then  it  will  keep  leafy  branches  and 

most  flowers  perfectly  fresh  for  a  day  or  two,  especially  if  slightly 

moistened. 

581.  The  portfolio  should  be  a  pretty  strong  one,  from  a  foot  to 
twenty  inches  long,  and  from  nine  to  eleven  inches  wide,  and  fasten- 
ing with  tape,  or  (which  is  better)  by  a  leathern  strap  and  buckle  at 
the  side.     It  should  contain  a  quantity  of  sheets  of  thin  and  smooth, 
unsized  paper ;  the  poorest  printing-paper  and  grocers'  tea-paper 
are  very  good  for  the  purpose.     The  specimens  as  soon  as  gathered 
are  to  be  separately  laid  in  a  folded  sheet,  and  kept  under  moderate 
pressure  in  the  closed  portfolio. 


200  HOW    TO    PRESERVE    SPECIMENS,  [LESSON  34. 

582.  Botanical  specimens  should  be  either  in  flower  or  in  fruit. 
In  the  case  of  herbs,  the  same  specimen  will  often  exhibit  the  two ; 
and  both  should  by  all  means  be  secured  whenever  it  is  possible. 
Of  small  herbs,  especially  annuals,  the  whole  plant,  root  and  all, 
should  be  taken  for  a  specimen.     Of  larger  ones  branches  will  suf- 
fice, with  some  of  the  leaves  from  near  the  root.     Enough  of  the 
root  or  subterranean  part  of  the  plant  should  be  collected  to  show 
whether  the  plant  is  an  annual,  biennial,  or  perennial.     Thick  roots, 
bulbs,  tubers,  or  branches  of  specimens  intended  to  be  preserved, 
should  be  thinned  with  a  knife,  or  cut  into  slices  lengthwise. 

583.  For  drying  Specimens  a  good  supply  of  soft  and  unsized  paper 
—  the  more  bibulous  the  better  —  is  wanted  ;  and  some  convenient 
means  of  applying  pressure.    All  that  is  requisite  to  make  good  dried 
botanical  specimens  is,  to  dry  them  as  rapidly  as  possible  between 
many  thicknesses  of  paper  to  absorb  their  moisture,  under  as  much 
pressure  as  can  be  given  without  crushing  the  more  delicate  parts. 
This  pressure  may  be  given  by  a  botanical  press,  of  which  various 
forms  have  been  contrived  ;  or  by  weights  placed  upon  a  board,  — 
from  forty  to  eighty  or  a  hundred  pounds,  according  to  the  quantity 
of  specimens  drying  at  the  time.     For  use  while  travelling,  a  good 
portable  press  may  be  made  of  thick  binders'  boards  for  the  sides, 
holding  the  drying  paper,  and  the  pressure  may  be  applied  by  a 
cord,  or,  much  better,  by  strong  straps  with  buckles. 

584.  For  drying  paper,  the  softer  and  smoother  sorts  of  cheap 
wrapping-paper  answer  very  well.     This  paper  may  be  made  up 
into  driers,  each  of  a  dozen  sheets  or  less,  according  to  the  thickness, 
lightly  stitched  together.     Specimens  to  be  dried  should  be  put  into 
the  press  as  soon  as  possible  after  gathering.     If  collected  in  a  port- 
folio, the  more  delicate  plants  should  not  be  disturbed,  but  the  sheets 
that  hold  them  should  one  by  one  be  transferred  from  the  portfolio 
to  the  press.     Specimens  brought  home  in  the  botanical  box  must 
be  laid  in  a  folded  sheet  of  the  same  thin,  smooth,  and  soft  paper 
used  in  the  portfolio ;  and  these  sheets  are  to  hold  the  plants  until 
they  are  dry.     They  are  to  be  at  once  laid  in  between  the  driers, 
and  the  whole  put  under  pressure.     Every  day  (or  at  first  even 
twice  a  day  would  be  well)  the  specimens,  left  undisturbed  in  their 
sheets,  are  to  be  shifted  into  well-dried  fresh  driers,  and  the  pressure 
renewed,  while  the  moist  sheets  are  spread  out  to  dry,  that  they  may 
take  their  turn  again  at  the  next  shifting.     This  course  must  be 
continued  until  the  specimens  are  no  longer  moist  to  the  touch,  — 


LESSON  34.]  AND    FORM   AN    HERBARIUM.  201 

which  for  most  plants  requires  about  a  week ;  then  they  may  be 
transferred  to  the  sheets  of  paper  in  which  they  are  to  be  preserved. 
If  a  great  abundance  of  drying-paper  is  used,  it  is  not  necessary 
to  change  the  sheets  every  day,  after  the  first  day  or  two. 

585.  Herbarium,     The  botanist's  collection  of  dried   specimens, 
ticketed  with  their  names,  place,  and  time  of  collection,  and  sys- 
tematically arranged  under  their  genera,  orders,  &c.,  forms  a  Hor- 
tus  Slccus  or  Herbarium.     It  comprises   not  only  the   specimens 
which  the  proprietor  has  himself  collected,  but  those  which  he  ac- 
quires through  friendly  exchanges  with  distant  botanists,  or  in  other 
ways.     The  specimens  of  an  herbarium  may  be  kept  in  folded  sheets 
of  neat,  and  rather  thick,  white  paper ;  or  they  may  be  fastened  on 
half-sheets  of  such  paper,  either  by  slips  of  gummed  paper,  or  by 
glue  applied  to  the  specimens  themselves.     Each  sheet  should  be 
appropriated  to  one  species  ;   two  or  more  different  plants  should 
never  be  attached  to  the  same  sheet.     The  generic  and  specific 
name  of  the  plant  should  be  added  to  the  lower  right-hand  corner, 
either  written  on  the  sheet,  or  on  a  ticket  pasted  down  at  that  corner ; 
and  the  time  of  collection,  the  locality,  the  color  of  the  flowers,  and 
any  other  information  which  the  specimens  themselves  do  not  afford, 
should  be  duly  recorded  upon  the  sheet  or  the  ticket.     The  sheets 
of  the  herbarium  should  all  be  of  exactly  the  same  dimensions.     The 
herbarium  of  Linnceus  is  on  paper  of  the  common  foolscap  size,  about 
eleven  inches  long  and  seven  wide.     But  this  is  too  small  for  an 
herbarium  of  any  magnitude.      Sixteen  and  a  half  inches  by  ten 
and  a  half,  or  eleven  and  a  half  inches,  is  an  approved  size. 

586.  The  sheets  containing  the  species  of  each  genus  are  to  be 
placed  in  genus-covers,  made  of  a  full  sheet  of  thick,  colored  paper 
(such  as  the  strongest  Manilla-hemp  paper),  which  fold  to  the  same 
dimensions  as  the  species-sheet ;  and  the  name  of  the  genus  is  to  be 
written  on  one  of  the  lower  corners.     These  are  to  be  arranged 
under  the  orders  to  which  they  belong,  and  the  whole  kept  in  closed 
cases  or  cabinets,  either  laid  flat  in  compartments,  like  large  "pigeon- 
holes," or  else  placed  in  thick  portfolios,  arranged  like  folio  volumes, 
and  having  the  names  of  the  orders  lettered  on  the  back. 


GLOSSARY 


DICTIONARY   OF   TERMS  USED   IN  DESCRIB- 
ING  PLANTS, 

COMBINED   WITH    AN   INDEX. 


A,  at  the  beginning  of  words  of  Greek  derivation,  commonly  signifies  a  negative, 
or  the  absence  of  something ;  as  apetalous,  without  petals ;  aphyllous,  leaf- 
less, &c.  If  the  word  begins  with  a  vowel,  the  prefix  is  an;  as  ananther- 
ous,  destitute  of  anther. 

Abnormal :  contrary  to  the  usual  or  the  natural  structure. 

Aboriginal:  original  in  the  strictest  sense;  same  as  indigenous. 

Abortive:  imperfectly  formed,  or  rudimentary,  as  one  of  the  stamens  in  fig.  195, 
and  three  of  them  in  fig.  196,  p.  95. 

Abortion :  the  imperfect  formation,  or  non-formation,  of  some  part. 

Abrupt :  suddenly  terminating ;  as,  for  instance, 

Abruptly  pinnate:  pinnate  without  an  odd  leaflet  at  the  end;  fig.  128,  p.  65. 

Acaulescent  (acaulis)  :  apparently  stemless  ;  the  proper  stem,  bearing  the  leaves 
and  flowers,  being  very  short  or  subterranean,  as  in  Bloodroot,  and  most 
Violets;  p.  36. 

Accessory :  something  additional ;  as  Accessory  buds,  p.  26. 

Accrescent :  growing  larger  after  flowering,  as  the  calyx  of  Physalis. 

Accumbent :  lying  against  a  thing.  The  cotyledons  are  accumbent  when  they 
lie  with  their  edges  against  the  radicle. 

Acerose:  needle-shaped,  as  the  leaves  of  Pines;  fig.  140,  p.  72. 

Acetdbuliform :  saucer-shaped. 

Achenium  (plural  achenia)  :  a  one-seeded,  seed-like  fruit;  fig.  286,  p.  129. 

Achlarmjdeous  (flower)  :  without  floral  envelopes;  as  Lizard's-tail,  p.  90,  fig.  ISO. 

Acicular:  needle-shaped  ;  more  slender  than  acerose. 

Acindciform:  scymitar-shaped,  like  some  bean-pods. 

Acines :  the  separate  grains  of  a  fruit,  such  as  the  raspberry ;  fig.  289. 

Acorn:  the  nut  of  the  Oak  ;  fig.  299,  p.  130. 

AcotyMonous  .•  destitute  of  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves. 

Acrdgenous:  growing  from  the  apex,  as  the  stems  of  Ferns  and  Mosses. 

Acrogens,  or  Acrogenous  Plants:  the  higher  Cryptogamous  plants,  such  as 
Ferns,  &c.,  p.  172. 


204  GLOSSARY. 

Aculeate:  armed  with  prickles,  i.  e.  aculei;  as  the  Rose  and  Brier. 

Aculcolate:  armed  with  small  prickles,  or  slightly  prickly. 

Acuminate:  taper-pointed,  as  the  leaf  in  fig.  97  and  fig.  103. 

Acute:  merely  sharp-pointed,  or  ending  in  a  point  less  than  a  right  angle. 

Adelphous  (stamens) :  joined  in  a  fraternity  (adelphia) :  see  monadelphous  and 
diadelphous. 

Adherent:  sticking  to,  or,  more  commonly,  growing  fast  to  another  body ;  p.  104. 

Adnatc:  growing  fast  to ;  it  means  born  adherent.  The  anther  is  aclnate  when 
fixed  by  its  whole  length  to  the  filament  or  its  prolongation,  as  in  Tulip- 
tree,  fig.  233. 

Adpressed,  or  oppressed:  brought  into  contact,  but  not  united. 

Adscendent,  ascendent,  or  ascending :  rising  gradually  upwards. 

Adsnrgent,  or  assurgent :  same  as  ascending. 

Adventitious:  out  of  the  proper  or  usual  place;  e.  g.  Adventitious  buds,  p.  26,  27. 

Adveiitive :  applied  to  foreign  plants  accidentally  or  sparingly  spontaneous  in  a 
country,  but  hardly  to  be  called  naturalized. 

^Equilateral :  equal-sided  ;  opposed  to  oblique. 

^Estivation:  the  arrangement  of  parts  in  a  flower-bud,  p.  108. 

Air-cells  or  Air-passages :  spaces  in  the  tissue  of  leaves  and  some  stems,  p.  143. 

Air-Plants,  p.  34. 

Akenium,  or  akene.     See  achenium. 

Ala  (plural  alee) :  a  wing;  the  side-petals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla,  p.  105, 
fig.  218,  w. 

Alabdstrum:  a  flower-bud. 

Alar:  situated  in  the  forks  of  a  stem. 

Alate :  winged,  as  the  seeds  of  Trumpet-Creeper  (fig.  316)  the  fruit  of  the  Maple, 
Elm  (fig.  301 ),  &c. 

Albescent :  whitish,  or  turning  white. 

Absorption,  p.  168. 

Albumen  of  the  seed  :  nourishing  matter  stored  up  with  the  embryo,  but  not 
within  it ;  p.  15,  136. 

Albumen,  a  vegetable  product;  a  form  of  protcine,  p.  165. 

Albuminous  (seeds) :  furnished  with  albumen,  as  the  seeds  of  Indian  corn  (fig.  38, 
39),  of  Buckwheat  (fig.  326),  &c. 

Alburnum:  young  wood,  sap-wood,  p   153. 

Alpine:  belonging  to  high  mountains  above  the  limit  of  forests. 

Alternate  (leaves) :  one  after  another,  p.  24,  71.  Petals  are  alternate  with  the 
sepals,  or  stamens  with  the  petals,  when  they  stand  over  the  intervals  be- 
tween them,  p.  93. 

Alveolate:  honeycomb-like,  as  the  receptacle  of  the  Cotton-Thistle. 

Ament:  a  catkin,  p.  81.     Amentaceous:  catkin-like,  or  catkin-bearing. 

Amorphous  :  shape-loss  ;  without  any  definite  form. 

Ampltifjdsfrhim  (plural  amphigastria)  :  a  peculiar  stipule-like  leaf  of  certair 
Liverworts. 

Amphftropnns  or  Amplntmpnl  ovules  or  seeds,  p.  123,  fig.  272. 

Ampfrcfant :  embracing.     Ampfe.ricaitt.  (leaves) :  clasping  the  stem  by  the  base. 

Ampnllacfoits :  swelling  out  like  a  bottle  or  bladder. 

Amylaceous:  composed  of  starch,  or  starch-like. 


GLOSSARY.  205 

idntherous :  without  anthers.     Andnthous :  destitute  of  flowers  ;  flowerless. 
dstomosing :  forming  a  net-work  (anastomosis),  as  the  veins  of  leaves. 

opous  or  Andtropal  ovules  or  seeds  ;  p.  123,  fig.  273. 
Incfpital  (anceps)  :  two-edged,  as  the  stem  of  Blue-eyed  Grass. 
Androecium :  a  name  for  the  stamens  taken  together. 
Androgynous :  having  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  cluster 

or  inflorescence,  as  many  species  of  Carex. 
Androphore :  a  column  of  united  stamens,  as  in  a  Mallow ;  or  the  support  on 

which  stamens  are  raised. 

Anfrdctuose :  bent  hither  and  thither,  as  the  anthers  of  the  Squash,  &c. 
Angiosp&mce,  Angiospe'nnous  Plants :  with  their  seeds  formed  in  an  ovary  or  peri- 
carp, p.  183. 

Angular  divergence  of  leaves,  p.  72. 
Animal  (plant)  :  flowering  and  fruiting  the  year  it  is  raised  from  the  seed,  and 

then  dying,  p.  21. 

Annular :  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  or  forming  a  circle. 
*  Innvlate :  marked  by  rings  ;  or  furnished  with  an 
Annulus,  or  ring,  like  that  of  the  spore-case  of  most  Ferns   (Manual  Bot.  N. 

States,  plate  9,  fig.  2)  r  in  Mosses  it  is  a  ring  of  cells  placed  between  the 

mouth  of  the  spore-case  and  the  lid,  in  many  species. 
Anterior,  in  the  blossom,  is  the  part  next  the  bract,  i.  e.  external : — while  the 

posterior  side  is  that  next  the  axis  of  inflorescence.     Thus,  in  the  Pea,  &c. 

the  keel  is  anterior,  and  the  standard  posterior. 

Anther:  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen,  which  contains  the  pollen;  p.  86,  113. 
Antheridium  (plural  antheridia) :    the  organ  in  Mosses,  &c.  which  answers  to 

the  anther  of  Flowering  plants. 
Antherife'rous :  anther-bearing. 

Anthe'sis :  the  period  or  the  act  of  the  expansion  of  a  flower. 
Anthocdrpoits  (fruits)  :  same  as  multiple  fruits;  p.  133. 
Anticous :  same  as  anterior. 
Antrdrse:  directed  upwards  or  forwards. 
Ape'talous:  destitute  of  petals;  p.  90,  fig.  179. 
Aphyllous  :  destitute  of  leaves,  at  least  of  foliage. 
Apical :  belonging  to  the  apex  or  point. 
Apiculate :  pointletted  ;  tipped  with  a  short  and  abrupt  point. 
Apocarpous  (pistils) :  when  the  several  pistils  of  the  same  flower  are  separate, 

as  in  a  Buttercup,  Sedum  (fig.  168),  £c. 

Apophysis :  any  irregular  swelling  ;  the  enlargement  at  the  base  of  the  spore- 
case  of  the  Umbrella-Moss  (Manual,  plate  4),  &c. 
Appendage :  any  superadded  part. 
Appendtculate :  provided  with  appendages. 
Appressed :  where   branches   are  close  pressed  to  the  stem,  or  leaves  to  the 

branch,  &c. 
Apterous :  wingless. 
Aquatic :  living  or  growing  in  water ;  applied  to  plants  whether  growing  under 

water,  or  with  all  but  the  base  raised  out  of  it. 

Arachnoid:  cobwebby ;  clothed  with,  or  consisting  of,  soft  downy  fibres. 
Arboreous,  Arborescent :  tree-like,  in  size  or  form  ;  p.  36. 
18 


206  GLOSS  All  Y. 

Arcuegdnium  (plural  archegonia]  :  the  organ  in  Mosses,  &c.,  which  is  analogous 
to  the  pistil  of  Flowering  Plants. 

Arcuate:  hent  or  curved  like  a  bow. 

Are'olate :  marked  out  into  little  spaces  or  areolce. 

Arillate  (seeds)  •  furnished  with  an 

Aril  or  Anllns:  a  fleshy  growth  forming  a  false  coat  or  appendage  to  a  seed; 
p.  135,  fig.  318. 

Anstate:  awned,  i.  e.  furnished  with  an  arista,  like  the  beard  of  Barley,  &c. 

Aristulate:  diminutive  of  the  last;  short-awned. 

Arrow-shaped  or  Arrow-headed:  same  as  sagittate ;  p.  59,  fig.  95. 

Articulated:  jointed  ;  furnished  with  joints  or  articulations,  where  it  separates  01 
inclines  to  do  so.  Articulated  leaves,  p.  64. 

Artificial  Classification,  p.  196. 

Ascending  (stems,  &c.),  p.  37  ;  (seeds  or  ovules),  p.  122. 

Aspergilliform  :  shaped  like  the  brush  used  to  sprinkle  holy  water ;  as  the  stigmas 
of  many  Grasses. 

Assimilation,  p.  162. 

Assurgent :  same  as  ascending,  p.  37. 

Atropous  or  Atropal  (ovules) :  same  as  orthotropons. 

Aurfculate :  furnished  with  auricles  or  ear-like  appendages,  p.  59. 

Awl-shaped:  sharp-pointed  from  a  broader  base,  p.  68. 

Awn :  the  bristle  or  beard  of  Barley,  Oats,  &c. ;  or  any  similar  bristle-like  ap- 
pendage. 

Awned:  furnished  with  an  awn  or  long  bristle-shaped  tip. 

Axil :  the  angle  on  the  upper  side  between  a  leaf  and  the  stem,  p.  20. 

Axile:  belonging  to  the  axis,  or  occupying  the  axis;  p.  119,  &c. 

Axillary  (buds,  &c.)  :  occurring  in  an  axil,  p.  21,  77,  &c. 

Axis :  the  central  line  of  any  body ;  the  organ  round  which  others  are  attached  ; 
the  root  and  stem.  Ascending  Axis,  p.  9.  Descending  Axis,  p.  9. 

Baccate:  berry-like,  of  a  pulpy  nature  like  a  berry  (in  Latin  bacca) ;  p.  127. 

Barbate :  bearded  ;  bearing  tufts,  spots,  or  lines  of  hairs. 

Barbed :  furnished  with  a  barb  or  double  hook ;  as  the  apex  of  the  bristle  on  the 
fruit  of  Echinospermum  (Stickseed),  &c. 

Bdrlellate:  said  of  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  of  some  Composite  (species  of 
Liatris,  &c.),  when  beset  with  short,  stiff  hairs,  longer  than  when  denticulate, 
but  shorter  than  when  plumose. 

Barbellulate :  diminutive  of  barbell  ate. 

Bark:  the  covering  of  a  stem  outside  of  the  wood,  p.  150,  152. 

Basal :  belonging  or  attached  to  the 

Base:  that  extremity  of  any  organ  by  which  it  is  attached  to  its  support. 

Bast,  Bast-fibres,  p.  147. 

Beaked:  ending  in  a  prolonged  narrow  tip. 

Bearded :  see  barbate.  Beard  is  sometimes  used  popularly  for  awn,  more  com- 
monly for  long  or  stiff  hairs  of  any  sort. 

Bell-shaped:  of  the  shape  of  a  bell,  as  the  corolla  of  Harebell,  fig.  207,  p.  102. 

Berry :  a  fruit  pulpy  or  juicy  throughout,  as  a  grape;  p.  127. 

Bi-  (or  Bis),  in  compound  words  :  twice ;  as 


GLOSSARY.  207 

Biartfculate :  twice  jointed,  or  two-jointed  ;  separating  into  two  pieces. 

Biauriculate :  having  two  ears,  as  the  leaf  in  fig.  96. 

Bicallose :  having  two  callosities  or  harder  spots. 

Bicdrinate :  two-keeled,  as  the  upper  palea  of  Grasses. 

Bicipital  (Biceps)  :  two-headed ;  dividing  into  two  parts  at  the  top  or  bottom. 

Bicdnjugate :  twice  paired,  as  when  a  petiole  forks  twice. 

Biddntate:  having  two  teeth  (not  twice  or  doubly  dentate). 

Biennial :  of  two  years'   continuance ;  springing  from  the  seed  one  season, 

flowering  and  dying  the  next ;  p.  21. 
Bifdrious .•  two-ranked  ;  airanged  in  two  rows. 

Bifid:  two-cleft  to  about  the  middle,  as  the  petals  of  Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 
Bifdliolate :  a  compound  leaf  of  two  leaflets  ;  p.  66. 
Bifurcate:  twice  forked;  or,  more  commonly,  forked  into  two  branches. 
Bijiigate:  bearing  two  pairs  (of  leaflets,  &c.). 
Bilabiate:  two-lipped,  as  the  corolla  of  sage.  &c.,  p.  105,  fig.  209. 
Bildmellate:  of  two  plates  (lamellce),  as  the  stigma  of  Mimulus. 
Bildbed :  the  same  as  two-lobed. 
Bildcular :  two-celled ;  as  most  anthers,  the  pod  of  Foxglove,  most  Saxifrages 

(fig.  254),  &c. 

Binate :  in  couples,  two  together. 
Bipartite :  the  Latin  form  of  two-parted  ;  p.  62. 
Bipinnate  (leaf)  :  twice  pinnate  ;  p.  66,  fig.  130. 
Bipinndtifid :  twice  pinnatifid,  p.  64;  that  is,  pinnatifid  with  the  lobes  again 

pinnatifid. 

Biplicate :  twice  folded  together. 

Biserial,  or  Biseriate :  occupying  two  rows,  one  within  the  other. 
Biserrate :  doubly  serrate,  as  when  the  teeth  of  a  leaf,  &c.  are  themselves  serrate. 
Bite'rnate :  twice  ternate  ;  i.  e.  principal  divisions  3,  each  bearing  3  leaflets,  &c. 
Bladdery:  thin  and  inflated,  like  the  calyx  of  Silene  inflata. 
Blade  of  a  leaf:  its  expanded  portion  ;  p  54. 

Boat-shaped:  concave  within  and  keeled  without,  in  shape  like  a  small  boat. 
Brdchiate:  with  opposite  branches  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  as  in  the 

Maple  and  Lilac. 
Bract  (Latin,  bractea).    Bracts,  in  general,  are  the  leaves  of  an  inflorescence, 

more  or  less  different  from  ordinary  leaves.     Specially,  the  bract  is  the 

small  leaf  or  scale  from  the  axil  of  which  a  flower  or  its  pedicel  proceeds  ; 

p.  78;  and  a 

Bractlet  (bracteola)  is  a  bract  seated  on  the  pedicel  or  flower-stalk;  p.  78,  fig.  156. 
Branch,  p.  20,  36. 

Bristles :  stiff,  sharp  hairs,  or  any  very  slender  bodies  of  similar  appearance. 
Bristly :  beset  with  bristles. 
Brush-shaped :  see  aspergilliform. 

Bryology :  that  part  of  Botany  which  relates  to  Mosses. 
Bud:  a  branch  in  its  earliest  or  undeveloped  state  ;  p.  20. 
Bud-scales,  p.  22,  50. 

Bulb :  a  leaf-bud  with  fleshy  scales,  usually  subterranean ;  p.  45,  fig.  73. 
Bulbiferous :  bearing  or  producing  bulbs, 
or  bulbous :  bulb-like  in  shape,  &c. 


208  GLOSSARY. 

Bulblets:  small  bulbs,  borne  above  ground,  as  on  the  stems  of  the  bulb-bearing 
Lily  and  on  the  fronds  of  Cistopteris  bulbifera  and  some  other  Ferns  ;  p.  46. 
Bulb-scales,  p.  50. 
Bullate:  appearing  as  if  blistered  or  bladdery  (from  bulla,  a  bubble). 

Cadiicous :  dropping  off  very  early,  compared  with  other  parts ;  as  the  calyx  in 

the  Poppy  Family,  falling  when  the  flower  opens. 

Ccespitose,  or  Cespitose:  growing  in  turf-like  patches  or  tufts,  like  most  sedges,  £c. 
Cdlcarate:  furnished  with  a  spur  (calcar),  as  the  flower  of  Larkspur,  fig.  183, 

and  Violet,  fig.  181. 

Calceolate  or  Cdlceiform :  slipper-shaped,  like  one  petal  of  the  Lady's  Slipper. 
Cdllose:  hardened  ;  or  furnished  with  callosities  or  thickened  spots. 
Cdlycine :  belonging  to  the  calyx. 
Calyculate :  furnished  with  an  outer  accessory  calyx  (calyculus]  or  set  of  bracts 

looking  like  a  calyx,  as  in  true  Pinks. 

Calyptra :  the  hood  or  veil  of  the  capsule  of  a  Moss  :  Manual,  p.  607,  &c. 
Calyptriform :  shaped  like  a  calyptra  or  candle-extinguisher. 
Calyx :  the  outer  set  of  the  floral  envelopes  or  leaves  of  the  flower ;  p.  85. 
Cambium  and  Cambium-layer,  p.  154. 
Campdnulate:  bell-shaped;  p.  102,  fig.  207. 
Campyldtropous,  or  Campyldtropal ;  curved  ovules  and  seeds  of  a  particular  sort ; 

p.  123,  fig.  271. 
Campulospe'rmous :  applied  to  fruits  of  Umbelliferae  when  the  seed  is  curved  in 

at  the  edges,  forming  a  groove  down  the  inner  face  ;  as  in  Sweet  Cicely. 
Canaliculate:  channelled,  or  with  a  deep  longitudinal  groove. 
Cdncellate:  latticed,  resembling  lattice-work. 
Canescent:  grayish-white;  hoary,  usually  because  the  surface  is  covered  with 

fine  white  hairs.     Incanous  is  whiter  still. 

Capilldceous,  Capillary :  hair-like  in  shape  ;  as  fine  as  hair  or  slender  bristles. 
Capitate :  having  a  globular  apex,  like  the  head  on  a  pin ;  as  the  stigma  of 

Cherry,  fig.  213;  or  forming  a  head,  like  the  flower-cluster  of  Button-bush, 

fig.  161. 

Capite'llate :  diminutive  of  capitate;  as  the  stigmas  of  fig.  255. 
Capitulum  (a  little  head)  :   a  close  rounded  dense  cluster  or  head  of  sessilo 

flowers;  p.  80,  fig.  161. 

Capreolate:  bearing  tendrils  (from  capreolus,  a  tendril). 
I'njwde:  a  pod;  any  dry  dehiscent  seed-vessel;  p.  131,  fig.  305,  306. 
Cupsnlar:  relating  to,  or  like  a  capsule. 
Carina :  a  keel ;  the  two  anterior  petals  of  a  papilionaceous  flower,  which  arc 

combined  to  form  a  body  shaped  somewhat  like  the  keel  (or  rather  the 

prow)  of  a  vessel;  p.  105,  fig.  218,  k. 

Cdrintttr .-  kri-lc<l ;  furnished  with  a  sharp  ridge  or  projection  on  the  lower  side. 
Caridpsis,  or  Carytipsis:  the  one-seeded  fruit  or  grain  of  Grasses,  &c.,  p.  351. 
Corneous :  flesh-colored  ;  pale  red. 
Cdrnow :  fleshy  in  texture. 
Carpel,  or  C<njn<lium:  a  simple  pistil,  or  one  of  the  parts  or  leaves  of  which  a 

compound  pistil  is  composed  ;  p.  117. 
Cdrj)cUary:  pertaining  to  a  carpel. 


GLOSSARY.  209 

Carpology :  that  department  of  Botany  which  relates  to  fruits. 

Carpophore:  the  stalk  or  support  of  a  fruit  or  pistil  within  the  flower;  as  in 
fig.  276-278. 

Cartilaginous,  or  Cartilagineous :  firm  and  tough,  like  cartilage,  in  texture. 

Caruncle :  an  excrescence  at  the  scar  of  some  seeds ;  as  those  of  Polygala. 

Carunculate :  furnished  with  a  caruncle. 

Caryophyttdceous :  pink-like :  applied  to  a  corolla  of  5  long-clawed  petals ;  fig.  200. 

Catkin:  a  scaly  deciduous  spike  of  flowers,  an  ament;  p.  81. 

Caudate :  tailed,  or  tail-pointed. 

Caudex :  a  sort  of  trunk,  such  as  that  of  Palms  ;  an  upright  rootstock  ;  p.  37. 

Caulescent :  having  an  obvious  stem ;  p.  36. 

Caulicle :  a  little  stem,  or  rudimentary  stem ;  p.  6. 

Cauline :  of  or  belonging  to  a  stem  (caulis,  in  Latin),  p.  36. 

Cell  (diminutive  Cellule) :  the  cavity  of  an  anther,  ovary,  &c.,  p.  113, 119;  one  of 
the  elements  or  vesicles  of  which  plants  are  composed  ;  p.  140,  142. 

Cellular  tissue  of  plants;  p.  142.     Cellular  Bark,  p.  152. 

Cellulose,  p.  159. 

Centrifugal  (inflorescence) :  produced  or  expanding  in  succession  from  the  centre 
outwards ;  p.  82.  The  radicle  is  centrifugal,  when  it  points  away  from  the 
centre  of  the  fruit. 

Centripetal :  the  opposite  of  centrifugal ;  p.  79,  83. 

Cereal :  belonging  to  corn,  or  corn-plants. 

Ccrnuous :  nodding ;  the  summit  more  or  less  inclining. 

Chaff:  small  membranous  scales  or  bracts  on  the  receptacle  of  Composite ;  the 
glumes,  &c.  of  Grasses. 

Cliaffy :  furnished  with  chaff,  or  of  the  texture  of  chaff. 

Chaldza  :  that  part  of  the  ovule  where  all  the  parts  grow  together;  p.  122. 

Channelled :  hollowed  out  like  a  gutter ;  same  as  canaliculate. 

CJiaracter :  a  phrase  expressing  the  essential  marks  of  a  species,  genus,  &c. 
which  distinguish  it  from  all  others  ;  p.  180. 

Chartdceous :  of  the  texture  of  paper  or  parchment. 

Chldrophyll :  the  green  grains  in  the  cells  of  the  leaf,  and  of  other  parts  exposed' 
to  the  light,  which  give  to  herbage  its  green  color;  p.  155. 

Chrdmule :  coloring  matter  in  plants,  especially  when  not  green,  or  when  liquid. 

Cicatrix :  the  scar  left  by  the  fall  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ. 

Ciliate :  beset  on  the  margin  with  a  fringe  of  cilia,  i.  e.  of  hairs  or  bristles,  like 
the  eyelashes  fringing  the  eyelids,  whence  the  name. 

Cinereous,  or  Cinerdceota :  ash-grayish ;  of  the  color  of  ashes. 

Circinate :  rolled  inwards  from  the  top,  like  a  crosier,  as  the  shoots  of  Ferns  ,~ 
p.  76,  fig.  154;  the  flower-clusters  of  Heliotrope,  &c. 

Circumscissile,  or  Circumcissile :  divided  by  a  circular  line  round  the  sides,  as 
the  pods  of  Purslane,  Plantain,  &c. ;  p.  133,  fig.  298,  311. 

Circumscription :  the  general  outline  of  a  thing. 

Cirrhiferous,  or  Cirrhose :  furnished  with  a  tendril  (Latin,  cirrhus)  ;  as  the  Grape- 
vine. Cirrhose  also  means  resembling  or  coiling  like  tendrils,  as  the  leaf- 
stalks of  Virgin's-bower  ;  p.  37. 

Class,  p.  175,  177. 

Classification,  p.  173. 

18* 


210  GLOSSARY. 

Cldthrate :  latticed  ;  same  as  canccllate. 

Cldvate :  club-shaped  ;  slender  below  and  thickened  upwards. 

Claw:  the  narrow  or  stalk-like  base  of  some  petals,  as  of  Pinks ;  p.  102,  fig.  200. 

Climbing  :  rising  by  clinging  to  other  objects ;  p.  37. 

Club-shaped:  see  da vate. 

Clustered :  leaves,  flowers,  &c.  aggregated  or  collected  into  a  bunch 

Clypeate :  buckler-shaped. 

Coddunate  :  same  as  connate ;  i.  e.  united. 

Coale'scent :  growing  together. 

Codrctate  :  contracted  or  brought  close  together. 

Coated  Bulbs,  p.  46. 

Cobwebby :  same  as  arachnoid ;  bearing  hairs  like  cobwebs  or  gossamer. 

Coccus  (plural  cocci) :  anciently  a  berry ;  now  mostly  used  to  denote  the  carpels 

of  a  dry  fruit  which  are  separable  from  each  other,  as  of  Euphorbia. 
Cochledriform  :   spoon-shaped. 
Cdchleate :  coiled  or  shaped  like  a  snail-shell. 

Ccelospe'rmous :  applied  to  those  fruits  of  Umbelliferae  which  have  the  seed  hol- 
lowed on  the  inner  face,  by  the  curving  inwards  of  the  top  and  bottom ;  as  in 

Coriander. 

Coherent,  in  Botany,  is  usually  the  same  as  connate;  p.  104. 
Collective  fruits,  p.  133. 

Collum  or  Collar :  the  neck  or  line  of  junction  between  the  stem  and  the  root. 
Columella  :  the  axis  to  which  the  carpels  of  a  compound  pistil  are  often  attached, 

as  in  Geranium  (fig.  278),  or  which  is  left  when  a  pod  opens,  as  in  Azalea 

and  Rhododendron. 
Column :  the  united  stamens,  as  in  Mallow,  or  the  stamens  and  pistils  united  into 

one  body,  as  in  the  Orchis  family,  fig.  226. 
Columnar :  shaped  like  a  column  or  pillar. 

Coma :  a  tuft  of  any  sort  (literally,  a  head  of  hair) ;  p.  135,  fig.  317. 
Cdmose:  tufted  ;  bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs,  as  the  seeds  of  Milkweed  ;  fig.  317. 
Commissure :  the  line  of  junction  of  two  carpels,  as  in  the  fruit  of  Umbelliferse, 

such  as  Parsnip,  Caraway,  &c. 
Common :  used  as  "  general,"  in  contradistinction  to  "  partial " ;  o.  g.  "  common 

involucre/'  p.  81. 
Cdmplanate :  flattened. 

Compound  leaf,  p.  64.     Compound  pistil,  p.  118.     Compound  umbel,  &c.,  p.  81. 
Complete  (flower),  p.  89. 
Complicate :  folded  upon  itself. 
Compressed :  flattened  on  two  opposite  sides. 
Condiiplicate  :  folded  upon  itself  lengthwise,  as  are  the  leaves  of  Magnolia  in  the 

bud,  p.  76. 

Cone :  the  fruit  of  the  Pine  family  ;  p.  133,  fig.  314. 
Confluent :  blor.'k-d  together  ;  or  the  same  as  coherent. 
Conformed :  similar  to  another  thing  it  is  associated  with  or  compared  to ;  or 

closely  fitted  to  it,  as  the  skin  to  the  kernel  of  a  seed. 
Congested,  Congldmerate :  crowded  together. 
Cdnjiigate  :  coupled  ;  in  single  pairs. 
Connate :  united  or  grown  together  from  the  first. 


GLOSSARY.  211 

Connective,  Connectivum :  the  part  of  the  anther  connecting  its  two  cells  ;  p.  113. 

Connivent :  converging,  or  brought  close  together. 

Consolidated  forms  of  vegetation,  p.  47. 

Continuous :  the  reverse  of  interrupted  or  articulated. 

Contorted:  twisted  together.     Contorted  (estivation  :  same  as  convolute;  p.  109. 

Contortuplicate :  twisted  back  upon  itself. 

Contracted:  either  narrowed  or  shortened. 

Contrary :  turned  in  an  opposite  direction  to  another  organ  or  part  with  which 
it  is  compared. 

Convolute :  rolled  up  lengthwise,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Plum  in  vernation ;  p.  76, 
fig.  151.  In  aestivation,  same  as  contorted;  p.  109. 

Cordate :  heart-shaped  ;  p.  58,  fig.  90,  99. 

Coriaceous :  resembling  leather  in  texture. 

Corky:  of  the  texture  of  cork.     Corky  layer  of  bark,  p.  152. 

Corm,  Cormus :  a  solid  bulb,  like  that  of  Crocus ;  p.  44,  fig.  71,  72. 

Cdrneous :  of  the  consistence  or  appearance  of  horn,  as  the  albumen  of  the 
seed  of  the  Date,  Coffee,  &c. 

Corniculate :  furnished  with  a  small  horn  or  spur. 

Cornute :  horned ;  bearing  a  horn-like  projection  or  appendage. 

Cordlla :  the  leaves  of  the  flower  within  the  calyx  ;  p.  86. 

Corolldceous,  CorolUne :  like  or  belonging  to  a  corolla. 

Cordna :  a  coronet  or  crown ;  an  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  claw  of  some 
petals,  as  Silene  and  Soapwort,  fig.  200,  or  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla  of 
Hound's-Tongue,  &c. 

Cordnate  :  crowned ;  furnished  with  a  crown. 
Cortical:  belonging  to  the  bark  (cortex). 

Cdrymb:  a  sort  of  flat  or  convex  flower-cluster ;  p.  79,  fig.  158. 
Corymbdse :  approaching  the  form  of  a  corymb,   or  branched  in   that   way ; 

arranged  in  corymbs. 

Costa  :  a  rib ;  the  midrib  of  a  leaf,  &c.     Costate :  ribbed. 
Cotyle'dons  :  the  first  leaves  of  the  embryo  ;  p.  6,  137. 
Crate'riform  :  goblet-shaped  ;  broadly  cup-shaped. 

Creeping  (stems)  :  growing  flat  on  or  beneath  the  ground  and  rooting;  p.  37. 
Cre'mocarp :  a  half-fruit,  or  one  of  the  two  carpels  of  Umbellifera?. 
Crenate,  or  Crenelled :  the  edge  scalloped  into  rounded  teeth;  p.  62,  fig.  114. 
Crested,  or  Cristate :  bearing  any  elevated  appendage  like  a  crest 
Cribrose  :  pierced  like  a  sieve  with  small  apertures. 
Crinite :  bearded  with  long  hairs,  &c. 
Crown :  see  corona. 

Crowning :  borne  on  the  apex  of  anything. 

Cruciate,  or  Cruciform :  cross-shaped,  as  the  four  spreading  petals  of  the  Mus- 
tard (fig.  187),  and  all  the  flowers  of  that  family. 
Crustaceous  :  hard,  and  brittle  in  texture  ;  crust-like. 
Cryptdyamous,  or  Cryptogamic :  relating  to  Cryptogamia;  p.  172,  197. 
Cucullate :  hooded,  or  hood-shaped,  rolled  up  like  a  cornet  of  paper,  or  a  hood 

(cuculhis),  as  the  spathe  of  Indian  Turnip,  fig.  162. 
Culm  :  a  straw ;  the  stem  of  Grasses  and  Sedges. 
Cuneate,  Cuneiform :  wedge-shaped ;  p.  58,  fig.  94. 


212  GLOSSARY. 

Cup-shaped:  same  as  cyathiform,  or  near  it. 

Cupule  :  a  little  cup  ;  the  cup  to  the  acorn  of  the  Oak,  p.  130,  fig.  299. 

Cupulate :  provided  with  a  cupule. 

Cuspidate :  tipped  with  a  sharp  and  stiff  point. 

Cut :  same  as  incised,  or  applied  generally  to  any  sharp  and  deep  division. 

Cuticle :  the  skin  of  plants,  or  more  strictly  its  external  pellicle. 

Cyathiform  :  in  the  shape  of  a  cup,  or  particularly  of  a  wine-glass. 

Cycle:  one  complete  turn  of  a  spire,  or  a  circle  ;  p.  73. 

Cyclical;  rolled  up  circularly,  or  coiled  into  a  complete  circle. 

Cycldsis :  the  circulation  in  closed  cells,  p.  167. 

Cylindraceous:  approaching  to  the 

Cylindrical  form ;  as  that  of  stems,  &c.,  which  are  round,  and  gradually  if  at  all 

tapering. 

Cymheform,  or  Cymbiform :  same  as  boat-shaped. 
Cyme:  a  cluster  of  centrifugal  inflorescence,  p.  82,  fig.  165,  167. 
Cymose :  furnished  with  cymes,  or  like  a  cyme. 

Deca-  (in  composition  of  words  of  Greek  derivation)  :  ten ;  as 
Decdgynous :  with  10  pistils  or  styles.     Decandrous  :  with  10  stamens. 
Deciduous :  falling  off,  or  subject  to  fall ,  said  of  leaves  which  fall  in  autumn, 

and  of  a  calyx  and  corolla  which  fall  before  the  fruit  forms. 
Declined :  turned  to  one  side,  or  downwards,  as  the  stamens  of  Azalea  nudiflora. 
Decompound :  several  times  compounded  or  divided  ;  p  67,  fig.  138. 
Decumbent:  reclined  on  the  ground,  the  summit  tending  to  rise;  p.  37. 
Decurrent  (leaves) :  prolonged  on  the  stem  beneath  the  insertion,  as  in  Thistles. 
Decussate:  arranged  in  pairs  which  successively  cross  each  other;  fig.  147. 
Definite :  when  of  a  uniform  number,  and  not  above  twelve  or  so. 
Dejlexed:  bent  downwards. 

Deflorate :  past  the  flowering  state,  as  an  anther  after  it  has  discharged  its  pollen. 
Dehiscence:  the  mode  in  which  an  anther  or  a  pod  regularly  bursts  or  splits 

open ;  p.  132. 

Dehiscent :  opening  by  regular  dehiscence. 

Deliquescent:  branching  off  so  that  the  stem  is  lost  in  the  branches,  p.  25. 
Deltoid:  of  a  triangular  shape,  like  the  Greek  capital  A. 
Demersed:  growing  below  the  surface  of  water. 
Dendroid,  Dendritic :  tree-like  in  form  or  appearance. 
Dentate:  toothed  (from  the  Latin  dens,  a  tooth),  p.  61,  fig.  113. 
Denticulate :  furnished  with  dcnticulations,  or  very  small  teeth  :  diminutive  of 

the  last. 

Depauperate  (impoverished  or  starved) :  below  the  natural  size. 
Depressed :  flattened,  or  as  if  pressed  down  from  above  ;  flattened  vertically. 
Descending :  tending  gradually  downwards. 
Determinate  Inflorescence,  p.  81,  83. 
Dextrorse :  turned  to  the  right  hand. 
Di-  (in  Greek  compounds) :  two,  as 

Diadtlphoits  (stamens) :  united  by  their  filaments  in  two  sets ;  p.  Ill,  fig.  227. 
Diiin < Im us :  having  two  stamens,  p.  112.  4^. 

Diagnosis .  a  short  distinguishing  character,  or  descriptive  phrase. 


GLOSSARY.  213 

Diaphanous :  transparent  or  translucent. 

Dichlamydeous  (flower) :  having  both  calyx  and  corolla. 

Dichtitornons :  two-forked. 

Diclinous :  having  the  stamens  in  one  flower,  the  pistils   in  another  j  p.  89, 

fig.  176,  177. 

Dicdccous  (fruit) :  splitting  into  two  cocci,  or  closed  carpels. 
Dicotyledonous  (embryo) :  having  a  pair  of  cotyledons  ;  p.  16,  137. 
Dicotyledonous  Plants,  p.  150,  182. 
Didi/mous:  twin. 
Didynamous  (stamens) ;  having  four  stamens  in  two  pairs,  one  pair  shorter  than 

the  other,  as  in  fig.  194,  195. 
Diffuse :  spreading  widely  and  irregularly. 
Digitate  (fingered) :  where  the  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  are  all  borne  on  the 

apex  of  the  petiole;  p.  65,  fig.  129. 
Digynous  (flower) :  having  two  pistils  or  styles,  p.  116. 
Dimerous  :  made  up  of  two  parts,  or  its  organs  in  twos. 
Dimidiate :  halved ;  as  where  a  leaf  or  leaflet  has  only  one  side  developed,  or  a 

stamen  has  only  one  lobe  or  cell ;  fig.  239. 
Dimorphous :  of  two  forms. 
Dioecious,  or  Dioicous :  where  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  separate  flowers  on 

different  plants ;  p.  89. 

Dipetalous :  of  two  petals.    Diphyllous :  two-leaved.     Dipterous :  two-winged. 
Disciform  or  Disk-shaped :  flat  and  circular,  like  a  disk  or  quoit. 
Disk :  the  face  of  any  flat  body  ;  the  central  part  of  a  head  of  flowers,  like  the 

Sunflower,   or   Coreopsis  (fig.  224),  as  opposed  to  the  ray  or  margin;  a 

fleshy  expansion  of  the  receptacle  of  a  flower  ;  p.  125. 
Dissected :  cut  deeply  into  many  lobes  or  divisions. 
Dissepiments :  the  partitions  of  an  ovary  or  a  fruit ;  p.  119. 
Distichous  :  two-ranked  ;  p.  73. 
Distinct :  uncombined  with  each  other  ;  p.  102. 
Divaricate  :  straddling ;  very  widely  divergent. 

Divided  (leaves,  &c.)  :  cut  into  divisions  extending  about  to  the  base  or  the  mid- 
rib; p.  62,  fig.  125. 

Dodeca-  (in  Greek  compounds) :  twelve;  as 
Dodecdgynous :  with  twelve  pistils  or  styles. 
Dodecandrous :  with  twelve  stamens. 
Dolabriform :  axe-shaped. 

Dorsal:  pertaining  to  the  back  (dorsum)  of  an  organ. 
Dorsal  Suture,  p.  117. 
Dotted  Ducts,  p.  148. 

Double  Flowers,  so  called  :  where  the  petals  are  multiplied  unduly ;  p.  85,  98. 
Downy :  clothed  with  a  coat  of  soft  and  short  hairs. 
Drupe:  a  stone-fruit;  p.  128,  fig.  285. 
Drupaceous :  like  or  pertaining  to  a  drupe. 
Ducts :  the  so-called  vessels  of  plants ;  p.  146,  148. 
Dumose :  bushy,  or  relating  to  bushes. 
Duramen:  the  heart-wood,  p.  153. 
Dwarf:  remarkably  low  in  stature. 


214  GLOSSARY. 

E-,  or  Ex-,  at  the  beginning  of  compound  words,  means  destitute  of ;  as  ecostate, 
without  a  rib  or  midrib ;  exalbuminous,  without  albumen,  &c. 

Eared:  see  auriculate;  p.  59,  fig.  96. 

Ebrdcteate ;  destitute  of  bracts. 

Ecltinate :  armed  with  prickles  (like  a  hedgehog).    Echinulate:  a  diminutive  of  it. 

Edentate:  toothless. 

Effete :  past  bearing,  &c. ;  said  of  anthers  which  have  discharged  their  pollen. 

Eglandulose :  destitute  of  glands. 

Eldters :  threads  mixed  with  the  spores  of  Liverworts.     (Manual,  p.  682.) 

Ellipsoidal :  approaching  an  elliptical  figure. 

Elliptical :  oval  or  oblong,  with  the  ends  regularly  rounded ;  p.  58,  fig.  88. 

Emdrginate  :  notched  at  the  summit ;  p.  60,  fig.  108. 

Embryo:  the  rudimentary  undeveloped  plantlet  in  a  seed;  p.  6,  fig.  9,  12,  26, 
31  -37,  &c.,  and  p.  136.  Embryo-sac,  p.  139. 

Emersed :  raised  out  of  water. 

Endecdgynous :  with  eleven  pistils  or  styles.   Endecdndrous  :  with  eleven  stamens- 

Endocarp :  the  inner  layer  of  a  pericarp  or  fruit ;  p.  128. 

Endochrome  :  the  coloring  matter  of  Algae  and  the  like. 

Endogenous  Stems,  p.  150.     Endogenous  Plants,  p.  150. 

Endosmose :  p.  1 68. 

Endosperm  :  another  name  for  the  albumen  of  a  seed. 

Endostome :  the  orifice  in  the  inner  coat  of  an  ovule. 

Ennea- :  nine.     Ennedyynous  :  with  nine  petals  or  styles. 

Ennedndrous :  with  nine  stamens. 

Ensiform:  sword-shaped  ;  as  the  leaves  of  Iris,  fig.  1$4. 

Entire:  the  margins  not  at  all  toothed,  notched,  or  divided,  but  even  ;  p.  61. 

Ephemeral :  lasting  for  a  day  or  less,  as  the  corolla  of  Purslane,  &c. 

Epi-y  in  composition :  upon  ;  as 

Epicarp  :  the  outermost  layer  of  a  fruit ;  p.  128. 

Epidermal:  relating  to  the  Epidermis,  or  the  skin  of  a  plant;  p.  152,  155. 

Epigceous :  growing  on  the  earth,  or  close  to  the  ground. 

Eptgynous:  upon  the  ovary  ;  p.  105,  111. 

Epip&alous:  borne  on  the  petals  or  the  corolla. 

Epiphyllous :  borne  on  a  leaf. 

Epiphyte :  a  plant  growing  on  another  plant,  but  not  nourished  by  it ;  p.  34. 

Epiphytic  or  Epiphytal :  relating  to  Epiphytes ;  p.  34. 

Episperm  :  the  skin  or  coat  of  a  seed,  especially  the  outer  coat. 

Equal:  same  as  regular;  or  of  the  same  number  or  length,  as  the  case  may  be, 
of  the  body  it  is  compared  with. 

Equally  pinnate  :  same  as  abruptly  pinnate ;  p.  65. 

Equitnnt  (riding  straddle)  ;  p.  68,  fig.  133,  134. 

Erose:  eroded,  as  if  gnawed. 

Ertistrate:  not  beaked. 

Essential  Organs  of  the  flower,  p.  85. 

Estivation:  see  aestivation. 

Etiolated:  blanched  by  excluding  the  light,  as  the  stalks  of  Celery. 

Even/reen :  holding  the  leaves  over  winter  and  until  new  ones  appear,  or  longer. 

Exalbuminous  (seed)  :  destitute  of  albumen  ;  p.  136. 


GLOSSARY.  215 

Excdrrent :  running  out,  as  when  a  midrib  projects  beyond  the  apex  of  a  leaf, 

or  a  trunk  is  continued  to  the  very  top  of  a  tree. 
Exhalation,  p.  156,  169. 

Exogenous  Stems,  p.  150.     Exogenous  Plants,  p.  182. 
Exostome:  the  orifice  in  the  outer  coat  of  the  ovule;  p.  122. 
Explanate :  spread  or  flattened  out. 

Exserted:  protruding  out  of,  as  the  stamens  out  of  the  corolla  of  fig.  201. 
Exstipulate :  destitute  of  stipules. 
Extra-axillary :  said  of  a  branch  or  bud  a  little  out  of  the  axil ;  as  the  upper 

accessory  buds  of  the  Butternut,  p.  27,  fig.  52. 
Extrdrse :  turned  outwards  ;  the  anther  is  extrorse  when  fastened  to  the  filament 

on  the  side  next  the  pistil,  and  opening  on  the  outer  side,  as  in  Iris  ;  p.  113. 

Falcate :  scythe-shaped  ;  a  flat  body  curved,  its  edges  parallel. 

Family :  p.  176. 

Farinaceous :  mealy  in  texture.     Farinose  :  covered  with  a  mealy  powder. 

Fdsciate:  banded  ;  also  applied  to  monstrous  stems  which  grow  flat. 

Fascicle:  a  close  cluster  ;  p.  83.. 

Fascicled,  Fasciculated:  growing  in  a  bundle  or  tuft,  as  the  leaves  of  Pine 
and  Larch  (fig.  139,  140),  the  roots  of  Paeony  and  Dahlia,  fig.  60. 

Fastigiate :  close,  parallel,  and  upright,  as  the  branches  of  Lombardy  Poplar. 

Faux  (plural,  fauces)  :  the  throat  of  a  calyx,  corolla,  &c. 

Fave'olate,  Fdvose :  honeycombed ;  same  as  alveolate. 

Feather-veined :  where  the  veins  of  a  leaf  spring  from  along  the  sides  of  a  mid- 
rib ;  p.  57,  fig.  86  -  94. 

Female  (flowers)  :  with  pistils  and  no  stamens. 

Fen&trate :  pierced  with  one  or  more  large  holes,  like  windows. 

Ferrugineous,  or  Ferruginous :  resembling  iron-rust ;  red-grayish. 

Fertile :  fruit-bearing,  or  capable  of  producing  fruit ;  also  said  of  anthers  when 
theyproduce  good  pollen. 

Fertilization  :  the  process  by  which  pollen  causes  the  embryo  to  be  formed. 

Fibre,  p.  145.    Fibrous:  containing  much  fibre,  or  composed  of  fibres. 

Fibrillose :  formed  of  small  fibres. 

Fibrine,  p.  165. 

Fiddle-shaped :  obovate  with  a  deep  recess  on  each  side. 

Filament:  the  stalk  of  a  stamen;  p.  86,  fig.  170,  a;  also  any  slender  thread- 
shaped  appendage. 

Filame'ntose,  or  Filamentous :  bearing  or  formed  of  slender  threads. 

Filiform  :  thread-shaped  ;  long,  slender,  and  cylindrical. 

Fiiiibriate:  fringed;  furnished  with  fringes  (Jimbriai), 

Fistular  or  Fistulose :  hollow  and  cylindrical,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Onion. 

Flabelliform  or  Flab&llate :  fan-shaped ;  broad,  rounded  at  the  summit,  and  nar- 
rowed at  the  base. 

Flagellate,  or  Flageiliform  <  long,  narrow,  and  flexible,  like  the  thong  of  a  whip ; 
or  like  the  runners  (flagellai]  of  the  Strawberry. 

Flavescent :  yellowish,  or  turning  yellow. 

Fleshy :  composed  of  firm  pulp  or  flesh. 

Fleshy  Plants,  p.  47. 


216  GLOSSARY. 

Fl£ruose,  or  Fle'xuous:  bending  gently  in  opposite  directions,  in  a  zigzag  way. 

Floating:  swimming  on  the  surface  of  water. 

Fldccose :  composed,  or  bearing  tufts,  of  woolly  or  long  and  soft  hairs. 

Flora    (the   goddess   of  flowers) :  the  plants  of  a   country   or  district,  taken 

together,  or  a  work  systematically  describing  them ;  p.  3. 
Floral:  relating  to  the  blossom. 
Floral  Envelopes :  the  leaves  of  the  flower ;  p.  85,  99. 
Floret :  a  diminutive  flower ;  one  of  the  flowers  of  a  head  (or  of  the  so-called 

compound  flower)  of  Composite,  p.  100. 

Flower :  the  whole  organs  of  reproduction  of  Pha3nogamous  plants ;  p.  84. 
Flower-bad:  an  unopened  flower. 

Flowering  Plants,  p.  177.     Flowcrless  Plants,  p.  172,  177. 
Folidceous:  belonging  to,  or  of  the  texture  or  nature  of,  a  leaf  (folium). 
Fdliose :  leafy ;  abounding  in  leaves. 
Fdliolate:  relating  to  or  bearing  leaflets  (foliold). 

Follicle:  a  simple  pod,  opening  down  the  inner  suture  ;  p.  131,  fig.  302. 
Follfcular :  resembling  or  belonging  to  a  follicle. 
Food  of  Plants,  p.  160. 

Foramen:  a  hole  or  orifice,  as  that  of  the  ovule  ;  p.  122. 
Fornix :  little  arched  scales  in  the  throat  of  some  corollas,  as  of  Comfrey. 
Fornicate :  over-arched,  or  arching  over. 
Fo'veate:  deeply  pitted.     Fovcolate:  diminutive  of foveate. 
Free:  not  united  with  any  other  parts  of  a  different  sort ;  p.  103. 
Fringed :  the  margin  beset  with  slender  appendages,  bristles,  £c. 
Frond :  what  answers  to  leaves  in  Ferns ;  the  stem  and  leaves  fused  into  one 

body,  as  in  Duckweed  and  many  Liverworts,  £c. 
Frondescence :  the  bursting  into  leaf. 

Frdndose :  frond-bearing  ;  like  a  frond  :  or  sometimes  used  for  leafy. 
Fructification :  the  state  of  fruiting.     Organs  of,  p.  76. 
Fruit:  the  matured  ovary  and  all  it  contains  or  is  connected  with;  p.  126. 
Fntf escent:  somewhat  shrubby ;  becoming  a  shrub  (frutex). 
Fruticulose:  like  a  small  shrub.     Fniticose:  shrubby;  p.  36. 
Fugacious :  soon  falling  off  or  perishing. 
Fulvous :  tawny ;  dull  yellow  with  gray. 
Funiculus:  the  stalk  of  a  seed  or  ovule;  p.  122. 
Funnel-form,   or  Funnel-shaped:   expanding  gradually  upwards,  like  a  funnel 

or  tunnel;  p.  102. 
Flirt-ate :  forked. 

Furfurdceous :  covered  with  bran-like  fine  scurf. 
Furrowed:  marked  by  longitudinal  channels  or  grooves. 
Fuscous:  deep  gray-brown. 
Fusiform:  spindle-shaped;  p.  32. 

Gdleate:  shaped  like  a  helmet  (galca) ;  as  the  upper  sepal  of  the  Monkshood, 

fig.  185,  and  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  of  Dcad-Ncttle,  fig.  209. 
Gamope'talous :  of  united  petals  ;  same  as  monojtetalous,  and  a  better  word  ;  p.  102. 
Gamophyllous :  formed  of  united  leaves.     Gamosc'palous :  formed  of  united  sepals. 
Gelatine,  p.  165, 


GLOSSARY.  217 

Geminate :  twin ;  in  pairs ;  as  the  flowers  of  Linnsea. 

Gemma :  a  bud. 

Gemmation :  the  state  of  budding,  or  the  arrangement  of  parts  in  the  bud. 

Gemmule :  a  small  bud  ;  the  buds  of  Mosses ;  the  plumule,  p.  6. 

Geniculate :  beiit  abruptly,  like  a  knee  (genu),  as  many  stems. 

Genus :  a  kind  ;  a  rank  above  species ;  p.  175,  176. 

Generic  Names,  p.  178.      Generic  Character,  p.  181. 

Geographical  Botany :  the  study  of  plants  in  their  geographical  relations,  p.  3. 

Germ :  a  growing  point ;  a  young  bud ;  sometimes  the  same  as  embryo ;  p.  136. 

Germen :  the  old  name  for  ovary. 

Germination:  the  development  of  a  plantlet  from  the  seed;  p.  5,  137. 

Gibbous :  more  tumid  at  one  place  or  on  one  side  than  the  other. 

Glabrate :  becoming  glabrous  with  age,  or  almost  glabrous. 

Glabrous :  smooth,  i.  e.  having  no  hairs,  bristles,  or  other  pubescence. 

Gladiate:  sword-shaped;  as  the  leaves  of  Iris,  fig.  134. 

Glands:  small  cellular  organs  which  secrete  oily  or  aromatic  or  other  products: 
they  are  sometimes  sunk  in  the  leaves  or  rind,  as  in  the  Orange,  Prickly 
Ash,  &c. ;  sometimes  on  the  surface  as  small  projections ;  sometimes  raised 

»on  hairs  or  bristles  (glandular  hairs,  frc.),  as  in  the  Sweetbricr  and  Sun- 
dew.    The  name  is  also  given  to  any  small  swellings,  &c.,  whether  they 

secrete  anything  or  not. 

Glandular,  Glandulose :  furnished  with  glands,  or  gland-like. 
Glans  ( Gland) :  the  acorn  or  mast  of  Oak  and  similar  fruits. 
Glaucescent :  slightly  glaucous,  or  bluish-gray. 
Glaucous :  covered  with  a  bloom,  viz.  with  a  fine  white  powder  that  rubs  off,  like 

that  on  a  fresh  plum,  or  a  cabbage-leaf. 

Globose :  spherical  in  form,  or  nearly  so.     Gldbular :  nearly  globose. 
Glochidiate  (hairs  or  bristles):  barbed;  tipped  with  barbs,  or  with  a  double 

hooked  point. 

Gldmerate :  closely  aggregated  into  a  dense  cluster. 
Gldmerule:  a  dense  head-like  cluster;  p.  83. 

Glossology :  the  department  of  Botany  in  which  technical  terms  are  explained. 
Glumaceous :  glume-like,  or  glume-bearing. 
Glume :  Glumes  are  the  husks  or  floral  coverings  of  Grasses,  or,  particularly, 

the  outer  husks  or  bracts  of  each  spikclct.    (Manual,  p.  535.) 
Glumelles :  the  inner  husks,  or  paleai,  of  Grasses. 
Gluten:  a  vegetable  product  containing  nitrogen;  p.  165. 
Granular:  composed  of  grains.     Granule:  a  small  grain. 
Growth,  p.  138. 

Grumous  or  Grumose :  formed  of  coarse  clustered  grains. 
Guttate :  spotted,  as  if  by  drops  of  something  colored. 
Gymnocdrpous :  naked-fruited. 
Gymnospennous :  naked-seeded;  p.  121. 

Gymnospe'nnce,  or  Gymnospennous  Plants,  p.  184  ;  Manual,  p.  xxiii. 
Gyndndrous :  with  stamens  borne  on,  i.  e.  united  with,  the  pistil;  p.  Ill,  fig.  226. 
Gynoicium  :  a  name  for  the  pistils  of  a  flower  taken  altogether. 
Gynobase :  a  particular  receptacle  or  support  of  the  pistils,  or  of  the  carpels  of 

a  compound  ovary,  as  in  Geranium,  fig.  277,  278, 
19 


218  GLOSSARY. 

Gynophore :  a  stalk  raising  a  pistil  above  the  stamens,  as  in  the  Cleome  Family, 

p.  276. 

Gyrate :  coiled  in  a  circle  :  same  as  circinate. 
Gyrose:  strongly  bent  to  and  fro. 

Habit :  the  general  aspect  of  a  plant,  or  its  mode  of  growth. 

Habitat :  the  situation  in  which  a  plant  grows  in  a  wild  state. 

Hairs :  hair-like  projections  or  appendages  of  the  surface  of  plants. 

Hairy :  beset  with  hairs,  especially  longish  ones. 

Halberd-shaped,  or  Halberd-headed:  see  hastate. 

Halved:  when  appearing  as  if  one  half  of  the  body  were  cut  away. 

Hamate  or  Hamose :  hooked  ;  the  end  of  a  slender  body  bent  round. 

Hdmulose :  bearing  a  small  hook  ;  a  diminutive  of  the  last. 

Hastate  or  Hastile :  shaped  like  a  halberd ;  furnished  with  a  spreading  lobe  on 

each  side  at  the  base  ;  p.  59,  fig.  97. 

Heart-shaped:  of  the  shape  of  a  heart  as  commonly  painted  ;  p.  58,  fig.  90. 
Heart-wood:  the  older  or  matured  wood  of  exogenous  trees;  p.  153. 
Helicoid :  coiled  like  a  helix  or  snail-shell. 

Helmet:  the  upper  sepal  of  Monkshood  in  this  shape,  fig.  185,  &c. 
Hemi-  (in  compounds  from  the  Greek)  :  half;  e.  g.  Hemispherical,  &c. 
He'micarp :  half-fruit,  or  one  carpel  of  an  Umbelliferous  plant. 
Hemitropous  or  Hemitropal  (ovule  or  seed):  nearly  same  as  amphitropous,  p.  123. 
Hepta-  (in  words  of  Greek  origin)  :  seven;  as, 
Heptdgynous :  with  seven  pistils  or  styles. 

Heptdtnerous :  its  parts  in  sevens.     Heptdndrous :  having  seven  stamens. 
Herb,  p.  20. 

Herbaceous:  of  the  texture  of  common  herbage;  not  woody;  p.  36. 
Herbarium:  the  botanist's  arranged  collection  of  dried  plants;  p.  201. 
Hermaphrodite  (flower) :  having  both  stamens  and  pistils  in  the  same  blossom ; 

same  as  perfect;  p.  89. 

Heterocdrpous :  bearing  fruit  of  two  sorts  or  shapes,  as  in  Amphicarprea. 
Heterdgamous :  bearing  two  or  more  sorts  of  flowers  as  to  their  stamens  and 

pistils ;  as  in  Aster,  Daisy,  and  Coreopsis. 
Heteromdrphous :  of  two  or  more  shapes. 

Heterdtropous,  or  Heterdtropal  (ovule) :  the  same  as  amphitropous;  p.  123. 
Hexa-  (in  Greek  compounds) :  six  ;  as 

Hexdgonal:  six-angled.     Hexdgynous:  with  six  pistils  or  styles. 
Hexdmerom :  its  parts  in  sixes.     Hexdndrous :  with  six  stamens. 
Hexdpterous :  six-winged. 
Hilar :  belonging  to  the  hilum. 

If  Hum  :  the  scar  of  the  seed;  its  place  of  attachment ;  p.  122,  135. 
IRppocrfpiform :  horseshoe-shaped. 
Hirsute:  hairy  with  stiffish  or  beard-like  hairs. 

Hispid:  bristly;  beset  with  stiff  hairs.     Hispfdnhus  is  a  diminutive  of  it. 
Hoary :  grayish-white  ;  see  caHescoit,  £o. 

Homdgamous :  a  head  or  cluster  with  flowers  all  of  one  kind,  as  in  Eupatorium. 
HomoycueoHS :  uniform  in  nature;  all  of  one  kind. 
HomomdlloHs  (leaves,  &c.)  :  originating  all  round  a  stem,  but  all  bent  or  curved 

round  to  one  side. 


GLOSSARY.  219 

Homomdrphous :  all  of  one  shape. 

Homotropous  or  Homtitropal  (embryo) :  curved  with  the  seed;  curved  one  way. 

Hood:  same  as  helmet  or  galea.    Hooded:  hood-shaped  ;  see  cucullate. 

Hooked:  same  as  hamate. 

Horn :  a  spur  or  some  similar  appendage.     Horny :  of  the  texture  of  horn. 

Hortus  Siccus:  an  herbarium,  or  collection  of  dried  plants ;  p.  201. 

Humifase :  spread  over  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

Hyaline :  transparent,  or  partly  so. 

Ift/brid:  a  cross-breed  between  two  allied  species. 

Hypocrate'riform :  salver-shaped;  p.  101,  fig.  202,  208. 

Hypogo&an :  produced  under  ground. 

Hypo'gynous:  inserted  under  the  pistil;  p.  103,  fig.  212. 

Icosdndrous:  having  12  or  more  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Imbricate,  Imbricated,  Imbricative :  overlapping  one  another,  like  tiles,  or  shingles 
on  a  roof,  as  the  scales  of  the  involucre  of  Zinnia,  &c.,  or  the  bud-scales  of 
Horsechesnut  (fig.  48)  and  Hickory  (fig.  49).  In  aestivation,  where  some 
leaves  of  the  calyx  or  corolla  are  overlapped  on  both  sides  by  others ;  p.  109. 

Immarginate :  destitute  of  a  rim  or  border. 

Immersed:  growing  wholly  under  water. 

Impari-pinnate :  pinnate  with  a  single  leaflet  at  the  apex;  p.  65,  fig.  126. 

Imperfect  flowers :  wanting  either  stamens  or  pistils ;  p.  89. 

Inequilateral:  unequal-sided,  as  the  leaf  of  a  Begonia. 

Incanous:  hoary  with  white  pubescence. 

Incised:  cut  rather  deeply  and  irregularly  ;  p.  62. 

Included:  enclosed  ;  when  the  part  in  question  does  not  project  beyond  another. 

Incomplete  Flower :  wanting  calyx  or  corolla ;  p.  90. 

Incrassated:  thickened. 

Incumbent :  leaning  or  resting  upon :  the  cotyledons  are  incumbent  when  the 
back  of  one  of  them  lies  against  the  radicle;  the  anthers  are  incumbent 
when  turned  or  looking  inwards,  p.  113. 

Incurved:  gradually  curving  inwards. 

Indefinite:  not  uniform  in  number,  or  too  numerous  to  mention  (over  12). 

Indefinite  or  Indeterminate  Inflorescence:  p.  77. 

Indehiscent :  not  splitting  open  ;  i.  e.  not  dehiscent ;  p.  127. 

Indigenous :  native  to  the  country. 

Individuals:  p.  173. 

Indiiplicate :  with  the  edges  turned  inwards;  p.  109. 

Indusium:  the  shield  or  covering  of  a  fruit-dot  of  a  Fern.     (Manual,  p  ,588.) 

Inferior:  growing  below  some  other  organ;  p.  104,  121. 

Inflated:  turgid  and  bladdery. 

Inflexed:  bent  inwards. 

Inflorescence:  the  arrangement  of  flowers  on  the  stem;  p.  76. 

Infra-axillary :  situated  beneath  the  axil. 

Infundibuliform  or  Infundibular:  funnel-shaped;  p.  102,  fig.  199. 

Innate  (anther) :  attached  by  its  base  to  the  very  apex  of  the  filament;  p.  113. 

Innovation :  an  incomplete  young  shoot,  especially  in  Mosses. 

Inorganic  Constituents,  p.  160. 


220  GLOSSARY. 

Insertion :  the  place  or  tho  mode  of  attachment  of  an  organ  to  its  support ;  p.  72. 

Intercellular  Passages  or  Spaces,  p.  143,  fig.  341. 

Internode:  the  part  of  a  stem  between  two  nodes  ;  p.  42. 

Interruptedly  pinnate:  pinnate  with  small  leaflets  intermixed  with  larger  ones, 

as  in  Water  Avens. 

Intrafoliaccous  (stipules,  &c.) :  placed  between  the  leaf  or  petiole  and  the  stem. 
lutmrse:  turned  or  facing  inwards,  i.  e.  towards  the  axis  of  the  flower;  p.  113. 
Inverse  or  Inverted:  where  the  apex  is  in  the  direction  opposite  to  that  of  tho 

organ  it  is  compared  with. 
Involucel :  a  partial  or  small  involucre;  p.  81. 
lurohicellate :  furnished  with  an  involucel. 
Involiicrate :  furnished  with  an  involucre. 

involucre :  a  whorl  or  set  of  bracts  around  a  flower,  umbel,  or  head ;  p.  79. 
Involute,  in  vernation,  p.  76  :  rolled  inwards  from  the  edges. 
Irregular  flowers,  p.  91. 

Jointed:  separate  or  separable  at  one  or  more  places  into  pieces ;  p.  64,  &c. 

Keel:  a  projecting  ridge  on  a  surface,  like  the  keel  of  a  boat;  the  two  anterior 

petals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla;  p.  105,  fig.  217,  218,  k. 
Keeled:  furnished  with  a  keel  or  sharp  longitudinal  ridge. 
Kernel  of  the  ovule  and  seed,  p.  122,  136. 
Kidney-shaped:  resembling  the  outline  of  a  kidney ;  p.  59,  fig.  100. 

LaMlum :  the  odd  petal  in  the  Orchis  Family. 

Labiate:  same  as  bilabiate  or  two-lipped  ;  p.  105. 

Laciniate:  slashed;  cut  into  deep  narrow  lobes  (called  Jaciuice). 

Lactescent :  producing  milky  juice,  as  does  the  Milkweed,  &c. 

Ldcunose :  full  of  holes  or  gaps. 

Levigate:  smooth  as  if  polished. 

Lamellar  or  Lamellate :  consisting  of  flat  plates  (lamellce). 

Lamina :  a  plate  or  blade  :  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  £c.,  p.  54. 

Lanate :  woolly ;  clothed  with  long  and  soft  entangled  hairs. 

Lanceolate:  lance-shaped;  p.  58,  fig.  86. 

LcMuginout:  cottony  or  woolly. 

Latent  buds :  concealed  or  undeveloped  buds  ;  p.  26,  27. 

Lateral:  belonging  to  the  side. 

Latex:  the  milky  juice,  £c.  of  plants. 

Lax :  loose  in  texture,  or  sparse ;  the  opposite  of  crowded. 

Leaf,  p.  49.     Lea  fluids,  p.  20,  27. 

Leaflet:  one  of  the  divisions  or  blades  of  a  compound  leaf;  p.  64. 

Leaf-like:  same  as  foliaccous. 

L<di/i<n/:  of  about tho  consistence  of  leather ;  coriaceous. 

Legume.:  a  simple  pod,  dehiscent  into  two  pieces,  like  that  of  the  Pea,  p.  131, 

fig.  303;  the  fruit  of  the  Pea  Family  (Leyuminosw),  of  whatever  shape. 
Leyumine,  p.  165. 

Jsriinmnons:  belonging  to  legumes,  or  to  the  Leguminous  Family. 
Lenticular:  lens-shaped;  i.  c.  flattish  and  convex  on  both  sides. 


GLOSSARY.  221 


Lepidote :  leprous  ;  covered  with  scurfy  scales. 

Liber:  the  inner,  fibrous  bark  of  Exogenous  plants;  p.  152. 

Ligneous,  or  Lignose :  woody  in  texture. 

Liyulate:  furnished  with  a  ligule  ;  p.  106. 

Ligule:  the  strap-shaped  corolla  in   many  Composite,  p.   106,  fig.   220;  the 

little  membranous  appendage  at  the  summit  of  the  leaf-sheaths  of  most 

Grasses. 

Limb:  the  blade  ot  a  leaf,  petal,  &c. ;  p.  54,  102. 
Linear:  narrow  and  flat,  the  margins  parallel;  p.  58,  fig.  85. 
Lineate:  marked  with  parallel  lines.     Lineolate:  marked  with  minute  lines. 
Lingulate,  Lingiiiform :  tongue-shaped. 
Lip:  the  principal  lobes  of  a  bilabiate  corolla  or  calyx,  p.  105  ;  the  odd  and 

peculiar  petal  in  the  Orchis  Family. 

Lobe:  any  projection  or  division  (especially  a  rounded  one)  of  a  leaf,  £c. 
Locettus  (plural  locetti) :  a  small  cell,  or  compartment  of  a  cell,  of  an  ovary  or 

anther. 

Ldcular :  relating  to  the  cell  or  compartment  (loculus)  of  an  ovary,  &c. 
Loculicidal  (dehiscence) :  splitting  down  through  the  middle  of  the  back  of  each 

cell ;  p.  132,  fig.  305. 

Locusta :  a  name  for  the  spikelet  of  Grasses. 

Loment:  a  pod  which  separates  transversely  into  joints;  p.  131,  fig.  304. 
Lomentdceous :  pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  loment. 
Ldrate :  thong-shaped. 

Lunate :  crescent-shaped.     Lunulate :  diminutive  of  lunate. 
Lyrate :  lyre-shaped ;  a  pinnatifid  leaf  of  an  obovate  or  spatulate  outline,  the 

end-lobe  large  and  roundish,  and  the  lower  lobes  small,  as  in  Winter- 
Cress  and  Radish,  fig.  59. 

Mace:  the  aril  of  the  Nutmeg;  p.  135. 

Maculate :  spotted  or  blotched. 

Male  (flowers) :  having  stamens  but  no  pistil. 

Mdmrnose :  breast-shaped. 

Marcescent :  withering  without  falling  off. 

Marginal:  belonging  to  the  edge  or  margin. 

Marginate :  margined,  with  an  edge  different  from  the  rest. 

Masked:  see  personate. 

Median  :  belonging  to  the  middle. 

Medullary:  belonging  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  pith  (medulla) ;  pithy. 

Medullary  Rays:  the  silver-grain  of  wood  ;  p.  151. 

Medullary  Sheath:  a  set  of  ducts  just  around  the  pith;  p.  151. 

membranaccous  or  Membranous :  of  the  texture  of  membrane ;  thin  and  more  or 

less  translucent. 
Meniscoid :  crescent-shaped. 

Me'ricarp :  one  carpel  of  the  fruit  of  an  Umbelliferous  plant. 
Merismatic:  separating  into  parts  by  the  formation  of  partitions  within. 
M.e~socarp:  the  middle  part  of  a  pericarp,  when  that  is  distinguishable  into  three 

layers ;  p.  128. 
Mesophlceum :  the  middle  or  green  bark. 

19* 


222  GLOSSARY. 

Micropyle:  the  closed  orifice  of  the  seed  ;  p.  135. 

Midrib:  the  middle  or  main  rib  of  a  leaf;  p.  55. 

Milk-Vessels:  p.  148. 

Miniate:  vermilion-colored. 

Mitriform :  mitre-shaped  ;  in  the  form  of  a  peaked  cap. 

Monade'lphous :  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set;  p.  111. 

Mondndrous  (flower) :  having  only  one  stamen;  p.  112. 

Moniliform :  necklace-shaped ;  a  cylindrical  body  contracted  at  intervals. 

Monochlamydcous :  having  only  one  floral  envelope,  i.  e.  calyx  but  no  corolla,  as 

Anemone,  fig.  179,  and  Castor-oil  Plant,  fig.  178. 
Monocotyle'donous  (embryo) :  with  only  one  cotyledon;  p.  16,  137. 
Monocotyledonous  Plants,  p.  150,  192. 

Monoecious,  or  Monoicous  (flower) :  having  stamens  or  pistils  only ;  p.  90. 
Mondgynous  (flower)  :  having  only  one  pistil,  or  one  style;  p.  116. 
Monopetalous  (flower) :  with  the  corolla  of  one  piece;  p.  101. 
Monophyllous :  one-leaved,  or  of  one  piece;  p.  102. 
Monose'palous :  a  calyx  of  one  piece ;  i.  e.  with  the  sepals  united  into  one  body ; 

p.  101. 

Monospe'rmous :  one-seeded. 

Monstrosity :  an  unnatural  deviation  from  the  usual  structure  or  form. 
Morphology :  the  department  of  botany  which  treats  of  the  forms  which  an  organ 

(say  a  leaf)  may  assume ;  p.  28. 

Mucronate:  tipped  with  an  abrupt  short  point  (mucro) ;  p.  60,  fig.  111. 
Mucronulate :  tipped  with  a  minute  abrupt  point ;  a  diminutive  of  the  last. 
Multi-,  in  composition  :  many  ;  as 

Multangular:  many-angled.     Multicipital :  many-headed,  &c. 
Multifarious:  in  many  rows  or  ranks.     Multifid:  many-cleft;  p.  62. 
Multildcular :  many-celled.    Multise'rial :  in  many  rows. 
Multiple  Fruits,  p.  133. 
Muricate :  beset  with  short  and  hard  points. 
Muriform :  wall-like ;  resembling  courses  of  bricks  in  a  wall. 
Muscology :  the  part  of  descriptive  botany  which  treats  of  Mosses  (i.  e.  Musci). 
Muticous :  pointless  ;  beardless ;  unarmed. 
Mycelium  :  the  spawn  of  Fungi ;  i.  e.  the  filaments  from  which  Mushrooms,  &c. 

originate. 

Ndpiform:  turnip-shaped;  p.  31,  fig.  57. 

Natural  System:  p.  195. 

Naturalized:  introduced  from  a  foreign  country,  but  growing  perfectly  wild  and 

propagating  freely  by  seed. 

Xiiri'-ilnr:  bout-shaped,  like  the  glumes  of  most  Grasses. 
Necklace-shaped:  looking  like  a  string  of  beads  ;  see  monitiform. 
Nectar :  the  honey,  &c.  secreted  by  glands,  or  by  any  part  of  the  corolla. 
Nectariferous :  honey-bearing  ;  or  having  a  nectary. 
Nectary :  the  old  name  for  petals  and  other  parts  of  the  flower  when  of  unusual 

shape,  especially  when  honey-bearing.     So  the  hollow  spur-shaped  petals  of 

Columbine  were  called  nectaries;  also  the  curious  long-clawed  petals  of 

Monkshood,  fig.  186,  &c. 


GLOSSARY.  223 

Needle-shaped:  long,  slender,  and  rigid,  like  the  leaves  of  Pines  ;  p.  68,  fig.  140. 
Nerve:  a  name  for  the  ribs  or  veins  of  leaves,  when  simple  and  parallel ;  p.  56. 
Nerved :  furnished  with  nerves,  or  simple  and  parallel  ribs  or  veins  ;  p.  56,  fig.  84. 
Netted-i-eined :  furnished  with  branching  veins  forming  network;  p.  56,  fig.  83. 
Nodding  (in  Latin  form,  Nutant) :  bending  so  that  the  summit  hangs  downward. 
Node:  a  knot ;  the  "joints  "  of  a  stem,  or  the  part  whence  a  leaf  or  a  pair  of 

leaves  springs ;  p.  40. 

Nddose:  knotty  or  knobby.     Nddulose:  furnished  with  little  knobs  or  knots. 
Normal :  according  to  rule  ;  the  pattern  or  natural  way  according  to  some  law. 
Notate :  marked  with  spots  or  lines  of  a  different  color. 
Nucamentaceous :  relating  to  or  resembling  a  small  nut. 
Nuciform :  nut-shaped  or  nut-like.     Nucule  :  a  small  nut. 
Nucleus:  the  kernel  of  an  ovule  (p.  122)  or  seed  (p.  136)  of  a  cell;  p.  140. 
Nut :  a  hard,  mostly  one-seeded  indehiscent  fruit ;  as  a  chestnut,  butternut, 

acorn;  p.  130,  fig.  299. 
Nutlet :  a  little  nut ;  or  the  stone  of  a  drupe. 

Ob-  (meaning  over  against)  :  when  prefixed  to  words,  signifies  inversion ;  as, 

Obcompressed :  flattened  the  opposite  of  the  usual  way. 

Obcdrdate:  heart-shaped  with  the  broad  and  notched  end  at  the  apex  instead  of 

the  base;  p.  60,  fig.  109. 

Obldnceolate :  lancc-shapcd  with  the  tapering  point  downwards  ;  p.  58,  fig.  91. 
Oblique :  applied  to  leaves,  &c.  means  unequal-sided. 
Oblong :  from  two  to  four  times  as  long  as  broad,  and  more  or  less  elliptical 

in  outline ;  p.  58,  fig.  87. 

Obduate:  inversely  ovate,  the  broad  end  upward  ;  p.  58,  fig.  93. 
Obtuse:  blunt,  or  round  at  the  end  ;  p.  60,  fig.  105. 
Obverse:  same  as  inverse. 
Obvoluie  (in  the  bud) :  when  the  margins  of  one  leaf  alternately  overlap  those  of 

the  opposite  one. 
Ochreate:  furnished  with  oclirece  (boots),  or  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths;  as 

in  Polygonum,  p.  69,  fig.  137. 
Ocliroleucous :  yellowish-white;  dull  cream-color. 
Octo-,  eight,  enters  into  the  composition  of 
Octdgi/nous :  with  eight  pistils  or  styles. 

Octdmerous :  its  parts  in  eights.     Octdndroits :  with  eight  stamens,  &c. 
Offset:  short  branches  next  the  ground  which  take  root ;  p.  38. 
One-ribbed,  One-nerved,  &c. :  furnished  with  only  a  single  rib,  &c.,  &c. 
Opaque,  applied  to  a  surface,  means  dull,  not  shining. 

Ope'rculate :  furnished  with  a  lid  or  cover  (operculum),  as  the  capsules  of  Mosses. 
Opposite:  said  of  leaves  and  branches  when  on  opposite  sides  of  the  stem  from 

each  other  (i.  e.  in  pairs) ;  p.  23,  71.     Stamens  are  opposite  the  petals,  &c. 

when  they  stand  before  them. 

Orbicular,  Orbiculate :  circular  in  outline  or  nearly  so ;  p.  58. 
Organ:  any  member  of  the  plant,  as  a  leaf,  a  stamen,  &c.;  p.  1. 
Organs  of  Vegetation,  p.  7  ;  of  Reproduction,  p.  77. 
Organized,  Organic:  p.  1,  158,  159,  162. 
Organic  Constituents,  p.  160.     Organic  Structure,  p.  142. 


224  GLOSSARY. 

Orthtftropous  or  Orthdtropal  (ovule  or  seed)  :  p.  122,  135,  fig.  270,  274. 
Osseous :  of  a  bony  texture. 
Oval:  broadly  elliptical;  p.  88. 

6vary:  that  part  of  the  pistil  containing  the  ovules  or  future  seeds;  p.  86,  116. 
Ovate :  shaped  like  an  egg  with  the  broader  end  downwards,  or,  in  plane  sur- 
faces, such  as  leaves,  like  the  section  of  an  egg  lengthwise ;  p.  58,  fig.  89. 
Ovoid:  ovate  or  oval  in  a  solid  form. 
Ocule:  the  body  which  is  destined  to  become  a  seed;  p.  86,  116,  122. 

Palea  (plural  palece)  :  chaff;  the  inner  husks  of  Grasses  ;  the  chaff  or  bracts  on 
the  receptacle  of  many  Compositoe,  as  Coreopsis,  fig.  220,  and  Sunflower. 

Paleaceous  :  furnished  with  chaff,  or  chaffy  in  texture. 

Palmate :  when  leaflets  or  the  divisions  of  a  leaf  all  spread  from  the  apex  of  the 
petiole,  like  the  hand  with  the  outspread  fingers  ;  p.  167,  fig.  129,  &c. 

Palmately  (veined,  lobed,  &c.)  :  in  a  palmate  manner;  p.  57,  63,  65. 

Panduriform ;  fiddle-shaped  (which  see). 

Panicle:  an  open  cluster;  like  a  raceme,  but  more  or  less  compound;  p.  81, 
fig.  163. 

Pankled,  Paniculate :  arranged  in  panicles,  or  like  a  panicle. 

Papery :  of  about  the  consistence  of  letter-paper. 

Papilionaceous:  butterfly-shaped;  applied  to  such  a  corolla  as  that  of  the  Pea 
and  the  Locust-tree;  p.  105,  fig.  217. 

Papilla  (pluml  papillce) :  little  nipple-shaped  protuberances. 

Papillate,  Papillose :  covered  with  papilla;. 

Pappus:  thistle-down.  The  down  crowning  the  achenium  of  the  Thistle,  and 
other  Composite,  represents  the  calyx ;  so  the  scales,  teeth,  chaff,  as  well 
as  bristles,  or  whatever  takes  the  place  of  the  calyx  in  this  family,  are  called 
the  pappus  ;  fig.  292-296,  p.  130. 

Parallel-veined,  or  nerved  (leaves) :  p.  55,  56. 

Pardphyses :  jointed  filaments  mixed  with  the  antheridia  of  Mosses.  (Manual, 
p.  G07.) 

Parenchyma:  soft  cellular  tissue  of  plants,  like  the  green  pulp  of  leaves. 

Parietal  (placenta,  &c.) :  attached  to  the  walls  (parietes)  of  the  ovary  or  pen- 
carp ;  p.  119,  120. 

Parted:  separated  or  cleft  into  parts  almost  to  the  base;  p.  62. 

Partial  involucre,  same  as  an  involucel :  partial  petiole,  a  division  of  a  main  leaf- 
stalk or  the  stalk  of  a  leaflet :  partial  peduncle,  a  branch  of  a  peduncle  :  par- 
tial umbel,  an  umbellet,  p.  81. 

Patent :  spreading ;  open.     Patulous :  moderately  spreading. 

Pane!-,  in  composition:  few;  as  pauci/lorous,  few-flowered,  &c. 

Pear-shdped :  solid  obovate,  the  shape  of  a  pear. 

Pectinate :  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  into  narrow  and  close  divisions,  like 
the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

Pedate :  like  a  bird's  foot ;  palmate  or  palmately  cleft,  with  the  side  divisions 
again  cleft,  as  in  Viola  pedata,  &c. 

Prdittfli/  r/<//,  lah'd,  &c.  :  cut  in  a  pcdate  way. 

Pcih'cf-f ;  the  stalk  of  each  particular  flower  of  a  cluster;  p.  78,  fig.  156. 

Pedicellate,  Pe'dicellcd :  furnished  with  a  pedicel. 


GLOSSARY.  225 

Peduncle :  a  flower-stalk,  whether  of  u  single  flower  or  of  a  flower-cluster ;  p.  78. 

Peduncled,  Pedunculate :  furnished  with  a  peduncle. 

Peltate :  shield-shaped :  said  of  a  leaf,  whatever  its  shape,  when  the  petiole  is 

attached  to  the  lower  side,  somewhere  within  the  margin  ;  p.  59,  fig.  102, 178. 
Pendent :  hanging.     Pendulous :  somewhat  hanging  or  drooping. 
Penicittate :  tipped  with  a  tuft  of  fine  hairs,  like  a  painter's  pencil ;  as  the  stig- 
mas of  some  Grasses. 

Penta-  (in  words  of  Greek  composition) :  five  ;  as 
Pentdgynous  :  with  five  pistils  or  styles  ;  p.  116. 
Pentdmerous :  with  its  parts  in  fives,  or  on  the  plan  of  five. 
Pentdndrous  :  having  five  stamens  ;  p.  112.     Pentdstichous  :  in  five  ranks. 
Pepo:  a  fruit  like  the  Melon  and  Cucumber;  p.  128. 
Perennial:  lasting  from  year  to  year;  p.  21. 
Perfect  (flower) :  having  both  stamens  and  pistils  ;  p.  89. 
Perfdliate:  passing  through  the  leaf,  in  appearance  ;  p.  67,  fig.  131,  132. 
Perforate :  pierced  with  holes,  or  with  transparent  dots  resembling  holes,  as  an 

Orange-leaf. 
Perianth' :  the  leaves  of  the  flower  generally,  especially  when  we  cannot  readily 

distinguish  them  into  calyx  and  corolla ;  p.  85. 
Pericarp  :  the  ripened  ovary  ;  the  walls  of  the  fruit ;  p.  127. 
Pericdr/nc :  belonging  to  the  pericarp. 

Pe'fi'cha-t/t :  the  cluster  of  peculiar  leaves  at  the  base  of  the  fruit-stalk  of  Mosses. 
Perichatial :  belonging  to  the  perichaeth. 
Perigoiiium,  Perifjdne:  same  as  perianth. 
Perif/yninm  :  bodies  around  the  pistil ;  applied  to  the  closed  cup  or  bottle-shaped 

body  which  encloses  the  ovary  of  Sedges,  and  to  the  bristles,  little  scales, 

&c.  of  the  flowers  of  some  other  Cypcraccoc. 

Perigijnous :  the  petals  and  stamens  borne  on  the  calyx ;  p.  104,  111. 
Peripherie :  around  the  outside,  or  periphery,  of  any  organ. 
Perisperm:  a  name  for  the  albumen  of  a  seed  (p.  136). 
Pe'ristome :  the  fringe  of  teeth,  £c.  around  the  orifice  of  the  capsule  of  Mosses. 

(Manual,  p.  607.) 
Persistent :  remaining  bej^ond  the  period  when  such  parts  commonly  fall,  as  the 

leaves  of  evergreens,  and  the  calyx,  £c.  of  such  flowers  as  remain  during 

the  growth  of  the  fruit.       "~ 
Personate:  masked  ;  a  bilabiate  corolla  with  a  projection,  or  palate,  in  the  throat, 

as  of  the  Snapdragon  ;  p.  106,  fig.  210,  211. 
Petal :  a  leaf  of  the  corolla;  p.  85. 
Petaloid:~  petal-like  ;  resembling  or  colored  like  petals. 
Pe'tiole  :  a  footstalk  of  a  leaf;  a  leaf-stalk,  p.  54. 
Petioled,  Petiolate :  furnished  with  a  petiole. 

Petidhdate :  said  of  a  leaflet  when  raised  on  its  own  partial  leafstalk. 
Phcenoyamous,  or  P/ianerdgamous :  plants  bearing  flowers  and  producing  seeds; 

same  as  Flowering  Plants  ;  p.  177,  182. 
Phyllo'dium  (plural  phyllodia]  :  a  leaf  where  the  blade  is  a  dilated  petiole,  as  in 

New  Holland  Acacias  ;  p.  69. 

Phylloidxis,  or  Phyllotaxy  :  the  arrangement  of  leaves  on  the  stem  ;  p.  71. 
Physiological  Botany,  Physiology,  p.  3. 


226  GLOSSARY. 

Phyton  :  a  name  used  to  designate  the  pieces  which  by  their  repetition  make  up 
a  plant,  theoretically,  viz.  a  joint  of  stem  with  its  leaf  or  pair  of  leaves. 

Piliferous:  bearing  a  slender  bristle  or  hair  (pilum),  or  beset  with  hairs. 

Pilose :  hairy  ;  clothed  with  soft  slender  hairs. 

Pinna  :  a  primary  branch  of  the  petiole  of  a  bipinnate  or  tripinnate  leaf,  as  fig. 
130,  p.  66. 

Pinnule  :  a  secondary  branch  of  the  petiole  of  a  bipinnate  or  tripinnate  leaf ;  p.  66. 

Pinnate  (leaf)  :  when  the  leaflets  are  arranged  along  the  sides  of  a  common  pe- 
tiole ;  p.  65,  fig.  126-128. 

Pinnately  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  divided,  &c.,  p.  63. 

Pinndtifid:  same  as  pinnately  cleft ;  p.  63,  fig.  119. 

Pistil:  the  seed-bearing  organ  of  the  flower  ;  p.  86,  116. 

Pistillidium  :  the  body  which  in  Mosses,  Liverworts,  &c.  answers  to  the  pistiL 

Pitchers,  p.  51,  fig.  79,  80. 

Pith :  the  cellular  centre  of  an  exogenous  stem  ;  p.  150,  151. 

Pitted :  having  small  depressions  or  pits  on  the  surface,  as  many  seeds. 

Placenta :  the  surface  or  part  of  the  ovary  to  which  the  ovules  are  attached ; 
p.  118. 

Plaited  (in  the  bud) ;  p.  76,  fig.  150;  p.  110,  fig.  225. 

Plane :  flat,  outspread. 

Plicate :  same  as  plaited. 

Plumose:  feathery;  when  any  slender  body  (such  as  a  bristle  of  a  pappus)  is 
beset  with  hairs  along  its  sides,  like  the  plumes  or  the  beard  on  a  feather. 

Plumule :  the  little  bud  or  first  shoot  of  a  germinating  plantlet  above  the  cotyle* 
dons  ;  p.  6,  fig.  5 ;  p.  137. 

Plitri-,  in  composition  :  many  or  several ;  as 

Plurifoliolate :  with  several  leaflets  ;  p.  66. 

Pod:  specially  a  legume,  p.  131 ;  also  applied  to  any  sort  of  capsule. 

Ptidosperm :  the  stalk  of  a  seed. 

Pointless:  destitute  of  any  pointed  tip,  such  as  a  mucro,  awn,  acumination,  &c. 

Pollen:  the  fertilizing  powder  of  the  anther  ;  p.  86,  114. 

Pollen-mass :  applied  to  the  pollen  when  the  grains  all  cohere  into  a  mass,  as  in 
Milkweed  and  Orchis. 

Poly-  (in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin)  :  same  as  multi-  in  those  of  Latin 
origin,  viz.  many  ;  as 

Polyadelphous:  having  the  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  several  bun. 
dies;  p.  112. 

Polydndrous :  with  numerous  (more  than  20)  stamens  (inserted  on  the  recep- 
tacle) ;  p.  112. 

Polycotyle'donous :  having  many  (more  than  two)  cotyledons,  as  Pines;   p.  17, 
137,  fig.  45,  46. 

Polygamous  :  having  some  perfect  and  some  separated  flowers,  on  the  same  or  on 
different  individuals,  as  the  Red  Maple. 

Polygonal :  many-angled. 

Polycjynous :  with  many  pistils  or  styles  ;  p.  116. 

Polynia rous :  formed  of  many  parts  of  each  set. 

Polymorphous  :  of  several  or  varying  forms. 

Pol  i/pcf  alous  :  when  the  petals  are  distinct  or  separate  (whether  few  or  many); 
p.  103. 


GLOSSARY.  227 


Polyphyllous :  many-leaved ;  formed  of  several  distinct  pieces,  as  the  calyx  of 

Sedum,  fig.  168,  Flax,  fig.  174,  &c. 

Polysepalous :  same  as  the  last  when  applied  to  the  calyx  ;  p.  103. 
Poh/spcrmous :  many-seeded. 

Pome:  the  apple,  pear,  and  similar  fleshy  fruits  ;  p.  128. 
Porous :  full  of  holes  or  pores. 

Pouch  :  the  silicic  or  short  pod,  a?  of  Shepherd's  Purse  ;  p.  133. 
Prccfloration  :  same  as  estivation;  p.  108. 
Pr defoliation :  same  as  vernation;  p.  75. 
Prcemdrse .-  ending  abruptly,  as  if  bitten  off. 

Prickles  :  sharp  elevations  of  the  bark,  coming  off  with  it,  as  of  the  Rose ;  p.  39. 
Prickly :  bearing  prickles,  or  sharp  projections  like  them. 
Primine :  the  outer  coat  of  the  covering  of  the  ovule  ;  p.  124. 
Primdrdial :  earliest  formed  ;  primordial  leaves  are  the  first  after  the  cotyledons. 
Prismatic :  prism-shaped ;  having  three  or  more  angles  bounding  flat  or  hollowed 

sides. 

Process :  any  projection  from  the  surface  or  edge  of  a  body. 
Procumbent :  trailing  on  the  ground ;  p.  37. 
Produced :  extended  or  projecting,  as  the  upper  sepal  of  a  Larkspur  is  produced 

above  into  a  spur  ;  p.  91,  fig.  183. 
Proliferous  (literally,  bearing  offspring)  r  where  a  new  branch  rises  from  an 

older  one,  or  one  head  or  cluster  of  flowers  out  of  another,  as  in  Filago 

Germanica,  &c. 

Prostrate  :  lying  flat  on  the  ground. 

Prdteine:  a  vegetable  product  containing  nitrogen  ;  p.  165. 
Protoplasm  :  the  soft  nitrogenous  lining  or  contents  of  cells  ;  p.  165. 
Pniinosf,  Pruinate :  frosted  ;  covered  with  a  powder  like  hoar-frost. 
Pul)e'rulent :  covered  with  fine  and  short,  almost  imperceptible  down. 
Pubescent :  hairy  or  downy,  especially  with  fine  and  soft  hairs  or  pubescence. 
Pulverulent,  or  Pulveraceous :  dusted ;  covered  with  fine  powder,  or  what  looks 

like  such. 

Pulvinate :  cushioned,  or  shaped  like  a  cushion. 
Punctate :  dotted,  either  with  minute  holes  or  what  look  as  such  (as  the  leaves  of 

St.  John's-wort  arid  the  Orange),  or  with  minute  projecting  dots. 
Pungent :  very  hard,  and  sharp-pointed  ;  prickly-pointed. 
Putdmen:  the  stone  of  a  drupe,  or  the  shell  of  a  nut ;  p.  128. 
Pyramidal :  shaped  like  a  pyramid. 

Pyre'ne,  Pyrena :  a  seed-like  nutlet  or  stone  of  a  small  drupe. 
Pyxis,  Pyxidium :  a  pod  opening  round  horizontally  by  a  lid ;  p.  133,  fig.  298, 31 1. 

Quadri-,  in  words  of  Latin  origin  •.  four ;  as 

Quadrangular:  four-angled.     Quadrifoliate :  four-leaved. 

Quddrifid:  four-cleft;  p   62. 

Quaternate  :  in  fours.     Qninate :  in  fives. 

Quincuncial :  in  a  quincunx  ;  when  the  parts  in  aestivation  are  five,  two  of  them 

outside,  two  inside,  and  one  half  out  and  half  in,  as  shown  in  the  calyx, 

fig.  224. 
Quintuple:  fire-fold. 


228  GLOSSARY. 

Race:  a  marked  variety  which  may  be  perpetuated  from  seed  ;  p.  174. 

Raceme :  a  flower-cluster,  with  one-flowered  pedicels  arranged  along  the  sides  of 

a  general  peduncle  ;  p.  78,  fig.  156. 
Racemose :  bearing  racemes,  or  raceme-like. 
Rac/tis :  see  rhacliis. 
Radial :  belonging  to  the  ray. 

Radiate,  or  Radiant:  furnished  with  ray-flowers  ;  p.  107. 
Radical:  belonging  to  the  root,  or  apparently  coming  from  the  root. 
Rddicant :  rooting,  taking  root  on  or  above  the  ground,  like  the  stems  of  Trum- 
pet-Creeper and  Poison-Ivy. 
Rddicels :  little  roots  or  rootlets. 
Radicle :  the  stem-part  of  the  embryo,  the  lower  end  of  which  forms  the  root ;  p. 

6,  fig.  4,  &c. ;  p.  137. 

Rameal:  belonging  to  a  branch.     Ramose:  full  of  branches  (rami). 
Rdmitlose :  full  of  branchlets  (ramuli). 
Raphe :  sec  rhaphe. 
Ray :  the  marginal  flowers  of  a  head  (as  of  Coreopsis,  p.  107,  fig.  219)  or  cluster 

(as  of  Hydrangea,  fig.  167),  when  different  from  the  rest,  especially  when 

ligulate,  and  diverging  (like  rays  or  sunbeams) ;  the  branches  of  an  umbel, 

which  diverge  from  a  centre ;  p.  79. 
Receptacle:  the  axis  or  support  of  a  flower;  p.  86,  124;  the  common  axis  or 

support  of  a  head  of  flowers  ;  fig.  230. 
Reclined:  turned  or  curved  downwards;  nearly  recumbent. 
Recurved:  curved  outwards  or  backwards. 

Redvplicate  (in  estivation) :  valvate  with  the  margins  turned  outwards,  p.  109. 
Re  flexed :  bent  outwards  or  backwards. 
Refracted:  bent  suddenly,  so  as  to  appear  broken  at  the  bend. 
Regular :  all  the  parts  similar;  p.  89. 
Re'niform:  kidney-shaped  ;  p.  58,  fig.  100. 
Repdnd :  wavy-margined  ;  p.  62,  fig.  115, 
Re'pent :  creeping,  i.  e.  prostrate  and  rooting  underneath. 
Re'plum  :  the  persistent  frame  of  some  pods  (as  of  Prickly  Poppy  and  Cress), 

after  the  valves  fall  away. 

Reproduction,  organs  of:  all  that  pertains  to  the  flower  and  fruit;  p.  76. 
Re supinate :  inverted,  or  appearing  as  if  upside  down,  or  reversed. 
Retiai/atcd :  the  veins  forming  network,  as  in  fig.  50,  83. 
Retro  flexed :  bent  backwards  ;  same  as  re  flexed. 
Refuse:  blunted;  the  apex  not  only  obtuse,  but  somewhat  indented;  p.  60, 

fig.  107. 

Re'i-olute :  rolled  backwards,  as  the  margins  of  many  leaves  ;  p.  76. 
Rhachis  (the  backbone)  :  the  axis  of  a  spike,  or  other  body  ;  p.  78. 
Rliaphe :  the  continuation  of  the  seed-stalk  along  the  side  of  an  anatropous  ovule 

(p.  123)  or  seed  ;  fig.  273,  r,  319  and  320,  6. 

Rhdpliides :  crystals,  especially  needle-shaped  ones,  in  the  tissues  of  plants. 
Rhizdma:  ft  rootstock  ;  p.  40,  fig.  64-67. 

Rhombic :  in  the  shape  of  a  rhomb.     Rhomlmidal :  approaching  that  shape. 
Rib :  the  principal  piece,  or  one  of  the  principal  pieces,  of  the  framework  of  a 

leaf,  p.  55  ;  or  any  similar  elevated  line  along  a  body. 


GLOSSARY.  229 

Ring :  an  clastic  band  on  the  spore-cases  of  Ferns.     (Manual,  p.  587,  plate  9r 

fig.  2,  3.) 

Ringent:  grinning;  gaping  open;  p.  102,  fig.  209. 
Root,  p.  28. 
Root-hairs,  p.  31,  149. 

Rootlets  :  small  roots,  or  root-branches  ;  p.  29. 

Rootstock :  root-like  trunks  or  portions  of  stems  on  or  under  ground ;  p.  40. 
Rosaceous :  arranged  like  the  petals  of  a  rose. 
Rostellate:  bearing  a  small  beak  (rostellum). 
Rdstrate :  bearing  a  beak  (rostrum)  or  a  prolonged  appendage. 
Rdsulate :  in  a  regular  cluster  of  spreading  leaves,  resembling  a  full  or  double 

rose,  as  the  leaves  of  Houseleek,  &c. 
Rdtate:  wheel-shaped  :  p.  101,  fig.  204,  205. 
Rotund :  rounded  or  roundish  in  outline. 

Rudimentary  :  imperfectly  developed,  or  in  an  early  state  of  development. 
Rugose :  wrinkled,  roughened  with  wrinkles. 
Ruminated  (albumen)  :  penetrated  with  irregular  channels  or  portions  filled  with 

softer  matter,  as  a  nutmeg. 
Runcinate :  coarsely  saw-toothed  or  cut,  the  pointed  teeth  turned  towards  the 

base  of  the  leaf,  as  the  leaf  of  a  Dandelion. 
Runner :  a  slender  and  prostrate  branch,  rooting  at  the  end,  or  at  the  joints,  as 

of  a  Strawberry,  p.  38. 

Sac :  any  closed  membrane,  or  a  deep  purse-shaped  cavity. 

Sagittate :  arrowlicad-shaped  ;  p.  59,  fig.  95. 

Salver-shaped,  or  Salver-form  :  with  a  border  spreading  at  right  angles  to  a  slen- 
der tube,  as  the  corolla  of  Phlox,  p.  101,  fig.  208,  202. 

Samara  :  a  wing-fruit,  or  key,  as  of  Maple,  p.  5,  fig.  1,  Ash,  p.  131,  fig.  300,  and 
Elm,  fig.  301. 

Sdmaroid:  like  a  samara  or  key-fruit. 

Sap:  the  juices  of  plants  generally.  Ascending  or  crude  sap;  p.  161,  168. 
Elaborated  sap,  that  which  has  been  digested  or  assimilated  by  the  plant ; 
p.  162,  169. 

Sdrcocarp:  the  fleshy  part  of  a  stone-fruit,  p.  128. 

Sarmentdceous :  bearing  long  and  flexible  twigs  (sarments),  either  spreading  or 
procumbent. 

Saw-toothed:  see  serrate. 

Scabrous :  rough  or  harsh  to  the  touch. 

Scaldriform :  with  cross-bands,  resembling  the  steps  of  a  ladder. 

Scales :  of  buds,  p.  22,  50  ;  of  bulbs,  &c.,  p.  40,  46,  50. 

Scaly :  furnished  with  scales,  or  scale-like  in  texture  ;  p.  46,  &c. 

Scandent :  climbing;  p.  37. 

Scape :  a  peduncle  rising  from  the  ground,  or  near  it,  as  of  the  stemless  Violeta, 
the  Bloodroot,  £c. 

Scdpiform  :  scape-like. 

Scar  of  the  seed,  p.  135.     Leaf-scars,  p.  21. 

Scdrious  or  Scariose  :  thin,  dry,  and  membranous. 

Scobiform :  resembling  sawdust. 
20 


230  GLOSSARY. 

Scdrpioid  or  Scorpioidal :  curved  or  oircinatc  at  the  end,  like  the  tail  of  a  scor- 
pion, as  the  inflorescence  of  Heliotrope. 

Scrobiculate :  pitted  ;  excavated  into  shallow  pits. 

Scurf,  Scurfiness :  minute  scales  oil  the  surface  of  many  leaves,  as  of  Goosefoot, 
Buffalo-berry,  &c. 

Scutate :  buckler-shaped. 

Scutc'llate,  or  Scutellfform  :  saucer-shaped  or  platter-shaped. 

Se'cund :  one-sided ;  i.  e.  where  flowers,  leaves,  &c.  are  all  turned  to  one  side. 

Secundine :  the  inner  coat  of  the  ovule  ;  p.  124. 

Seed,  p.  134.     Seed-coats,  p.  134.     Seed-vessel,  p.  127. 

Segment :  a  subdivision  or  lobe  of  any  cleft  body. 

Segregate :  separated  from  each  other. 

Semi-  (in  compound  words  of  Latin  origin)  :  half;  as 

Semi-adherent,  as  the  calyx  or  ovary  of  Purslane,  fig.  214.  Semicordate :  half- 
heart-shaped.  Semilunar:  like  a  half-moon.  Semiovate :  half-ovate,  &c. 

Seminal :  relating  to  the  seed.     Seminiferous :  seed-bearing. 

Sempe'n'irent :  evergreen. 

Sepal :  a  leaf  or  division  of  the  calyx  ;  p.  85. 

Se'paloid :  sepal-like.     Sepaline :  relating  to  the  sepals. 

Separated  Flowers :  those  having  stamens  or  pistils  only ;  p.  89. 

Septate:  divided  by  partitions  (septa). 

Se'ptenate :  with  parts  in  sevens. 

Septicidal :  where  a  pod  in  dehiscence  splits  through  the  partitions,  dividing 
each  into  two  layers  ;  p.  132,  fig.  306. 

Septfferous :  bearing  the  partition. 

Septifragal :  where  the  valves  of  a  pod  in  dehiscence  break  away  from  the  par- 
titions ;  p.  132. 

Septum  (plural  septa)  :  a  partition,  as  of  a  pod,  &c. 

Serial,  or  Seriate:  in  rows ;  as  biserial,  in  two  rows,  &c. 

Sericeous :  silky  ;  clothed  with  satiny  pubescence. 

Serdtinous :  happening  late  in  the  season. 

Serrate,  or  Serrated:  the  margin  cut  into  teeth  (serratures)  pointing  forwards; 
p.  61,  fig.  112. 

Serrulate :  same  as  the  last,  but  with  fine  teeth. 

Sessile. :  sitting ;  without  any  stalk,  as  a  leaf  destitute  of  petiole,  or  an  anther 
destitute  of  filament. 

Seta :  a  bristle,  or  a  slender  body  or  appendage  resembling  a  bristle. 

Setaceous:  bristle-like.     Set  i  form  :  bristle-shaped. 

Sctigerons :  bearing  bristles.     Setose:  beset  with  bristles  or  bristly  hairs. 

Sex:  six  ;  in  composition.     Sexangular:  six-angled,  &c. 

Sheath  :  the  base  of  such  loaves  as  those  of  Grasses,  which  are 

Shcatliing :  wrapped  round  the  stem. 

Shield-shaped:  same  as  scutate,  or  as  peltate,  p.  59. 

Shrub,  p.  21. 

Sfymoid:  curved  in  two  directions,  like  the  letter  S,  or  the  Greek  sigma. 

Si/icttlosc. :  bearing  a  silicic,  or  a  fruit  resembling  it. 

Sfh'cle:  a  pouch,  or  short  pod  of  the  Cress  Family  ;  p.  133. 

Silfque:  a  longer  pod  of  the  Cress  Family  ;  p.  133,  fig.  310. 


GLOSSARY.  231 

Siliquose :  bearing  siliques  or  pods  which  resemble  siliques, 
Silky:  glossy  with  a  coat  of  fine  and  soft,  close-pressed,  straight  hairs. 
Silver-grain  of  wood. ;  p.  151. 

Silvery :  shining  white  or  bluish-gray,  usually  from  a  silky  pubescence. 
Simple :  of  one  piece  ;  opposed  to  compound. 
Sinistrorse :  turned  to  the  left. 

Sinuate :  strongly  wavy ;  with  the  margin  alternately  bowed  inwards  and  out- 
wards; p.  62,  fig.  116. 

jSlfniw :  a  recess  or  bay ;  the  re-entering  angle  or  space  between  two  lobes  or  pro- 
jections. 

Sleep  of  Plants  (so  called),  p.  170. 
Soboltferous :  bearing  shoots  from  near  the  ground. 
Solitary :  single  ;  not  associated  with  others. 
Sorus  (plural  sori) :  the  proper  name  of  a  fruit-dot  of  Ferns. 
Spadix:  a  fleshy  spike  of  flowers ;  p.  80,  fig.  162. 
Spatfiaceous :  resembling  or  furnished  with  a 
Spathe:  a  bract  which  inwraps  an  inflorescence;  p.  80,  fig.  162. 
Spdtulate,  or  Spathulate:  shaped  like  a  spatula;  p.  58,  fig.  92. 
Special  Movements,  p.  170. 
Species,  p.  173. 

Specific  Character,  p.  181.     Specific  Names,  p.  179. 
Spicate:  belonging  to  or  disposed  in  a  spike. 
Spiciform :  in  shape  resembling  a  spike. 

Spike :  an  inflorescence  like  a  raceme,  only  the  flowers  are  sessile ;  p.  80,  fig.  160; 
Spikelet:  a  small  or  a  secondary  spike;  the  inflorescence  of  Grasses. 
Spine :  a  thorn  ;  p.  39. 

Spindle-shaped-  tapering  to  each  end,  like  a  radish  ;  p.  31,  fig.  59k 
Spinescent :  tipped  by  or  degenerating  into  a  thorn. 
Spinose,  or  Spiniftrous:  thorny. 
Spiral  arrangement  of  leaves,  p.  72.     Spiral  vessels  or  ducts,  p.  148. 

rdngia,  or  Spdrocarps :  spore-cases  of  Ferns,  Mosses,  £c. 

:  a  body  resulting  from  the  fructification  of  Cryptogamous  plants,  in  them 
taking  the  place  of  a  seed. 

'rule:  same  as  a  spore,  or  a  small  spore. 

r:  any  projecting  appendage  of  the  flower,  looking  like  a  spur,  as  that  of 
Larkspur,  fig.  183. 

Stjuamate,  Squamose,  or  Squamaceous :  furnished  with  scales  (squamce). 
Squame'llate  or  Squdmulose :  furnished  with  little  scales  (squamellce  or  squamulce). 
Squdmiform :  shaped  like  a  scale. 
Squarrose:  where  scales,  leaves,  or  any  appendages,  are  spreading  widely  from 

the  axis  on  which  they  are  thickly  set. 
Squdrritlose :  diminutive  of  squarrose;  slightly  squarrose. 
Stalk :  the  stem,  petiole,  peduncle,  £c.,  as  the  case  may  be. 

men,  p.  86,  111. 

minate :  furnished  with  stamens;  p.  89.     Stamineal:  relating  to  the  stamens. 
Stamhiridium :  an  abortive  stamen,  or  other  body  resembling  a  sterile  stamen. 
Standard:  the  upper  petal  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla;  p.  105,  fig.  217,  218,  *. 
a  well-known  vegetable  product ;  p.  163. 


Sta 

\i 

Sta 
Starch 


232  GLOSSARY. 

Station :  the  particular  place,  or  kind  of  situation,  in  which  a  plant  naturally 

occurs. 
Stellate,  Stellular:  starry  or  star-like;  where  several  similar  parts  spread  oat 

from  a  common  centre,  like  a  star. 
Stem,  p.  36,  £c. 

Stemless :  destitute  or  apparently  destitute  of  stem. 
Sterile :  barren  or  imperfect ;  p.  89. 

Stigma  :  the  part  of  the  pistil  which  receives  the  pollen ;  p.  87. 
Stiy  mafic,  or  Sti'jmatose :  belonging  to  the  stigma. 
Stipe  (Latin  stipes)  •  the  stalk  of  a  pistil,  &c.,  when  it  has  any ;  the  stem  of  a 

Mushroom. 

Stipel:  a  stipule  of  a  leaflet,  as  of  the  Bean,  £c. 
Stipe'llate:  furnished  with  stipels,  as  the  Bean  and  some  other  Leguminous 

plants. 

Stipitate :  furnished  with  a  stipe,  as  the  pistil  of  Cleome,  fig.  276. 
Stipulate :  furnished  with  stipules. 

Stipules :  the  appendages  one  each  side  of  the  base  of  certain  leaves ;  p.  69. 
Stolons :  trailing  or  reclined  and  rooting  shoots ;  p.  37. 
Stoloniferous :  producing  stolons. 

Stomate  (Latin  stoma,  plural  stomata) :  the  breathing-pores  of  leaves,  &c. ;  p.  156. 
Strap-shaped:  long,  flat,  and  narrow;  p.  106. 
Striate,  or  Striated:   marked  with  slender  longitudinal  grooves  or  channels- 

(Latin  strice). 

Strict :  close  and  narrow  ;  straight  and  narrow. 

Str/yillose,  Striyose :  beset  with  stout  and  appresscd,  scale-like  or  rigid  bristles. 
Strobildceous :  relating  to,  or  resembling  a 
Strdbile :  a  multiple  fruit  in  the  form  of  a  cone  or  head,  as  that  of  the  Hop  and 

of  the  Pine;  fig.  314,  p.  133. 

Strdphiole:  same  as  caruncle.     Strophiolate :  furnished  with  a  strophiole. 
Struma:  a  wen  ;  a  swelling  or  protuberance  of  any  organ. 
Style:  a  part  of  the  pistil  which  bears  the  stigma  ;  p.  86. 
Sfylopo'dhim :  an  cpigynous  disk,  or  an  enlargement  at  the  base  of  the  style, 

found  in  Umbelliferous  and  some  other  plants. 

Sub-,  as  a  prefix  :  about,  nearly,  somewhat ;  as  subcordate,  slightly  cordate  :  sub- 
serrate,  slightly  sen-ate  :  subaxillary ,  just  beneath  the  axil,  &c.,  &c. 
Suberose:  corky  or  cork-like  in  texture. 
Subclass,  p.  177,  183.    Suborder,  p.  176.     Subtribe,  p.  177. 
Subulate :  awl-shaped  ;  tapering  from  a  broadish  or  thickish  base  to  a  sharp 

point ;  p.  68. 

Succulent:  juicy  or  pulpy. 

Suckers:  shoots  from  subterranean  branches;  p.  37. 
f>>(frrnttfsrent :  slightly  shrubby  or  woody  at  the  base  only  ;  p.  36. 
Siifjar,  p.  163. 

Sulcnte:  grooved  longitudinally  with  deep  furrows. 
Supemuatewtry  Buds:  p.  26. 

Sup&rrolntp:  plaited  and  convolute  in  bud  ;  p.  110,  fig.  225. 
Sirpra-arHhiri/:  borne  above  the  axil,  as  some  buds  ;  p.  26,  fig.  52. 
Supra-dccomjiound :  many  times  compounded  or  divided. 


Suspe 
s 


GLOSSAKY.  233 

SurcuJose :  producing  suckers,  or  shoots  resembling  them. 

nded:  hanging  down.     Suspended  ovules  or  seeds  hang  from  the  very 
ummit  of  the  cell  which  contains  them;  p.  122,  fig.  269. 
Sutured:  belonging  or  relating  to  a  suture. 
Suture:  the  line  of  junction  of  contiguous  parts  grown  together  ;  p.  117. 
Sword-shaped:  vertical  leaves  with  acute  parallel  edges,  tapering  above  to  a 

point;  as  those  of  Iris,  fig.  133. 

Symmetrical  Flower:  similar  in  the  number  of  parts  of  each  set;  p.  89. 
Syndntherous,  or  Syngenesious:  where  stamens  are  united  by  their  anthers ;  p.  112, 

fig.  229. 

Syncdrpous  (fruit  or  pistil) :  composed  of  several  carpels  consolidated  into  one. 
System,  p.  195. 
Systematic  Botany:  the  study  of  plants  after  their  kinds;  p.  3. 

Taper-pointed:  same  as  acuminate ;  p.  60,  fig.  103. 

Tap-root :  a  root  with  a  stout  tapering  body ;  p.  32. 

Tawny:  dull  yellowish,  with  a  tinge  of  brown. 

Taxonomy:  the  part  of  Botany  which  treats  of  classification. 

Teg  men :  a  name  for  the  inner  seed-coat. 

Tendril:  a  thread-shaped  body  used  for  climbing,  p.  38:  it  is  either  a  branch, 

as  in  Virginia  Creeper,  fig.  62 ;  or  a  part  of  a  leaf,  as  in  Pea  and  Vetch, 

fig.  127. 

Terete :  long  and  round ;  same  as  cylindrical,  only  it  may  taper. 
Terminal:  borne  at,  or  belonging  to,  the  extremity  or  summit. 
Terminology :  the  part  of  the  science  which  treats  of  technical  terms ;  same  as 

glossology. 

Ternate:  in  threes;  p.  66.     Ternately :  in  a  tcrnate  way. 
Testa :  the  outer  (and  usually  the  harder)  coat  or  shell  of  the  seed ;  p.  134. 
Tetra-  (in  words  of  Greek  composition) :  four;  as, 
Tetracdccous :  of  four  cocci  or  carpels. 
Tetradijnamous :  where  a  flower  has  six  stamens,  two  of  them  shorter  than  tha^ 

other  four,  as  in  Mustard,  p.  92,  112,  fig.  188. 

Tetragonal:  four-angled.     Tetrdgynous :  with  four  pistils  or  styles ;  p.  116. 
Tetrdmerous :  with  its  parts  or  sets  in  fours. 
Tetrdndrous:  with  four  stamens ;  p.  112. 
Theca :  a  case  ;  the  cells  or  lobes  of  the  anther. 
Thorn :  see  spine ;  p.  39. 
Thread -shaped :  slender  and  round,  or  roundish  like  a  thread ;  as  the  filament  of 

stamens  generally. 
Throat :  the  opening  or  gorge  of  a  monopetalous  corolla,  &c.,  where  the  border 

and  the  tube  join,  and  a  little  below. 

Thyrse  or  Thyrsus:  a  compact  and  pyramidal  panicle;  p.  81. 
Tomentose :  clothed  with  matted  woolly  hairs  (tomentum). 
Tongue-shaped:  long,  flat,  but  thickish,  and  blunt. 
Toothed:  furnished  with  teeth  or  short  projections  of  any  sort  on  the  margin ; 

used  especially  when  these  are  sharp,  like  saw-teeth,  and  do  not  point  for- 
wards ;  p.  61,  fig.  113. 
Top-shaped:  shaped  like  a  top,  or  a  cone  with  its  apex  downwards. 

.; 


234  GLOSSARY. 

Tdrose,  Tdrulose :  knobby ;  where  a  cylindrical  body  is  swollen  at  interrals. 

Torus:  the  receptacle  of  the  flower;  p.  86,  124. 

Tree,  p.  21. 

Tri-t  in  composition  :  three ;  as 

Triadelpftous :  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  three  bundles;  p.  112. 

Tridndrous :  where  the  flower  has  three  stamens  ;  p.  112. 

Tribe,  p.  176. 

Trichdtomous  :  three-forked.     Tricdccous :  of  three  cocci  or  roundish  carpels. 

Tricolor:  having  three  colors.     Tricdstate:  having  three  ribs. 

Tricuspidate :  three-pointed.     Tride'ntate :  three-toothed. 

Triennial :  lasting  for  three  years. 

Trifdrious :  in  three  vertical  rows  ;  looking  three  ways. 

Trifid:  three-cleft;  p.  62. 

Trifoliate :  three-leaved.     Trifdliolate :  of  three  leaflets  ;  p.  66. 

Trifurcate:  three-forked.     Trigonous:  three-angled,  or  triangular. 

Tnaunous:  with  three  pistils  or  styles  ;  p.  116.    Trfjvgate:  in  three  pairs 

Trildbed,  or  Trilobate :  three-lobed ;  p.  62. 

Trildcular:  three-celled,  as  the  pistils  or  pods  in  fig.  225-227. 

Trimerous :  with  its  parts  in  threes,  as  Trillium,  fig.  189. 

Trine'rvate :  three-nerved,  or  with  three  slender  ribs. 

Trioecious :  where  there  are  three  sorts  of  flowers  on  the  same  or  different  indi- 
viduals ;  as  in  Red  Maple. 

Tripartite :  separable  into  three  pieces.-    Tripartite :  three-parted ;  p.  62. 

Tripe'talous :  having  three  petals  ;  as  in  fig.  189. 

Triphyllons :  three-leaved  ;  composed  of  three  pieces. 

Tripinnate:  thrice  pinnate;  p.  66.     Tripinndtijid :  thrice  pinnately  cleft;  p.  64. 

Triple-ribbed,  Triple-nerved,  &c. :  where  a  midrib  branches  into  three  near  the 
base  of  the  leaf,  as  in  Sunflower. 

Triquetrous :  sharply  three-angled  ;  and  especially  with  the  sides  concave,  like  a 
bayonet. 

Triserial,  or  Triseriate:  in  three  rows,  under  each  other. 

Tristichoiis :  in  three  longitudinal  or  perpendicular  ranks. 

Tristigmdtic,  or  Trisfigmatose :  having  three  stigmas. 

Trisulcate :  three-grooved. 

Trite'rnate :  three  times  temate  ;  p.  67. 

Trivial  Name :  the  specific  name. 

Trochlear :  pulley-shaped. 

TrumfKt-shaped :  tubular,  enlarged  at  or  towards  the  summit,  as  the  corolla  of 
Trumpet-Creeper. 

Truncate :  as  if  cut  off  at  the  top  ;  p.  60,  fig.  106. 

Tube,  p.  102. 

Trunk :  the  main  stem  or  general  body  of  a  stem  or  tree. 

Tuber:  a  thickened  portion  of  a  subterranean  stem  or  branch,  provided  with  eye* 
(buds)  on  the  sides  ;  as  a  potato,  p.  43,  fig.  68. 

Tubercle:  a  small  excrescence. 

Tubcrcled,  or  Tuberculate :  bearing  excrescences  or  pimples. 

Tuberous:  resembling  a  tuber.     Tuberiferotis :  bearing  tubers. 

Tubular:  hollow  and  of  an  elongated  form ;  hollowed  like  a  pipe. 


GLOSSARY.  235 

Tumid :  swollen ;  somewhat  inflated. 

Tunicate :  coated  ;  invested  with  layers,  as  an  onion  ;  p.  46. 

Turbinate:  top-shaped.     Turgid:  thick  as  if  swollen. 

Turio  (plural  turanes) :  young  shoots  or  suckers  springing  out  of  the  ground ;  as 

Asparagus-shoots. 

Turnip-shaped:  broader  than  high,  and      rnptly  narrowed  below;  p.  32,  fig.  57. 
Twin:  in  pairs  (see geminate) ,  as  the  flowers  of  Linnsea 
Twining :  ascending  by  coiling  round  a  support,  like  the  Hop  ;  p.  37. 
Typical :  well  expressing  the  characteristics  of  a  species,  genus,  &c. 

Umbel:  the  umbrella-like  form  of  inflorescence ;  p.  79,  fig.  159. 

Umbeilate :  in  umbels.     Umbelliferous :  bearing  umbels. 

Umbellet:  a  secondary  or  partial  umbel ;  p.  81. 

Umbilicate :  depressed  in  the  centre,  like  the  ends  of  an  apple. 

Umbonate:  bossed  ;  furnished  with  a  low,  rounded  projection  like  a  boss  (umbo}- 

Umbrdculfform ;  umbrella-shaped,  like  a  Mushroom,  or  the  top  of  the  style  of 

Sarracenia. 

Unarmed :  destitute  of  spines,  prickles,  and  the  like. 
Uncinate :  hook-shaped  ;  hooked  over  at  the  end. 
Under-shrub :  partially  shrubby,  or  a  very  low  shrub. 
Undulate :  wavy,  or  wavy-margined  ;  p.  62. 

Unequally  pinnate :  pinnate  with  an  odd  number  of  leaflets;  p.  65. 
Unguiculale:  furnished  with  a  claw  (unguis)  ;  p.  102,  i.  e.  a  narrow  base,  as  the 

petals  of  a  Rose,  where  the  claw  is  very  short,  and  those  of  Pinks  (fig.  200), 

where  the  claw  is  very  long. 
Uni-,  in  compound  words  :  one  ;  as 
Uniftdrous :  one-flowered.     Unifoliate :  one-leaved. 
Unifdliolate :  of  one  leaflet;  p.  66.     Unijugate:  of  one  pair. 
Unildbiate:  one-lipped.     Unilateral:  one-sided. 

Unildcular:  one-celled,  as  the  pistil  in  fig.  261,  and  the  anther  in  fig.  238,  239. 
Unidvulate:  having  only  one  ovule,  as  in  fig.  213,  and  fig.  267-269. 
Unise'rial :  in  one  horizontal  row. 

Unisexual:  having  stamens  or  pistils  only,  as  in  Moonseed,  fig.  176,  177,  &c. 
Univalved:  a  pod  of  only  one  piece  after  dehiscence,  as  fig.  253. 
Urce'olate :  urn-shaped. 

Utricle:  a  small,  thin-walled,  one-seeded  fruit,  as  of  Goosefoot ;  p.  130,  fig.  350. 
Utricular :  like  a  small  bladder. 

Vdginate:   sheathed,  surrounded  by  a  sheath  (vagina). 

Valve :  one  of  the  pieces  (or  doors)  into  which  a  dehiscent  pod,  or  any  similar 

body,  Bplits;  p.  131,  114. 

Valvate,  Valvular :  opening  by  valves.     Valvate  in  aestivation,  p.  109. 
Variety,  p.  174,  177. 

Vascular:  containing  vessels,  or  consisting  of  vessels,  such  as  ducts ;  p.  146,  148. 
Vaulted:  arched;  same  &s  fornicate. 
Vegetable  Physiology,  p.  3. 

Veil :  the  calyptra  of  Mosses.     (Manual,  p.  607  ) 
Veins:  the  small  ribs  or  branches  of  the  framework  of  leaves,  &c.j  .p.  55. 


ZOb  GLOSSARY. 

Veined,  Veiny:  furnished  with  evident  veins.     Veinless:  destitute  of  veini. 

Veinlets :  the  smaller  ramifications  of  veins. 

Velate:  furnished  with  a  veil. 

Velutinous :  velvety  to  the  touch. 

Venation  :  the  veining  of  leaves,  &c. ;  p.  55. 

Venose :  veiny  ;  furnished  with  conspicuous  veins. 

Ventral:  belonging  to  that  side  of  a  simple  pistil,  or  other  organ,  which  looks 

towards  the  axis  or  centre  of  the  flower  ;  the  opposite  of  dorsal ;  as  the 
Ventral  Suture,  p.  117. 

Ve'ntricose :  inflated  or  swelled  out  on  one  side. 
Ve'mdose :  furnished  with  veinlets. 
Vermicular :  shaped  like  worms. 

Vernation :  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  in  the  bud ;  p.  75. 
Ve'rnicose :  the  surface  appearing  as  if  varnished. 
V&rucose:  warty;  beset  with  little  projections  like  warts. 
Versatile :  attached  by  one  point,  so  that  it  may  swing  to  and  fro,  as  the  anthers 

of  the  Lily  and  Evening  Primrose  ;  p.  113,  fig.  234. 
Vertex :  same  as  the  apex. 

Ve'rtical :  upright;  perpendicular  to  the  horizon,  lengthwise. 
Ve'rticil:  a  whorl ;  p.  71.     Verticillate:  whorled;  p.  71,  75,  fig.  148. 
Vesicle:  a  little  bladder.    Embryonal  Vesicle,  p.  139.     Vesicular:  bladdery. 
Vessels:  ducts,  &c. ;  p.  146,  148. 
Ve'xillary,  Vexillar:  relating  to  the 

Vexttlum:  the  standard  of  a  papilionaceous  flower;  p.  105,  fig.  218,  *. 
Villose:  shaggy  with  long  and  soft  hairs  (villosity.) 
Vimineoits:  producing  slender  twigs,  such  as  those  used  for  wicker-work. 
Vine:  any  trailing  or  climbing  stem;  as  a  Grape-vine. 
Vire'scent,   Viridescenl:  greenish;  turn  ing  green. 
Vtrgate:  wand-shaped,  as  a  long,  straight,  and  slender  twig. 
Viscous,  Viscid:  having  a  glutinous  surface. 
Vitta  (plural  vittce) :  the  oil-tubes  of  the  fruit  of  Umbelliferae. 
Vdluble:  twining,  as  the  stem  of  Hops  and  Beans ;  p.  37. 

Wary :  the  surface  or  margin  alternately  convex  and  concave  ;  p.  62. 

Wary :  resembling  beeswax  in  texture  or  appearance. 

Wedge-shaped:  broad  above,  and  tapering  by  straight  lines  to  a  narrow  base* 

p.  58,  fig.  94. 

WJieel-shaped :  see  rotate;  p.  102,  fig.  204,  205. 
Whorl,   Whorled:  when  leaves,  &c.  are  arranged  in  a  circle  round  the  stem, 

p.  71,  75,  fig.  148. 

Wing:  any  membranous  expansion.     Wings  of  papilionaceous  flowers,  p.  105. 
Winged:  furnished  with  a  wing;  as  the  fruit  of  Ash  and  Elm,  fig.  300,  301. 
Wood,  p.  145.     Woody :  of  the  texture  or  consisting  of  wood. 
Woody  Fibre,  or  Wood-Celts,  p.  146. 
Woolly:  clothed  with  long  and  entangled  soft  hairs;  as  the  leaves  of  Mullein. 

THE   END, 


School  and  College  Edition. 


MANUAL 


BOTANY 


NORTHERN   UNITED   STATES, 

INCLUDING 

VIRGINIA,  KENTUCKY,  AND  ALL  EAST  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI; 
ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM. 


Ifouttt)  Hefafsefc  IStJftfon, 

WITH 

GARDEN    BOTANY,    &c. 
BY    ASA    GRAY, 

FISHER   PROFESSOR  OF  NATURAL  BISTORT   IN  HARVARD    DNITERSITT 
WITH  FOURTEEN  PLATES. 

ILLUSTRATING    THE    GRASSES,    FERNS,    BTO. 


NEW   YORK: 
IVISON,  PHINNEY,  BLAKEMAN  &  CO., 

CHICAGO :  S.  C.  GRIGGS  &  CO. 

1  869. 


ifriterod  according  to  the  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  i««J,  by 
PHINNET  &  COMPANY 


It  the  Clert  3  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  th«  United  State*  for  tde  !>oatben. 
of  New  York. 


TO 

JOHN    TORREY,    LL.   D., 

CORKESP.   MEMBER   OF  THE  LIXX.SAN   SOCIETY,  ETC.. 

THIS     VOLUME     IS     DEDICATED, 

IN   GRATEFUL   ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

OF  THB   FRIENDSHIP   WHICH   HAS   HONORED   AND   THB    OOCBTSKL 
WHICH   HAS  AIDED 

THE    AUTHOR 

FROM   THE    COMMENCEMENT   OF   HIS   BOTANICAL  PURSUITS. 


OAMBRIDOS  January  1  1848. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 
ADVERTISEMENT          ...  .  .  .  .  vi 

PREFACE     ........          vii 

LIST  OF  ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  THE  WORK        .  .  xiii 

DIRECTIONS  TO  THE  UNPRACTISED  STUDENT     .  .  .        xv 

ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS,  ETC.  .  xvii 

GARDEN  BOTANY     .......    xxix 

ADDENDA  TO  THE  BOTANY  OF  THE  NORTHERN  UNITED  STATES        xc 

FLORA.  —  PH^ENOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS      .  .          1 

Dicotyledonous  or  Exogenous  Plants          .  .  1 

Angiospermous,  Polypetalous  .  .  .2 

Monopetalous     .  .  .  163 

Apetalous  .  .  .359 

Gymnospermous  Plants  .  .  .  420 

Monocotyledonous  or  Endogenous  Plants         .  .426 

CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS  .          607 

INDEX  ...  ....     705 

EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES  ...»         731 


ADVERTISEMENT 

TO    THE    REVISED    EDITION,    1863. 

THE  additions  and  alterations  of  the  Revised  Edition  of  this  work,  now 
issued,  are  mainly  the  following. 

k  The  addition  of  an  entirely  new  part,  entitled  GARDEN  BOTANY, 
AN  INTRODUCTION  TO  A  KNOWLEDGE  OF  THE  COMMON  CULTIVATED 
PLANTS  :  see  pp.  xxix.  -  Ixxxix.'  By  this,  the  common  exotics,  no  less 
than  the  wild  plants,  are  made  available  for  botanical  classes,  which  will 
be  a  great  convenience  in  many  cases.  Most  of  these  cultivated  plants 
are  everywhere  common,  and  generally  at  hand  for  botanical  illustration ; 
and  it  is  desirable  that  they  should  be  scientifically  known  and  rightly 
named.  And  there  is  no  great  difficulty  in  studying  them,  if  double  flow- 
ers, and  those  which  are  otherwise  in  a  monstrous  or  unnatural  condition, 
be  avoided,  at  least  by  beginners.  It  is  obviously  absurd  and  highly  in- 
convenient to  mix  in  the  cultivated  with  the  wild  plants  in  such  a  work  as 
this.  But  a  separate  account  of  the  common  exotics,  annexed  and  sub- 
sidiary to  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States,  especially  in  the  School 
Edition,  will  doubtless  be  popular  and  useful.  Directions  for  the  use  of 
the  Garden  Botany  will  be  found  on  p.  xvii.  and  p.  xxix. 

2.  The  ANALYTICAL  KEY,  p.  xvii.,  upon  which  the  pupil  so  greatly 
depends,  has  been   altogether   revised,  much  simplified,  adapted  to  the 
Garden  Botany  as  well  as  to  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  States,  and  printed 
in  a  larger  type. 

3.  Numerous  corrections  in  particulars  have  been  made  throughout  the 
body  of  the  work,  whenever  the  required  alterations  could  well  be  effected 
upon  the  stereotype  plates.     Many  others,  suggested  by  acute  and  obliging 
correspondents,  or  by  my  own  observation,  are  necessarily  deferred  until 
the  work  can  be  recomposed. 

4.  The  plants  which  have  been  newly  detected  within  our  limits,  and 
one  or  two  which  were  before  accidentally  omitted,  are  enumerated  and 
characterized  in  the  ADDENDA,  p.  xc. 

5.  Eight  plates  have  been  added,  crowded  with  figures,  illustrating  all 
the  genera  (66  in  number)  of  Grasses.     They  are  wholly  original,  having 
been  drawn  from  nature  and  engraved  by  Mr.  Sprague.     They  will  be  of 
great  assistance  in  the  study  of  this  large,  difficult,  and  important  family. 

The  flattering  success  which  the  Manual  has  met  with  stimulates  the 
author's  endeavors  towards  its  continued  improvement;  —  in  regard  to 
which  he  still  solicits  aid  from  his  correspondents. 

HARVARD  UNITMSITT,  CAMBRIDGE,  March  10,  186a 


PREFACE. 


THIS  work  is  designed  as  a  compendious  Flora  of  the  .Northern  portion 
of  the  United  States,  arranged  according  to  the  Natural  System,  for  the 
use  of  students  and  of  practical  botanists. 

The  first  edition  was  hastily  prepared  to  supply  a  pressing  want.  Its 
plan,  having  been  generally  approved,  has  not  been  altered,  although  the 
work  has  been  to  a  great  extent  rewritten.  Its  increased  size  is  mainly 
owing  to  the  larger  geographical  area  embraced  in  it,  being  here  extended 
southward  so  as  to  include  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  and  westward  to  the 
Mississippi  River. 

This  southern  boundary  coincides  better  than  any  other  geographical 
line  with  the  natural  division  between  the  cooler-temperate  and  the  warm- 
temperate  vegetation  of  the  United  States;  very  few  characteristically 
Southern  plants  occurring  north  of  it,  and  those  only  on  the  low  coast  of 
Virginia,  in  the  Dismal  Swamp,  &c.  Our  western  limit,  also,  while  it 
includes  a  considerable  prairie  vegetation,  excludes  nearly  all  the  plants 
peculiar  to  the  great  Western  woodless  plains,  which  approach  our  borders 
in  Iowa  and  Missouri.  Our  northern  boundary,  being  that  of  the  United 
States,  varies  through  about  five  degrees  of  latitude,  and  nearly  embraces 
Canada  proper  on  the  east  and  on  the  west,  so  thaf  nearly  all  the  plants 
of  Canada  East  on  this  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  as  well  as  of  the  deep 
peninsula  of  Canada  West,  will  be  found  described  in  this  volume. 

The  principal  facts  respecting  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  plants 
which  compose  the  flora  of  our  district,  will  be  presented  in  another 
place.  In  this  work  I  endeavor  briefly  to  indicate  the  district  in  which 
each  species  occurs,  or  in  which  it  most  abounds,  in  the  following  manner : 
1.  When  the  principal  area  of  a  species  is  northward  rather  than  south- 
ward, I  generally  give  first  its  northern  limit,  so  far  as  known  to  me,  if 
within  the  United  States,  and  then  its  southern  limit  if  within  our  boun- 
daries, or  add  that  it  extends  southicard,  meaning  thereby  that  the  species 


Vlll  PREFACE. 

in  question  occurs  in  the  States  south  of  Virginia  or  Kentucky.  Thus 
Magnolia  glauca,  p.  16,  a  prevailingly  Southern  species,  but  which  is  spar- 
ingly found  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts,  is  recorded  as  growing  "  near 
Cape  Ann  and  New  York  southward,  near  the  coast";  M.  acuminata, 
"  W.  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  southward " ;  &c.  While  in 
species  of  northern  range,  the  southern  limits  are  mentioned;  as,  Nupkar 
Kalmiana,  p.  23,  "New  England,  New  York,  and  northward";  Cardamine 
pratentsist  p.  33,  "  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  northward,"  &c.  And  so  of 
Western  plants;  e.g.  hopyrum  biternatum,  p.  11,  "Ohio,  Kentucky,  and 
westward " ;  Psoralea  arynphylla,  p.  94,  "  Wisconsin  and  westward  " ; 
Amorpha  canesccns,  p.  95,  "  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  and  southwestward." 
2.  "Where  no  habitat  or  range  is  mentioned,  the  species  is  supposed  to  be 
diffused  over  our  whole  area,  or  nearly  so,  and  usually  beyond  it.  3.  When 
the  species  is  of  local  or  restricted  occurrence,  so  far  as  known,  the  special 
habitat  is  given  ;  e.  g.  Vesicaria  Shortii  and  V.  Lescurii,  p.  38  ;  Suttivantia 
Ohionvt,  p.  144,  &c.  Except  in  such  cases,  the  want  of  space  has  generally 
demanded  the  omission  of  particular  localities,  which  are  so  appropriate 
and  so  useful  both  in  local  Floras  and  in  more  detailed  works,  but  for 
which  there  is  no  room  in  a  manual  like  this. 

For  the  same  reason,  I  could  not  here  undertake  to  specify  the  range  ol 
those  species  which  extend  beyond  the  geographical  limits  of  this  work,  or 
beyond  the  United  States.  Nevertheless,  to  facilitate  the  comparison  of 
our  flora  with  that  of  Europe,  I  have  appended  the  mark  (Eu.)  to  those 
species  which  are  indigenous  to  both. 

Foreign  plants  which  have  become  denizens  of  the  soil  are  of  course  enu- 
merated and  described  along  with  the  genuine  indigenous  members  of  our 
flora;  but  the  introduced  species  are  distinguished  by  the  specific  name  be- 
ing printed  in  a  different  type,  namely,  in  small  capitals  (e.  g.  Ranunculus 
ACKIS,  p.  10),  while  the  names  of  the  indigenous  species  are  in  full-face 
letter  (e.  g.  IS.  repciis).  Moreover,  the  country  from  which  they  were 
introduced  is  specified  (mostly  Europe),  as  well  as  the  nature  of  the  dcni- 
zenship.  That  is,  foUoAving  the  suggestions  of  M.  Alphonse  De  Candolle, 
I  have  classified  our  introduced  plants  as  well  as  I  could  into  two  sorts,  the 
thoroughly  naturalized,  and  the  advcntive  ;  the  first  comprising  those  species 
which  have  made  themselves  perfectly  at  home  in  this  country,  propagating 
themselves  freely  by  seed  beyond  the  limits  of  cultivated  grounds  ;  the  sec- 
ond, those  which  are  only  locally  spontaneous,  and  perhaps  precarious,  01 
which  are  spontaneous  only  in  cultivated  fields,  around  dwellings,  or  in 
manured  soil,  and  which,  still  dependent  upon  civilized  man,  would  prob- 
ably soon  disappear  if  he  were  to  abandon  the  country.  (I  here  rank  with 
the  adccnticc  plants  those  which  De  Candolle  terms  plants  cultivate;!  with 
out  or  against  man's  will.)  Accordingly  the  species  naturalized  from  Europ. 
are  indicated,  at  the  close  of  the  paragraph,  by  the  phrase  "  (Nat.  froue 


PREFACE.  1X 

Eu.) " .  those  adventire,  or  imperfectly  naturalized  from  Europe,  by  the 
phrase  "  (Adv.  from  Eu.),"  &c. 

Such  varieties  as  are  marked  and  definite  enough  to  require  names  are 
distinguished  in  this  edition  into  two  sorts,  according  to  their  degree  of  ap- 
parent distinctness:  —  1.  Those  which,  I  thiuk,  can  hardly  be  doubted  to 
be  varieties  of  the  species  they  are  referred  to,  at  least  by  those  who  hold 
sound  views  as  to  what  a  species  is,  have  the  name  printed  in  small  capi- 
tals; e.g.  Nasturtium  palustre,  var.  HISPIDUM,  p.  30 ;  Vitis  cordifolia, 
var.  RIPARIA,  p.  78.  '2.  Those  so  peculiar  that  they  have  not  only  for  the 
most  part  been  taken  for  species,  but  may  still  be  so  regarded  by  many 
most  excellent  botanists  ;  some  of  them  I  may  myself  so  regard  hereafter, 
on  further  and  more  critical  examination  of  the  apparently  connecting 
forms.  The  names  of  these  are  printed  in  the  same  full-face  type  as  those 
of  the  indigenous  species  (e.  g.  Ranunculus  aquatilis,  var.  divai'icatiis, 
p.  7;  Actaea  spicata,  var.  r&ibra,  and  var.  alba,  p.  14)  ;  and  they  usu- 
ally stand  at  the  head  of  a  separate  paragraph. 

Another  important  feature  of  the  present  edition  consists  in  the  plates, 
fourteen  in  number,  crowded  with  figures,  illustrating  the  genera  of  the  six 
Cryptogamous  Orders  (Mosses,  Ferns,  &c.)  embraced  in  the  work.  The 
eight  most  elaborate  and  admirable  plates  illustrating  the  Mosses  and  Liv- 
erworts are  furnished  by  my  generous  friend,  MR.  SULLIVANT,  the  author 
of  that  portion  of  this  work.*  The  remaining  six  plates,  devoted  to  the 
Ferns  and  their  allies,  were  drawn  from  nature,  and  executed  by  MR,. 
ISAAC  SPRAGUE. 

MR.  SULLIVANT  has  included  in  this  edition  all  the  species  of  Musci 
and  flepaticce  known  to  him  as  natives  of  any  part  of  ffie  United  States  east 
of  the  Mississippi,  and  has  sedulously  elaborated  the  whole  anew ;  not  only 
laying  a  broad  foundation  for  a  knowledge  of  North  American  Muscology, 
but  furnishing  botanical  students  with  facilities  for  the  study  of  these  two 
beautiful  families  of  plants  such  as  have  never  before  anywhere  been 
afforded  in  a  book  of  this  kind,  j 


*  The  illustrations  of  forty  of  the  genera,  as  indicated  in  the  Explanation  of  the  Plates  at 
the  close  of  the  volume,  are  entirely  original  productions  of  Mr.  Sullivant's  pencil.  Seven  of 
them  represent  new  species,  and  for  most  of  the  others  those  species  were  chosen  which  have 
before  been  only  imperfectly  if  at  all  figured.  The  rest  of  the  genera  were  taken  from  Schim- 
per,  Bischoff,  or  Hooker,  but  amended  or  altered  in  accordance  with  the  object  in  view,  and 
the  suggestions  of  an  actual  examination  of  the  plant,  which  was  always  made. 

t  The  reference  "  Muse.  Bor.-Amer.,"  appended  to  many  new  or  rare  Mosses,  is  made  to  an 
almost  complete  arranged  collection  of  the  Musci  and  Hepatir.cp,  east  of  the  Mississippi,  the 
types  in  great  measure  of  the  present  elaboration  of  these  families,  all  critically  studied  b/ 
Messrs.  Fullivant  and  Lesquereux,  and  published  in  sets  of  specimens  by  the  latter. 

The  materials  from  which  these  s«ts  have  been  prepared  are  chiefly  Mr.  Lesquereux's  own 
very  extensive  collections,  the  rosult  of  his  numerous  journeys  made  during  the  last  six  or 
seven  years,  especially  in  the  southern  ranges  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  To  these  have 
been  a'lde-1  Mr.  SuLlivuut's  ample  accumulations,  embracing  :iio  collections  of  the  lamented 


X  PREFACE. 

Probably  the  time  is  now  not  far  distant  when,  as  the  result  especially 
of  the  labors  anl  investigations  of  PROF.  TUCKERMAN  upon  our  Licheneat 
of  the  REV.  DR.  CURTIS  upon  our  Funyi,  and  of  PROF.  HARVEY  upon 
our  Alyfc,  as  well  as  of  Messrs.  SULLIVANT  and  LESQUEREUX  upon  our 
Mosses,  all  our  Cryptogamia  may  be  in  a  similar  manner  presented  to  tho 
student,  in  the  form  of  a  supplementary  volume,  separate  from  that  com- 
prising the  Phaenogamous  or  Flowering  Plants. 

T  have  omitted  from  this  edition  the  concise  Introduction  to  Botany,  and 
the  Glossary,  prefixed  to  the  first;  supplying  their  place  with  a  more 
extended,  familiar,  and  copiously  illustrated  elementary  work,  especially 
intended  for  beginners  {First  Lessons  in  Botany),  and  which  may,  when 
desired,  be  bound  up  with  the  present  volume.  Or  the  student  may  use 
the  author's  Botanical  Text-Book  for  the  same  purpose.  In  either  of  these, 
all  the  technical  terms  employed  in  this  volume  are  explained  and  illus- 
trated. Having  prepared  this  Manual  for  students  rather  than  for  learned 
botanists,  I  have  throughout  endeavored  to  smooth  the  beginner's  way  by 
discarding  many  an  unnecessary  technical  word  or  phrase,  and  by  casting 
the  language  somewhat  in  a  vernacular  mould,  —  perhaps  at  some  sacrifice 
of  brevity,  but  not,  I  trust,  of  the  precision  for  which  botanical  language  is 
distinguished. 

Botanists  may  find  some  reason  to  complain  of  the  general  omission  of 
synonymes ;  but  it  should  be  considered  that  all  synonymes  are  useless  to 
the  beginner,  —  whose  interests  T  have  particularly  kept  in  view,  —  while 
the  greater  part  are  needless  to  the  instructed  botanist,  who  has  access  to 
more  elaborate  works  in  which  they  are  plentifully  given.  By  discarding 
them,  except  in  case  of  some  original  or  recent  changes  in  nomenclature,  1 
have  been  able  to  avoid  abbreviations  (excepting  those  of  author's  names, 
and  some  few  customary  ones  of  States,  &c.),  to  give  greater  fulness  to  the 
characters  of  the  species,  and  especially  of  the  genera,  (a  point  in  which  I 
conceive  most  works  of  this  class  are  deficient,)  and  also  to  add  the  deriva- 
tion of  the  generic  names. 

The  Natural  Orders  are  disposed  in  a  series  which  nearly  corresponds, 
in  a  general  way,  with  De  Candolle's  arrangement,  beginning  with  the 
highest  class  and  ending  with  the  lowest;  and  commencing  this  first  and 
far  the  largest  class  (of  Dicotyledonous  or  Exogenous  Plants)  with  those 
orders  in  which  the  flowers  are  mostly  provided  with  double  floral  enve- 


Mr.  Oakes  in  the  \Vhite  Mountains,  of  Fendler  in  New  Mexico,  and  of  Wright  in  Texas  The 
title  of  the  work  ia  "  Musci  Boreali-Auiericani,  sire  Specimina  Exsiccate  Muscorun  in  Ameri- 
cae  Kebuspublicis  Foederatis  detcctoruin,  conjunctis  studiis  \V.  S.  SULLIVANT  et  L.  LESQCERECX, 
1856."  Mr.  Sullivunt's  connection  with  the  work  extends  no  further  than  to  a  joint  and  equal 
ri^|'«i)sibility  in  the  determination  of  the  species.  This  most  extensive  and  valuable  collec- 
tion ever  niale  of  American  Mosses,  which  has  cost  much  labor  and  expense,  and  comprised 
nearly  400  species  and  umrked  varieties,  is  published  at  £20  for  each  §«t  and 
>  ««*gerly  nought  after  by  Bryologioal  students. 


PREFACE.  XI 

lopes,  viz.  with  both  calyx  and  corolla,  and  in  which  the  corolla  consists  of 
separate  petals  (the  Polypetalous  division)  ;  beginning  this  series  with  those 
orders  in  which  the  several  organs  of  the  flower  are  most  distinct  and 
separate  (hypogynous),  and  proceeding  to  those  which  have  the  parts  most 
combined  among  themselves  and  consolidated  with  each  other  (periyynous 
and  epigynous)  ;  then  follow  those  with  the  petals  combined  into  a  mono- 
petalous  corolla  (the  Monopetalous  division)  ;  and,  finally,  those  destitute  of 
a  corolla  or  destitute  of  all  floral  envelopes  (the  Apetalous  division).  The 
class  of  Monocotyledonous  or  Endogenous  Plants  opens  with  orders  exhibit- 
ing one  form  of  simplified  flowers,  passes  to  those  with  the  organs  most 
combined  and  consolidated,  then  to  those  most  perfect  and  less  combined, 
and  closes  with  other  simplified  and  reduced  forms.  The  present  problem 
in  Botany  is  to  group  the  numerous  Natural  Orders  in  each  class  into  nat- 
ural alliances.  But  this  has  not  yet  been  done  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be 
available  to  the  ordinary  student. 

I  do  not  here  attempt,  therefore,  to  group  the  orders  naturally,  but  let 
them  follow  one  another  in  what  seems  to  be  on  the  whole  the  most  natu- 
ral and  practically  convenient  sequence.  And,  by  means  of  an  Analytical 
Artificial  Key  to  the  Natural  Orders*  (p.  xvii.),  I  enable  the  student  very 
readily  to  refer  any  of  our  plants  to  its  proper  Family.  This  Key  is 
entirely  remodelled  in  the  present  edition,  is  founded  on  characters  of 
easy  observation,  and  is  so  arranged  as  to  provide  for  all  the  exceptional 
instances  and  variant  cases  I  could  think  of.  I  shall  be  disappointed  if  the 
attentive  student  is  not  able  by  it  to  refer  to  its  proper  order  any  to  him 
unknown  plant  of  the  Northern  States  of  which  he  has  flowering  speci- 
mens. Referring  to  the  Order  indicated,  the  student  will  find  its  dis- 
tinctive points,  which  he  has  chiefly  to  consider,  brought  together  and 
printed  in  italics  in  the  first  sentence  of  the  description. 

Then,  to  abridge  the  labor  of  further  analysis  as  much  as  possible,  1 
have  given  a  synopsis  of  the  genera  under  each  order,  whenever  it  com 
prises  three  or  more  of  them,  enumerating  some  of  their  leading  characters, 
and  grouping  them  under  their  respective  tribes,  suborders,  &c.,  as  the 
case  may  be.  I  have  also  taken  pains  to  dispose  the  species  of  every  ex- 
tensive genus  under  sections  (§)  or  subgenera  (§  with  a  name  in  capitals), 
subsections  (  *  ),  and  subordinate  divisions  (•*-,  ++,  &c.)  ;  and  whenevf/r 
there  are  two  or  more  species  under  a  division,  I  have  italicized  some  of 
the  principal  distinctions  (after  the  manner  of  Koch's  Flora  Germanica), 
BO  that  they  may  at  once  catch  the  student's  eye. 

To  aid  in  the  pronunciation  of  the  generic  and  specific  names,  &c.,  1 


*  No  Linnsean  Artificial  Arrangement  Is  here  given,  experience  having  shown  that,  as  a  Kej 
to  the  Natural  Orders  or  to  the  genera,  it  offers  no  clear  advantage  on  the  score  of  facility  ovei 
a  well-devised  Analytical  Key ;  which  the  learner  will  find  equally  certain,  and  much  uw>n. 
satisfactory  in  its  results. 


Xli  PREFACE. 

ha\  e  not  only  marked  the  accented  syllable,  but  have  followed  London's 
mode  of  indicating  what  is  called  the  long  sound  of  the  vowel  by  the 
grave  (v),  and  the  short  sound  by  the  acute  accent-mark  (').  In  respect 
to  this,  my  friend,  MR.  FOLSOM,  has  obligingly  rendered  most  important 
assistance  throughout  the  pages  of  this  volume. 

The  imperative  necessity  of  economizing  space  to  the  utmost,  alone  has 
debarred  me  from  more  largely  recording  my  acknowledgments  to  nu- 
merous obliging  correspondents,  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  who  have  con- 
tributed to  this  work,  either  by  notes  of  corrections,  observations,  or  cata- 
logues,  or  by  communicating  specimens  of  rare  or  local  plants.  In  the 
comparison  of  our  ilora  with  that  of  Europe,  I  am  greatly  indebted  to  my 
excellent  friend  and  correspondent,  M.  GODET  of  Neuchatel,  author  of 
the  Flare  du  Jura,  for  a  suite  of  authentically  determined  plants  of  that 
district,  and  for  a  series  of  acute  and  very  important  critical  notes  upon 
many  of  our  own  identical  or  related  species. 

As  to  special  collaborators  in  the  preparation  of  the  work,  in  addition  to 
tlie  acknowledgments  made  in  the  preface  to  the  former  edition,  I  have 
again  to  express  my  particular  indebtedness  to  my  friends,  JOHN  CAREY, 
ESQ.,  now  cf  London,  for  various  emendations  in  the  genus  Carex,  formerly 
elaborated  by  him  for  this  work  ;  and  DR.  ENGELMANN  of  St.  Louis,  for 
full  notes  upon  the  botany  of  our  Western  borders,  many  critical  obser- 
vations upon  various  genera,  and  for  contributing  the  articles  upon  Cus- 
cuta,  Euphorbia,  and  the  three  genera  of  Alismece.  The  renewed  and 
still  more  extensive  contributions  of  MR.  SULLIVANT  have  already  been 
referred  to,  —  contributions  which  introduce  a  new  era  in  the  study  of 
American  Muscology,  and  which  justly  claim,  not  only  my  warm  per- 
Eonal  acknowledgments,  but  the  gratitude  of  all  the  votaries  of  our  science 
in  this  country. 

I  renew  the  request,  that  those  who  use  this  book  will  kindly  furnish 
information  of  all  corrections  or  additions  that  may  appear  to  be  necessary, 
to  that  it  may  be  made  more  accurate  and  complete  in  a  future  edition. 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY,  CAMBRIDGE, 
June  301/t,  1856. 


ABBREVIATIONS  AND  SIGNS  USED   IN  THIS   WORK. 


I.    PRINCIPAL   ABBREVIATIONS    OF    THE    NAMES    OF    AUTHORS 

Adans,     = 

Adanson. 

Hartm.       =• 

Hartmann. 

Ait. 

Aiton. 

Hedio. 

Hedwig. 

Andr. 

Andrews. 

Hoffm. 

IIoiFmann. 

Arn. 

Arnott. 

Hook. 

Hooker. 

Aubl. 

Aublet. 

Hook.f.  (films) 

J.  D.  Hooker. 

Ban. 

Barton. 

Hornsch. 

Hornsehucb 

Bartl. 

Bartling. 

Huds. 

Hudson. 

Beauv. 

Palisot  de  Bcaurois. 

Hub. 

Hubencr. 

Benth. 

Benthara. 

Jacq. 

Jacquin. 

Bernh. 

Bernhardi. 

Juss. 

JDSSIEU. 

Bieb. 

Bieberstein. 

L.  or  Linn. 

LINN^US. 

Bigel. 

Bigelow. 

Lag. 

Lagasca. 

Br.  fr  Sch. 

Bruch  and  (W.P.)  Schirapcr. 

Lam. 

Lamarck. 

End. 

Bridel. 

Lamb. 

Lambert. 

Brongn. 

Brongn  iart. 

Ledeb. 

Lcdcbour. 

Cass. 

Cassini. 

L'Her. 

L'Heriticr. 

Cav. 

Cavanillcs. 

Lchm. 

Lchmann. 

Cham. 

Chamisso. 

Lesqx. 

Lesquereux. 

Char. 

Chavannes. 

Lestib. 

Lcstibudois. 

DC. 

De  Candolle. 

Lindenb. 

Lindcnbcrg. 

A.  DC. 

Alphonse  De  Candolle. 

Lindl. 

Lindley. 

Desf. 

Desfontaines. 

Mich. 

Micheli. 

Dew. 

Dewey. 

Michx. 

Michaux  (tbe  elder). 

Dill. 

Dillenius. 

Alichx.  f. 

F.  A.  Michaux  (the 

Dumort. 

Dumortier. 

Mill. 

Miller.       [younger). 

Ehrh. 

Ehrhart. 

Mitch. 

Mitchell. 

Ell. 

Elliott. 

Mont. 

Montagne. 

Endl. 

Endlicher. 

Muhl. 

Muhlcnberg. 

Enadm. 

Engelmann. 

Mull. 

C.  Muller. 

Gcenn. 

Gsertner. 

Nees. 

Nees  von  Escnbeck. 

G.  L.  Sf  N. 

Gottsehe,Lindenberg,  £  Nees 

.  Nutt. 

Nuttall. 

Gmel. 

Gmelin. 

Pav. 

Pavon. 

Good. 

Goodenough. 

Pen., 

Persoon. 

Grev. 

Greville. 

Pluk. 

Plukenet. 

Griseb. 

Griscbach. 

Plum. 

Plumier 

Granov. 

Gronovius. 

Poir. 

Poiret. 

6 

XIV 

ABBREVIATIONS 

AND    SIO1 

R.  Br.         = 

ROBERT  BROWN. 

Steud.         = 

Raf. 

Rafinesque. 

Sulliv. 

Rich. 

Richard. 

Tayl. 

Richards. 

Richardson. 

Torr. 

Rcem. 

Roemcr. 

'forr.  $•  Gr. 

Salisb. 

Salisbury. 

Tourn. 

Schimp. 

W.  P.  Schimper. 

Trin. 

Schk. 

Schkuhr. 

7  nckerm 

ScMccht. 

Schlechtendal. 

r+ill. 

Sclrad. 

Schrader. 

Vent. 

Schreb. 

Schreber. 

Vill. 

Schult. 

Schultes. 

Wahl. 

Schw.  or  Schwein. 

Schweinitz. 

Walt. 

Schwiegr. 

Schwaegrichen. 

Web. 

Scop. 

Scopoli. 

Willd. 

Soland. 

Solander. 

Wils. 

Spreng. 

Sprengel. 

Wulf. 

Steudel. 
Sullivanl. 
J.  Taylor. 

ToiTey. 

Torrey  and  Gray, 

Tournefort. 

Trinius. 

Tuckerman. 

Vaillant. 

Ventenat. 

Villars. 

Wahlenberg. 

Walter. 

Weber. 

Willdenow. 

Wilson. 

Wulfen. 


n.    SIGNS   USED  IN  THIS   WORK. 

(1)  An  annual  plant. 

(2)  A  biennial  plant. 
U.  A  perennial  plant. 

?  A  mark  of  doubt. 

!  A  mark  of  affirmation  or  authentication. 

1°,  2',  3".  To  save  space,  the  sign  of  degrees  (°)  is  used  for  feet;  of  min- 
utes; (0  for  inches;  of  seconds  (");  for  lines,  —  the  (English)  line  being  the 
twelfth  part  of  an  inch. 

The  dash  -  between  two  figures,  as  5-10,  moans  from  5  to  10,  &c. 


DIRECTIONS    TO    THE    UNPRACTISED    STUDENT. 


THE  Student  is  supposed  to  have  a  general  acquaintance  with  the  rudiments 
of  Structural  Botany,  such  as  is  readily  to  be  acquired  from  the  author's  First 
Lessons  in  Botany,  or  his  Botanical  Text-Book,  or  from  any  other  similar  trea- 
tise. One  of  these  will  be  needed  for  reference  while  using  this  Manual.  The 
former  is  much  the  simplest,  and  was  expressly  prepared  for  the  beginner's  use 
To  learn  the  meaning  of  all  words  he  meets  with,  and  which  he  does  not  precise 
ly  understand,  he  has  only  to  refer,  as  occasion  requires,  to  the  Glossary  or  Dic- 
tionary of  Botanical  Terms  appended  to  either  of  these  books,  especially  to  that 
in  the  Lessons  on  Botany. 

To  show  the  beginner  how  to  proceed  in  using  the  Manual  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  the  name,  and  the  place  in  the  system,  &c.  of  any  of  our  wild  plants, 
we  will  f,ake  an  example.  Suppose  him  to  make  his  first  trial  with  the  common 
Spidcrwort,  which  grows  wild  throughout  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  our 
country,  is  cultivated  in  most  gardens,  and  blooms  the  whole  summer  long. 

With  a  flowering  specimen  in  hand,  let  the  student  turn  to  the  following  Arti- 
ficial Key  to  the  Natural  Orders,  p.  xvii.  Having  flowers,  it  is  evident  the  plant 
belongs  to  the  great  series  of  Phtenogamous  or  Flowering  Plants.  To  which  of 
its  two  classes  is  the  first  question.  To  answer  this,  let  the  student  compare 
the  plant  with  the  characters  —  that  is,  the  enumeration  of  the  principal  distinc- 
tions—  of  Class  I.  given  on  p.  xviii.,  and  of  Class  II.  on  p.  xxviii.b  Without  the 
seeds,  which  may  not  be  ripe,  —  and  if  they  were  it  might  require  more  skill 
than  could  be  expected  of  the  beginner  to  dissect  them,  —  we  cannot  directly 
ascertain  whether  the  embryo  is  monocotylcdonous  or  dicotyledonous.  But  the 
other  characters  are  abundantly  sufficient,  and  easy  to  verify.  Take  first  the 
stem ;  is  it  formed  on  the  exogenous  or  endogenous  plan  ?  A  slice  across  i« 

linly  shows,  to  the  naked  eye,  or  by  the  aid  of  a  common  magnifying-glass, 

it  .here  is  no  distinction  of  parts  into  pith,  bark,  and  a  ring  of  wood  or  woody 

sue  between  these  two :  but  the  woody  part  of  the  stem  is  here  represented  by 
jparate  bundles,  or  threads,  whose  cut  ends,  as  seen  in  the  cross-section  in  the 

rm  of  dots,  are  scattered  throughout  the  whole  diameter,  — just  as  in  a  stalk 
>f  Indian  Corn,  a  rattan,  or  a  Palm-stem,  —  leaving  no  central  pith  and  showing 
no  tendency  to  form  a  ring  or  layer  of  wood.  It  is  therefore  endogenous.  The 
simple,  parallel-veined  leaves  show  the  same  thing,  and  so  does  the  arrangement 
of  the  flower  with  its  parts  in  threes,  —  namely,  three  sepals,  three  petals,  six 
(twice  3)  stamens  ;  and  even  the  pistil,  if  the  ovary  be  cut  across,  is  found  to 
have  three  cells.  So  the  plant  plainly  belongs  to  Class  II.  Monocotyledonous  or 
Endogenous  Plants. 

We  have  next  to  refer  it  to  its  proper  Order  under  this  Class,  which  is  readily 
done  by  following  the  successive  subdivisions  in  the  Artificial  Key.  The  firs! 


XVI  DIRECTIONS   TO    THE    UNPRACTISED    STUDENT. 

division  is  into  three  groups,  marked  A.  B.  and  C.  Our  plant,  having  dis- 
tinct floral  envelopes  and  neither  spadix  nor  glumes,  must  belong  to  B.,  the 
PetaloiJeous  Division.  This  is  subdivided  into  three  sections,  designated  by 
stars.  The  parts  of  the  flower  being  all  separate  from  each  other,  our  plant 
evidently  falls  under  the  third  section,  with  three  stars,  viz:  "***  Perianth 
wholly  free  from  the  ovary  (inferior)."  Next,  as  its  perianth  consists  of  three 
green  sepals  and  three  colored  petals,  it  belongs  to  the  subdivision  -i — *-. 
Under  this  there  arc  four  alternatives,  based  on  differences  in  the  pistil. 
The  numerous  distinct  pistils  exclude  the  first ,  the  many  or  several  seeds  iu 
each  cell  exclude  the  second  ;  the  one-celled  ovary,  &c.,  exclude  the  fourth  ; 
while  the  third,  having  a  single  pistil  with  a  2-3-celled  ovary,  and  only  one 
or  two  ovules  or  seeds  in  each  cell,  agrees  with  our  plant ;  Avhich  we  are  thus 
brought  to  conclude  must  belong  to  the  order  Commelynacece.  The  number, 
485,  affixed  to  this  name,  refers  to  the  page  iu  the  body  of  the  work  where 
this  order  is  characterized. 

After  comparing  the  plant  with  the  ordinal  character,  especially  with  that  por- 
tion of  it  in  italic  type,  and  noting  the  agreement,  let  the  student  proceed  to  de- 
termine the  Genus.  We  have  only  two  genera  in  this  order,  viz. :  1.  Commelyna, 
which  has  irregular  flowers,  petals  unlike  and  on  long  claws,  and  the  stamens 
Df  two  sorts,  only  three  of  them  hearing  perfect  anthers,  —  all  of  which  is  very 
different  from  the  plant  we  arc  studying;  and  2.  Tradescantia  (p.  486),  with  the 
characters  of  which  our  plant  will  be  found  perfectly  to  accord. 

Let  the  student  then  proceed  to  ascertain  the  Species,  of  which  three  are  de- 
scribed under  this  genus.  Of  the  two  sections,  marked  with  stars  (  #  ),  our 
plant  belongs  to  the  first,  having  a  sessile  umbel.  And  of  its  two  species,  a 
comparison  with  the  characters  nf  each  fixes  our  plant  as  belonging  to  the  first, 
viz.  T.  Viiyinica. 

The  abbreviated  name  or  letter  after  the  name  of  the  genus  and  that  of  the 
species,  denotes  the  founder  of  the  genus  or  the  species ;  —  in  this  instance  Lin- 
naeus, whose  name  is  indicated  by  the  abbreviation  L. 

Whenever  an  order  comprises  several  genera,  a  synopsis  of  them  is  given,  like 
that  of  Ranuncplaceoe,  p.  2,  by  the  aid  of  which  the  student  will  readily  deter- 
mine the  genus  of  the  plant  under  examination.  The  number  prefixed  to  tbs 
name  of  the  genus,  in  the  synopsis,  is  that  under  which  it  stands,  farther  on,  in 
the  full  account.  The  genera  in  the  synopsis  are  often  ranked  under  their  proper 
Tribes,  or  Suborders,  &c. ;  and  the  student  will  first  determine  the  Tribe,  o? 
other  great  group  to  which  the  plant  he  is  examining  belongs,  and  then  the 
Genus  under  that  tribe,  &e. 

Sometimes  a  genus  embraces  two  or  more  strongly  marked  sections,  or  Sub- 
gerura,  which  arc  designated  by  the  mark  §  followed  by  a  name.  For  example, 
CiniicifiKja,  p.  14,  has  two  subgcnera,  §  1.  Mucrc-li/s,  and  i  2.  Ciiin'cifui/a  proper, 
each  with  its  own  characters;  and  the  genus  films,  p.  7G,  has  three  subgcnera, 
viz.  §  1.  Snmac,  $  2.  Toxioodendron,  and  $  3.  Lobadimn.  These  names,  how- 
ever, do  not  make  a  part  of  the  appellation  of  a  plant,  which  is  called  by  its 
generic  and  its  specific  name  only;  as.  Cimicifuga  rdcttnosa ,  the  IS/ack  Snake- 
root  ;  Ithus  y/db"1,  the  Smooth  Sumac,  &c. 


ANALYTICAL   KEY 


TO  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS,  ftc.  OF  ALL  THE  PLANTS  DESCRIBED  IN  THIS 
WORK.  BOTH  INDIGENOUS  AND  EXOTIC. 


THIS  Artificial  Analytical  Key  is  a  contrivance  to  lead  the  pupil,  with  a  plant 
in  his  hand  to  him  unknown,  Dy  a  succession  of  easy  steps,  up  to  the  name  of 
the  natural  order  to  which  the  plant  under  examination  belongs. 

The  name  at  the  end  of  the  line,  to  which  the  student  is  brought,  is  that  of  the 
natural  order  sought,  for  example  :  MAGNOLTACE^E. 

The  numbers  prefixed  to  the  name  indicate  the  page  upon  which  the  order  is 
described  or  treated  of,  for  example:  15  (31)  MAGNOLIACE-E. 

The  numbers  without  parentheses  refer  to  the  body  of  the  volume,  the  indige- 
nous Botany  of  the  Northern  States.  Those  within  parentheses  refer  to  the 
Garden  Botany,  which  is  paged  in  continuation  of  the  Key. 

If  the  plant  under  examination  should  be  a  wild  one,  the  first  or  unenclosed 
number  is  alone  to  be  regarded,  and  the  pupil  will  turn  to  that  page  in  the  body 
of  the  volume.  But  if  an  exotic,  or  a  plant  here  known  only  in  cultivation,  the 
pupil,  after  reading  over  the  description  of  the  order  in  the  body  of  the  work,  as 
before,  (for  this  description  of  course  is  not  repeated,)  will  turn  to  the  page  in 
the  Garden  Botany  indicated  by  the  number  enclosed  in  parentheses.  If  the  only 
reference  is  to  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  States,  follow  that ;  for  many  plants 
In  cultivation  are  also  among  our  wild  plants. 

Although  this  Key  is  a  purely  artificial  contrivance,  it  is  a  very  necessary 
one  to  beginners  ;  who,  however,  will  very  soon  get  to  know  the  Classes,  Sub- 
classes, &c.  at  sight,  and,  after  considerable  practice,  will  by  degrees  be  able  to 
recognize  at  a  glance  all  the  commonest  natural  orders  in  almost  any  examples 
of  them  they  take  in  hand.  The  Key  is  based  on  the  easiest  and  most  obvious 
botanical  characteristics  that  can  be  made  to  answer  the  purpose ;  yet  it  will 
bring  out,  one  by  one,  the  principal  points,  especially  in  the  structure  of  the 
flower,  by  whijh  plants  are  classified  and  the  natural  orders  distinguished. 

2 


ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

SERIES  I.  PILENOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS,  those 
producing  real  flowers  and  seeds. 

CLASS  I.    DICOTYLEDONOUS  OR  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith ;  the  wood  forming  a  layer  be- 
tween the  other  two,  and  increasing,  when  the  stem  continues  from  year 
to  year,  by  the  annual  addition  of  a  new  layer  to  the  outside,  next  the 
bark.  Leaves  netted-veined.  Embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons, 
or  in  Subclass  II.  often  3  or  more  in  a  whorl.  Parts  of  the  flower  mostly 
in  fours  or  fives. 

SUBCLASS  I.  ANGIOSPER1VLE.  Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary 
which  contains  the  ovules  and  the  seeds. 

DIVISION  I.     POLYPETALOUS  :  the  calyx  and  corolla  both  present; 
the  latter  of  separate  petals. 

A..    Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  10. 

1.    Calyx  entirely  free  and  separate  from  the  pistil  or  pistils. 

*  Stamens  unconnected  either  with  the  calyx  or  corolla,  hypogynous. 

Pistils  numerous  but  cohering  over  each  other  in  a  solid 

mass  on  an  elongated  receptacle.          Page  15  (31)  MAG  NOLI  ACEA 
Pistils  several,  separately  immersed  in  hollows  of  the  up- 
per surface  of  a  top-shaped  receptacle.  21  NELUMBIACE^B. 
Pistils  more  than  one,  wholly  separate. 

Filaments  scarcely  any,  much  shorter  than  the  anther:  trees.    17  ANONACEJB. 
Filaments  longer  than  the  anther. 

Flowers  dioscious  :  twiners  with  alternate  leaves.        18  MENISPERMACEJB. 
Flowers  perfect :  if  climbers,  the  leaves  opposite. 

Leaves  not  peltate  :  petals  deciduous.  .       2  (30)  RANUNCULACB^ 

Leaves  peltate  :  petals  persistent :  aquatics.      .        .      22  CABOMBACEJE 
Pistils  3  to  6  with  their  ovaries  partly  united,  or  one  3  -  6-lobed. 

Ovules  and  seeds  borne  at  the  centre.  Nigella,  (30)  RANUNCULACE.B 

Ovules  and  seeds  parietal 41  (34)  RESEDACE^ 

Pistils  strictly  one  as  to  the  ovary  :  the  styles  or  stigmas  may  be  several. 
Ovary  2-20-cellcd,  or  else  one-celled  with  2  or  more  parietal  placentae. 
Leaves  punctate  under  a  lens  with  transparent  dots,  and 

Opposite:  styles  or  its  lobes  or  the  stigmas  2-5.         48  HYPERICACB^C 
Alternate  :  style  and  stigma  one,  undivided.  (38)  AURANTIACE^ 

Leaves  not  punctate  with  transparent  dots. 

Calyx  caducous,  of  2  or  3  sepals,  or  a  narrow  cap.  24  (32)  PAPAVERACEJB 
Calyx  deciduous,  of 

Four  sepals  :  ovary  one-celled.       .        .        40  (34)  CAPPARIDACE^S 
Five  sepals,  valvate  in  the  bud  ;  ovary  5-celled.  69  TILIACEJE. 


ANALYTICAL    KEY.  XIX 

Calyx  persistent  after  flowering. 

Ovary  8-1 8-celled :  ovules  many,  on  the  partitions.  22  NYMPHJGA  CE.fi. 
Ovary  5-celled :  ovules  many:  placentae  in  the  axis.  23  SARRACENIACE.E;. 
Ovary  1-celled  or  partly  3-celled  :  placentae  parietal.       45  CISTACE^EJ. 
Ovary  1-celled,  compound  (stigmas  3  or  more) ;  the 

placenta  central :  sepals  2,  deciduous.          .        63  POBTULACAOE^B. 
Ovary  1-celled,  simple,  with  one  parietal  placenta. 

Herb,  with  two  peltate  leaves  and  one  large  flower.        19  BERBERIDACEJE. 
Herbs,  with  palmately  dissected  or  twice  or  thrice  ter- 

nately  compound  leaves.  ...        2  (30)  RANUNCULACE.®. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  leaves  or 

phyllodia  in  their  place.  Acacia,  &c.       (43)  LEGUMINOSJB. 

*  *  Stamens  united  with  the  base  of  the  (hypogynous}  petals. 
Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud  :  stamens  monadelphous  :  an- 
thers kidney -shaped,  1 -celled.       .        .        .  65  (36)  MALVACEJB. 
Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud:  anthers  2-celled.                  70  (38)  CAMELLIAOE^B. 

*  #  #  Stamens  and  petals  inserted  on  the  calyx  (perigynous). 
Stamens  just  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  12,  14,  or  16. 

Pistils  as  many  as  the  petals,  separate :  leaves  fleshy.  (53)  CRASSULACE^J. 

Pistil  only  one,  1  -2-celled,  many-seeded.  .  127  (50)  LYTHRACE.SS. 

Stamens  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  5  petals  (in 

natural  flowers) :  leaves  alternate,  with  stipules.  110  (45)  ROSACES, 
Stamens  (short)  and  petals  both  indefinitely  numerous: 
leaves  opposite :  pistils  many,  enclosed  in  a  hol- 
low receptacle 116  (49)  CALYCANTHACE.SJ. 

2.  Calyx  more  or  less  coherent  with  the  surface  of  the  (compound)  ovary ;  i.  e.  the 
ovary  inferior  or  partly  so. 

several-celled,  the  cells  in  two  sets,  one  above  the 
other.     Tree,  with  showy  scarlet  flowers.       Punica.      (49)  MTRTACE^E. 
Ovary  2  -  5-celled. 

Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots  under  a  lens.  (49)   MYRTACEJE. 

Leaves  not  punctate  with  pellucid  dots, 

With  stipules,  not  unequal-sided  :  fruit  fleshy.  110  (45)  ROSACES. 

With  stipules,  strikingly  unequal-sided  :  ovary  3-angled.  (53)  BEGONIACE^;. 
Without  stipules, 

Alternate,  not  fleshy  :  stamens  adhering  to  the  bases 

of  the  petals.     Shrubs 265  STYRACACEJB. 

Opposite,  not  fleshy:  stamens  not  on  the  petals. 

Shrubs.  Philadelphus.     141  (54)  SAXIFRAGACEJE. 

Opposite  or  alternate,  thickened  and  fleshy :  petals 

numerous  and  narrow.        .        .         (51)  MESEMBRYANTHEMACEJB. 
Ovary  10-30-celled:  ovules  many,  covering  the  partitions  : 

petals  v«.ry  numerous  ;  aquatic.  22  NYMPH  JRACEJC. 


°" 


XX  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

Ovary  one-celled,  with  the  ovules  parietal. 

Fleshy  plants  with  no  true  foliage  :  petals  many.      .        136  (51)  CACTACEJE. 
Rough-leaved  plants :  petals  5  or  10.            .        .        .  135  LOASACBJB. 

Ovary  one-celled,  half  free  from  the  2-cleft  calyx  ;  ovules 
on  slender  stalks  from  a  central  placenta  rising 
from  the  base  of  the  cell 63  (36)  PORTDLACACB^. 

IS.     Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them. 

Pistils  3  -  6,  separate.    Flowers  dioecious.    Woody  vines.    ISMENISPERMACEJB, 
Pistil  only  one. 

Ovary  one-celled :  anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.  19  (32)  BERBERIDACE^E. 
Ovary  one-celled  :  anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 
Style  and  stigma  one  :  ovules  more  than  one.  .        .        270  PRIMOLACE.E. 
Style  one :  stigmas  3  :  sepals  2  :  ovules  several.  63  PORTULACACEJB. 

Styles  5 :  ovule  and  seed  only  one.      .        .      270  (62)  PLUMBAGINACEJB. 
Ovary  2  -  4-celled. 

Calyx-lobes  minute  or  obsolete  :  petals  valvate.  77  (41)  VITACE.E. 

Calyx  4  -  5-cleft,  valvate  in  the  bud  :  petals  involute.         78  RHAMNACE^B. 

C»     Stamens  not  more  than  10,  or  at  least  not  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals, 
when  of  just  the  number  of  the  petals  then  alternate  with  them. 


1.     Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  i.  e.  ovary  wholly  superior. 

*  Ovaries  2  or  more,  separate. 
Stamens  united  with  each  other  and  with  a  large  and 

thick  stigma  common  to  the  two  ovaries.    .        .     350  ASCLEFIADACEJE. 
Stamens  unconnected, 
Inserted  on  the  receptacle,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots.  ...        74  (40)  RDTACEA 

Leaves  not  pellucid-punctate. 

Tree,  with  pinnate  leaves :   flowers  polygamous 

or  dioecious.  (40)  SIMARUBACEJB. 

Low  shrub  with  pinnate  leaves  and  perfect^ 

flowers  in  racemes.      .      Zaiithorhiza  in  £  2  (30)  RANUNCULACB^. 
Herbs  with  the  leaves  not  thickened. 

Herbs  with  thickened  succulent  leaves.          .      139  (53)  CRASSULACB.*, 
Inserted  on  the  calyx, 
Just  twice  as  many  as  the  pistils  :  leaves  thick  and 

succulent. 139  (53)  CRASSDLACEA 

More  than  twice  as  many  as  the  two,  or  occasionally 

three,  many-seeded  pistils.          .        .        .     141  (54)  SAXIFRAQACEJK 
Seldom  just  twice  the  number  of  the  few-seeded  pis 
tils  :  leaves  not  succulent  or  thick,  mostly  fur- 
nished with  stipules.  110  (45)  ROSACEJI 


ANALYTICAL    KEY.  XXI 

#  #  Ovaries  2  -  5,  more  or  /ess  united  into  one  below,  but  at  the  apex  separate,  at 

well  as  their  styles. 

Leaves  strong-scented,  punctate  with  pellucid  dots.      .        .         (40)  RUTACE.K 
Leaves  scentless,  not  pellucid-punctate. 

Herbs,  without  real  stipules  or  stipels.          .        .     141  (54)  SAXIFRAGACE^C. 
Shrubs,  with  opposite  compound  (trifoliolate)  leaves, 

caducous  stipules  and  stipels.         .        Staphyiea,  82  SAPINDACEJS. 

*••  *  *  Ovaries  or  lobes  of  a  compound  ovary  2  to  5,  united  by  a  common  single  sty'e. 
Stamens  distinct :  ovaries  or  lobes  commonly  3. 

Flower  irregular,  spurred  :  cress-scented  plants.  (40)  TROPJEOLACE.E. 

Flower  regular. 74  LIMNANTHACE^E. 

Stamens  monadelphous  at  the  base  :  ovary  5-lobed.  72  (38)  GERANIACEJ-;. 

*  *  *  *  Ovary  only  one. 

Ovary  simple  (of  one  carpel),  with  only  one  parietal  pla- 
centa and  a  single  perfectly  undivided  style  and 
stigma.  Flowers  mostly  irregular,  the  corolla 

papilionaceous,  rarely  regular  or  nearly  so.        .      88  (43)  LEGUMINOSJB. 
Ovary  one-celled,  but  either  the  styles  or  the  stigmas  more 
than  one  or  lobed,  or  the  placentae  more  than  one, 
showing  the  pistil  to  be  compound. 
!    Corolla  irregular, 

Of  4  petals  :  stamens  6  in  two  sets.       .        .        .     26  (32)  FUMARIACEJE. 
Of  5  petals  :  stamens  5,  their  anthers  united.    .        .      41  (35)  VIOLACE^B. 
Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Ovule  solitary  and  hanging  in  the  cell.  .  .  Isatis,  (33)  CRUCIFEILE. 
Ovule  solitary  at  the  base  of  the  cell :  stigmas  3.  76  (41)  ANACARDIACEJS. 
Ovules  more  than  one,  in  the  centre  or  bottom  of  the  cell. 

Petals  not  on  the  calyx 53  (35)  CARYOPHYLLACE.®. 

Petals  on  the  throat  of  a  bell-shaped  or  tubular  calyx.    127  LYTHRACE-K. 
Ovules  several  or  many,  on  two  or  more  parietal  placentge. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx 141  SAXIFRAGACE^E. 

Stamens  5,  borne  on  the  long  stalk  of  the  ovary  : 

styles  3  :  climbing  plants  with  tendrils.     138  (52)  PASSIFLORACE^E. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 
Sepals  deciduous  after  flowering, 

Four,  with  4  petals  and  6  stamens.      .        .       (34)  CAPPARIDACEJB, 
Five,  with  regular  5  petals  and  5  stamens :  style 

one:  shrub,  with  coriaceous  leaves.        .      (35)  PITTOSPORACEA 
.     Sepals  persistent,  5,  or  rarely  3. 

Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  and  dark  dots, 

all  of  them  opposite  and  entire.      .        .       48  HYPEKICACEA 
Leaves  not  pellucid-punctate,  and 
Not  beset  with  gland-b taring  bristles. 


ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

Sterile  filaments  or  some  appendages  resem- 
bling them  before  each  veiny  petal.         48  PARXABSIACKJC 
No  sterile  filaments  :  style  1  or  none.  45  CISTAC&S. 

Beset  with  strong  bristles  tipped  with  a  clam- 
my gland  :  styles  divided  so  as  to  be 
twice  as  many  as  the  3-5  placentae.  47  DROSERACE.S. 

Ovary  2  -  several-celled. 
Flowers  irregular. 

Stamens  diadelphous  or  monadelphous, 

Six  or  eight,  connected  with  the  corolla  :  anthers 

one-celled,  opening  at  the  top.        ...       85  POLYGALACEJS. 
Ten,  free  from  the  corolla :  anthers  2-celled.    (As- 
tragalus, &c.) 88  LEQUMINOS^B. 

Stamens  5,  the  anthers  somewhat  monadelphous  or 

united  over  the  stigma 73  (40)  BALSAMINACE^E. 

Stamens  distinct  both  as  to  the  filaments  and  the  anthers. 
Anthers  opening  at  the  apex.  .       Rhodora,  245  ERICACE^ 

Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Calyx  spurless 82  (41)  SAPINDACB^B. 

Calyx  with  a  spur  (except  Cuphea,  p.  127).          (40)  TROP-EOLACEJB. 
Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  (2  or  3)  fewer  than  the  4  petals.     .        .        .      356  (72)  OLBACE^. 
Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals,  but  not  twice  as  many, 

Triadelphous  :  leaves  opposite 48  HYPERICACB.B 

Distinct,  usually  6  or  8,  of  equal  length.      .        .       84  (41)  SAPINDACE^E. 
Tetradynamous,  i.  e.  2  short  and  4  long :  petals  4.       28  (33)  CRUCIFBKB. 
Stamens  just  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Ovules  and  seeds  only  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 
Herbs :  flowers  monoecious :  styles  fewer  than  the 

sepals,  mostly  3. 385  EUPHORBI  ACEJB. 

Herbs  :  styles  or  stigmas  as  many  as  the  petals  or  sepals. 

Sepals,  petals,  and  lobes  of  the  ovary  3 :  stamens  6.  74  LIMN  ANTH  ACE^E. 
Sepals  and  petals  5  :  ovary  and  pod  10-celled.  70  (38)  LINAGES. 

Sepals,  petals,  and  cells  or  lobes  of  the  ovary  5  : 

stamens  5-10 72  (38)  GERANIACE^E. 

Shrubs  or  trees. 

Leaves  palmately  veined  and  lobed:  fruit  two- 
winged,  a  double  samara.   .        .        Acer,  84  (41)  SAPINDACE.K. 
Leaves  pinnately  veined,  not  lobed. 

Calyx  not  minute :  pod  colored,  dehiscent : 

seeds  enclosed  in  a  pulpy  aril.         .        .        81  CELASTRACEJE. 
Calyx  minute :  stigmas  sessile :  fruit  a  berry- 
like  drupe. 263  AQUIFOLIACBJC, 

Ovules  (and  usually  seeds)  several  or  many  in  each  cell. 
Stipules  between  the  opposite  and  simple  leaves.  52  E LATIN ACE « 


ANALYTICAL    KEY. 


XX111 


Stipules    between    the    opposite  and  compound 

leaves  (but  they  are  caducous).       Staphylea,  82  SAPINDACEJE. 

Stipules  none  when  the  leaves  are  opposite. 

Stamens  5,  monadelphous  in  a  10 -toothed  tube 

or  cup  :  leaves  simple,  all  radical.       .        .  262  GALACINEJE. 
Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  the  base.     Leaf- 
lets 3,  obcordate. *  OXALIDACE^E. 

Stamens  distinct,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Style  1,  undivided. 245  (61)  ERICAOE-SS. 

Styles  2  -  5,  separate.          .        .        .    52  (35)  CARTOPHTLLACE^S. 
Stamens  distinct,  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Styles  2  (rarely  3),  or  splitting  into  2  in  fruit.  141  (54)SAXIFRAGACE^!. 
Style  1  :  pod  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  becoming 

1 -celled  at  maturity.  .        .        .      127  (50)  LYTHRAVE^B. 

2.     Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  at  least  to  its  lower  half. 

Tendril-bearing  and  often  succulent  herbs.       .        .     138  ^32)  CUCURBITACEJB. 
Not  tendril-bearing. 

Ovules  and  seeds  more  than  one  in  each  cell. 

Ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled  from  the  base.     .      63  (36)  PORTULACACEJE. 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  2  or  3  parietal  few  -  many-seeded  placentae. 

Herbs :  fruit  a  capsule 141  SAXIFRAGACE.S. 

Shrubs :  fruit  a  berry.  .        .        .        .       136  (53)  GROSSULACEJB, 

Ovary  2 -several-celled. 

Anthers  opening  by  pores  at  the  apex  :  style  1.        127  MELASTOMACE.E. 
Anthers  not  opening  by  pores. 

Stamens  on  a  flat  disk  which  covers  the  ovary.         81  CELASTRACEJE. 
Stamens  on  the  calyx. 

Style  1 :  petals  4,  rarely  5.       ...        129  (50)  ONAGRACEJS. 
Styles  2  or  3,  or  only  one  and  3  -  5-cleft.    141  (54)  SAXIFRAGACE^E. 
Ovules  and  seeds  only  one  in  each  cell. 

Stamens  10  (instead  of  many)  accidentally  and  rarely  in  some  111 
Stamens  2,  4,  or  8. 

Herbs :  flowers  not  in  an  involucrate  head. 
Herb :  flowers  in  a  head,  surrounded  by  a  colored 

involucre  :  stamens  4 

Shrubs  or  trees  :  petals  narrow. 
Stamens  4  :  style  and  stigma  1. 

Stamens  8  :  styles  2 

Stamens  5 :  flowers  in  umbels,  or  rarely  in  heads. 
Fruit  dry,  splitting  in  two  at  maturity  :  styles  2  : 

flowers  mostly  in  compound  umbels.  148  (54)  UMBELLIFER.SB. 

Fruit  fleshy  or  berry-like :  styles  2-5,  separate,  or 

united  into  one 159  (55)  ARALIACEJR 


129  ONAGRACE^B. 
161  CORKAGE  JE. 

161  CORK  ACE  JB 

147  HAMAMELACE^E 


XXIV  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

DIVISION  U.    MONOPETALOUS ;  calyx  and  corolla  both  present ;  the 
latter  with  its  petals  united  more  or  less  into  one  piece. 

A*   Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Ovary  1-celled  with  one  parietal  placenta.    (Trifolium  and 

some  Mimoseae  may  be  taken  for  monopetalous.)    88  (42)  LEGUMINOS.E. 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae.        Adlumia,  &c.       26  FUMARIACE^J 
Ovary  1-celled  with  the  ovules  at  the  centre  or  base.  265  STYRACACE^E. 

Ovary  3  -  many-celled. 

Stamens  free  or  nearly  free  from  the  corolla,  distinct.       245  (61)  ERICACEAE. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  or  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Filaments  monadelphous :  anthers  1-celled.          .          65  (36)  MALVACEAE. 
Filaments  somewhat  monadelphous  at  the  base  or  5- 

adelphous  :  anthers  2-celled. 
Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.   .....        70  (38)  CAMELLIACE.*, 

Calyx  adherent  with  the  ovary  or  with  its  base.  265  STYRACACE.E 

Filaments  wholly  distinct :  calyx  free,  persistent.  266  EBENACEJJ 

R.     Stamens  (fertile  ones)  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them.* 

Ovary  5-celled  :  corolla  appendaged  with  scales  inside.  267  SABOTAGED. 

Ovary  1-celled:  pod  several  -  many-seeded  :  style  1.       270  (62)  PRIMULACE^B. 
Ovary  1-celled :  utricle  1 -seeded  :   styles  5,  or  only  one 

and  5-cleft 270  (62)  PLUMBAGINACE,*!, 

C.     Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  or  fewer.* 
#  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube  (inferior). 

-Tendril-bearing  herbs :  anthers  often  united.        .        138  (52)  CUCDRBITACB^B. 
Tendrils  none. 

Stamens  united  by  their  anthers  into  a  ring  or  tube. 

Flowers  capitate,  the  head  involucrate.        .        .        177  (56)  COMPOSITE. 
Flowers  separate,  irregular ;  the  tube  of  the  corolla 

cleft  down  one  side 241  (60)  LOBELIACEJE. 

Stamens  separate,  and 
Free  from  the  corolla  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  alternate, 

without  stipules  :  juice  of  the  stem  milky.    243  (60)  CAMPANULACE^S. 
Inserted  on  the  corolla, 
Didynamous  :   ovary  1-celled,  with   two  parietal 

and  many-ovuled  placentas.         .        .        .        (63)  GESNBRIACEJE. 
Not  didynamous. 

One  to  three,  always  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the 

corolla 174  (56)  VALERIANACEJE. 

"  Beware  here  of  Mirabihs !  which  seem*  to  be  monopetalous,  with  the  ovary  between  the 
calyx  and  corolla  ;  but  it  is  really  apetalous.    See  pp.  Ixxiv,  and  360. 


ANALYTICAL    KEY.  XXV 

Four  or  five,  generally  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head  :  stipules  none.  176  (56)  DIFSACE^B 
Flowers  if  in  heads  not  involucrate. 

Leaves  \vhorled  without  stipules.  ^ 

Leaves   opposite,  or  rarely  whorled,  with  i-  168  (56)  RUBIACEJS. 

stipules. 

Leaves  opposite  without  stipules  (or  some- 
times with  appendages  to  the  petioles 
imitating  them).  ...  163  (55)  CAFRIFOLIACE^. 

*  4(=  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx  (superior). 
v-  Corolla  irregular:  stamens  (icith  anthers)  4  and  didynamous,  or  only  2. 

Ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  the  (1-4)  cells. 

Ovary  4-lobed,  the  style  rising  from  between  the  lobes.       300  (67)  LABIATE. 
Ovary  not  lobcd,  the  style  from  its  apex.     .         .         298  (66)  VERBENACE<E. 
Ovules  numerous  or  as  many  as  2  in  each  cell. 
Ovary  and  pod  1 -celled, 

With  a  free  central  placenta  :  stamens  2  :  aquatics.      275  LENTIBULACE.® 
With  2  or  more  parietal  placentae  :  stamens  4. 

Plants  with  ordinary  foliage (63)  GESNERIACE^E. 

Plants  leafless,  root-parasitic.          .         .         .  279  OHOBANCHACEJE. 

Ovary  and  fruit  more  or  less  4  -  5-cclled.   Martynia. 


.  278  (63)  BIGNOMACEJE. 
Ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  but  the  2  placentae  parietal;  ) 

Ovary  and  pod  2-celled  :  placentae  in  the  axis. 

Seeds  numerous,  rarely  few,  not  on  hooks,  &c.  281  (64)  SCROPHULARIACE^E. 
Seeds  few,  borne  on  hook-like,  or  slender,  or  else  cup- 
shaped  projections  of  the  placentae.          .          296  (66)  ACANTIIACEJE. 

•+-•*-  Corolla  somewhat  irregular:  stamens  (with  anthers)  5. 

»amens  free  from  the  corolla  or  nearly  so  :  anthers  open- 
ing by  a  hole  at  the  top  of  each  cell.        .        Azalea,  245  (61)  ERICACE.B. 
Slamens  inserted  on  the  corolla. 

Filaments  or  some  of  them  woolly.         Verbascum,  281  SCROIMIULARIACK^. 
Filaments  not  woolly.      ......       338  (71)  SOLANACE.E. 

H-  -i-  •«-  Corolla  regular. 
+•*•  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Ovaries  2,  separate  ;  their 

Styles  and  stigmas  also  wholly  separate.     Dichondra,  332  CONVOLVULACE^!. 
Stigmas  and  sometimes  styles  united  into  one. 

Filaments  distinct:  pollen  in  ordinary  grains.  349  (73)  APOCYNACE^. 

Filaments  commonly  monadelphous  :  anthers  united 

with  the  stigma  :  pollen  in  masses.        .        350  (72)  ASCLEPIADACE;E. 
Ovary  one,  but  deeply  4-lobed  around  the  style.          319  (69)  BQKRAGINACEJE 


XXVI  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

Ovary  one  :  pod  2-lobed  or  2-horned  at  the  summit.  Loganieae,  169  RDBI^CEJB. 
Ovary  one,  not  divided  nor  deeply  lobed, 

One-celled,  simple  :  style  and  stigma  1,  undivided.        88  (43)  LEGUMIXOSJB. 
One-celled,  compound  :  styles,  stigmas,  or  parietal  placentae  2. 
Leaves  (or  in  Menyanthes  3  leaflets)  entire.    .        .        341  GENTIANACE.E. 
Leaves  toothed,  lobal  or  pinnately  compound.  ^ 
Imperfectly  2-cclled  by  two  broad  parietal  pla-  [-26  (69)  HYDUOI'IIYLLACK^:. 

centre  meeting  each  other.  .        .         J 

Two-  to  ten-celled. 

Leafless  and  parasitic  twining  plants.          Cuscuta,  332  Cox  VOLVU  LACE  x. 
Plants  with  ordinary  green  leaves. 

Style  none  :  corolla  deeply  4- 6-parted.    .        .        263  AQUIFOLIACE.«. 
Style  present. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla  or  nearly  so.  245  (61)  ERICACE^K. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla, 
Four:  corolla  scarious  :  pod  2-celled,  opening 

transversely,  the  top  falling  as  a  lid.  268  PLANTAGINACE.«. 
Four:  ovary  2-4-celled,  with  one  ovule  in  each.  299  VEUIJENACE^S. 
Five  or  rarely  more. 

Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules,  or  a  transverse 

line  in  their  place.       Gelsemium,  p.  296,  and  169  LOGANIE.E. 
Leaves  mostly  opposite,  no  stipules,     "j 

Leaves  alternate :  style  3-cleft  at  apex. 

^329  (70)  POLEMONIACE.B. 
Leaves   alternate   and   opposite :   an- 
thers transversely  2-valved. 

Leaves  mostly  alternate :  style  undivided  or  rarely  2-cleft. 
Ovules  and  seeds  very  numerous. 

Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud.  281  SCKOPIIULARIACEJC. 

Corolla  either  plaitcd,val  vate,  or  twisted, 

rarely  imbricated,  in  the  bud  .         338  (71)  SOLAXACE^E. 
Ovules  and  seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 
Style  short:  fruit  splitting  into  two  or 

four  seed-like  nutlets.        .        319  (69)  BOUKAGINACE.*. 
Style  long  :    flowers   showy  :    fruit  a 

2-3-valvcd  pod.    .        .        332  (70)  COXVOLVUI.ACE^K 

*•»•  +•*  Stamens  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 
S'amcns  4,  di.lynamous. 

Ovary  2-celied  ;  the  cells  2 -few-seeded.       .        .        296  (66)  ACANTHACE*;. 
Ovary  2-4-celled;  the  cells  1 -seeded.      .        .  298  (66)  VERBENACE^E 

Stamens  2,  rarely  3  :  ovary  2-celled. 

Low  herbs  :  corolla  scarious,  withering  on  the  pod.        268  PLANTAGINACKJE. 
Herbs  (rarely  shrubs) :  corolla  rotate,  or  somewhat  funnelform, 

slightly  irregular,  deciduous.       Veronica,  281  (64)  SCUOPHULARIACE.*. 
Shrubs  or  trees. 


ANALYTICAL    KEY.  XXV11 

Lobes  of  the  corolla  4,valvate  in  the  bud  :  seeds  suspended.  356  (73 )  OLEACE.E. 
Lobes  of  the  corolla  5  or  more,  convolute  in  the  bud  :  seeds 

erect  from  the  base  of  the  cells.        .        .        .         (73)  JASMINACE.E. 

[  DIVISION  III.  APETALOUS :  corolla  (and  sometimes  the  calyx)  wanting. 

A»     Flowers  not  in  catkins. 
#  Ovary  or  its  cells  containing  many  ovules. 
Ovary  and  pod  inferior  (i.  e.  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary), 

Six-celled  :  stamens  6-12 359  ARISTOLOCHIACE.S. 

Four-celled  :  stamens  4.          ....       Ludwigia,  129  ONAGRACE.E. 
Three-celled  :  flowers  monoecious  :  stamens  many.  (53)  BEGONIACE,?C. 

One-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae.     Chrysosplenium,  141  SAXIFRAGA€E.«. 
Ovary  and  pod  wholly  naked  (there  being  no  calyx), 

Two-celled,  2-beaked :  flowers  capitate,  monoecious  :  tree.  147  HAMAMELACE^. 
Two-celled,  many-ribbed  :  aquatic  herb.          .        .        384  PODO«TEMACEJB. 
Ovary  and  pod,  &c.  superior,  i.  e.  free  from  the  calyx, 
Five-celled   and   5-beaked,  opening   across   the  beaks 

which  fall  off  at  maturity  :  stamens  10.  Penthorum,  139  CRASSDLAOE^E. 
Three  -  5-celled,  opening  round  the  middle.  Sesuvium,  63  PORTULACACE^E. 
Three-celled  and  3-valved.  .  .  Mollugo,  53  CARYoriiYLLACE.as. 

Two-celled  or  1-celled:  placentae  central. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  or  tube  of  the  calyx.  127  (50)  LYTHRACE^S. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle  or  the  base  of  the  calyx, 

Alternate  with  the  5  sepals.      .        .        .        Glaux,  270  PRIMULACEJE. 
Opposite  the  sepals  when  of  the  same  number. 

Flowers  with  scarious  or  colored  bracts.          .        367  AMARANTACE^E. 
Flowers  without  such  bracts.      ...         52  CARYOPHYLLACEJB. 

One-celled,  with  one  parietal  placenta.  ) 

}  2  KANUNCULACE^J. 
Ovaries  2  or  more,  separate,  simple ) 

*  *  Ovary  or  its  cells  containing  only  1  or  2,  rarely  3  or  4,  ovules. 

•*-  Pistils  more  tlian  one,  and  distinct  or  nearly  so. 

tamens  inserted  on  the  calyx.    Leaves  with  stipules.  110  (45)  ROSACES 

lumens  inserted  in  the  receptacle. 

Leaves  punctate,  with  pellucid  dots.     .        .        Zanthoxylum,  74  RUTACE^E. 
Leaves  not  dotted. 

Calyx  present,  usually  colored  or  petal-like.  2  (30)  RANUNCULACE^S. 

Calyx  absent.    Flowers  entirely  naked,  perfect,  spiked.  383  SADRURACEJB. 

•«—  -t—  Pistil  one,  either  simple  or  compound. 
Ovary  partly  inferior,  the  calyx  coherent  to  its  lower  half, 

2-celled  •  styles  2  :  stamens  many.    .        .        .        147  HAMAMELACE* 


- 

< 


XXV.ll  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

Ovary  wholly  inferior  in  perfect  or  pistillate  flowers. 

Aquatic  herbs  :  ovary"  3  -  4-celled,  or  (Hippuris)  l-eclled.     129  HALORAOEA 
Woody  plants  :  style  or  stigma  one,  entire  :  ovary  1 -celled. 

Stigma  running  down  one  side  of  the  style.  Nyssa,  160  CORNACE^E. 

Stigma  terminal,  with  or  without  a  style. 

Parasitic  on  the  branches  of  trees  :  anthers  sessile.     382  LORAXTIIACE^E. 
Not  parasitic  above  ground  :  anthers  on  filaments.        381  SANTALACE.*:. 
Ovary  really  free  from  the  calyx,  but  permanently  invested 

by  its  tube,  or  the  base  of  it,  so  as  to  seem  inferior. 

Shrubs,  with  scurfy  leaves  :  flowers  mostly  clio3cious.          380  EL^EAGNACEJE. 
Herbs  :  calyx  colored  like  a  corolla. 

Leaves  opposite,  simple.        ,        .        ...       360  (74)  NYCTAGIN  ACE.E. 

Leaves  alternate,  pinnate Sanguisorba,  110,  ROSACES. 

O'ary  plainly  free  from  the  calyx,  which  is  sometimes  wanting. 
Stipules  (ochrose)  sheathing  the  stem  at  the  nodes. 

Tree  :  calyx  none  :  flowers  monoecious,  in  heads.  400  PLATANACK/E. 

Herbs:  calyx  present  and  often  colored.         .        371  (75)  POLYGON  AC  i-;.*. 
Stipules  not  sheathing  the  stern,  or  none. 
Aquatic  herbs,  submersed  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  whorled-dissected  :  style  1.     .         .         383  CERATOrriYLLACE^E. 
Leaves  opposite,  entire  :  styles  2  :  ovary  4-cclled  384  CALLITKJCHACE.I?. 
Not  aquatics,  herbs. 

Ovary  10-cclled:  berry  10-seeded.          .        .          361  PIIYTOLACCACEJK. 
Ovary  3-celled,  rarely  1  -  2-ccllcd  :  juice  milky.  385  (76)  EUPIIOUBIACE.K. 
Ovary  one-celled  :  juice  not  milky. 
Style,  if  any,  and  stigma  only  one :  leaves  simple: 

no  scarious  bracts  around  the  flowers.  .         .     394  URTICE*. 

Style  or  stigmas  2  or  3  :  embryo  coiled  or  curved. 
Stipules  not  scarious  :  leaves  palmatcly  cleft 

or  palmately  compound.          .         .         395  (76)  CANNABTNEJS. 

Stipules  scarious 54  ILLECEUKE,C. 

Stipules  and  scarious  bracts  none  :   stamens 

inserted  high  up  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx.       54  SCLERANTHE*:. 
Stipules  none  :   but  scarious  bracts  crowded 

around  the  flowers.     .         .         .          367  (75)  AMARANTACEA:. 
Stipules  and  scarious  bracts  none.  361  (74)  CUENOPODIACE.B. 

Shrubs  or  trees. 

Ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary. 
Fruit  a  3-cclled  pod  :  leaves  evergreen.   Buxus,  (76)  EuriiORniACE^:. 

Fruit  2-celled,  a  double  samara 82  ACKRINEJG. 

Fruit  a  1-celled  1-seedcd  samara  or  drupe.       .        356  (73)  OLEACE.E. 
Ovules  single  in  each  cell  of  the 

Three -9-celled  ovary  :  leaves  small  and  heath-l!kc.  393  EMPETRACEA 
Three-celled  ovary  :  leaves  broad.       ...        78  RHAMNACE.B. 


ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

One  -  two-celled  ovary :  styles  or  stigmas  2-cleft.  394  (76)  URTICACEJB. 
One-celled  ovary :  style  and  stigma  single  and  entire. 

Anthers  opening  longitudinally.          .          380  (75)  THYMELEACEJB. 

Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves  like  trap-doors.  373  LAURAOE.IS. 

IS .     Flowers  (monoecious  or  dioecious]  one  or  both  sorts  in  catkins. 
*  Only  one  sort  of  flowers  in  catkins  or  catkin-like  heads. 

Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  catkin,  head,  or  strobile.      .        394  (76)  URTICACE^E. 
fertile  flowers  single  or  clustered :  sterile  ones  in  slender  catkins. 

Leaves  pinnate  :  fertile  flowers  and  fruit  naked.        401  (77)  JUGLANDACE^E. 

Leaves  simple  :  fertile  flowers  1-3  in  an  involucre  or 

cupule. 403  (77)  CCTULIFER.S. 

fc  *  Both  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  catkins  or  heads, 

(Wary  and  pod  1 -celled,  many-seeded  :  seeds  furnished 

with  a  downy  tuft  at  one  end.  .        .        .        413  (78)  SALICACEJK. 

Ovary  and* woody  pod  2-cellcd,  many-seeded.  Liquidambar,  148  HAMAMELACE^. 
Ovary  1  -2-celled,  only  one  ovule  in  each  cell :  fruit  1-seeded. 

Parasitic  on  trees  :  fruit  a  berry 382  LORANTHACE^:. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  not  parasitic. 

Calyx  regular,  conspicuous,  that  of  the  fertile  flowers 

succulent  in  fruit 394  (76)  URTICACE^E. 

Calyx  none,  or  rudimentary  and  scale-like. 

Style  and  stigma  one,  simple  :  flowers  in  heads.  400  PLATANACE^:. 

Styles  or  long  stigmas  2. 
Fertile  flowers  2  or  3  under  each  scale  of  the 

catkin  :  nutlets  naked,  winged  or  woody.  410  BETULACE.E. 

Fertile  flowers  single  under  each  scale  :  nutlets 
naked,    globose,   mostly    waxy-coated    or 

drupe-like. 409  MYRICACE.E. 

Fertile  flowers  single  in  a  membranous  sac.  Ostrya,  •> 
Fe-tile  flowers  2,  subtended  by  a  one-sided  and  M03  CUFULIFEIUB. 
lobed  leafy  involucre.  Carpinus,  J 


: 


SUBCLASS  IT.  GYMNOSFEKM^E.  Pistil  an  open  scale  or  altered 
af,  bearing  naked  ovules  on  its  margin  or  its  upper  surface,  or  in  Taxus 
ntirely  wanting.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

Leaves  simple :  stems  branched 420  (78)  CONIFERJE. 

Leaves  pinnate,  rigid  :   stem  or  caudex  simple  :  plants 

therefore  resembling  Palms  in  aspect.       .        .        .        (80)  CYCADACE^J, 


XXVlll"  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

CLASS  II.   MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  OR  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Steins  with  the  wood  collected  into  separate  bundles  or  threads,  which 
are  irregularly  dispersed  throughout  the  whole  diameter,  leaving  no  dis- 
tinct pith  in  the  centre;  not  forming  annual  layers.  (A  transverse  slice 
of  the  stem  therefore  exhibits  the  woody  threads  as  dots  scattered 
throughout  the  cellular  tissue.)  Leaves  mostly  parallel-veined  (occasion- 
ally more  or  less  reticulated).  Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon,  and  the 
first  leaves  in  germination  alternate.  Parts  of  the  flower  generally  in 
threes,  never  in  fives. 

A»  SPADICEOUS  DIVISION.  Flowers  aggregated  on  a  spadix  or  fleshy  axis,  or 
sometimes  scattered,  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla  (excepting  some  Araecae,  where, 
however,  they  are  on  a  spadix)  and  also  of  glumes  (husky  scales).  Leaves  often 
with  netted  veins. 

Little  floating  aquatics,  with  no  distinction  of  stem  and  foliage.  430  LEMNACE.S:. 
Terrestrial  or  aquatic,  with  root,  stem,  and  leaves.  * 

Immersed  aquatics,  with  jointed  stems  and  inconspicuous 

flowers. 431  NAIADACB^. 

Reed-like  or  Flag-like  marsh  or  aquatic  herhs,  with  linear 
and  sessile  nerved  leaves  :  flowers  in  spikes  or  heads. 

Flowers  monoecious  :  destitute  of  floral  envelopes.       .        429  TYFHACE^E. 
Flowers  perfect,  on  a  lateral  spadix :  sepals  6.    Acorus,  ^ 
Terrestrial  or  marsh  plants  :  leaves  mostly  with  a  distinct  >  426  (80)  ARACEJS. 
netted-veined  blade,  petioled.  J 

B.  PETALOIDEOUS  DIVISION.  Flowers  not  collected  on  a  spadir,  furnished  with 
floral  envelopes  (perianth)  answering  to  calyx  or  to  botJi  calyx  and  corolla^  either 
herbaceous  or  colored  and  petal-like. 

#  Perianth  adherent  to  the  whole  surface  of  the  ovary  (superior). 
Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  regular. 

Aquatics  :  ovules  and  seeds  several  or  numerous.     440  HYDROCHARIDACE.E. 
Twining  plants :  ovules  and  seeds  one  or  two  in  each 

cell :  veinlcts  of  the  leaves  reticulated.      .        460  (84)  DIOSCOREACK/B. 
Flowers  perfect :  ovules  and  seeds  usually  numerous  or  several. 
Stamens  (bearing  anthers)  only  one  or  two  :  flower  irregular. 

Gynandrous  :  ovary  1-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae.      442  ORCIUDACE.*. 

Not  gynaudrous  :  ovary  3-celled (80)  CANNACEA:. 

Stamens  3. 

Anthers  introrse,  opening  transversely.         .        .        442  BURMANNIACE*. 

Anthers  introrse  or  versatile,  opening  lengthwise.        457  H^MODORACE^I:. 

Anthers  cxtrorsc,  opening  lengthwise.          .         .  459  (82)  IRIDACE.B. 

Stamens  6 :  flowers  usually  on  a  scape  from  a  bulb.  455  (80)  AMARY  LLIDACBJK. 


ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

*  #  Perianth  adherent  only  to  the  base  or  lower  half  of  the  ovary. 
Stamens  6;  the  anthers  turned  inwards:  perianth  covered 

with  wool  or  scurf. 457 

Stamens  6  ;  the  anthers  turned  outwards.        .         .        .      472  MELAMUACE/E. 

*  *  =fc  Perianth  wholly  free  from  the  ovary  (Inferior)  : 

•*-  Its  6  (or  rarely  4)  divisions  similar,  and  colored  alike. 

Perianth  glumaceous,  i.  e.  chaffy  or  husky  :  rushes.       .        .       479  JuNCACE-as. 
Perianth  herbaceous  :  somewhat  rush-like  marsh  plants  : 

anthers  turned  outwards.          .         .         .         .  436  JUNCAGIXEJS. 

Perianth  pctaloid,  or  at  least  somewhat  colored  and  corolla-like 
Stamens  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  perianth,  or  unequal 

and  of  two  sorts  :  aquatic  plants.    .        .        .        483  PONTET^EUIACEJE, 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  perianth  and  all  alike. 

Style  1,  undivided  (in  Tulip  no  style:  stigma  3-lobcd).  465  (84)  LILIACE..E. 
Style  1,  but  3-parted  or  3-lobed.  UvularieiB,  472  (86)  MELAKTIIACK^E. 

Styles  3,  or  sessile  stigmas  3,  separate. 

Leaves  with  tendril-bearing  petioles  :  flowers  dioecious.  { 

(  461  SMI  LA  OB  JB 
Leaves  whorled :  flowers  perfect.  .        .        .        . ) 

Leaves  not  tendril-bearing  nor  whorled  :   anthers 

turned  outwards 472  (86)  MELANTHACEJB. 

+-*-  Its  divisions  of  two  kinds,  viz.  3  herbaceous  or  membranaceoiis  sepals  and  3  col' 

ored  petals  ;  not  furnished  with  glumaceous  bracts. 

Pistils  numerous  and  distinct;  stamens  from  6  to  many.  436  ALISMACE^E. 

Pistil  (ovary)  one,  3-cellcd,  many- several-seeded. 

Style  1.     Thick  or  scurfy-leaved  epiphytes.        .        .       458  BROMELIACE/E. 

Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3.  Leaves  whorled.  .  .  461  TKILLIACE.K. 
Pistil  (ovary)  one,  2-3-celled  ;  the  cells  1-2-sceded.  485  (86)  CoaiMELYXACEJS. 
Pistil  1  :  ovary  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae.  .  .  487  XYRIDACE^S. 

•*-  •*-  Its  divisions  of  two  kinds,  or  the  inner  (corolla)  rarely  wanting ;  the  outer 
(calyx)  mostly  glumaceous  or  chaffy  ;  the  flowers  also  furnished  with  ylumaccout 
or  chaff >j  bracts.  Rash-like  herbs  :  flowers  in  dense  heads. 

Pod  1-celled,  many-seeded,  with  3  parietal  placentae.        .        487  XYRIDACEJC. 
Pod  2 -3-cellcd,  2- 3-secdcd 488  ERIOCAULOXACKJS. 

C.  GLUMACEOUS  DIVISION.  Flowers  destitute  of  any  proper  perianth,  except 
sometimes  small  scales  or  bristles,  but  covered  by  glumes,  i.  e.  husk-like  or  scalc.- 
like  bracts. 

Glume  a  single  scale-like  bract  with  a  flower  in  its  axil.  490  CYPERACE.E. 

Glumes  in  pairs,  of  two  sorts 535  (87)  GUAM  INKS. 


X.XVJir  ANALYTICAL    KKT. 

SERIES  II.      CRYVTOGAMOUS  OR   FLOWERLESS  PLANTS: 

tliose  destitute  of  stamens  and  pistils,  ill  fructification  producing  spores 
instead  of  seeds. 

CLASS  III.     ACROGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Plants  with  a  stem  containing  woody  tissue  and  vessels,  as  does  the 
foliage  when  there  is  any  (in  the  form  of  veins). 

Fructification  borne  on  the  leaves  (fronds),  commonly  on 

their  backs  or  margins 587  Fi  LICKS. 

Fructification  of  several  spore-cases  borne  on  the  under 

side  of  the  shield-shaped  stalked  scales  of  a  terminal 

spike  or  cone.    Leaves  none,  except  a  whorl  of  teeth 

at  each  joint  of  the  stem 585  EQUISETACE.SJ 

Fructification  of  spore-cases  in  the  axil  of  small  simple 

leaves  or  bracts.  602  LYCOPODIACE^B. 

Fructification  at  the  base  of  leaves  or  naked  branches. 

Aquatics.          ....*...  605  IlYDRorxERiDKS. 

CLASS  IV.    ANOPIIYTES.     (MOSSES.) 

Plants  consisting  of  cellular  tissue  only,  with  stem  and  foliage  distinct, 
or  sometimes  the  two  confluent  into  a  foliaceous  body  (frond). 

Spore-cases  mostly  opening  by  a  lid.     Leaves  distinct       .        .        607  Musci. 
Spore-casep  not  opening  by  a  lid.    Leaves  sometime?  v*>* 

fluent  into  a  frond.  682  HKPATICBJI 


GARDEN  BOTANY: 

AN  INTRODUCTION  TO  A  KNOWLEDGE  OF  THE 

COMMON    CULTIVATED    PLANTS. 


THIS  simple  Introduction  to  a  knowledge  of  the  plants  commonly  cultivated 
in  tliis  country,  whether  for  use  or  ornament,  is  prepared  as  a  useful  accom 
paniment  to  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States,  and  is  made  as 
extensive  as  the  needful  limits  of  such  a  volume  will  allow.  It  will  serve  the 
purpose  of  enabling  pupils  to  study  our  ordinary  exotic  as  well  as  indigenous 
plants,  to  ascertain  their  names,  and  to  refer  them  to  their  place  in  the  system. 

It  is  to  be  used  wholly  in  connection  with  the  foregoing  Artificial  Key,  p.  xv., 
which  is  arranged  to  lead  the  pupil,  if  he  has  an  exotic  or  other  cultivated  plant 
in  hand,  to  this  Garden  Botany,  —  if  a  wild  plant,  to  its  order  in  the  proper 
Botany  of  the  Northern.  United  States.  If  the  cultivated  plant  be  one  which  ia 
described  in  the  main  body  of  the  work,  —  as  may  frequently  be  the  case,  — 
the  analysis  will  conduct  to  a  reference,  "  Man.  p.  .  .  ,"  where  the  plant  in  ques- 
tion may  be  found  described.  It  is  needless  to  repeat  the  description  of  such 
species. 

For  the  same  reason,  the  character  or  brief  description  of  the  orders  and  of 
the  genera  already  in  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States  is  not  repeated 
in  the  Garden  Botany;  but  a  reference,  "Manual,"  or  "Man.,"  followed  by 
the  page,  directs  the  student  to  the  place  where  the  order  or  the  genus,  &c.  is 
characterized. 

Since  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  names  of  the  genera,  &c.  of  our  cultivated 
plants  occur  in  the  body  of  the  work,  where  they  are  duly  accentuated  to  in- 
dicate their  proper  pronunciation,  the  accents  are  not  introduced  here,  except 
the  case  of  a  few  words,  for  the  most  part  not  already  in  the  Manual,  which 
particularly  liable  to  be  mispronounced. 

As  this  Garden  Botany  is  intended  to  be  used  only  for  exercise  in  botanical 
analysis,  an  Index  of  the  names  of  the  plants  contained  in  it,  for  obvious  rea- 
sons, is  purposely  omitted. 


XXX  GARDEN    BOTANY 


OROER    BANUNCULACE-ffiJ.      CROWFOOT  FAMILT. 

See  Manual,  p.  2. — The  cultivated  sorts  may  be  knowu  by  having  many 
stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle,  and  from  2  to  many  separate  pistils,  except 
that  the  annual  Larkspurs  have  only  one  pistil,  and  in  Fennel-Flower  the  five 
pistils  are  partly  united  into  one. 

Climbers,  with  opposite  and  usually  compound  leaves.     .        .        Genus  1.    CLEMATIS. 
Herbs,  except  the  Tree  Paeony,  not  climbing. 
Pistils  many  in  a  head,  one-seeded,  in  fruit  resembling  seeds. 

Calyx  like  a  corolla,  no  real  petals 2.     ANEMONE 

Calyx  and  corolla  present :  the  petals  conspicuous, 

With  a  little  scale  inside  on  the  claw 8.    RANUNCULUS. 

Without  any  scale 4.    ADONIS. 

Pistils  several -seeded,  in  fruit  becoming  pods. 
Calyx  like  a  corolla :  petals  small  and  stamen-like. 

Pistils  5,  partly  united,  making  a  5-horned  pod.     ...  6.    NIOELLA. 

Pistils  9  or  more,  separate  :  flower  yellow,  globe-like.         .        ,        6.    TKOLLIUS. 
Pistils  5  :  flower  white  or  greenish,  open.          ....  7.     UELLEBORUS. 

Calyx  like  a  corolla,  regular ;  the  petals  large  spurs.  .        .        8.    AQUILEGIA. 

Calyx  like  a  corolla,  irregular. 

Upper  sepal  spurred  behind  :  petals  1  to  4,  small.                   .  9.     DELPHINIUM. 

Upper  sepal  helmet-shaped  :  petals  2,  hammer-shaped.      .        .      10.     ACONITUM. 
Calyx  green  or  greenish  :  petals  large. 11.     P^EONIA. 

1.  Clematis,  VJRGIN'S-BOWER.    Man.  p.  3.    No.  5  is  sometimes  cult. ;  also 
C.  Viticella,  VINE-BOWER.      Flower  solitary,  long-peduncled,  large, 

blue  or  purple,  in  summer;  styles  naked. 

C.  Flammula,  S\VEET  VIRGIN'S-BOWER.  Flowers  panicled,  white, 
sweet-scented,  in  late  summer;  leaves  pinnate;  styles  plumose  in  fruit. 

2.  Anemone   COronaria,  the  original   of  most  of  the  showy  GARDEN 
ANEMONIES,  of  various  colors,  single  or  double,  fl.  in  spring. 

3.  Ranunculus,  CROWFOOT  or  BUTTERCUPS.     No.  14  and  15,  in  Man. 
p.  10,  furnish  the  hardy  YELLOW  DOUBLE  BUTTERCUPS  of  our  gardens,  and 

R.  Asiaticus  furnishes  the  DOUBLE  RANUNCULUSES  with  large  flowers, 
white,  red,  and  other  colors,  resembling  Ancmonies. 

4.  Adonis.     Like  Ranunculus,  but  without  any  scale  on  the  petals ;  these 
are  usually  6  to  12.     Leaves  very  finely  divided. 

A.   vernalis,  SPRING  ADONIS.     Low  perennial;  flowers  large,  yellow. 
A.  autumnalis,  PHEASANT'S-EYE.     Annual;  petals  small,  red,  dark  at 
the  base,  late  in  summer. 

6.  Nigella,  FENNEL-FLOWER.  Annuals,  with  finely  divided  leaves,  petals 
much  smaller  than  the  white  or  bluish  sepals,  and  five  pistils  partly  united 
into  one  pod,  containing  rather  large,  dark-colored,  spicy  seeds. 

N.  Damascena,  FENNEL-FLOWER,  RAGGED-LADY.  Flower  overtopped 
by  a  leafy  involucre ;  pod  smooth  and  bladdery,  the  lining  of  the  5  cells 
•epurating  from  the  outer  part,  making  5  outer  empty  cells. 

N.  sativa,  NUTMEG-FLOWER.    Flower  naked  ;  pod  rough,  less  inflated. 

6.  TrolllUS  Europseus,  GLOBE-FLOWER.  Flower  golden-yellow,  globe- 
shaped  (instead  of  wide  open,  as  in  our  wild  species,  Man.  p.  12),  in  early 
spring.  Resembles  a  large  and  show;  Buttercup. 


GARDEN    BOTANY.  XXXI 

7.  Helleborus  niger,  CHRISTMAS  ROSE.      Rare  in  gardens,  should  be 
common,  being  very  hardy,  and  handsome  (not  dull  green,  like  II.  viridis,  Man. 
p.  12);  the  large  pedate  leaf  evergreen  ;  flower  from  the  ground  iu  earliest 
spring,  1^'  across  ;  sepals  white,  persistent,  and  turning  green. 

8.  Aquilegia  vulgaris,  COMMON  COLUMBINE.     Spurs  of  the  variously 
colored  flower  (single  or  double)  hooked  at  the  end  ;  the  parent  of  all  the 
common  garden  Columbines. 

9.  Delphinium,  LARKSPUR.    Man.  p.  12.     Several  are  cult,  for  ornament. 

#  Annuals,  with  finely  divided  leaves,  petals  united  in  one  body,  and  a  sinyle 

pistil :  Jloivers  blue,  varying  to  pink  or  white. 

D.  Consolida,  COMMON  or  FIELD  LARKSPUR.  Flowers  scattered  on 
the  spreading  branches  ;  pod  smooth. 

D.  Ajacis,  ROCKET  LARKSPUR.  Flowers  crowded  in  a  close  spike  or 
raceme  ;  spur  shorter  ;  some  marks  on  the  base  of  the  united  petals  were 
fancied  to  read  AIAI  =  Ajax. 

#  *  Perennials,  with  4  separate  petals  of  2  sorts,  and  2  to  5  pistils :  flowers 

various  shades  of  blue,  rarely  white* 
•«-   Low,  branching  species  :  lower  petals  not  notched. 

D.  Sinense,  CHINESK  LARKSPUR.  Cultivated  only  with  double  flowers, 
of  deep  indigo-blue  ;  leaves  bright  green,  rather  rigid. 

D.  grandiflorum,  GREAT-FLOWERED  L.  Leaves  cut  into  distant 
narrowly  linear  lobes  ;  flowers  single  or  double,  of  various  tints  of  blue. 

D.  cheilantllU.ni,  with  lanceolate  or  oblong  lobes  to  the  leaves,  is  the 
parent  of  some  of  the  choice  varieties  of  the  Great-flowered  Larkspurs. 

•»-    Tall  and  single-stemmed:  lower  petals  notched. 

D.  elatum,  BEE  LARKSPUR.  Leaves  cleft  into  3  to  7  wedge-shaped, 
gashed  e,nd  toothed  lobes  ;  lower  petals  strongly  bearded.  Many  varieties. 

10.  Aconitum  ISTapellus,  ACONITE,  MONKSHOOD.     An  upright  species, 
with  5-parted  leaves  many-clefr,  into  narrow  lobes  ;  the  broad,  erect  helmet 
short-pointed  in  front,  is  the  parent  of  the  common  sorts  of  MONKSIIOOD  in 
the  gardens. 

11.  Pseonia,   PEONY.      Perennials,  with   thick  roots,  compound   and   cleft 
leaves,  and  vcrv  large  flowers  :  calyx  leafy  :    petals  5  in  the  natural  slate, 
white  or  red.     Pistils  2,  3,  or  more,  becoming  thick  pods. 

P.  officinalis  is  the  COMMON  PEONY  of  all  gardens,  generally  with  full 
double  flowers  ;  pods  downy. 

P.  albiflora,  SWEET  PEONY,  has  smaller,  sweet-scented,  mostly  white 
flowers,  and  smooth  recurved  pods. 

P.  Moutan,  TREE  PEONY,  has  shrubby  stems,  pale  leaves,  very  large 
flowers  (white,  purple,  or  variegated),  and  the  pistils  enclosed  in  a  curious 
urn-shaped  cup  (disk),  which  bursts  as  the  pods  grow. 

ORDER  MAGNOLIACEJE.      MAGNOLIA  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  15.  —  Besides  the  Magnolias  described,  p.  16,  one  from  Japan  and 
two  of  the  Southern  States  arc  planted,  viz.  :  — 

1.  Magnolia  purpurea,  PURPLE  M.,  from  Japan  :  a  shrub  with  petals 
about  3'  long,  erect,  pink-purple  outside,  white  inside,  beginning  to  flower  in 
early  spring  before  the  obovate  bright  green  leaves  appear. 


XXX11  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

M.  grandiflora,  GREAT  LAUREL  MAGNOLIA  of  the  Southern  States, 
barely  hardy  in  the  Middle  States  :  tree  with  evergreen  coriaceous  leaves, 
oblong  or  obovate,  shining  above,  rusty  beneath  ;  flower  like  that  of  M.  glauca 
on  a  much  larger  scale  and  more  fragrant. 

M.  COrdata.  Like  M.  acuminata,  but  leaves  ovate  or  slightly  cordate, 
darker  green  above  ;  flowers  pure  light  yellow. 

ORDER  BEKBERIDACEJE.      BARBERRY  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  19. — Besides   COMMON  BARBERRY,  described  p.  19,  the  only 
common  cultivated  plant  of  the  order  is 

1.  Berberis  (or  Mahonia)  Aquifolium,  of  Rocky  Mountains  and 
Oregon  :  leaves  pinnate,  evergreen  ;  leaflets  spiny-toothed  ;  flowers  in  clus- 
tered racemes  in  early  spring  ;  berries  blue. 

V 

ORDER  PAP  AVERAGES.      POPPY  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  24. —  Besides  three  naturalized  plants  of  the  order,  Poppies  and 
Eschscholtzias  are  common  in  the  gardens. 

Juice  of  the  stem  yellow  or  saffron-colored. 

Pod  short,  prickly  :  leaves  prickly  and  blotched  :  flowers  yellow, 

rarely  white Man.  p.  25.  ARGEMONE. 

Pod  long  and  slender,  smooth  (flowers  yellow,  &c.), 

One-celled,  with  2  placenta; Man  p.  25.  CIIELTDONIUM. 

Two-celled  by  a  spongy  partition.     .       .        .  Man.  p.  2G.  GLAUCIUM. 

Juice  of  the  stem  white  :   pod  partly  many-celled   by  the  several 

strongly  projecting  placentae 1.     PAPAVEIl. 

Juice  of  the  stem  colorless,  with  the  odor  of  muriatic  acid  :  calyx 
like  a  candle-extinguisher,  falling  off  whole  :  peduncle  inflated 
under  the  flower :  pod  slender,  striate  :  stigmas  slender.  2.  ESCIISCIIOLTZl  A. 

1.  Papaver,  POPPY.     Man.  p.  25.     Cultivated  for  ornament,  and  one  of 
them  for  medical  use. 

P.  SOmniferum,  OPIDM  POPPY.  Annual,  smooth,  glaucous  ;  leaves 
wavy  and  clasping ;  flowers  white,  purple,  &c.,  often  double  ;  in  summer. 

P.  RhCBas,  CORN  POPPY.  Annual,  low,  bristly  ;  leaves  nearly  pinnate  ; 
flowers  scarlet,  in  gardens  double,  colors  various. 

P.  orientale,  ORIENTAL  POPPY.  Perennial,  rough-hairy ;  leaves  almost 
pinnate;  flowering  stems  tall,  bearing  a  very  large  red  flower,  in  June. 

2.  Eschscholtzia.     Low  annuals  of  California  and  Oregon,  with   finely 
divided  leaves  and  showy  4-petalled  flowers,  produced  all  summer. 

E.  Californica.     Petals  orange-yellow  ;  receptacle  flat-bordered. 
E.  Douglasii.     Petals  pure  yellow  (and  a  white  variety) ;  no  flat  border 
to  the  receptacle. 

ORDER  FUMARIAGE-2E.     FUMITORY  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p  26.  —  The  only  cultivated  plant  not  in  the  Manual,  and  a  very 
handsome  one,  is  the  Chinese  or  Tartaivan 

1.  Dicentra  spectabilis.  Large,  with  leafy  stems,  Peony-like  leaves, 
and  heart-shaped,  pink-red  flowers  an  inch  long,  in  drooping  one-sided 
racemes  ;  blooming  in  spring. 


GARDEN    BOTANY.  XXX11I 


ORDER  CRUCIFEIl^j.      MUSTARD  FAMII/I 

Manual,  p.  28. —  Well  known  by  the  pungent  taste,  flowers  of  4  sepals.  4 
petals  with  claws,  6  tetradynamous  stamens,  and  the  kind  of  pod  called  a  silique 
or  silicic.  The  following  is  a  simple  key  to  the  cultivated  species. 

Flowers  deep  orange  or  brownish  yellow,  sweet-scented.           .        *  1.    CIIEIRANTIICS. 
Flowers  pure  yellow. 

Pod  long  or  longish,  beak-pointed,  several-seeded  :  seeds  spherical. 

Mostly  biennials :  sepals  erect:  upper  leaves  sessile  or  clasping.  2.    BRASSICA. 

Annuals  :  sepals  loose  or  spreading  :  leaves  cut.          Man.  p.  36.  SINAPIS. 

Pod  slender,  not  beaked,  several  seeded  :  seeds  flat.        Man.  p.  35.  BAKBAREA. 

Pod  flat,  wing-like,  1-celled,  1-seeded,  hanging,  not  opening.           .  3.     ISATIS. 

Pod  very  short,  2-celled,  few-seeded  :  low  plants.         ...  10.     ALYSSUM. 

Flowers  pale  yellow,  turning  white  or  purple  :  pod  jointed.        .        .  4.     11API1ANUS. 
Flowers  not  yellow,  white,  pink,  or  purple. 

Seeds  spherical,  several  in  a  beak-pointed  thick  and  indehiscent  pod.  4.     RAPIIANUS. 
Seeds  several  or  many  in  a  long  and  narrow  pod. 

Leaves  green,  toothed  :  flowers  fragrant  chiefly  at  night.    .        .  6.     IIESPEIITS. 

Leaves  hoary,  entire:  flowers  fragrant  in  the  day.    ...  6.     MATTI1IOLA. 

Seeds  many  or  few  in  a  shortish  pod  :  flowers  white.    Man.  p  SO.  NASTURTIUM. 
Seeds  several  in  a  broad  and  flat  pod,  having  a  broad  and  silvery 

partition:  flowers  purple,  large 7.    LUNARIA. 

Seeds  one  or  sometimes  two  in  each  cell  of  a  short  pod.  , 

Corolla  irregular  :  2  exterior  petals  larger  than  the  other  two.  8.     IBERIS. 
Corolla  regular,  as  in  all  the  rest  of  the  order,  white,  small. 

Leaves  cut  or  toothed  :  partition  of  the  pod  very  narrow.          .  9.     LEPIBIUM. 
Leaves  narrow,  entire :  partition  oval.           .        .                .10.    ALYSSUM. 

1.  Cheiranthus   Cheiri,  WALLFLOWER.      Perennial,  with   narrow   and 
entire  pointed  leaves  ;  cultivated  everywhere  for  its  deliciously  fragrant  orange 
or  red-yellow  flowers. 

2.  Brassica.     So  much  like  Sinapis  hotanically,  that  the  two  should  form 
only  one  genus.     Cult,  as  biennials  for  food. 

B.  oleracea,  CABBAGE,  with  roundish,  thickish,  strongly-veined,  gla- 
brous and  glaucous  fleshy  leaves,  in  cultivation  forming  a  head  the  first  year. 

Var.  BROCCOLI  has  fleshy  irregular  branches  bearing  clusters  of  abortive 
flower-buds,  instead  of  a  head. 

Var.  CAULIFLOWER  has  a  depressed  head,  formed  of  short  and  fleshy  flower- 
branches  changed  into  a  dense  fleshy  mass. 

Var.  KOHLRABI  has  the  main  stem  thickened  below  into  a  sort  of  turnip 
above-ground. 

Var.  KALIS  is  more  nearly  the  natural  wild  state,  leaves  not  forming  a  head. 

B.  campestris,  with  lower  leaves  rough-hairy  and  pinnatilid,  upper  ones 
clasping  by  an  auricled  base,  and  flowers  brighter  yellow,  is  the  original  of  the 

Var.  TURNIP,  with  depressed  fleshy  (napiform)  white  root,  and  (probably) 

Var.  RUTABAGA  or  SWEDISH  TURNIP,  with  a  longer  yellowish  root. 

Var.  COLZA,  or  RAPE- SEED,  is  near  the  wild  state,  with  the  small  root 
annual ;  cult,  for  the  oil  of  the  seeds. 

3.  Isatis  tinctoria,  DYER'S  WOAD.    Tall  biennial,  with  branching  racemes 
of  small  yellow  flowers,  succeeded  by  hanging   1-seeded  pods,  not  opening, 
winged,  like  a  small  samara  :  formerly  cultivated  for  a  blue  dye, 


XXXIV  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

4.  Raphanus  sativus,  RADISH.  Lower  leaves  lyratej  fluwors  purple  and 
whitish  ;  pods  thick,  knobby,  pointed,  never  opening,  the  seeds  separated  by 
pithy  pariitions  :  cult,  for  the  tender  and  fleshy  pungent  root. 

R.  Raphanistrum,  WILD  RADISH  or  JOINTED  CHARLOCK,  a  trou 

blesomc  weed  :  see  Man.  p.  40. 

6.  Hesperis  matronalis,  ROCKET.  A  rather  coarse  ornamental  peren- 
nial of  country  gardens,  tall,  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
toothed  ;  flowers  light  purple,  iu  summer,  hardly  fragrant  except  at  evening. 

6.  Matthi'ola,  STOCK,  GILLIFLOWER.   Garden  or  house  plants,  with  hoary 
leaves,  cult,  for  their  fresh  fragrant,  commonly  pink  or  reddish,  sometimes 
white,  often  double  flowers. 

M.  incana,  COMMON  STOCK.  Perennial,  almost  woody :  flowers  mostly 
full  double. 

M.  annua,  TEN-WEEK  STOCK.  Annual :  flowers  commonly  single,  pur- 
ple or  white. 

7.  Lunaria,  HONESTY,  SATIN-FLOWER.     Hardy  plants,  with  heart-shaped 
leaves,  and  broad  flat  pods,  which  are  raised  out  of  the  calyx  on  a  stalk  of  their 
own;  their  broad  white  partition,  of  satiny  lustre,  remaining  after  the  valves 
have  fallen. 

L.  biennis,  COMMON  HONESTY,  is  occasionally  met  with  in  the  country: 
root  biennial ;  pods  broadly  oval  and  obtuse. 

L.  rediviva,  the  perennial  kind,  with  lanceolate  pods,  is  still  more  rare. 

8.  Ib'eris,  CANDYTUFT.   Well  marked  by  the  irregular  corolla,  the  two  petals 
on  the  lower  or  outer  side  of  the  flower  larger  than  the  other  two:  leaves  nar- 
row.    Low  plants,  cult,  for  ornament. 

I.  umbellata.    Annual ;  flowers  purple,  in  summer^ ;  pod  deeply  notched. 
I.  saxatilis.     Almost  shrubby,  fleshy-leaved  ;  flowers  white,  in  spring. 

9.  Lepidium  sativum,  GARDEN  PEPPERGRASS.   Annual,  smooth;  leaves 
much  cut;  pods  round-oval:  rarely  cult,  as  a  Cress. 

10.  Alyssum  saxatile,  ROCK  ALYSSUM,  a  low,  hoary-leaved  species,  full 
of  bright  yellow  flowers,  occasionally  cultivated  for  ornament. 

A.  maritimum,  SWEET  A.,  of  the  submenus  Koniya,  with  white  flowers, 
scarcely  hoary  linear-lanceolate  leaves,  and  small  white  sweet-scented  flowers, 
blooming  in  long  succession,  is  commonly  cultivated  for  bouquets,  &c. 

ORDER  CAPPARIDACE^E.     CAPER  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  40.  •-•••  Rather  common  as  a  garden  annual  is  one  species  of 

1.  Cleome.  Sepals  and  petals  4,  spreading,  the  latter  with  long  claws.  Sta 
mcns  6.  Ovary  long-stalked,  becoming  a  many-seeded  narrow  pod. 

C.  pungens.  Clammy-pubescent;  leaves  digitate;  leaflets  5-9;  stipules 
spine-like  ;  flowers  pink  or  purple. 

ORDER  RESEDACE^E.    MIGNONETTE  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  41.  —  A  most  common  and  favorite  species  in  cultivation  is 

1.  Reseda  Odqrata,  COMMON  MIGNONETTE.  Cult,  as  an  annual,  low 
and  spreading,  with  many  of  the  leaves  3-cleft,  and  a  raceme  of  greenish-white 
very  fragrant  flowers;  anthers  orange. 


GARDEN    BOTANY.  XXXV 

ORDER  VIOLACE-BE.    VIOLET  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  41. —  Some  of  our  Wild  Violets  arc  occasionally  cultivated  in 
gardens,  and  the  following  are  common. 

1.  Viola  odorata,  SWEET  VIOLET,  of  Europe.  Stemless  perennial,  spread 
ing  by  creeping  shoots,  the  round-cordate  leaves  and  scapes  all  from  the  root- 
stock  ;  flowers  blue,  violet,  and  a  white  variety,  single  or  double,  produced 
in  early  spring,  often  again  in  autumn. 

V.  tricolor,  PANSY,  HEARTSEASE.  Biennial  or  annual,  with  leafy  stems, 
ovate  or  cordate  leaves,  and  large  pinnatin'd  stipules  ;  flowers  violet,  whitish, 
or  yellow,  or  a  mixture  of  the  three,  in  many  varieties,  spring  and  summer. 

CRDER  PITTOSPORACEJE.    PITTOSPORUM  FAMILY. 

Has  to  be  included  for  the  sake  of  a  shrub  or  small  tree  from  Japan,  cultivated 
as  a  house  plant  in  winter,  because  of  its  sweet-scented  flowers  and  coriaceous 
evergreen  leaves,  which  bear  the  dry  air  6f  our  parlors  better  than  most  plants,  viz. : 

1.  Pitto'sporum  Tobi^ra.  Sepals,  petals  (with  connivcnt  claws),  and  sta- 
mens 5,  regular.  Style  1  :  ovary  I -celled,  with  3  parietal  plaeenue,  in  fruit 
forming  a  thick-walled  pod,  with  several  pitchy-coated  seeds.  Flowers  white. 
Leaves  obovate,  retusc. 

ORDER  CARYOPHYLLACE^3.    PINK  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  52. —  The  common  garden  species  arc  all  of  the  Pink  Family 
proper,  viz.  Pinks  and  the  like. 

Calyx-tube  furnished  with  scaly  bracts  at  its  base :  styles  2.  .                1.  DIANTHUS. 
Calyx-tube  uaked,  i.  e.  without  such  bracts. 
Styles  2. 

Tube  of  the  calyx  not  angled Man.  p.  54.  SAPONARTA. 

Tube  of  the  calyx  strongly  5-angled Man.  p.  55.  VACCARIA. 

Styles  3 Man.  p.  55.  SILENE. 

Styles  5,  or  sometimes  4 2.  LYCHNIS. 

1.  Dianthus,  PINK.  Man.  p.  54.  The  common  cultivated  sorts  belong  to 
the  following  species. 

*  Flowers  solitary  and  peduncled  or  scattered :  leaves  narrow,  glaucous. 

D.  Caryophyllus,  CLOVE  PINK,  with  the  petals  merely  toothed,  the 
scales  under  the  calyx  very  short  and  broad,  is  the  original  of  all  the  varieties 
of  CARNATION,  PICOTEE,  &c. 

D.  Chinensis,  CHINA  PINK,  with  the  petals  merely  toothed,  is  known 
by  its  greener  leaves,  and  the  leaf-like  scales  as  long  as  the  calyx  itself. 

D.  plumarius,  PIIEASANT'S-EYE  or  PLUMED  PINK,  has  short  scale 
under  the  calyx,  the  (white  and  pink-purple)  petals  deeply  cut  into  a  fringe, 
and  often  fringe-bearded  at  the  top  of  the  claw. 

•*  *  Flowers  mam/,  crowded  in  a  close  flat  cluster. 

D.  Carthusianorum,  CARTHUSIANS'  PINK,  has  narrow  leaves,  black- 
ish bracts  (making  the  cluster  dark-colored),  and  small  crimson  flowers. 

D.  barbatus,  SWEET-WILLIAM  or  BUNCH  PINK,  has  oblong-lanceolate 
green  leaves,  and  a  very  flat  cluster  of  various-colored  flowers. 

Lychnis.     The  following  are  common  and  hardy  garden  perennials. 
L.  coronaria,  MULLEIN-PINK  or  ROSE-CAMPION,  with  ovate-lanceolate 
and  whitc-tomentose  leaves;  flowers  pink  or  red. 


XXXT1        .  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

L.  Chalcedonica,  SCARLET  LYCHNIS,  a  tall  herb,  rather  hairy,  with 
ovate-lanceolate  slightly  cordate  and  clasping  green  leaves,  and  a  close  flat- 
topped  cluster  of  many  flowers  ;  the  2-lohed  petals  usually  bright  scarlet. 

L.  Flos-CUCUli,  RAGGED-ROBIN,  is  somewhat  clammy-pubescent ;  leaves 
lanceolate ;  flowers  paniclcd  ;  petals  rose-red,  and  cut  into  4  narrow  lobes, 
commonly  double-flowered  in  the  gardens. 

ORDER  PORTULACACEJE.    PURSLANE  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  63.  —  The  common  garden  species  wholly  belong  to  the  genus 

L  Portulaca,  PURSLANE.  The  Common  Purslane  is  a  weed,  rather  than 
a  cultivated  plant,  although  sometimes  used  as  a  pot-herb. 

P.  grandiflora,  SHOWY  P.,  has  slender  and  cylindrical  fleshy  leaves, 
with  a  beard  in  their  axils,  and  large,  brilliant  red,  scarlet,  or  purple  flowers 
(or  in  some  varieties  white  or  yellow),  with  a  5-angled  white  eye  under  the  yel- 
low stamens. 

P.  Gilliesii  is  like  the  last  (probably  a  mere  variety  of  it,  or  else  they  have 
crossed  freely),  but  has  shorter  leaves  and  no  white  eye  to  the  flower.  These 
two  are  the  handsome  Portulacas  so  common  in  the  gardens,  blossoming  all 
summer,  opening  only  in  sunshine  and  but  once. 

ORDER  MALVACEjSE.    MALLOW  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  65.  —  Known  at  once  by  the  numerous  monadelphous  stamens, 
with  kidney-shaped  anthers. 

Ovaries  many  and  heaped  together  in  a  head. 
Involucel,  like  an  outer  calyx,  6- 9-leaved  or  cleft.          ...        1.    KTTA1RELIA. 

Involucel  of  3  heart-shaped  leaves 2.    MALOPE. 

^varies  or  cells  of  the  compound  ovary  5  or  more  in  a  circle. 
Each  one-seeded  :  stigmas  capitate,  5-10.     .        .         .         Man.  p.  67-        SID  A. 
Each  one-seeded:  stigmas  running  down  the  branches  of  the  style: 
fruit  a  circle  of  9  to  30  carpels  round  a  solid  centre. 

Petals  truncate  at  the  end,  wedge-shaped 8.     CALLIRRIIOK. 

Petals  obcordatc,  or  obovate  with  a  notch  at  the  end. 

Involucel  3-leaved 4.     MALTA. 

Involucel  3-lobed 6.     LAVATE11A. 

Involucel  of  6  or  more  lobes  or  leaves.  ....  6.     ALTIlvKA. 

Each  several-seeded  :  no  involucel  under  the  calyx.         ...        7.     ABUTILON. 
Knoll  of  the  5  or  only  3  cells  many-seeded. 
Involucel  under  the  calyx  of  many  narrow  pieces. 

Calyx  6 -cleft,  not  falling  off. 8.     HIBISCUS. 

v;alyx  splitting  down  one  aide,  and  falling  off  early.          .        .        9.     ABKLMOSCIICS. 
Involucel  of  3  broad  toothed  or  cut  leaves :  seeds  bearing  long  wool.    10.     GOSSYPIUM. 

1.  Kitaibelia  Vitifolia  is  a  tall,  leafy,  hardy  perennial,  with  heart-shaped, 
5-lobed,  toothed  leaves,  and  white  petals. 

2.  Malo'pe  malacoides  is  a  low  annual,  with  ovate  crcnate  leaves,  and 
long-pcduncled  purplish  or  white  flowers  :  rare. 

3.  Callirrhoe,  Man.  p.  66.  —  The  following  from  the  South  and  West  are 
very  ornamental  in  gardens,  especially  the  first.     Leaves  palmately  parted  o« 
cleft  and  cut. 

C.  pedata.  Erect  and  smooth  biennial  or  annual,  with  ricn  mauve 
crimson  (lowers,  no  involucel,  produced  all  summer.  Texas. 


GARDEN    BOTANY.  XXX vH 

C.  Papaver.  Low  perennial,  with  ascending  stems,  lathei  hairy  ;  flowers 
red-purple,  very  long-peduncled  ;  involucel  none  or  small. 

C.  involucrata.  Perennial,  with  root  like  a  turnip  ;  the  hairy  stems 
prostrate  ;  peduncle  shortish  ;  flower  red-purple  ;  involucre  3-leaved,  large. 

4.     Malva  sylvestris,  HIGH  MALLOW,  is  already  described,  Man.  p.  66. 

M.  Mauritiana,  TREE  MALLOW.  Taller  than  the  last,  4°  to  6°,  with 
5-lobcd  leaves  and  deep  purple  flowers,  in  autumn. 

M.  moschata.  Music  MALLOW.  Perennial,  2°  high ;  leaves  dissected 
into  linear  lobes,  faintly  musk-scented  ;  flowers  rose-color. 

M.  crispa,  CURLED  MALLOW.  Tall  annual ;  leaves  rounded,  toothed, 
much  crisped  around  the  edge,  with  small  white  flowers  in  their  axils. 

6.  Lava'tera  trimestris,  THREE-MONTH  L.  Annual,  with  smoothish, 
round  and  heart-shaped  leaves,  scarcely  lobed,  and  large  rose-colored  or 
sometimes  white  flowers  ;  the  fruit  covered  by  a  broad  and  flat  umbrella-like 
enlargement  of  the  receptacle.  Commoner  in  gardens  than 

L.  Thliringiaca.  Perennial,  rather  downy  ;  upper  leaves  3-lohed  ; 
petals  deeply  obcordate,  rose-purple,  with  darker  stripes ;  a  conical  projection 
from  the  centre  of  the  fruit. 

6.  AlthSBa  rosea,  HOLLYHOCK.     A  familiar  tall  biennial  or  annual,  with 
a  simple  hairy  stem,  round  and  cordate  angled  leaves  ;  the  large  flowers  (of 
various  colors,  single  or  double)  forming  a  long  spike. 

A.  ficifolia,  FIG-LEAVED  HOLLYHOCK,  with  deeply  7-lobcd  leaves,  is 
a  much  rarer  species. 

7.  Abutilon.     Besides  the  common  VELVET-LEAF,  Man  p.  67,  there  is 
A.  Striatum,  STRIPED    A.     Cult,  in  all  greenhouses,  shrubby,  nearly 

smooth,  the  thin  leaves  with  5  taper-pointed  lobes  ;  flowers  graceful!**  hfl'^im* 
vu  long  peduncles  ;  petals  orange,  with  darker  stripes  and  veins. 

8.  Hibiscus,  Man.  p.  68.     Besides  No.  3  there  described,  the  following  are 
more  or  less  cultivated  for  ornament. 

H.  Syriacus,  TREE  HIBISCUS,  called  SHRUBBY  ALTH^A.  A  hardy 
shrub,  8°  to  14°  high,  with  smooth  wedge-ovate  and  3-lobed  leaves,  and  short- 
pedunclcd  flowers,  red-purple,  white,  &c.,  either  single  or  double,  in  autumn. 

H.  Rosa-Sinensis,  CHINA  ROSE-MALLOW.  Shrubby,  smooth,  with 
ovate  pointed  and  somewhat  toothed  leaves,  an' I  bright  red  flowers  on  slender 

luncles  ;  a  green-house  plant. 

H.  COCCineus,  GREAT  RED  R.     A  tall  herb  of  the  S.  States,  smooth, 
with  a  perennial  root ;    leaves  deeply  cleft  into  5  long  and  narrow  lobes ; 
wers  red,  8'  to  11'  broad,  iu  autumn. 

9.  Abelmoschus  esculentllS,  OKRA.     An  annual,  with  round-cordate 
more  or  less  5-lobed  leaves,  and  greenish-yellow  flowers,  succeeded  by  narrow 
and  angled  pods,  4  inches  long,  which  when  green  are  very  mucilaginous,  and 
are  eaten  as  a  garden  vegetable  or  in  soups  ;  common  at  the  South. 

A.  Manihot,  sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament,  has  a  large  and  hand- 
some sulphur-yellow  flower,  with  a  dark  purple  eye,  and  the  leaves  5-parted 
into  long  and  narrow  divisions. 

Gossypium  herbaceum,  COTTON-PLANT.  The  genus  differs  from 
Hibiscus  in  having  an  involucel  of  3  toothed  or  incised  green  leaves,  heart- 
shaped  and  a  little  united  at  the  base,  and  the  seeds  covered  with  the  long  and 
soft  wool  which  now  makes  so  large  a  part  of  human  clothing.  The  Common 
Cotton  is  an  lu'.rb.  with  broad  3 -5-lobed  leaves,  and  p°'a  yellow  corolla  with 


XXXVlii  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

a  purple  eye,  often  turning  reddish  ;  the  seeds  green  or  brownish.  SEA-ISLAND 
COTTON  is  a  variety  with  black  seeds  and  longer  wool  ;  the  stem  becoming 
woodv  at  the  bottom  TREK  COTTON  (G.  arborcuin),  which  it  has  been  pro- 
posed to  cultivate  (but  which  will  not  answer),  grows  to  a  shrub  in  wann 
climates,  and  has  narrower  lobes  to  the  leaves,  the  flower  often  reddish. 

ORDER  CAMELLIACE^.     CAMELLIA  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  70.  —  Two  Chinese  and  Japanese  showy-flowered  shrubs  of  this 
order  are  familiar,  viz.  the  Tea-plant,  which  is  rare  in  green-houses,  and  the 
Camellia,  which  is  very  common.  They  arc  so  much  alike  that  they  ough«  to 
belong  to  the  same  genus. 

1.  ThBea  Chinensis,  TKA  PLANT,  has  rather  small  white  flowers,  the  pet- 
als and  the  stamens  nearly  distinct;  the  anthers  roundish. 

2.  Camellia  Japonica,  CAMELLIA,  has  large  flowers  (white,  pink-red,  &c., 
single  or  double),  the  base  of  the  petals  and  of  the  stamens  united  together, 
and  the  anthers  oblong.     The  varieties  arc  many  :  the  flowers,  produced  in 
winter,  are  much  prized. 

ORDER  AURANTIACE.ZE.    ORANGE  FAMILY. 

The  shrubs  or  trees  of  this  order  common  in  cultivation,  in  houses,  &c.,  are 
known  by  their  evergreen  alternate  leaves,  which  are  pellucid-punctate  (i.  e. 
through  a  glass  they  appear  as  if  riddled  with  small  holes),  sind  with  a  joint 
between  the  blade  and  the  petiole,  which  last  is  generally  leafy-winged  or  mar- 
gined ;  the  flowers  white  and  very  fragrant ;  the  stamens  rather  many  in  a  single 
row,  on  an  hypogynous  disk.  They  are  all  of  the  genus  CITRUS,  and  originally 
perhaps  of  one  species. 

1.  Citrus  VUlgaris,  BITTER  ORANGE,  with  a  broadly  winged  petiole,  the 
fruit  with  a  bitter  and  acid  pulp. 

C.  Aurantium,  SVVEKT  ORANGE,  with  a  narrow  wing  or  margin  to  the 
petiole,  and  a  sweet  pulp. 

C.  Limonium,  LEMON,  with  a  narrow  wing  or  margin  to  the  petiole, 
oblong  and  acute  toothed  leaves,  and  a  very  acid  pulp. 

C.  Limetta,  LIME,  with  wingless  petiole,  and  roundish  serrate  leaves,  h 
harder  rind,  and  sweetish  pulp. 

C.  Medica,  CITRON,  with  wingless  petiole,  oblong  leaves,  and  a  very 
thick  rind  to  the  fruit,  the  pulp  acid. 

ORDER  LINAGES.    FLAX  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  70.  —  Two  or  three  species  of  Flax  arc  cultivated  in  gardens  for 
ornament,  and  one  in  the  lields  for  its  fibres  and  seeds. 

1.  Linum  USitatissimum,  COMMON  FLAX.  Annual,  with  narrow  lan- 
i.colate  leaves,  blue  llowcrs,  pointed  sepals,  and  a  10-cellcd  pod. 

L.  perenne,  PERENNIAL  FLAX.  Sparingly  cult,  in  gardens  ;  with  blue 
flowers  and  oval  blunt  sepals. 

L.  grandiflorum,  with  oval  leaves  and  showy  red  or  crimson  flowers 
produced  all  summer  in  gardens. 

ORDER  GEBANIACE-aU.    GERANIUM  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  72.  —  The  common  cultivated  plants,  especially  house-plants, 
prized  for  iheii  scented  leaves  as  well  as  handsome  blossoms,  are  from  the  Cape 


GARDEN    BOTANY.  XXX13 

of  Good  Hope,  ha-<  <;  the  flowers  a  little  irregular,  with  a  hollow  tube  extending 
from  the  base  of  one  of  the  sepals  some  way  down  one  side  of  the  peduncle, 
some  of  the  10  filaments  without  anthers;  and  so,  although  called  Geraniums, 
belong  to  the  genus 

1.  Pelargonium.  There  are  a  great  many  varieties  and  hybrids  in  cultiva- 
tion. Most  of  the  common  sorts  come  from  the  following  botanical  species; 
but  some  of  them  are  much  mixed. 

*  Leaves  peltate,  flesliy :  stems  trailing. 

P.  peltatum,  IVY-LEAVED  P.  Smooth  or  smoothish,  the  5-angled  5-lobed 
leavca  fixed  near  the  middle;  the  flowers  pink. 

*  *  Leaves  rounded  or  round-cordate,  crenate,  toothed,  or  moderately  lobed. 

P.  ZOnale,  HORSE-SHOE  P.  Shrubby,  with  thick  and  juicy  branches; 
the  roundish-cordate  leaves  marked  on  the  tipper  face  with  a  dark  semicircle; 
flowers  many  in  a  close  umbel ;  petals  narrow,  scarlet,  red,  or  sometimes 
white. 

P.  in'quinans,  STAINING  or  SCARLET  P.  Resembling  the  foregoing, 
but  velvety-pubescent  and  clammy,  the  leaves  without  the  horse-shoe  mark  ; 
petals  broadly  obovate,  intense  scarlet,  also  with  pale  varieties. 

P.  CUCUllatum,  COWLED  P.  Shrubby,  not  juicy,  softly  villous  ;  leaves 
round-reniform  and  cupped  ;  umbels  panicled  ;  flowers  rather  large,  pink- 
purple. 

P.  cordatum,  HEART-LEAVED  P.  Like  the  last,  or  smoother,  with  open 
cordate-ovate  leaves. 

P.  angulosum,  MAPLE-LEAVED  P.  Shrubby,  harsh-hairy;  the  leaves 
not  cordate  at  the  base,  sharply-toothed,  angled,  and  more  or  less  lobed ; 
flowers  much  like  the  two  last,  pink-purple,  with  dark  streaks. 

P.  capitatum,  ROSE-SCENTED  P.  Scarcely  shrubby,  spreading^  softly 
hairy,  with  the  rose-scented  leaves  round-cordate  and  moderately  lobed,  the 
lobes  short  and  broad  ;  peduncle  bearing  many  sessile  flowers  in  a  head  ; 
petals  short,  ro.se-purple. 

P.  Cdoratissimum,  NUTMEG-SCENTED  P.  Low,  witli  herbaceous  and 
weak  branches,  and  soft-velvety  round  and  crenate  leaves,  which  are  sweetly 
aromatic  ;  the  flowers  white  and  insignificant. 

*  *  *  Leaves  conspicuously  lobed,  cleft,  or  compound. 

P.  grandifiorum,  GREAT-FLOWERED  P.  Shrubby,  smooth  and  glau- 
cous ;  leaves  palrnately  5-7-cleft;  peduncles  bearing  about  3  large  flowers, 
with  white  petals,  the  2  upper  larger  and  elegantly  veined,  sometimes  varie 

ted  with  pink  or  rose-color. 

P.  tricolor,  THREE-COLORED  P.  Low,  rather  shrubby ;  the  long- 
petioled  small  leaves  silky-hoary,  oblong,  incised,  and  3-lobed  or  pinnatifid  ; 
peduncles  bearing  2  or  3  showy  flowers  ;  the  three  lower  petals  white,  the  two 
.pper  crimson,  with  a  dark  spot  at  their  base. 

P.  exstipulatum,  PENNY-ROYAL  P.  Low,  rather  shrubby,  with  t.« 
avcs  small,  A'elvcty,  roundish-ovate,  truncate  at  the  base,  3-lobed,  also 
incised,  with  the  scent  of  Penny-Royal  or  Bergamot ;  stipules  obsolete  ;  flow- 
ers few,  small,  and  white. 

P.  quercifolium,  OAK-LEAVED  P.      Shrubby,  hairy  and  glandular; 

Kaves  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid,  with  a  cordate  base  and  wavy-toothed   blunt 
bes,  often  spotted,  strong-scented  ;  flowers  rather  few,  purplish. 
P.  grave' olens.    Leaves  more  deeply  cleft  into  5  or  7  obtuse  lobes,  mor« 
liry,  and  the  scent  balsamic;   peduncles  many-flowered;   otherwise  resem 
bling  the  last. 

P.  Ra'dula,  ROUGH  P.  Very  rough  and  hairy  with  short  and  rigid 
bristles ;  the  balsamic  or  mint-scented  leaves  palmately  parted,  and  the  divis- 


xl  GARDEN  BOTANY. 

ions  pinnatifid,  lobes  linear  ;  peduncles  few-flowered  ;  petals  small,  pule  pur 
pie,  with  darker  streaks.     This  and  the  two  preceding  are  much  mixed. 

P.    myrrhifolium.     Stems  slender,   herbaceous  or  nearly   so,  hairy 
leaves  once  or  twice   pinnatifid,  with   narrow  linear  lobes  ;    peduncles  few 
flowered  ;  petals  often  only  4,  white,  the  two  upper  obovate  and  with  purple 
veins,  the  two  lower  linear  and  much  smaller. 

P.  triste,  SAD  or  NIGHT-SCKXTED  1J.  Stem  succulent  and  very  short 
from  a  tuberous  rootstock,  or  none;  leaves  pinnatcly  decompound,  hairy,  the 
lobes  unequal  ;  umbel  many-flowered  ;  petals  dull  brownish-yellow  with  darker 
spots,  sweet-scented  at  night. 

ORDER  TROPJEOLACE.ZE.      INDI  AX-CRESS  FAMILY. 

South  American  twining  or  straggling  herbs,  with  the  pungent  ta.ste  and  smell 
nf  cresses,  and  showy,  irregular  flowers,  with  a  spur  to  the  calyx,  —  all  of  the 


1.  Tropseolum,  commonly  called  NASTURTIUM,  which  is  the  botanical 
name  of  the  true  Cress. 

T.  majus,  COMMON  NASTURTIUM.  Low  annual;  leaves  rounded,  an- 
gled, peltate  ;  flowers  yellow,  varying  towards  red,  the  claws  of  three  of  the 
petals  fringed. 

T.  peregrinum,  CANARY-BIRD  FLOWER.  Annual,  climbing  high; 
leaves  deeply  lobed  and  cut  ;  petals  pale  yellow,  all  cut-fringed. 

ORDER  BALSAMINACE^E.     BALSAM  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  73.  —  Many  varieties  are  common  in  gardens  of  the  familiar 

1.  Impatiens  Balsamina,  GARDEX  BALSAM  or  TOCCH-ME-NOT.  A 
low  annual,  with  succulent  stems,  crowded  lanceolate  leaves,  and  very  showy 
(white,  red,  or  purple,  mostly  double)  flowers  hi  their  axils  ;  spur  short. 

ORDER  RITTACE.S3.      RUE  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  74.  —  Besides  Ptelea,  which  is  sometimes  planted  in  grounds,  the 
following  are  cultivated,  both  very  strong-scented  plants. 

1.  Rlita  graveolens,  KUE.     A  very  strong-scented  and  acrid-bitter  pcren 
nial  of  country  gardens,  almost  woody  at  the  base,  with  decompound  coarsely 
punctate  leaves,  and  oblong  or  obovate  leaflets  ;  flowers  pale  yellow,  cymose  ; 
petals  4,  concave;  stamens  8,  short;  pod  globular,  4-lobed. 

2.  Dictamnus  Fraxinella,  FRAX.INELLA,  is  a  pleasantcr-scented  percn 
nial,  with  pinnate  leaves,  and  a  stout  erect  raceme  of  large,  rather  irregular 
flowers;  petals  5,  either  white  or  purple  ;  stamens   10;  filaments  long,  de- 
clined, glandular  towards  the  summit;  fruit  of  5  compressed  pods  united  with 
each  other  in  the  axis. 

ORDER    SIMARUBACE^I,    which    we   may  call    Rutaccae    without 
dotted  leaves,  is  represented  by  the  cultivated 

1.     Ailanthus  glandulosus,  TRKE-OF-UKAVKN.     A  shade  tree  of  rapid 

growth,  with  large  pinnate  f^aves  of  many  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  small,  polyga- 
mous or  dio'cious,  greenish  flowers.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  and  the  petals  5. 
Stamens  10  in  the  staminate,  2  or  X  in  some  of  the  fertile  flowers.  I'istils  2  to 
5,  with  somewhat  lateral  styles.  Fruit  a  samara,  much  like  that  of  Aslu 
Stumiuate  flowers  of  very  unpleasant  smell. 


<3ARDEN    BOTANY.  XU 

ORDER  ANACARDIACE^E.      CASHEW  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  76.  —  One  foreign  species  is  much  planted  as  an  ornamental  shrub, 

viz. :  — 

1.  Bhus  Co'tinus,  VENETIAN  SUMACH,  or  SMOKE-TREE.  Smooth ; 
leaves  simple  and  entire,  obovate  ;  flowers  greenish-yellow,  in  a  panicle,  which 
afterwards  becomes  a  great  feathery  mass  (looking  like  a  cloud  of  smoke),  by 
a  growth  from  its  branches  and  pedicels  into  long,  hair-like  threads. 

ORDER  VITACE^I.     VINE  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  77.  —  The  various  cultivated  varieties  of  Grape  fall  by  their  bo- 
tanical characters  under  three  of  the  American  species  described  in  the  Manual, 
and  under 

1.  Vitis  vinifera,  EUROPEAN  GRAPE.  Leaves  very  soon  glabrous ;  flow- 
ers all  perfect. 

ORDER  SAPINDACE-ZE.     SOAPBERRY  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  82.  —  Besides  those  described,  there  are  some  foreign  Maples 
planted,  a  Buckeye  or  two,  and  a  climbing  annual  in  the  gardens. 

Herb,  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  alternately  compound  leaves  and 

bladdery  3-celled  pods. 1.    CARDIOSPERMUM. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  the  leaves  opposite  and 

Palinately  compound  :  fruit  a  leathery  or  prickly  few-seeded  pod.        2.    2ESCULUS. 
Simple,  palmately  lobed :  fruit  2  samaras  united  at  their  base.  3.     ACER. 

1.  Cardiospermum  Halicacabum,  HEART-SEED  or  BALLOON  VINE. 
A  delicate  annual,  climbing  by  a  pair  of  short  tendrils  on  the  peduncle,  with 
twice-tcrnate  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  (sepals  and  petals  4,  irregular 
stamens  8),  succeeded  by  an  inflated  3-celled  3-seeded  pod;  seeds  globular, 
hard,  marked  with  a  heart-shaped  spot. 

2.  -ZEsculus    Hippocastanum,    HORSE-CHESTNUT,  and  the  common 
"UCKEYES,  are  described  in  Man.  p.  83. 

JEl.  parviflora,  SMALL-FLOWERED  BUCKEYE.  Shrub  3°  to  6°  high, 
with  stalked  and  narrow  leaflets,  and  a  long  and  slender  panicle  of  smallish 
white  flowers  :  stamens  very  long-;  fruit  smooth.  Planted  for  ornament,  from 
the  S.  States. 

3.  Acer,  MAPLE.     Man.  p.  84.     Some  of  the  wild  Maples  are  much  planted 
for  shade  trees  ;  also 

A.  Pseudo-Platanus,  SYCAMORE  M.  A  fine  tree,  from  Europe,  with 
large  leaves  having  5  strong  and  acuminate  serrate  lobes,  and  hanging  racemes 
of  greenish  flowers,  appearing  soon  after  the  leaves :  wings  of  the  fruit  rather 
spreading. 

A.  platanoides,  NORWAY  M.  A  handsome  tree,  from  Europe,  with 
bright-green  and  thin  leaves,  having  rather  small  pointed  lobes,  and  verv  few 
and  coarse  teeth  ;  yellowish  flowers  in  an  erect  corymb,  appearing  with  the 
leaves ;  the  fruit  with  largo  and  divaricate  wings. 

A.  macrophyllum,  the  LARGE-LEAVED  M.,  from  Oregon  and  Cali- 
fornia,—  a  h'ne  tree,  with  deeply  5-lobed  leaves,  6'  to  9'  broad,  and  drooping 
racemes  of  yellow  flowers,  —  is  beginning  to  be  planted.  So  is 

A.  circinatum,  ROUND-LEAVED  M.,  from  Oregon  ;  a  tall  shrnb,  the 
leaves  round-cordate,  moderately  7-9-lobed,  plaited,  serrate;  flowers  greenish, 
in  a  corymb  ;  wings  of  the  fruit  divaricate. 


llii 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 


ORDER  LEGUMINOS.3D.    PULSE  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  88.  —  Many  are  cultivated  for  food  or  ornament.     Some  of  them 
are  in  the  Manual,  and  have  only  to  be  led  up  to  by  the  following  easy  key. 

1.  Flowers  papilionaceous  ;  the  standard  covering  the  other  petals  in  tJie  bud. 
#  Stamens  monadelphnus  or  diadelphous. 

L*aves  digitate,  of  5  to  15  leaflets;  flowers  in  an  erect  raceme.  .        1.    LUPINUS. 

J  /eaves  of  3  leaflets,  or  the  uppermost  sometimes  simple. 
Shrubs  or  undershrubs,  with  yellow  and  monadelphous  flowers. 
Flowers  single  or  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  small  leaves  aloug  the 

rigid,  upright,  angled,  green  branches  :  style  long  and  coiled.          2.     SAIIOTHAMNUS 
Flowers  in  racemes  :  style  subulate.  .....  3.     CYT1SUS. 

Shrubs  or  plants  with  a  thick  and  woody  base,  with  large  red 

flowers,  the  wing-petals  wanting  or  minute.          ...  4.     ERYTIIRINA. 

Herbs,  not  twining  nor  disposed  to  twine. 

Leaves  sweet-scented  ;  pods  short  and  wrinkled.  Man.  p.  93.  MELILOTUS. 

Leaves  not  sweet-scented. 

Flowers  capitate  :  pod  small,  enclosed  in  the  calyx.    Man.  p.  92.  TRIFOTJUM. 

Flowers  in  a  raceme  or  spike,  or  few  :  pods  curved  or  coiled.  6.    MEDICAGO. 

Herbs  with  the  stems  twining  or  disposed  to  twine. 
Keel  with  the  included  stamens  and  style  coiled.          ...        6.    PHASEOLU8. 

Keel  incurved,  but  not  coiled  ........  7.     DOLICIIOS. 

Leaves  pinnate  :  leaflets  serrate.  .......        8.     CICER. 

Leaves  pinnate  :  leaflets  entire,  as  in  almost  all  the  order. 
With  a  tendril,  or  a  rudiment  of  one,  at  the  end  of  the  common  petiole. 
Style  flattened,  hairy  on  the  upper  side  ......        9.     LATIIYRU3. 

Style  filiform  :  stignia  villous  or  hairy.  ....          10.     VICIA. 

Style  filiform:  stigma  naked:  pod  2  -seeded.     .  .      11.    ERVUM. 

Without  any  tendril. 
Leaflets  only  4,  none  at  the  end  .....  .12.     ARA.C1IIS. 

Leaflets  an  odd  number,  one  of  them  terminal. 

Ovary  and  small  indehiscent  pod  1-seeded.     Herb.        .        .          13.    ONOBRYCH18. 
Ovary  apd  pod  1  -  2-seeded  :  petal  only  one.   Shrubs.  Man.  p.  95.  AMORl'UA. 

Ovary  and  pod  several-seeded. 
Flowers  umbelled  or  capitate  ;  pod  narrow.        ...          14.     COUONILLA. 

Flowers  raceined. 
Herbs  :  keel  spurred  on  each  side  ......      15.    IND1GOFE11A. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  hanging  or  drooping  racemes, 
Of  few  yellow  flowers:  pod  inflated 


16. 


COLUTKA. 

Of  many  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  :  pod  fl:it.  Man.  p.  96.        ROHIXIA. 
Woody  twining  plants  with  lilac  or  purple  flowers.     .        .     17.     W  1ST  ARIA. 

#  #  Stamens  distinct. 

Tree,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  hanging  white  flowers.  Man.  p.  107.  CLADRASTIS. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  palmate  leaves  of  only  8  leaflets.        Man.  p.  107.  BAPTISIA. 

2.  Flowers  not  papilionaceous  : 

Appearing  papilionaceous,  but  the  standard  covered  by  the  other 

petals  :  tree,  with  simple  and  cordate  leaves.      .        Man.  p.  108.  CERC1S. 

Nut  at  all  papilionaceous. 

Leaves  simply  pinnate  :  flowers  yellow,  perfect  :  stamens  10  or 

sometimes  fewer  .......        Man.  p.  108.  CASSIA. 

Leaves  some  simply,  others  twice  pinnate:  flowers  polygamous, 

greenish,  in  spikes  :  stamens  3  to  6  :  a  thorny  tree.       Man.  p.  109.  GLEDIT3CHIA. 


GARDEN    BOTANY.  xliil 

Leaves  unequally  twice  pinnate  :  flowers  dioecious,  in  a  raceme  or 

corymb,  dull  white  :  a  tree  with  rough  bark.          Man.  p.  109  GYMNOCLADUft 

Leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  with  small  leaflets,  or  if  simple 
then  vertical  or  edgesvise  (phyllodia) :  flowers  small  but  many 
in  a  head  or  spike,  perfectly  regular,  often  monopetalous. 
Stamens  4  or  5,  or  8  - 10,  distinct :  flowers  rose-color ;  pod  break- 
ing up  into  joints  leaving  a  slender  framework.         .        .        .18.     MIMOSA. 
Stamens  10 - 15,  monadelphous  at  the  base,  purplish.      .        .          19.     ALBIZZIA. 
Stamens  very  many,  yellow  or  yellowish.  •        .        .      20.    ACACIA. 

1.  Lupinus,  LUPINE.     Man.  p.  91      Handsome  garden  plants. 

L.  albus  is  the  Lupine  which  the  ancients  cultivated  as  pulse,  an  annual, 
with  obovatc-oblong  leaflets,  hairy  underneath  but  smooth  above,  and  white 
flowers  alternate  in  the  raceme. 

L.  piloSUS  is  an  old  garden  annual  Lupine,  all  over  very  villous  with 
white  hairs,  the  flowers  in  loose  whorls  in  the  raceme,  flesh-color,  rose-color, 
or  light  blue. 

L.  luteus  is  the  old  yellow  annual  Lupine,  the  flowers  in  whorls  in  a  long 
dense  spike  ;  the  leaves  mostly  radical. 

L.  mutabilis,  cultivated  as  an  annual,  from  S.  America,  is  a  large  and 
very  smooth  species,  with  broadish  leaflets,  and  large  pale  bluish  flowers  with 
some  yellow. 

L.  Cruckshanksii  is  a  fine  variety  of  the  last  with  bluer  flowers. 

L.  polyphyllus,  from  Oregon,  is  the  fine  perennial  Lupine  of  the  gar- 
dens, with  13  to  15  lanceolate  leaflets,  and  a  very  long  and  dense  raceme  of 
blue  flowers  ;  there  is  also  a  white  variety. 

2.  Sarothamnus  scoparius,  the  COMMON  BROOM  of  Europe,  is  a  smooth 
shrubby  plant,  3°  to  5°  high,  with  rigid  green  branchlets,  bearing  small  rouud- 

Eh  leaflets  (upper  leaves  simple),  and  large,  yellow,  scattered  flowers. 
; 


Cy'tisus  Laburnum,  COMMON  LABURNUM  or  GOLDEN  CHAIN;  a 
small  tree  with  long  hanging  racemes  of  golden-yellow  showy  flowers ; 
leaflets  3,  oblong  or  oval. 


4.  Erythrina  Crista-galli.     A  green-house  shrubby  plant,  planted  out 
in  summer,  with  large  leaves  of  3  leaflets,  and  a  long  race'me  of  very  large  red 

owers  :  the  genus  is  known  by  having  the  two  wing  petals  so  small  that  they 
re  concealed  in  the  calyx. 

5.  MedicagO    SCUtellata,   SNAIL   MKDICK.     A  low  annual,  spreading, 
with  small  yellow  flowers,  but  rather  large  and  singular  pods,  coiled  up  like  a 
snail-shell  or  shaped  like  a  bee-hive,  smooth. 

M.  sativa,  LUCERNE,  Man.  p.  93,  is  cultivated  for  fodder. 

6.  Phaseolus,  KIDNET  BEAN,  &c.    Man.  p.  104.     We  cultivate  the  fol 
lowing  :  — 

P.  COCCineus,  SCARLET  RUNNER,  with  bright  scarlet  flowers  in  long 
racemes  (rarely  varying  to  white),  for  ornament. 

P.  vulgaris,  COMMON  STRING  BEAN  or  POLE  BEAN,  with  white  flow- 
ers and  straight  linear  pods. 

P.  nanus,  DWARF  or  FIELD  BEAN,  is  a  cultivated  variety  of  the  last, 
growing  low  and  bushy,  not  twining. 

P.  lunatus,  LIMA  BEAN,  SIEVA  BEAN,  of  several  varieties,  has  rather 
small  white  flowers,  and  broad,  curved,  or  scy  mi  tar-shaped  pods,  with  large 
and  %t  seeds. 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 

7.  Dolichos  Lablab,  EGYPTIAN  or  BLACK  BEAN,  cultivated  for  orna- 
ment, rarely  for  its  h-'iiis,  is  a  smooth  twiner,  with  showy  red-purple  flowers 
(also  a  white  variety)  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  thick  oblong  pointed  pods; 
seeds  black  or  tawny  with  a  white  scar. 

D.  Siliensis,  CHINA  BKAN,  the  var.  melanophthalmus,  BLACK- 
EYED  BEAN,  with  long  peduncles  bearing  only  2  or  3  (white  or  pale)  flowers 
at  the  end,  the  beans  (which  are  good)  white  with  a  black  circle  round  the 
scar,  is  occasionally  met  with. 

8.  Cicer  arietinum,    CHICK  PEA,  is  like  a  Vetch,  but  has  its  obovate 
leaflets  serrate,  and  usually  one  at  the  end  of  the  stalk  instead  of  a  tendril ; 
flowers  white,  solitary  ;  pod  turbid,  containing  2  large  seeds  which  are  shaped 
somewhat  like  the  head  of  a  sheep,  and  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  coffee 

9.  LathyrilS,  PEA.     Mau.  p.  103.     This  genus  must  include  Pisum. 

L.  Pisum,  FIELD  PEA.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  leafy;  seeds  spherical;  leaf- 
lets mostly  2  pairs,  broad  ;  corolla  white,  sometimes  variegated  with  purple  or 
red  ;  cult,  for  food. 

L.  odoratus,  SWEET  PEA.  Annual,  pubescent,  with  the  stems  some- 
what winged  ;  leaflets  one  pair  ;  the  long  peduncles  bearing  2  or  3  sweet- 
scented  large  flowers,  white  with  the  standard  rose-color  or  mi-purple  ;  culti 
vated  for  ornament. 

L.  latifolius,  EVERLASTING  PEA.  Root  perennial ;  plant  smooth, 
wing-stemmed,  with  one  pair  of  leaflets  ;  peduncle  bearing  several  pink-purple 
flowers,  not  fragrant,  but  ornamental. 

10.  Vicia,  VETCH.     This  common  Vetch  or  Tare,  described  Man.  p.  102,  is 
a  weed,  but  hardly  cultivated  here. 

V.  Faba,  WINDSOR  or  HORSE  BEAN,  is  a  Vetch  which  grows  upright 
with  hardly  any  tendrils,  but  bears  one  or  two  pairs  of  large  leaflets,  and  a 
small  raceme  of  white  flowers  with  a  dark  spot ;  pod  short  and  broad  ;  seeds 
large,  flattish,  oval,  with  the  scar  at  one  end ;  prized  in  England,  but  a  poor 
bean  where  better  will  grow. 

11.  Ervum  Lens,  LENTIL.     A  low  annual,  like  a  small  Vetch,  with  broad 
2-seeded  pods  ;  rarely  cultivated  here  for  soup. 

12.  A'rachis  hypogsea,  PEANUT,  also  called  GROUND-NUT,  here  occasion- 
ally raised,  but  cult,  at  the  South  for  its  well-known  fruit,  which  is  a  thick 
reticulated  pod,  ripening  under  ground,  containing  one  or  two  large  eatable 
seeds.     Known  by  its  even-pinnate  leaves  of  4  obovate  leaflets  ;  flowers  small, 
yellow. 

13.  Ono'brychis  sativa,  SANFOIN.  cult,  for  fodder,  like  Lucerne,  in  Eu- 
rope, but  rarely  in  this  country,  is  a  perennial,  with  pinnate  leaves,  and  J-mg- 
ped  uncled  spikes  of  handsome  pink  flowers;  pod  small,  indchiscent,  1 -seeded, 
prickly-toothed,  and  veiny. 

14.  Coronilla,  CORONILLA.     Two  species  cultivated  for  ornament,  viz. :  — 
C.  varia,  COMMON  CORONILLA.     A  hardy  low  perennial,  with  running 

roots,  numerous  oblong  leaflets,  and  long-peduncled  heads  or  close  umbels  of 
handsome  rose-colored  flowers. 

C.  E'merus,  SCORPION  SENNA.  A  hardy  low  shrub,  with  7-9  obovate 
small  leaflets  ami  few-flowered  peduncles  ;  petals  yellow,  with  very  long  claws. 

16.  Indigo'fera  tinctoria,  INDIGO-PLANT,  common  at  the  South,  now 
rarely  cult.,  is  a  rather  hoary  herb,  with  9  or  1 1  oval  or  obovate  leaflets,  smiiU 
flowers  in  racemes,  and  small  deflcKe<l  pods. 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 


xlv 


16.  Colutea  arborescens,  BLADDER  SENNA,  is  a  Common  ha  dy  shrub 
in  country  gardens,  with  pinnate  loaves,  oval  leaflets,  fjad  a  raceme  of  5  or  € 
yello\v  flowers,  succeeded  by  bladdery  inflated  pods. 

C.  cruenta  has  obovate  leaflets,  saffron-colored  or  blotched  flowers,  and 
pods  opening  by  a  little  slit  at  the  top. 

17.  Wistaria.     Man.  p.  96.     The  handsome  wild  species  is  occasionally  cul- 
tivated for  ornament ;  but  we  more  commonly  meet  with 

W.  Sinensis,  the  beautiful  Chinese  and  Japanese  species  :  this  has 
longer  hanging  racemes,  of  paler  blue-purple  flowers,  in  spring  ;  wing-petals 
with  only  one  auricle  ;  ovary  pubescent. 

18.  Mimosa    pudica,    COMMON    SENSITIVE-PLANT,   well   known   for  its 
leaves  closing  at  the  touch,  is  a  low  or  trailing  plant,  with  bristly  stems  ; 
petiole  bearing  4  partial  petioles  on  its  apex,  each  with  many  linear-oblong 
leaflets  ;  stamens  4  or  5,  of  the  same  number  as  the  sepals  or  the  petals,  the 
latter  united  in  a  cup. 

19.  Albizzia  Julibrissin,  planted  at  the  South,  a  rare  house-plant  at  the 
North,  is  a  tree  with  twice-pinnate  leaves,  of  many  obliquely  oblong  leaflets, 
their  midrib  at  one  margin,  and  heads  of  rather  large  purple  or  rose-colored 
flowers ;  the  siamens  being  the  showy  part. 

20.  Acacia.    True  Acacias  are  green-house  plants,  flowering  in  winter,  known 
by  their  yellow  bunches  of  flowers,  consisting  almost  entirely  of  stamens. 

A.  dealbata,  with  glaucous,  almost  hoary-white  twice-pinnate  leaves, 
and  very  small  leaflets,  the  flowers  in  heads  which  are  loosely  panicled,  is  the 
commonest  species  of  the  kind  with  compound  leaves. 

A.  linearis,  with  long  and  linear  simple  leaves  and  pale  yellow  flowers 
in  interrupted  spikes,  —  and 

A.  longifolia,  with  broader,  lanceolate  leaves  and  deep  yellow  flowers, — 
are  the  commonest  of  the  Australian  Acacias,  having  leaves  turned  edgewise, 
or  phyllodia,  instead  of  true  and  compound  leaves. 


ORDER  ROSACEJE.      ROSE  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  110.  —  Important  for  the  fruits  and  the  ornamental  flowers  it  far- 
nishes. 

Pistil  only  1.  entirely  free  from  the  calyx,  becoming  a  drupe  or  stone-fruit. 

Stone  wrinkled  or  rough  on  the  surface  :  flowers  pink  or  rose-color.       1.     AMYGDALUS. 

Stone  smooth  and  even  :  flowers  white 2.     PRUNUS. 

ils  1  or  2,  becoming  achenia,  enclosed  in  the  tube  of  the  dry  calyx : 

flowers  perfect :  herb,  with  pinnate  leaves.  Man.  p.  115.  SANGUISORBA 

ils  from  2  to  many,  free  from  the  calyx,  which  is  never  fleshy, 
stils  only  2    or  even  1,  in  the  fertile  fl. :   stamens   many  in  the 

sterile :  flowers  monoecious,  spiked  :  petals  none :  leaves  pinnate.     3.    POTERJUM. 
Plctlls  about  5  (or  3  to  15)  in  a  circle. 

Shrub,  with  yellow  flowers,  usually  full  double.  ...        4     KERRIA. 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  an  open  caJyx  and  usually  broad  (white  or 

pink)  petals 6.     SPIR^A. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  a  narrow  tubular  calyx  and  narrow 

petals Man.  p.  114.  GILLENIA. 

Pistils  many,  heaped  on  the  receptacle,  the  ovaries 

Becoming  dry  achenia  on  a  dry  receptacle 6.    POT ENTILLA 

Becoming  dry  achenia  on  an  enlarged  juicy  receptacle.         .         .         7.     FRAGAIIIA 
Becoming  juicy  or  berry-like 8.     UUBUS 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 

Piatils  many  (becoming  bony  achenia  in  fruit),  enclosed  in  the  hollow 
tube  or  cup  of  the  calyx,  which  is  fleshy,  and  becomes  thick 

and  pulpy  in  fruit.    Prickly  shrubs 9.    ROSA. 

Pistils  2  to  5  combined  into  one  by  their  ovaries  to  make  a  compound 
ovary,  which  is  coherent  with  the  thick  tube  of  the  calyx  ;  this 
becomes  fleshy  or  pulpy  in  fruit :  all  shrubs  or  trees. 
Only  one  ovule  and  one  seed  in  each  cell,  the  latter  stony  in  fruit. 
One  thick  stone  in  the  fruit,  having  2  to  5  cells.  Man.  p.  123.  CRATJSGUS. 

Three  to  five  small  and  1-seeded  stones  in  the  fruit.  .        .          10.     COTONEASTER. 

Two  or  few  ovules  and  seeds  in  each  cell. 11.    PYIIUS. 

Many  ovules  or  seeds  in  each  cell 12.    CYDONIA. 

1.  Amyg'dalus  nana,  DWARF  ALMOND.     The  DOUBLE-FLOWERING  va- 
riety is  common  in  uanlens  (but  not  the  single),  its  numerous  rose-colored 
flowers  appearing  early  in  the  spring,  before  the  narrow  and  lanceolate  leaves. 

A.  Persica,  the  PEACH,  with  rose-pink-colorcd  flowers,  broadly  lance- 
olate leaves,  and  downy-coated  fruit. 

Var.  laevis,  the  NECTARINE,  has  the  fruit  smooth,  like  a  Plum,  but  came 
originally  from  the  Peach. 

2.  Prunus,  PLUM,  CHERRY.    Besides  Nos.  1,  7,  and  other  species  in  the 
Man.  p.  Ill,  1 13,  the  following  are  common  in  cultivation  :  — 

P.  Armeniaca,  the  APRICOT,  with  almost  sessile  white  flowers  appear- 
ing much  before  the  leaves,  which  are  ovate  and  -somewhat  cordate,  the  yel- 
lowish fruit  with  a  velvety  surface.  In  this  respect  it  is  like  the  preceding 
genus  ;  but  the  flowers,  the  smooth  stone,  &c.  are  as  in  the  Plum. 

P.  Domestica,  the  GARDEN  PLUM,  of  many  varieties,  has  thornlcss 
branches  and  lanceolate-ovate  leaves  ;  it  is  thought  to  be  a  long-cultivated 
production  of  P.  instititia,  the  Bullace  Plum,  and  this  a  variety  of  the  SLOE, 
Man.  p.  112. 

P.  Cerasus,  the  GARDEN  CHERRY,  with  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong- 
ovate  smooth  and  veiny  leaves,  and  flowers  in  sessile  umbels,  opening  at  the 
same  time  as  the  leaves ;  this  is  the  original  stock  as  well  of  the  OXHEART 
or  DUKE  CHERRY  as  of  the  SOUR  CHERRY,  MORELLO,  &c. 

3.  Poterium  Sanguisorba,  GARDEN  BURNET.    A  common  low  peren- 
nial in  country  gardens,  with  small  and  ovate  deeply-toothed  leaflets,  and  a 
head  of  greenish  or  purplish  flowers,  the  lower  ones  staminatc,  the  upper  ones 
pistillate. 

4.  Xerria  Japonica,  is  called  CORCHORDS  in  the  gardens,  where  it  is  a 
Common   shrub,  with  ovate  and  pointed   coarsely    toothed    leaves,   and  full 
double  yellow  flowers.     The  state  with  single  or  natural  flowers  has  lately 
been  introduced  from  Japan. 

5.  SpirSBa.    Man.  p.  113.     Several  of  our  wild  species  and  the  following 
exotics  are  cultivated  for  ornament. 

*  Shrubs  or  undershrults. 

S.  trilobata.  Low  shrub,  with  recurved  branches  ;  leaves  smooth,  glau- 
cous, rounded,  and  cut-lobed  ;  flowers  very  many  in  umbel-like  corymbs, 
white,  showv. 

S.  hypericifolia,  ITALIAN  MAY,  or  ST.  PETER'S  WREATH.  Shrub, 
with  long  recurved  brandies  ;  leaves  small,  cuncatc-oblong,  a  little  crenate  or 
lobcd  at  the  end  ;  flowers  small,  white,  in  snkall  umbels. 

S.  Douglasii,  of  Oregon,  is  coming  into  the  gardens  :  it  resembles  S. 
tomentosa  (Man.  p.  114),  but  has  longer,  narrower,  and  blunter  leaves,  and 
deeper  rose-purple  flowers. 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 

3.  sorbifolia,  with  pinnate  leaves,  oblong-lanceolate  and  acuminate 
sharply  serrate  leaflets,  and  a  large  panicle  of  white  flowers. 
*  *  Herbs,  perennial. 

S.  Ulmaria,  ENGLISH  MEADOW-SWEET.  Leaves  pinnate  with  a  large 
3-lobed  leaflet  at  the  end,  and  smaller  lateral  ones,  also  minute  ones  inter- 
mixed, whitish-downy  underneath ;  flowers  yellowish-white  in  a  compound 
cyme,  sometimes  double. 

S.  Filipendula,  DROPWORT.  Root  fibrous,  some  of  them  swollen 
below ;  leaves  mostly  radical,  smooth  and  green  both  sides,  with  very  many 
small  pinnatifid  or  cut  leaflets  ;  flowers  fewer  and  larger  than  in  the  last,  whito 
often  tipped  with  reddish ;  both  single  and  double-flowered. 

,  Potentilla,  CINQUEFOIL.  Man.  p.  118.  The  three  following  red-f.ow- 
ered,  perennial,  digitate-leaved  species  are  rather  common  in  gardens,  where 
they  are  much  crossed  and  mixed.  The  first  is  from  the  Mexican,  the  two 
others  from  the  Himalajan  Mountains. 

P.  hema'tochrus.  Silky  or  velvety;  leaflets  7  or  5  on  the  lower,  5  and 
3  on  the  upper  leaves ;  flowers  deep  red  or  crimson. 

P.  Nepalensis.  Leaflets  green  both  sides,  5  or  only  3  in  the  upper 
leaves  ;  flowers  rose-red. 

P.  atrosanguinea.  Leaflets  white-downy  underneath,  3  in  all  the 
leaves  ;  flowers  dark  purple-crimson  or  brown-red. 

P.  recta :  a  coarse,  hirsute,  erect,  yellow-flowered  species ;  leaflets  5  or 
7,  digitate,  narrowly  cuneate-oblong,  coarsely  toothed. 

.  Fragaria,  STRAWBERRY.  Man.  p.  119.  The  originals  of  the  cultivated 
varieties  are  mainly  these  :  — 

F.  vesca  yields  the  ALPINE  STRAWBERRY,  the  PERPETUAL,  &c.,  with 
small,  verv  fragrant  fruit. 

F.  elatior  of  Europe,  the  HAUTBOIS,  a  taller  plant,  with  calyx  strongly 
reflexed  away  from  the  fruit,  which  is  deep  red  with  a  peculiar  musky  odor. 

F.  Virginiana,  the  parent  of  the  AMERICAN  SCARLET,  and  similar 
sorts;  and  its  crosses  with  the  next  have  given  origin  to  the  PINE-APPLE,  and 
the  greater  part  of  the  large  sorts  now  cultivated.. 

F.  Chilensis,  with  thick  leaves  very  silky  underneath,  and  the  large 
fruit  erect  in  ripening  (instead  of  hanging  as  in  the  rest),  is  the  parent  of  the 
QUEEN  VICTORIA  and  WILMOT  varieties,  &c. 

F.  Indica  has  creeping  leafy  stems,  yellow  flowers,  and  tasteless  fruit. 

Rubus  Idseus,  the  GARDEN  RASPBERRY,  is  very  much  like  our  wild 
Red  R.  (Man.  p.  121),  but  is  taller,  larger-leaved,  the  prickles  hooked,  and 
the  fruit  larger  and  firmer,  pale  red,  amber-colored,  &c. 

.  Rosa,  ROSE.  Man.  p.  122.  Besides  the  SWEET-BRIER,  and  the  varie- 
ties of  our  wild  PRAIRIE  ROSE  (already  described),  the  common  cultivated 
Roses  come  from  the  following.  But  many  of  them,  especially  the  tender 
ones,  are  so  mixed  and  altered  by  long  cultivation,  that  it  is  difficult,  if  not 
impossible,  for  the  student  to  refer  them  to  their  true  types. 

*  Styles  not  projecting  out  of  the  calyx-cup  nor  cohering. 

R.  Cinnamomea,  CINNAMON  ROSE.  Tall,  5°  to  8°  high,  with  brownish- 
red  bark,  and  some  straightish  prickles,  pale  leaves  downy  underneath,  and 
small  pale-red  cinnamon-scented  (double)  flowers,  not  showy. 

R.  spinosissima,  BURNET  or  SCOTCH  ROSE.  Low,  1°  or  2°  high, 
exceedingly  prickly  with  straight  prickles,  with  7  to  9  small  and  roundish 
smooth  leaflets,  and  small  early  flowers,  single,  double,  and  white,  pink,  and 
even  yellow. 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 

R.  SUlphurea,  the  old  YELLOW  ROSE.  Tall,  with  scattered  straight 
prickles,  glaucous  or  pale  leaves,  and  sulphur-yellow  (double)  flowers. 

R.  Eglanteria,  YELLOW  EGLANTINE  ROSE.  Like  a  Sweet-Brier,  but 
lower,  3° -5°  high,  with  straight  prickles ;  leaves  deep-green  (riot  pale,  as  in 
the  last) ;  flowers  deep  yellow,  and  sometimes  variegated  with  red,  either 
single  or  double. 

R.  Damascena,  DAMASK  ROSE.  Flowers  white  or  red,  single  or 
double  ;  the  parent  of  many  sorts,  such  as  the  Red  and  White  Monthly,  York 
and  Lancaster,  &c. ;  distinguished  from  the  next  by  irs  greener  bark  and  larger 
(curved)  prickles,  long  reftexed  sepals,  and  elongated  hips. 

R.  centifolia,  PROVENCE,   CABBAGE,  and   HUNDRED-LEAVED  ROSE. 

Flowers  drooping,  large,  white,  blush,  or  red,  mostly  full  double,  and  the  pet- 
als curved  inwards  ;  calyx  clammy  ;  the  hips  short  or  roundish  ;  prickles  un- 
equal, the  larger  ones  curved. 

Var.  milSCOSa,  the  Moss-RosES  of  various  sorts,  have  the  clammy 
glands  of  the  calyx  grown  out  into  a  moss-like  covering. 

R.  Gallica,  FRENCH  ROSE.  Flowers  red  or  crimson  (sometimes  white) ; 
of  many  varieties  ;  differs  from  the  last  by  the  rigid  coriaceous  leaflets,  erect 
flowers,  and  spherical  hips  ;  less  sweet-scented,  and  petals  more  astringent. 

R.  alba,  WHITE  ROSE.  Flowers  white  or  with  a  delicate  blush,  fragrant; 
sepals  pinnate,  reflexed,  but  conniving  and  remaining  on  the  oblong  hip ; 
prickles  straightish  ;  leaflets  glaucous.  Many  common  varieties. 

R.  Indica,  TEA  ROSE.  Came  from  China,  and  has  furnished  endless 
sorts  ;  the  leaflets  are  only  3  or  5,  ovate,  acuminate,  thickish,  smooth,  and 
shining.  NOISETTE  Roses  are  thought  to  have  originated  in  a  cross  between 
this  and  the  Musk  Rose. 

R.  semperflorens,  PERPETUAL  CHINA  or  BENGAL  ROSE.  Many 
sorts,  usually  with  red  or  crimson  flowers,  with  very  little  fragrance;  leaflets 
as  in  the  last,  from  which  they  probably  originated,  at  least  in  part. 

R.  Lawrenceana,  FAIRY  ROSE.  Dwarf,  very  small-flowered  Chinese 
Roses,  often  only  6  inches  high,  which  came  from  the  last. 

R.  BanksiSJ,  BANKSIA  ROSE.  A  slender,  tall  climbing  species  from 
China,  cult,  in  greenhouses,  well  marked  by  having  no  prickles,  3  to  5  lanceo- 
late leaflets,  and  very  smull  (white  or  buff,  violet-scented)  flowers,  many 
together  in  an  umbel-like  corymb. 

#  *  Styles  cohering  in  a  column  which  projects  oulofthe  calyx-cup. 

R.  multiflora,  MANY-FLOWERED  ROSE.  A  well-known  climbing  spe- 
cies, from  Japan  and  China,  with  5  or  7  soft  and  somewhat  rugose  leaflets, 
slender  scattered  prickles,  and  full  corymbs  of  small  flowers,  white  or  pale 
red,  not  sweet-scented.  The  BOURSALT  ROSE  is  a  more  hardy,  climbing,  rod 
Rose,  said  to  come  from  the  mu/tiflora,  but  probably  from  a  cross  with  some 
hardy  European  species. 

R.  moschata,  MUSK  ROSE.  Rambling,  but  hardly  climbing,  with  rc- 
vurved  prickles;  the  leaflets  lanceolate,  pointed,  nearly  smooth  ;  flowers  white, 
with  a  yellowish  base  to  the  petals,  mostly  simple,  in  umbel-like  clusters,  very 
fragrant,  especially  at  evening. 

R.  sempervirens,  EVERGREEN  ROSE.  Climbing,  hardy  at  the  South, 
with  coriaceous  bright-green  leaves,  curved  prickles,  and  nearly  solitary  white 
flowers,  not  double.  The  AYRSHIRE  ROSE  is  a  more  hardy  variety,  the  leaves 
deciduous. 

10.  Cotoneaster  VUlgaris  is  a  low  shrub,  sparingly  planted,  with  the  small 
oval  leaves  white-downy  beneath,  and  small  gremish-v/iiite  flowers;  the  fruit 
like  that  of  Hawthorns,  but  including  3  or  4  little  seed-like  stones. 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 

11.  PyrilS,  PEAR,  APPLE.    Man.  p.  124. — Besides  the  American  Crab,  we 
have  in  common  cultivation,  — 

P.  communis,  PEAK.  Leaves  ovate,  smooth  ;  flowers  pure  white  ;  fruit 
tapering  down  to  the  peduncle. 

P.  Malus,  APPLE.  Leaves  ovate,  obtusely  toothed,  mostly  downy  be- 
neath ;  flowers  tinged  with  pink  ;  fruit  globular,  sunk  in  at  both  ends. 

P.  prunifolia,  SIBERIAN  CRAB.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  ser- 
rate, smooth;  fruit  smaller  than  that  of  the  American  Crab-Apple,  and  yellow- 
ish ;  cult,  for  the  fruit.  This  is  probably  a  mere  variety  of  P.  baccata,  in 
which  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  fall  away  from  the  fruit. 

P.  spectabilis,  CHINESE  FLOWERING-APPLE.  Leaves  oblong,  finely 
serrate,  smooth  ;  flowers  large  and  showy,  rose-red,  usually  semi-double  ;  cult, 
for  ornament. 

P.  aucuparia,  EUROPEAN  ROWAN-TREE,  or  MOUNTAIN-ASH.  A  larger 
tree  than  our  wild  Mountain-Ash,  and  more  commonly  planted,  except  in  the 
interior  of  the  Northern  States  ;  leaflets  9-15,  narrowly  oblong,  not  taper- 
pointed. 

12.  Cydonia  vulgaris,  COMMON  QUINCE.    Flowers  solitary  at  the  tips 
of  the  branches,  white,  appearing  after  the  leaves ;  leaves  ovate  and  entire, 
downy  as  well  as  the  leaf-like  lobes  of  the  calyx  ;  fruit  pear-shaped,  and  in  one 
variety  apple-shaped. 

C.  Japonica,  JAPAN  QUINCE.  Flowers  on  side  spurs  of  the  thorny 
branches,  with  short  and  rounded  lobes  to  the  calyx,  and  large  scarlet  petals 
(single  or  partly  double,  also  a  pale  or  white  variety),  appearing  a  little  before 
the  smooth  oval  leaves ;  fruit  like  a  small  apple,  not  eatable.  A  very  orna- 
mental shrub. 

ORDER  CALYCANTHACE-ZE.  The  Calycanthuses,  although  here 
generally  met  with  only  as  planted  shrubs,  are  all  natives  of  the  United  States, 
aod  are  described  in  the  Manual,  p.  126. 

ORDER  MYRTACE.ZB.    MYRTLE  FAMILY. 

Differs  from  the  Pear  Family,  i.  e.  suborder  Pomeoe  of  Rosaceae,  by  having 
the  leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots  (under  a  ma^nifying-glass),  and  generally 
opposite.  But  two  of  the  three  following  are  exceptions  in  Che  latter  particular, 
and  the  Pomegranate  in  both. 

Leaves  not  punctate,  often  alternate  or  whorled :    ovary  with  two 

tiers  ofcdls,  one  above  the  other 1.    PUNICA. 

punctate,  under  a  lens, 

Alternate,  turned  edgewise  by  a  twist :  stamens  very  long  and  red.        2.     CALL1STEMON. 
jposite,  horizontal,  in  the  usual  way :  stamens  not  so  long,  white.        3.    MYRTUS. 

Punica  Granatum,  POMEGRANATE.  Low  tree,  with  smooth  and  thin 
narrowly  oblong  leaves;  flowers  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets,  large, 
bright  scarlet  (often  full  double)  ;  fruit  red,  containing  many  seeds  invested  by 
an  edible  pulp. 

2.  Calliste'mon  lanceolatum,  called  BOTTLE-BRUSH,  on  account  of 
the   appearance  of  the   flowers  (sessile   all   round   the  stem  Lelow  the  latei 
leaves)  with  their  very  long  red  stamens,  is  a  greenhouse  shrub  from  Austra- 
lia, with  the  leaves  turned  edgewise  by  a  twist. 

3.  Myrtus  communis,  MYRTLE.      Shrub,  with    oblong-ovate    smooth 
leaves,  and  small  white  flowers,  single  or  double. 


1  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

ORDER  LYTHRACE-3I.     LOOSE-STRIFE  FAMULI. 

1.  LagerstrCBmia   Indica,    CRAPE  MYRTLE,    a  handsome  greenhoaw 
shrub,  which  stands  the  winter  farther  south,  is  known  not  to  be  a  real  Myrtle 
by  its  dotless  leaves,  and  the  calyx  free  from  the  svary.     Flowers  showy,  in 
panicles,  purple ;  petals  6,  on  long  claws,  crisped. 

2.  Cuphea   ignea  (wrongly  called  platycentra]  is   a  very  handsome   lo* 
undershrub,  with  oval  bright-green   leaves,  and  vermilion-red  flowers,  with 
their  dark-colored  tips  bordered  with  white.     The  showy  part  is  the  calyx, 
which  is  spurred,  the  petals  minute  or  none  :  it  flowers  all  winter  in  the  green- 
house, and  all  summer  in  the  garden. 

3.  Lythrum  Salicaria,  Man.  p.  128,  is  not  uncommon  in  old  gardens. 

ORDER  ONAGRACE^E.      EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  130.  — Besides  some  of  our  wild  Evening  Primroses,  the  following 
are  cultivated  for  their  showy  flowers. 

Shrubs  (of  the  greenhouse,  &c.)  with  hanging  flowers,  a  calyx  re- 
sembling a  corolla  (red,  or  white  in  some  varieties),  and  blue  petals 
convolute  around  the  lower  part  of  the  3  stamens :  fruit  a  berry.        1.    FUCHSIA. 
Herbs  :  fruit  a  4-celled  pod. 
Stamens  8 :  scarlet  flowers  like  those  of  Fuchsia,  but  with  a  pod 

like  that  of  Epilobium,  having  hairy-tufted  seeds.         .        .        2.    ZATJSCHNERIA. 
Stamens  only  4 :  calyx  prolonged  above  the  ovary  into  a  slender 

tube  :  petals  short-clawed  and  3-lobed 3.    EUCHARIDIUM. 

Stamens  4  good  ones,  and  4  sterile  with  abortive  anthers  or  none : 

petals  with  long  claws 4.    GLAREIA. 

Stamens  8  with  anthers :    petals  with  hardly  any  claws,  entire  or 

notched  at  the  end :  seeds  not  tufted 6.    (ENOTHERA. 

I.  Fuchsia,  FUCHSIA  or  LADIES'  EAR-DROP.  The  cultivated  kinds,  now 
so  common,  are  from  the  following,  but  much  crossed  and  varied.  They  came 
from  Mexico,  Chili,  &c. 

F.  microphylla  has  small  leaves  as  well  as  flowers,  the  latter  globular 
in  the  bud,  and  the  stamens  not  protruded. 

F.  COCCinea  is  the  parent  of  all  the  common  Fuchsias  with  short  flow- 
ers, the  lobes  of  the  calyx  longer  than  its  tube,  and  the  stamens  long-exserted. 

F.  fulgens  is  the  parent  of  the  commonest  long-flowered  sorts  (2^-3 
inches  long),  the  short  lobes  of  the  calyx  often  greenish-tipped,  the  stamens 
little  exserted. 

2-  Zauschneria  California  a,  a  very  choice  ornamental  perennial,  from 
California,  low,  pubescent,  with  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves. 

3.  Eueharidium  COncinnum :   a  low,  California  annual,  like  a  Clarkia, 
except  in  the  particulars  mentioned  above  ;  flowers  pink-purple. 

4.  Clarkia  pulchella,  from   Oregon,  a  handsome  garden  annual,  with 
lanceolate  leaves,  large  3-lobed  petals  (rose-purple,  and  a  white  variety),  with 
a  pair  of  teeth  on  the  claw,  and  4  dilated  stigmas. 

C.  elegans,  from  Oregon  and  California,  is  taller,  with  ovate  and  serrate 
leaves,  the  rhomboid  rose-purple  petals  not  lobed. 

6.  (Enothera,  EVENING  PRIMROSE.  Nos.  1,  4,  5,  of  the  Manual,  p.  130, 
occur  in  gardens. 


GARDEN    BOTANY.  U 

CE.  MitSSOUriensis,  from  Missouri  and  Texas.  Cinereous,  very  low ; 
leaves  broadly  lanceolate ;  corolla  yellow,  4'  to  6' across;  pod  4 -winged ;  root 
perennial. 

CE.  speciosa,  from  Arkansas  and  Texas,  with  large  white  flowers  fading 
to  rose-color,  and  club-shaped  pods. 

CE.  acaulis,  from  Chili,  with  very  large  white  flowers  close  to  the  ground , 
the  stem  short  and  creeping  ;  leaves  pinnatifid. 

CE.  purpurea,  from  Oregon  and  California,  a  low  annual  with  purple 
flowers  opening  in  the  sunshine  ;  and  some  others  of  the  same  section  (GouE- 
TIA),  with  rose,  lilac,  or  nearly  white  petals  with  a  purple  spot,  are  occasion- 
ally raised. 

ORDER  CACTACEJE.      CACTUS  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  136.  —  Hundreds  of  species  are  cultivated  by  amateurs;  the  fol 
Ijwing  are  the  most  generally  met  with. 

Stem  globular  or  melon-shaped  :  flowers  immersed  in  a  mass  of  wool.  1.  CACTUS. 

Stem  cylindrical  and  ribbed,  or  triangular :  flowers  mostly  ephemeral.  2.  CEKEUS. 
Stem  or  branches  flat,  leaf-like,  smooth,  and  not  prickly,  often  jointed  : 

flowers  rose-colored,  tubular,  lasting  day  after  day.     ...  3.  EPIPIIYLLUM. 
Stem  or  branches  jointed,  flat  or  flatfish,  bearing  prickles  or  bristles : 

not  tubular,  mostly  ye!  low.       .        .        .    Man.  p.  186.  4.  OPUNTIA. 


1.  Cactus  Melocactus,  TURK'S-CAP.     Plant  melon-shaped,   a  foot  or 
more  high,  many-ribbed,  with   star-like  clusters  of  spines  on  the  ribs,  sur- 
mounted, when  about  to  flower,  by  a  cylindrical  woolly  mass  like  a  muff   in 
which  the  small  red  flowers  are  partly  imbedded.     Brought  occasionally  from 
the  West  Indies. 

2.  Ce'reus  grandiflorus,  NIGHT-BLOOMING  CEREUS,  with  very  long  and 
rooting  cylindrical  stems,  and  producing  a  very  large  flower,  with  many  narrow 
yellow  sepals  and  broader  white  petals,  opening  at  night  and  shrivelling  before 
morning,  —  is  only  occasionally  met  with  in  conservatories. 

C.  flagelliformis  is  more  common,  as  a  house-plant,  with  long  and 
slender  flexible  stems,  clothed  with  clusters  of  short  and  bristly  prickles,  bear- 
ing rather  small  pink-red  flowers. 

C.  speciosissimus,  with  erect  and  only  3  -  4-angled  stems,  very  large 
bright-red  flowers  with  a  tinge  of  violet  inside,  and  white  stamens,  is  one  of  the 
most  showy  of  all,  and  is  common. 

Epipkyllum  phyllanthoides,  known  by  the  flat  and  leaf-like  or 
winged  steins,  with  crenatc  margins,  from  which  spring  the  flowers  ;  these 
4'  long,  narrow,  tubular  below,  rose-colored,  and  lasting  several  days. 

E.  truncatlim,  known  by  its  flat  and  jointed  recurved  branches,  which 
are  more  or  less  toothed  ;  the  flowers  from  the  truncate  apex  of  the  joints, 
only  2  or  3  inches  long,  rose-color,  with  a  short  tube,  below  bearing  spreading 
petaloid  sepals,  above  very  oblique ;  continuing  in  bloom  for  several  days. 

ORDER    MESEMBRYANTHEMACEJE.       MESEMBRYANTHEMUM 

FAMILY. 

Mesembryanthemums  are  fleshy-leaved  plants,  with  an  adherent  calyx .  bear- 
ing  a  great  many  petals  and  stamens  ;  the  fruit  dry  and  several-celled. 

3.  Mesembryantkemum  spectabile  is  the  commonest  as  a  house 
plant,  with  long  triquetrous  and  acute  opposite  leaves,  rather  woot/y  steins, 
and  large  rod  flowers. 


Hi  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

M.  crystallinum,  called  ICE-PLANT,  because  the  cval  and  wavy  alter- 
nate leaves  and  the  branches  look  as  if  frosted  over  with  white  transparent 
vesicles  j  flowers  white,  small. 

ORDER  GROSSTJLACE-ZE.      CURRANT  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  136.  —  The  cultivated  Currants  and  Gooseberries  generally  met 
with  are,  — 

1.  Ribes  Grossularia,  GARDEN  GOOSEBERRY.  Prickly  ;  leaves  obtusely 
3-5-lobCvI ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs  on  short  pedicels,  green  ;  calyx  cam- 
panulate  ,  berry  large,  prickly  or  smooth. 

R.  rubrum,  COMMON  CURRANT,  with  flat  greenish  flowers  in  hanging 
racemes,  and  red  berries,  also  a  white  variety.  See  Man.  p.  137. 

R.  nigrum,  GARDEN  BLACK  CURRANT,  has  black  berries,  like  those  of 
our  R.  floridum,  but  the  greenish  flowers  arc  fewer  in  the  racemes  and  shorter, 
and  the  bracts  minute. 

R.  aureum,  BUFFALO  or  MISSOURI  CURRANT,  from  the  Far  West,  with 
smooth  3-lobed  leaves  and  a  tubular  calyx,  is  planted  for  its  bright-yellow 
spicy-scented  flowers,  appearing  in  early  spring ;  berries  blackish,  useless. 

R..  sanguineum,  RED-FLOWERED  CURRANT,  from  Oregon  and  Cali 
fornia,  has  rounded  and  5-lobcd  leaves,  downy  beneath,  and  hanging  racemes 
of  red  or  rose-colored  flowers  ;  cultivated  for  ornament. 

R.  speciosum,  SHOWY  GOOSEBERRY,  from  California,  a  prickly  species, 
with  small  and  shining  leaves,  deep-red  hanging  flowers,  and  long-exscrted 
red  stamens  ;  when  trained  on  a  wall  and  protected  is  a  beautiful  species. 

ORDER  PASSIFLORACE-ZE.    PASSION-FLOWER  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  138.  —  Out  of  a  number  of  Passion-Flowers  of  conservatories,  the 
following  are  commonest,  and  may  be  planted  out  in  summer. 

1.  Passiflora  cserulea.  Leaves  deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes  narrow  and 
not  serrate;  crown  blue  of  varied  tints,  purple  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the 
white  corolla. 

P.  edulis,  GRANADILLA.  Leaves  shining-green,  large,  3-lobed,  the 
lobes  and  bracts  serrate  ;  flower  pale  blue  or  whitish  ;  fruit  eatable. 

ORDER  CUCURBITACE^l.     GOURD  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  138.  —  A  few  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  and  others  for  theli 
edible  fruit. 

Corolli  6-parted,  small :  fruit  soft-prickly,  2-celled,  4-seeded.   Man.  p.  139.  ECIITNOCYSTIS. 

Corolla  moderately  5-lobed,  bell-shaped,  large,  yellow.    ...        1.  CUCURBIT  A. 

Corolla  of  6  almost  separate  large  and  white  petals.     ...  2.  LAGENAHTA. 

Corolla  5-cleft  beyond  the  middle,  buff  or  sulphur-color.       .        ;        3.  CITRULLUS. 

Corolla  5-parted  to  the  calyx,  or  nearly  of  5  petals,  yellow.         .  4.  CUCUMIS. 

Corolla  5-parted,  white,  the  divisions  cut  into  a  delicate  fringe.  5.  TRICI10SANTIIES. 

1.  Cucurbita.  The  common  Pumpkin  and  the  Squashes,  in  great  variety, 
are  shown  by  a  recent  investigation  to  belong  to  only  two  botanical  species 
the  fruit  of  each  of  which  is  immensely  variable. 

C.  Pepo,  PUMPKIN.  WINTER  SQUASH.  &c.  Stalks  and  veins  of  tho  leaves 
very  rough  with  hispid  hairs,  almost  prickly;  leaves  more  or  less  5  Jobed : 


GARDEN    BOTANY.  EJJ 

stalk  of  the  fruit  woody,  strongly  5  -  8-ridgcd  with  deep  intervening  grooves. 
The  little  ORANGE  GOURD  ( C.  ovifera)  is  probably  the  original  of  this. 

C.  maxima,  SQUASH,  CYMLING,  &c.  Less  rough  leaf-stalks,  and 
rounder  less  lobed  leaves  than  in  the  foregoing  ;  stalk  of  the  fruit  thick,  not 
deeply  grooved,  but  many-striate. 

2.  Lagenaria  vulgaris,  BOTTLE    GOURD,  is  well  marked  by  its  large 
white  flowers  on  long  peduncles,  and  its  hard-rinded  fruit  of  diverse  shapes, 
used  for  bottles,  dippers,  &c. 

3.  Citrullus  vulgaris,  WATERMELON.     Leaves   deeply  3-5-lobed,  and 
the  divisions  again  lobed  or  sinuate-pinnatifid,  pale  or  bluish ;  the  edible  pulp 
of  the  fruit  consists  of  the  enlarged  and  juicy  placentae  (reddish  or  rarely 
white) ;  a  variety  with  hard  flesh  is  cultivated  for  preserving,  under  the  name 
of  Citron. 

4.  Cll'cumis.     The  genus  includes  two  familiar  esculents,  viz.  the  CUCUM- 
BER and  the  True  MELON. 

C.  Melo,  MELON,  MUSKMELON.  Leaves  round-cordate  or  reniform, 
the  lobes  if  any  and  sinuses  rounded ;  fruit  with  a  smooth  rind  and  sweet  flesh, 
the  edible  part  being  the  inner  portion  of  the  pericarp,  the  thin  and  watery 
placenta  being  discarded  with  the  seeds.  The  SERPENT  MELON,  sometimes 
called  SERPENT-CUCUMBER,  is  a  strange  variety,  occasionally  met  with,  with 
a  long  and  snake-like  fruit. 

C.  sativus,  CUCUMBER.  Leaves  more  or  less  lobed,  the  lobes  acute, 
the  middle  one  more  prominent,  often  pointed;  fruit  rough  or  muricate  when 
young,  smooth  when  ripe,  eaten  unripe. 

5.  Trichosanthes  COlubrina,  SNAKE-PLANT.      Cult,  for  ornament  in 
hot-houses,  &c. ;  the  white  flowers  remarkable  for  having  the  petals  cut  into 
slender  fringes ;  the  fruit  imitating  a  snake,  green  mottled  with  whitish  and 
yellowish,  when  ripe  turning  red,  from  4°  to  7°  long. 


ORDER  BEGONIACEJE.      BEGONIA  FAMILT. 

Begonia.  Many  species  are  cultivated  in  hot-houses,  some  for  their  curious 
leaves,  others  for  their  pretty  flowers.  They  are  known  by  their  leaves,  which 
are  always  inequilateral,  one  side  being  much  larger  than  the  other,  and  by 
their  monoecious  flowers ;  the  staminate  flowers  having  one  large  pair  of 
rounded  petaloid  sepals,  and  within  a  pair  of  smaller  ones  or  petals,  and  many 

t-tamens.     The  pistillate  flowers  have  a  triangular  or  3-winged  inferior  ovary, 
nd  usually  5  less  unequal  sepals,  resembling  petals. 


.  ORDER   CRASSULACE^k     ORPINE  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  140.  —  All  the  Scdums  in  the  Manual,  except  No.  3,  are  more  or 
cultivated  ;  also 


Sedum  acre,  Moss  STONECROP,  WALL-PEPPER.  Spreading  on  the 
ground  and  rooting,  moss-like,  with  very  small  and  thick  ovate  leaves  and 
scattered  yellow  flowers  ;  cult,  for  garden  edgings,  &c. 

2.  Sempervivum  tectorum,  HOUSELEKK.  Spreading  by  offsets,  the 
leaves  thick  and  broad,  in  bulb-like  rosettes  ;  rarely  flowering  here;  flower-stem 
a  foot  high ;  flowers  cymose,  with  6  or  more  sepals,  petals,  and  pistils,  and 
twice  as  many  purplish  petals. 


Uv  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

ORDER  SAXIFRAGACEJE.     SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  141.  —  Several  are  cult,  for  ornament,  especially  shrubby  species. 

Herbs  :  stamens  10  :  pod  2-celted  and  2-beaked,  or  else  two  pods.  1.  SAXIFRAGA. 
Shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves :  calyx  coherent  with  the  ovary. 
Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  :  styles  mostly  2. 

Flowers  in  cymes,  the  marginal  ones  much  larger  and  neutral.  2.  HYDRANGEA. 

Flowers  panicled  or  racemed,  and  all  alike  :  filaments  dilated.  3.  DEUTZIA. 

Stamens  very  numerous  :   filaments  slender  :   style  3-5-cleft.  4.  PUILADELPHUS. 

1.  Saxifraga  sarmentosa,  BKEFSTEAK  SAXIFRAGE,  is  an  old-fashioned 
house-plant,  from  Japan,  with  Strawberry-like  runners ;  the  leaves  round- 
cordate,  toothed,  rather  fleshy,  on  shaggy  petioles,  the  lower  surface  reddish, 
the  upper  green  variegated  with  white  ;  flowers  on  a  scape,  panicled,  three  of 
the  petals  pink  and  spotted,  two  of  them  much  larger,  paler,  and  hanging. 

S.  crassifolia  is  a  showy  hardy  species,  with  large  and  thick  roundish 
leaves,  and  an  ample  cluster  of  large  rose-colored  flowers  on  a  scape,  from  a 
short  creeping  rootstock,  in  early  spring. 

£.  Hydrangea  Hortensia,  the  COMMON  HYDRANGEA  of  house  culture, 
from  Japan,  is  very  smooth,  with  large  and  oval,  coarselv  toothed,  bright- 
green  leaves,  and  the  flowers  of  the  cyme  nearly  all  neutral  and  enlarged,  blue, 
purple,  pink,  or  white. 

EC.  radiata,  of  the  South,  is  hardy  in  our  gardens,  and  differs  from  H. 
nrborescens  (Man.  p.  146)  in  having  the  leaves  white-downv  beneath. 

H.  quercifolia,  also  of  the  Southern  States,  has  the  leaves  sinuate- 
\obed  and  pubescent  underneath  ;  not  quite  so  hardy. 

3.  Deutzia.     Fine  ornamental  white-flowered  shrubs,  from  Japan,  now  be. 
coming  common,  and  mostly  hardy. 

D.  gracilis,  the  least  hardy,  is  low  and  smooth,  with  ovate-lanceolate 
pointed  leaves,  and  bright  white  flowers. 

D.  SCabra  is  a  tall  shrub,  with  the  leaves  rough,  veiny,  nearly  sessile, 
oblong-ovate,  and  the  filaments  not  toothed  on  each  side,  as  they  are  in  both 
the  others.  The  shrub  generally  cultivated  under  this  name  is 

D.  crenata,  with  the  filaments  toothed,  leaves  ovate,  crenulate,  rough, 
short-petioled,  flowering  in  summer. 

4.  Philadelphia  coronarius,  MOCK-ORANGE,  also  called  SYRINGA. 
Shrub  with  erect  branches,  oblong-ovate  leaves  having  the  taste  and  smell  of 
cucumbers,  and  crowded  clusters  of  handsome  and  odorous  cream-white  flow- 
ers ;  styles  distinct  almost  to  the  base.     A  common  shrub,  flowering  rather 
earlier  and  for  a  shorter  time  than 

P.  inodorus,  var.  grandfcorus,  Man.  p.  146  ;  varieties  of  which  are 
often  planted  ;  its  flowers  are  pure  white,  larger  but  less  numerous  than  in 
the  last,  and  nearly  scentless. 

ORDER  UMBELLIFE  11.33.      PARSLEY  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  1-48. —  The  plants  of  this  family  are  classified  mainlv  by  the  fruit. 
It  will  not  be  difficult  to  make  out  the  common  cultivated  species,  with  much 
recourse  to  technical  characters. 

Flowers  yellow :  fruit  flat,  wing-margined :  leaflets  coarse,  incised.  Man.  p.  162.    PASTTNACA 
flowers  yellow:  fruit  terete,  wingless:  leaflet*  filiform,  aromatic.  1.  FUiNKJULUM 


Fw^re 


GARDEN    BOTANY.  lv 


g**enieb -yellow  or  whitish:  fruit  ovate,  somewhat  flattened 

lerteiAlly  :  leaflets  lobed  and  incised 2.     PETROSELINUM. 

Flotrars  white  :  fruit  prickly,  in  dense  concave  umbels.  Man.  p.  152.  DAUCUS. 

Flowwrs  white  :  fruit  smooth,  not  winged. 

Cbnyx-teeth  conspicuous  on  the  globose  strongly  aromatic  fruit.  3.     C011IANDRUM. 

Calyx-teeth  none. 

Leaflets  filiform  :  fruit  pleasantly  aromatic 4.    CARUM. 

Lcwflats   coarse  and    broad,    wedge-shaped,    incised:    plant 

heavy  scented 6.    APIUM. 

1.  FOBllieulum  VUlgare,  FENNEL,    a   tall   perennial,  with   decompound 
leaves,  very  slender  leaflets,  and  large  loose  umbels  of  small  yellow  flowers, 
is  cultivated  in  country  gardens  for  its  sweet-aromatic  leaves  and  fruits. 

2.  Petroselinum  sativum,  PARSLEY,  a  biennial,   familiar  in   kitchen- 
gardens,  particularly  the  crisped-leaved  or  Curled  Parsley. 

3.  Coriand3*?UH  sativum,  CORIANDER,   a  low   annual,   with    pinnately 
dissected  strong-scented  leaves   and  small  umbels  of  few  rays,  occasionally 
cultivated  for  its  aromatic  fruit,  the  Coriander-seed  of  the  shops. 

4.  Carum  Carui,  CARAWAY,  a  familiar  biennial  or  perennial,  in  all  country 
gardens,  cultivated  for  its  aromatic  fruit.    In  some  parts  of  New  England  it  ii 
beginning  to  run  wild. 

6.  Apium  graveolens,  CELERY.  A  coarse  and  strong-scented  biennial, 
of  which  a  cultivated  state  has  enlarged  and  succulent  petioles  of  the  radical 
leaves,  which,  after  being  blanched  by  covering  with  earth,  become  mild  and 
spicy,  and  are  largely  uaed  for  winter  salad. 

ORDER  ABALIACE^I.     GINSENG  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  159. —  The  only  cultivated  plant  to  be  added  to  those  already 

described  is, 

1.  He'dera  Helix,  ENGLISH  IVY,  a  woody  vine,  climbing  by  rootlets, 
with  evergreen,  ovate,  angled,  or  lobed  leaves,  and  short  umbels  of  "yellowish- 
green  flowers;  styles  united  into  a  single  short  one. 

ORDER  CAPBIFOLIACEJE.    HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  163.  —  The   common   species  cultivated   are   the    SNOWBERRY, 
'in.  p.  1G4,  the  SNOW-BALL  or  GUELDER  ROSE,  p.  168,  and: — 

Diervilla  Japonica,  called  WEIGELA  ROSEA  ;  a  low  shrub,  loaded  in 
June  with  large  rose-colored  flowers. 

Lonicera  sempervirens,  TRUMPET  HONEYSUCKLE,  with  long  and 
tubular  almost  regular  corolla,  Man.  p.  164. 

L.  Periclymenum,  WOODBINE   H.,  with  the  deeply  2-lipped  corolla 

purple  red  outside,  sweet-scented  ;  leaves  all  separate. 

L.  Caprifolium,  ITALIAN  H.  Flowers  like  the  last,  but  paler  outside; 
leaves  glaucous,  the  upper  pairs  connate- perfoliate. 

L.  Japonica,  JAPAN  HONEYSUCKLE.  Twining,  like  the  foregoing,  but 
flowers  only  a  pair  in  the  axil  of  the  leaves  (which  are  pubescent  and  all 
separate),  very  sweet-scented  at  evening;  corolla  deeply  2-lipped,  reddish 
outside,  white  inside,  turning  yellowish. 


iVl  GARDKN    BOTAXT. 

L.  Tartarica,  TARTARIAN  HONEYSUCKLE.  An  upright  much  branched 
shrub,  smooth,  with  cordate-ovate  leaves  ;  flowers  a  single  pair  on  an  axillary 
peduncle,  rose  or  pink-colored,  in  spring,  the  two  berries  often  united  by  their 
bases  as  they  grow. 

ORDER  RTJBIACEJE.    MADDER  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  168.  —  The  useful  plant  which  gives  its  name  to  the  order  is 

1.  Rubia  tinctoria,  MADDER.  Like  a  Galium,  but  the  parts  of  the 
flower  in  fives,  and  the  fruit  a  berry;  leaves  in  whorls  of  6,  rough-edged; 
flowers  greenish  or  yellowish:  cult,  for  its  deep,  perennial,  red  roots,  which 
furnish  the  well-known  dye. 

ORDER  VALERIANACE-ZE.    VALERIAN  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  175.  —  Two  are  species  common  in  gardens  :  — 

1.  Valeriana  officinalis,  COMMON  VALERIAN.     Stems  tall  and  simple ; 
leaves  pinnate,    with    many    lanceolate    leaflets;    flowers   white   or  pinkish; 
stamens   3.     The   strong-scented    rootstoek    furnishes    the    Valerian  of   the 
druggist. 

2.  Centranthus   ruber,  KED  VALERIAN.     Smooth  or  glaucous,   with 
ovate-lanceolate  entire  leaves  and  light-red  flowers  (also  a  white  variety),  with 
a  spur,  and  only  one  stamen ;  root  perennial. 

ORDER  DIPSACE^EJ.     TEASEL  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  176.  — Besides  the  Fuller's  Teasel,  p.  177,  a  Scabious  is  com 
mon,  viz.  :  — 

1.  Scabiosa  atropurpurea,  SWEET  SCABIOUS,  or  MOURNING  BRIDE. 
The  genus  differs  from  iJipsacus  in  having  round  heads  of  flowers  with  soft 
scales  or  bristles  on  the  receptacle  ;  the  corolla  oblique,  often  5-lobcd,  but 
only  4  stamens  ;  the  limb  of  the  calyx  a  little  cup  bearing  4  or  5  long  and 
naked  bristles  or  awns  Our  cultivated  species  is  an  annual  or  biennial,  with 
pinnate  leaves,  a  long-pedunc.led  head  of  dark  crimson-purple  flowers,  with 
rose-colored  and  even  white  varieties. 

ORDER  COMPOSITE.     COMPOSITE  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  177.  —  There  are  many  weeds,  but  not  a  great  many  commonly 
cultivated  plants  of  this  order,  considering  that  between  an  eighth  or  a  tenth  ot 
nil  flowering  plants  Itelong  to  it.  There  are,  however,  a  good  number  of  rarer 
ornamental  sorts,  both  of  greenhouse  and  gardens,  which  we  cannot  here  take 
into  account. 

*  Juice  of  the  stem  not  milky :  strap-shaped  corollas,  if  any,  not  bearing  gtamjn*. 

Pappus  consisting  of  numerous  bristles  or  hairs, 

With  also  a  little  bristly  cup  surrounding  its  base.  .        .          2.    CALLISTEPHUS. 

With  no  outer  cup,  scales,  or  the  like. 
Involucre  a  single  row  of  equal  scales,  or  with  only  some 

very  short  ones  at  the  base 16.    SENECIO. 

InTolucre  imbricated. 
A  row  of  strap-sh:i|i<> .1  marginal  flowers,  which  are 

Purple,  blue,  white,  &  <-..  never  yellow.  Man.  p.  190.  ASTER. 

Yellow,  and  very  numerous  and  narrow.        Man.  p.  208.  INULA. 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 


Ivii 


No  strep-shaped  flowers,  but  with  a  ray  of  enlarged  and  cleft 

tubular  flowers • 

Flowers  all  tubular  and  alike  :  scales  of  the  involucre  fleshy. 
IPappus  of  several,  or  more  than  2,  conspicuous  chaffy  scales, 

which  are  often  awned  or  bristle-pointed. 
Rays  none  :  flowers  all  alike,  tubular,  mostly  blue.  . 
Rays  or  marginal  strap-shaped  flowers  conspicuous,  yellow,  or 

partly  brown  or  purple. 

Involucre  of  separate  leafy  scales  :  leaves  not  punctate.        . 
Involucre  a  solid  cup  :   strong-scented  herbage  glandular- 
punctate  with  coarse  pellucid  dots 

Pappus  none,  or  a  small  cup,  or  of  only  2  teeth,  scales,  or  awns. 
Heads  with  rays  or  larger  strap-shaped  flowers  round  the  mar- 
gin, or  in  cultivation  sometimes  all  the  corollas  changed 
into  such  (double)  flowers. 

Achenia  incurved,  rough,  not  flattened  :  flowers  yellow. 
Achenia  not  incurved  except  in  Coreopsis. 
Involucre  double,  of  few  scales,  the  outer  different  from 
the  inner,  each  in  one  row  or  nearly  :  leaves  opposite. 
Ray-flowers  many  in  the  cultivated  varieties.  .        . 

Ray-flowers,  6  or  8,  broad,  neutral :  achenia  compressed. 
Involucre  not  double,  but  usually  imbricated. 
Receptacle  bearing  chaffy  scales  among  the  flowers. 
Rays  persistent  without  fading,  paper-like,  pistillate. 
Rays  not  persistent, 

Neutral :  pappus  of  2  deciduous  chaffy  scales. 
Neutral :  pappus  a  little  cup  or  none.    Man.  p.  214. 

Pistillate,  numerous,  elongated 

Pistillate,  few,  short  and  broad.  .        . 

Receptacle  naked,  i.  e.  no  chaff  among  the  flowers. 

Receptacle  conical 

Receptacle  flat  or  convex. 

Heads  without  any  obvious  rays, 

Rose-colored  or  white :  a  quilled  state  of  the  Daisy.        .        . 
Orange,  large,  with  a  leafy  and  spiny  involucre.         .        . 
Yellow  or  greenish,  small,-  not  prickly :  strong-scented  plants. 
Pappus  a  minute  cup  or  none  :  heads  hemispherical. 
Pappus  none :  heads  globular,  very  small.  .        .        . 


18.  CENrADRKA. 

19.  CYNARA. 


1.  AGERATUM. 


8.  GAILLARDIA. 


9.  TAGETES. 


10.  CALENDULA. 


6.  DAHLIA. 

7.  COREOPSIS. 


4.  ZINNIA. 

6.  HELIANTHUS. 
RUDBECKIA. 

12.  ANTIIEMIS. 

13.  ACIIILLEA. 

3.  B  ELLIS. 
11.  CHRYSANTHEMUM 

3.  B  ELLIS. 
17.  CARTIIAMUS. 

14.  TANACETUM. 

15.  ARTEMISIA. 


#  #  Juice  of  the  stem  milky :  flowers  all  perfect  and  with  strap-shaped  corollas. 

Pappus  a  row  of  many  short  scales  united  into  a  cup  or  crown : 

flowers  20  or  less,  blue,  ephemeral.  .  Man.  p.  235.  CICHORIUM. 

Pappus  of  5  to  7  long  and  pointed  scales  :  scales  of  the  involucre 

scarious,  imbricated :  flowers  blue.  .  ...  20.  CATANANCIIE. 

Pappus  of  many  strongly  plumose  stout  bristles  :  acheuia  long- 
beaked  :  flowers  purple  or  purplish 21.  TRAGOPOGON. 

Pappus  a  tuft  of  soft  and  white  smooth  hairs  :  achenia  flat,  with 

a  long  and  slender  beak :  flowers  yellow.  •  .  .  22.  LACTUCA. 


1.  Ageratum  COnyzoides,  var.  Mexicanum,  is  a  tender  annual,  with 
ovate  and  cordate  pubescent  and  veiny  opposite  leaves,  and  loose  corymbs  of 
small  heads  of  sky-blue  flowers ;  the  most  prominent  part  of  these  consists 
of  the  club-shaped  styles. 


Iviii  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

2.  CallistephuS  CJhinensis,  CHINA  ASTER.     An  annual,  with  alternate 
spatulatc  and  toothed  leaves,  and  solitary  large  heads,  the  involucre  leafy  and 
spreading  :  the  showy  rays  of  various  colors  :  the  choicer  sorts  are  double- 
flowered  by  the  change  of  most  of  the  disk-flowers  into  rays. 

3.  Bellis  perennis,  ENGLISH  DAISY.     Leaves  all  from  the  root,  ohovate 
and  spatulate  ;  scape  3  or  4  inches  high,  hearing  a  single  head,  with  a  yellow 
centre  and  white  or  pink  rays  :  but  the  full  double  varieties  are  generally  cul- 
tivated, especially  the  quilled  form,  with  the  corollas  all  changed  into  tubes. 

4.  Zinnia.     Showy  garden  annuals,  with  opposite  entire  and  sessile  leaves, 
and  a  large  head  of  flowers  on  a  thick  peduncle  ;  the  broad  and  short  rays 
parchment-like,  and  lasting  a  long  while  without  withering. 

Z.  multiflora  has  ovate-lanceolate  leaves,  and  one-awned  achenia  ;  the 
rays  red,  yellow,  &c.  Not  now  common. 

Z.  elegans,  with  cordate-ovate  leaves  and  large  heads,  of  various-colored 
flowers,  is  now  the  common  garden  ZINNIA. 

6.     Helianthus  annuus,    COMMON  or  ANNUAL  SUNFLOWER,    its   great 
head  with  a  flat  and  brown  disk,  4'  to  10'  in  diameter. 

H.  tuberosus,  JERUSALEM  ARTICHOKE  (see  Man.  p.  219),  with  well- 
known  edible  tubers,  has  small  heads  with  a  yellow  and  convex  disk,  flower- 
ing in  autumn. 

6.  Dahlia  variabilis,  the  COMMON  DAHLIA,  too   familiar   to   need   de- 
scription, as  usually  cultivated  has  all  the  flowers  changed  into  rays.     In  its 
natural  state  it  resembles  a  Coreopsis  on  a  larger  scale,  but  with  rays  pistillate. 

7.  Coreopsis,  Man.  p.  219.     The  perennial  species  Nos.  7,  8,  10,  11,  there 
described,  are  often  in  gardens  :  also  the  following  more  showy  annuals  and 
biennials,  from  Texas,  Arkansas,  &c. 

C.  tinctoria.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  linear  leaflets  ;  rays  yellow  with  a 
brown-purple  base,  or  nearly  all  brown-purple  ;  achenia  wingless.  Common 
in  all  gardens. 

C.  Drummondi.  Leaflets  3  to  7,  oblong  or  obovate  ;  rays  broad, 
golden-yellow  with  a  black-purple  spot  at  the  base ;  disk  dark-colored  ;  ache- 
ilia  wingless. 

C.  COronata.  Leaves  simple  and  spatulate  or  oblong,  or  some  of  them 
3-5-parted;  rays  broad,  golden-yellow,  crowned  with  dark-purple  or  brown 
and  tawny  stripes  or  marks  above  the  base  ;  di.sk  yellow,  achenia  winged. 

8.  Gaillardia.     Head,  coarsely-toothed  rays,  &c.  much  like  Coreopsis,  bat 
leaves  alternate,  and  the  pappus  consisting  of  5  or  more  thin  and  awned  or 
bristle- pointed  scales. 

G.  pulchella,  from  Southwestern  States,  is  the  commonest  species,  an 
annual  or  biennial,  with  nearlv  glabrous  leaves,  and  a  large  and  showy  head 
of  flowers,  the  rays  12  or  more,  reddish  or  brown-purple  with  yellow  tips. 

G.  aristata,  from  Nebraska  and  Oregon,  has  a  perennial  root,  pale  ar*d 
pul>eseent  leaves,  and  pure  yellow  ravs. 

9.  Tagetes,    FRENCH  MARIGOLD.      Strong-scented    annuals,  the   herbage 
dotted   with    pellucid    glands;    flowers   yellow    or   orange,  sometimes   partly 
brown  or  purple. 

T.  patula.     Leaves  pinnate  ;    leaflets  linear-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate 
peduncle  hollo\v,  cylindrical. 

T.  erecta.     Larger  in  all  parts  and  coarser  than  the  other  ;  peduncle  in- 
flated and  club-shaped.     Flowers  often  full-double.     Called  African 
but  both  this  and  the  last  came  from  South  America. 


GARDEN    BOTANY.  Kx 

10.  Calendula  officinalis,  COMMON  MARIGOLD  ,  a  familiar  low  annual, 
with  simple  alternate  leaves,  a  leafy  involucre,  yellow  flowers  with  many  rays, 
the  disk-flowers  sterile  5  found  in  all  country  gardens. 

11.  Chrysanthemum,   including  Pyrethrum,  &c.     The  summer-flowering 
CHRYSANTHEMUM  of  country  gardens  is 

C.  COronarium,  an  annual,  with  twice-pinnately-parted  and  sessile 
alternate  leaves,  solitary  heads  with  a  very  scarious  involucre,  and  yellow 
flowers,  or  the  rays  varying  to  white. 

C.  Parthenium,  FEVERFEW,  perennial,  with  corymbed  heads  and 
white  rays.  Matricaria  Parthenium,  Man  p.  226. 

C.  Indicum,  a  perennial  with  rather  woody  stems  and  ovate  pinnatifid 
and  incised  leaves,  is  the  parent  of  the  autumn-flowering  CHINESE  CHRYSAN- 
THEMUMS, of  various  colors. 

12.  Anthemis,  Man.  p.  225.     CHAMOMILE  heads  of  the  shops  come  from 
A.  nobilis,  COMMON  CHAMOMILE,   a  low  creeping  herb,  with  aromatic 

scent,  the  leaves  dissected  into  setaceous  divisions  ;  heads  solitary;  white  rays. 
A.  tinctoria,  YELLOW  C.,  is  an  erect  rather  tall  perennial,  the  leaves 
not  so  finely  cut ;  the  heads  larger ;  rays  yellow. 

13.  Achillea  Ptarmica  (Man  p.  226),  in  gardens,  both  semi-double,  and 
with  all  the  flowers  changed  into  white  rays. 

A.  Millefolium,  YARROW  (Man.  p.  226) ;  a  rose-colored  variety  is 
rather  common  in  gardens. 

14.  Tanacetum  vulgare,   COMMON    TANSY,   a  familiar  strong-scented 
and  bitter  herb  ;  see  Man.  p.  227. 

T.  Balsamita,  COSTMARY,  a  low  perennial,  with  a  pleasant  balsamic 
scent,  oblong  and  toothed  leaves,  and  corymbed  flower-heads. 

15.  Artemisia,  Man.  p.  227,  where  COMMON  WORMWOOD  and  the  MUG- 
WORT  are  described.     Besides,  the  gardens  have 

A.  Dracunculus,  TARRAGON.  Perennial,  green  and  glabrous;  stem- 
leaves  linear  lanceolate,  mostly  entire. 

A.  Abrotanum,  SOUTHERNWOOD.  Shrubby;  leaves  once  or  twice 
pinnate,  capillary,  pleasant-scented. 

16.  Seneeio,  Man.  p.  230.     The  following  species  are  commonly  cultivated. 

S.  cruentus,  from  the  Canaries,  is  the  original  of  manifold  arieties  of 
the  common  Cineraria  of  the  greenhouses,  a  perennial,  with  very  veiny  leaves, 
downy  underneath,  the  lower  ones  round-cordate  and  angled  or  obscurely 
lobed,  their  petiole  winged,  at  least  at  the  base,  which  is  auricled  and  clasping 
the  upper  leaves  sessile,  the  base  partly  clasping  ;  heads  corymbed,  with  nu 
merous  ray-flowers,  purple,  crimson,  blue,  white,  &c. 

S.  populifolius  resembles  the  last,  but  is  less  common,  the  stem  a  little 
woody  ;  leaves  whiter  beneath,  with  nearly  naked  petioles  ;  ray-flowers  fewer, 
yellow  or  white. 

S.  Cineraria,  an  old-fashioned  house-plant,  ash- white  all  over  (whence 
the  name  Cineraria)  with  a  woolly  coating;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid;  heads 
corymbed,  with  ray  flowers,  yellow. 

S.  COCCineus,  TASSEL-FLOWER  (Emilia  sagittata,  DC.) :  a  common 
garden  annual,  with  the  stem-leaves  sagittate  and  clasping  and  minutely 
toothed,  the  stem  naked  above,  and  bearing  a  corymb  of  a  few  head's  of  orange- 
red  flowers,  without  any  rays. 


IX  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

17.  Carthamus  tinctorius,  SAFFLOWER.      A  coarse  annual  of  kitchen 
gardens,  with  ovate-lanceolate  prkklv-toothed  leaves,  those  of  the  large  invo- 
lucre somewhat  similar  ;  the  orange-colored  flowers  used  as  a  substitute  for 
saffron  ;  whence  the  plant  is  often  called  SAFFRON. 

18.  Centaurea  Cyanus,  BLUEBOTTLE,  very  common  in  country  gardens, 
is  described  in  Man.  p.  232. 

C.  Americana,  from  Arkansas,  a  showy  annual,  with  oblong-lanceolate 
leaves,  and  a  very  large  flower-head  on  a  stout  peduncle;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre with  pectinate  appendages  ;  flowers  pale  purple,  the  marginal  ones  much 
larger  and  forming  a  ray. 

19.  Cynara   ScolymUS   is  the  true  ARTICHOKE,  a  kind  of  Thistle  with 
large  heads,  the  receptacle  and  the  lower  part  of  the  ovate  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre thick  and  fleshy,  forming  the  eatable  portion.     Not' widely  cultivated  io 
this  country. 

20.  Catananche  CSerulea.     An  annual,  cult,  for  its  handsome  blue  flow 
ers  ;  head  solitary  on  a  long  peduncle,  with  a  dry  and  scario-a«  involucre  ; 
leaves  linear,  villous. 

21.  Tragopogon  porrifolius,  SALSIFY,  OYSTER-PLANT.    A  smooth  and 
somewhat  glaucous  herb,  with  a  biennial  fusiform  root,  —  for  which  the  plant 
is  cultivated  as  an  esculent,  —  long  grass-like  leaves  which  taper  from  a  clasp 
ing  base  to  a  slender  apex  ;  the  peduncle  enlarged  at  the  summit  under  thft 
large  head  ;  involucre  about  8-ieaved  ;  corolla  brownish-purple  or  violet. 

22.  Lactuca  sativa,  GARDEN  LETTUCE.     Cult,  for  the  tender  root-leaves 
as  a  salad  ;   these  broad  and  rounded,  often  wavy  or  crisped,  and  crowded  into 
a  head  ;  leaves  of  the  flowering  stem  cordate-clasping ;  flowers  yellow ;  achenia 
obovate. 

ORDER  LOBELIACE.ZE.     LOBELIA  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  241.  —  The  Cardinal-Flower  is  often  cultivated.  The  two  follow- 
ing Lobelias,  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  with  small  blue  flowers,  blossom  all 
winter  in  greenhouses  or  all  summer  in  gardens. 

1.  Lobelia  Erinus.  Annual,  glabrous,  with  disuse  filiform  stems,  small 
lanceolate  upper  leaves,  and  small  bright  blue  corolla  not  much  longer  thaii 
the  linear  lobes  of  the  calyx. 

L.  bicolor.  Perennial,  slightly  pubescent;  corolla  larger  (£  inch  long) 
and  its  tube  longer  than  in  the  last,  white  in  the  throat. 

ORDER  CAMPANULACE^I.      CAMPANULA  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  243. —  The  following  Campanulas  are  commonly  cultivated  foi 
ornament,  most  of  them  both  single  and  double-flowered,  all  blue  and  with  white 
varieties. 

1.  Campanula  Medium,  CANTERBURY  BELLS.  A  hairy  and  tall  bien- 
nial, with  vcrv  large  and  erect  flowers,  the  tube  of  the  calyx  covered  by  re 
flexed  appendages  ;  corolla  oblong-cantpamilate  and  2'  or  3'  long. 

C.  glomerata.  A  hairy  perennial,  a  foot  or  so  high  ;  the  stem-leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate  and  sessile  bv  a  cordate  base  ;  flowers  sessile  in  small 
axillary  clusters,  ar  the  summit  forming  a  leafy  head  ;  corolla  open-campanu 
late,  about  an  inch  long. 

C.  Trachelium.  A  rough-leaved  perennial ;  stem-leaves  ovate,  short- 
petioled,  very  coarsely  tool  lied  ;  flowers  two  or  three  together  in  the  upper  axils 


GARDEN    BOTANY.  Lsd 

or  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  drooping,  on  very  short  peduncles ;  calyx 
bristly  ;  corolla  1'  or  so  long,  campanulate. 

C.  rapunculoides.  A  slender  smoothish  perennial,  with  the  stem- 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  and  acuminate ;  flowers  single  in  the  axils  of  small 
bracts,  forming  a  terminal  raceme;  corolla  oblong-campanulate,  about  1'long. 

C.  per  sic  86  folia.  A  smooth  perennial;  slender  stems  1°  or  2°  high; 
root-leaves  lance-obovate,  stem-leaves  lance-linear ;  flowers  few  in  a  terminal 
raceme  ;  corolla  large,  open-campanulate. 

C.  Carpatllica.  Smooth  perennial,  forming  a  large  tuft  on  the  ground ; 
slender  stems  branching,  6'  to  10'  high,  leaves  round-cordate  or  ovate,  toothed, 
petioled  ;  peduncles  terminal  and  axillary,  slender,  1-flovvered  ;  corolla  broadly 
campanulate,  1'  long. 

C.  pyramidalis.  Not  quite  hardy,  cultivated  as  a  biennial,  smooth  ; 
lower  leaves  cordate,  upper  ones  oblong-lanceolate  ;  stem  producing  a  long 
pyramidal  panicle  of  very  many  flowers  ;  corolla  widely  expanded  and 
deeply  5-cleft. 

C.  grandiflora,  a  low,  hardy,  very  smooth  perennial,  with  ovate-lance- 
olate coarsely  serrate  leaves,  and  few  or  solitary  terminal  flowers,  the  large 
corolla  balloon-shaped  in  bud,  5-lobed  and  widely  expanded  when  it  opens, — 
makes  the  genus  Platycodon,  its  pod  opening  at  the  top  instead  of  on  the 
sides. 

ORDER  EBICACE^.     HEATH  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  245.  —  The  cultivated  species  to  be  added  all  belong  \n  the 
suborder  Ericinece,  the  proper  Heath  Family.  Many  of  our  wild  one*  are 
planted  as  ornamental  shrubs. 

Corolla  withering  on  the  receptacle  instead  of  soon  falling  off, 

Deeply  4-cleft,  shorter  than  the  calyx 1.  CALLUNA. 

Only  4-toothed  or  4-lobed,  of  various  shapes 2.  ERICA. 

Corolla  deciduous  after  flowering.    (Buds  scaly.) 

Leaves  thin  and  deciduous  :  stamens  commonly  5.     ...  3.  AZALEA. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  persistent :  stamens  usually  10.          ...  4.  RHODODENDRON 

1.  Calluna  vulgaris,  SCOTCH  HEATHER,  is  seldom  cultivated  except  as 
a  greenhouse  plant,  along  with  true  Heaths.    A  patch  has  recently  been  dis- 
covered wild  in  Tewksbury,  Mass. 

2.  Erfca,  HEATH.     The  Heaths  fa  few  of  which  are  from  Europe,  but  a 
vast  number  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope)  belong  not  to  common,  but  only 
to  choice  cultivation :  we  cannot  enumerate  the  many  species  which  adorn 

mservatories. 

Azalea.  Man.  p  217.  Besides  the  wild  species,  there  is  one  tender  and 
one  hardy  ext  jic. 

A.  Pontica.  A  hardy  shrub,  with  large  and  clammy  yellow  flowers,  pre- 
ceding the  pubescent  leaves. 

A.  Indica,  CHINESE  AZALEA,     A  common  greenhouse  species,  with  the 
•     flowers  (purple,  red,  rose,  white,  &c.)   later  than  the  leaves;  sepals  green  in- 
stead of  scale-like,  and  the  stamens  ccromonly  10. 

4.    Rhododendron,  Man.  p.  257.    Besides  our  wild  ones,  Nos.  1  and  2  : 

R.  punctatum,  of  the  Southern  Alleghanies :  a  much-branched  shrub, 
with  slender  and  drooping  branches,  small  leaves  dotted  wifh  rusty  globules 
and  fine  rose-colored  flowers,  in  June. 


li  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

R.  Ponticum,  from  Armenia,  hardy,  but  here  growing  low,  with  smooth 
lance-obovatc  leaves  green  on  both  sides,  and  large  purple  flowers. 

R.  arboreum  is  the  commonest  greenhouse  species,  with  obovate-lanceo- 
late  leaves,  either  silvery-white  or  reddish-brown  underneath  ;  and  the  ovary 
of  8  or  10  cells  ;  flowers  large,  red,  purple,  or  white. 

ORDER  PLUMB  AGINACE.33.      LEAD  WORT  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  270.  —  One  hardy  and  one  tender  greenhouse  plant  represent  the 
order  in  cultivation. 

Stems  leafy,  branching :  flowers  in  a  loose  spike  ;  corolla  monopetalous, 

salver-shaped,  with  a  slender  tube  :  style  one  :  stigmas  5.  .1.  PLUMBAGO 

Caespitose  perennials,  with  narrow  and  rigid  radical  leaves,  and  naked 

scapes,  bearing  a  head  of  nearly  5-petalous  flowers :  styles  5.  2.  ARMERIA. 

1.  Plumbago  Capensis,  CAPE  LEADAVORT  ;  has  rather  woody  and  an 
gled   stems,   oblong-spatulate  leaves,  and  handsome  pale  lilac-blue  corollas, 
the  tube  l£'  long. 

2.  Armeria  VUlgaris,  COMMON  THRIFT.     Familiar  in  gardens,  where  it 
is  used  for  edging  ;  the  densely  tufted  leaves  narrow  linear ;  scape  3'  to  6' 
high  ;  flowers  rose-color,  intermixed  with  scarious  bracts. 

ORDER  PRIMULACEJE.      PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  270.  —  Several  are  familiar  in  gardens  or  greenhouses,  cultivated 
for  ornament. 

Corolla  salver-shaped  or  narrowly  funnel-shaped :  leaves  all  radical.  1.     PRIMULA. 
Corolla  deeply  5-parted,  the  divisions  reflexed :    leaves  all   radical, 

From  a  fibrous  root :  scape  many-flowered.  .        .        Man.  p.  272.  DODECATHEON. 

From  a  flat  conn :  scape  1-flowered. 2.     CYCLAMEN. 

Corolla  deeply  5-parted,  rotate  :  stems  leafy. 

Filaments  beardless  :  pod  not  opening  round  the  middle.       .        .  3.     LYSIMACHTA. 

Filaments  bearded  :  pod  opening  round  the  middle.  .        .  4.    ANAGALLJS. 

1.  Primula  Sinensis,    CHINESE   PRIMROSE.      A   common   house-plant, 
pubescent ;  leaves  7  -  9-lobed  and  toothed,  rounded,  with  a  cordate  base  ;  umbel 
many-flowered,  often    proliferous  ;    calyx    conical-inflated,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  tube  of  the  large  and  showy  pink  or  white  corolla.     Some  varieties  have 
double  flowers. 

P.  veris,  COMMON  PRIMROSE.  Leaves  many  in  a  tuft,  wrinkled,  pale- 
gre«sn,  denticulate,  oblong,  with  the  base  contracted  into  a  short-winged 
petiole  ;  corolla  straw-yellow,  but  varying  in  cultivation  into  many  colors,  the 
lobes  notched  at  the  end.  —  The  POLYANTHUSES  are  cultivated  varieties.  The 
English  COWSLIP  is  the  form  with  the  umbel  of  flowers  raised  on  a  peduncle 
above  the  leaves,  the  corolla  smaller  and  its  limb  concave.  The  true  English 
PRIMP.OSK  is  a  variety  with  a  large  and  flat  limb  to  the  corolla,  and  the  com- 
mon peduncle  wanting,  so  that  the  umbel  is  sessile,  and  the  flowers  thus  appear 
•  as  if  radical  among  the  leaves.  The  OXLIP  is  between  these  two. 

P.  Auricula,  AURICULA.  Leaves  obovaie-spatulate,  sessile,  thick,  ana 
very  smooth,  pale,  often  mealy.  umb«-l  raised  on  a  scape;  corolla  funnel- 
shaped,  of  many  colors,  single,  double,  &c. 

2.  Cyclamen  Europaeum,  COMMON  CYCLAMKX,   and  occasionally  one 
or  two  other  species,  are  prixed  for  house-culture;  the  broad  and  flat  corm  sends 
UD  thick  and  smooth  round-cordate  Ituves,  often  purple  underneath,  on  slendei 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 

stalks,  and  one-flowered  scapes,  on  the  apex  of  which  the  graceful  flower  is 
recurved,  so  that  the  reflexed  divisions  of  the  corolla  turn  up ;  this  is  rose- 
colored  or  white  with  a  pink  base. 

3.  Lysimachia,  LOOSESTRIFE.  Man.  p.  272.  Two  species  are  com- 
monly met  with  in  gardens  :  — 

L.  nummularia,  MONEYWORT.  Smooth,  creeping  over  the  ground 
and  rooting,  with  opposite  small  orbicular  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  light- 
yellow  flowers.  It  flourishes  in  moist  places,  and  is  often  grown  in  hanging 
pots. 

L.  vulgaris,  ENGLISH  LOOSESTRIFE.  A  stout  perennial,  more  or  less 
downy,  with  whorls  of  ovate-lanceolate  leaves  and  a  leafy  panicle  of  deep- 
yellow  flowers.  In  old  gardens. 

*4.  Anagallis  aryensis,  PIMPERNEL.  Man.  p.  274.  The  common  red 
variety  is  frequent  in  gardens  ;  the  larger  blue  one  is  choicer. 

ORDER  GESNERIACEJE.      GESNERIA  FAMILY. 

Tropical  plants  with  2-lipped  or  somewhat  irregular  corollas,  didynamous 
stamens,  a  one-celled  ovary  with  two  parietal  many-seeded  placentse,  —  therefore 
botanic-ally  like  Orobanchaceae,  Man.  p.  279,  but  with  green  herbage,  and  not 
parasitic,  —  and  the  common  cultivated  species  have  the  tube  of  the  calyx  co- 
herent at  least  with  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Many,  and  some  very  showy,  plants 
of  this  order  are  in  the  conservatories ;  the  commonest  are  the  following,  all 
perennials. 

1.  Gloxinia  speciosa.    An  almost  stemless  herb,  with  ovate  and  crenately 
toothed  leaves  and  1 -flowered  scape-like  peduncles;  the  corolla  deflexed  or  hor- 
izontal, "2'  long,  ventricose,  between  bell-shaped  and  funnel-form,  gibbous,  with 
a  short  and  spreading,  somewhat  unequal,  5-lobed  border,  pale  violet  with  a 
deeper-colored  throat,  in  one  variety  altogether  white. 

2.  Gesneria  zebrina.     Stem  tall,  leafy  ;  leaves  petioled,  cordate,  velvety, 
purple-mottled  ;  a  terminal  raceme  of  showy  flowers  nodding  on  erect  pedicels ; 
corolla  tubular-ventricose,  with  a  small  5-lobed  and  somewhat  2-lipped  border, 
glandular,  scarlet,  with  the  under  side  and  inside  yellow  and  dark-spotted.  — 
There  are  several  other  species. 

Achime'nes  longifl-ora.  Stem  leafy ;  flowers  in  the  axils  of  oblong  or 
rate  hairy  leaves,  which  they  exceed ;  tube  of  the  obliquely  salver-shaped 
)rolla  over  an  inch  long,  narrow,  the  very  flat  5-lobed  limb  2'  or  more  broad, 
violet-colored  above,  —  also  a  white  variety.  Propagates  by  scaly  bulblets 
Dm  the  root. 

• 
ORDER  BIGNONIACEJ3.     BIGNONIA  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  277. —  The  following  are  common  ornamental  exotics  :  — 

1.  Tecoma  grandiflora,  GREAT-FLOWERED  TRUMPET-CREEPER.  Like 
our  T.  radicans,  but  less  hardy,  therefore  less  climbing,  and  with  a  larger  but 
proportionally  shorter  orange-red  corolla,  its  proper  tube  scarcely  exceeding 
the  calyx. 

T.  Capensis.  A  bushy  greenhouse  species,  with  the  flowers  crowded, 
the  red-orange  corolla  tubular  and  curved,  the  stamens  exserted. 

T.  j  asminoides.  A  fine  greenhouse  species,  twining,  very  smooth, 
with  the  leaflets  pinnate,  lance-ovate,  entire,  bright  green  ;  corolla  white,  piuk- 
purple  in  the  throat 


Ixiv 


GARDEN    BOTANY 


ORDER  SCROPHULARIACE^.     FIGWORT  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  281.  —  The  following  represent  this  order  in  the  gardens. 

3tamens  5,  rather  unlike :  corolla  nearly  wheel-shaped.    Man.  p.  283.  VERBASCUM. 

Stamens  4  with  anthers,  and  sometimes  a  fifth  sterile  filament. 
Corolla  with  a  very  short  tube  and  a  large  deeply  2-lippcd  and 

6-cleft  spreading  limb  :  leaves  all  opposite  or  whorled.  1.    COLLINSIA. 

Corolla  with  a  more  or  less  elongated  tube  or  cup. 
Personate,  i.  e.  2-lipped  and  the  throat  closed  with  a  palate. 

Spurred  at  the  base  on  the  lower  side 2.    LTNARIA. 

Sacvate  at  the  base  on  the  lower  side 3.    ANTIRRHINUM. 

Scarcely  gibbous  at  the  base :  palate  small 4.    MAURANDIA 

Open  at  the  throat. 
Herbs  (climbing  by  the  petioles  and  peduncles). 

Seeds  wingless 4.    MAURANDIA. 

Seeds  winged 5.    LOPHOSPERMIISL 

Not  climbing :  a  tree  with  opposite  and  cordate  leaves.      .  6.    PAULO WNIA. 

Not  climbing,  herbs  or  somewhat  shrubby  plants. 
Leaves  hardly  any  or  minute  :  branches  slender  and  rush- 
like,  drooping :  corolla  slender,  tubular.          .        .        7.    RUSSELLIA. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Calyx  5-parted  :  a  sterile  filament  conspicuous.  .        .  8.    PENTSTEMON. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  5-angled :  sterile  filament  none.    .        .       9.    MIMULUS. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Calyx  5-parted :  flowers  nodding :  sterile  filament  none.       10.    DIGITALIS. 
Calyx  5-toothed :  sterile  filament  present.  .        .  11.    SALPIGLOSSIS 

Stanums  only  2  with  anthers. 
Calyx  5-parted  :  corolla  rotate,  very  irregular,  its  divisions  once 

or  twice  cleft  or  cut-lobed 12.    SCHIZANTHUS 

Calyx  4-parted  :  corolla  2-lobed,  the  larger  or  lower  lobe  inflated 

into  a  sort  of  bag  or  slipper 13.    CALCEOLARIA. 

Calyx  4-parted,  rarely  5-parted  :  corolla  rotate  or  salver-shaped  : 
the  limb  mostly  4-parted,  one  or  two  of  the  lobes  smaller 
tlian  the  others 14.  VERONICA. 

1.  Collinsia  bicolor.     A  showy    Californian   annual,  with    many   more 
flowers  than  in   C.  verna  (Man.  p.  284)  ;    pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx; 
upper  lip  of  corolla  white,  lower  purple. 

2.  Linaria  triornithophora.    Perennial,  tall,  glaucous  ;  leaves  3  or  4  in 
a  whorl,  ovate-lanceolate  ;  flowers  1^' long,  on  Blender  peduncles,  pale  violet 
with  purple  stripes,  and  a  long  spur.     For  other  species  see  Man.  p.  284. 

3.  Antirrhinum  majus,  GREAT  SNAPDRAGON.    Perennial,  erect;  leaves 
linear-oblong  ;  raceme  many-flowered  ;  corolla  l£'  to  2'  long. 

4.  Maurandia.     Perennials,  cult,  as  annuals ;  the  leaves  mostly  alternate, 
with  long  petioles  and  long  1 -flowered  peduncles  in  their  axils;  by  means  of 
both  the  plant  climbs. 

M.  antirrhiniflora.     Leaves  hastate  ;   corolla  1'  long,  violet  or  white, 

witli  a  hairy  palate  nearly  closing  the  throat. 

M.  semperflorens.     Corolla  without  a  palate  ;    otherwise  like  tho  last. 
M.  Bardayana.     Like  the  last,  but  handsomer ;  leaves  broadly  trian- 
gular cordate. 


GARDEN    BOTANY.  IxV 

6.     Lophospermum.     Like  Maurandia,  but  with  a  more  leafy  calyx  and 
open  corolla.     Leaves  triangular-cordate,  toothed,  and  slightly  lobed. 
L.  scandens.     Corolla  2'  long,  purple,  smooth,  as  also  the  leaves. 
L.  erubescens.     Corolla  3'  long,  rose-color,  pubescent ;  leaves  downy. 

6.  Paulownia  imperialis.     Tree,  from  Japan,  with  leaves  like  those  of 
Catalpa,  but  white-downy   when  young,  appearing  a  little  after  the  flowers, 
which  are  panic-led  ;  calyx  and   panicle   rusty-downy ;  corolla  lilac  or  pale 
violet,  with  a  cylindrical  tube  and  a  large  5-lobed  border.     Seeds  winged. 

7.  RllSSellia  juncea.     Cult,  in  greenhouses,  with  slender  bright-scarlet 
flowers,  hanging  on  the  rush-like  drooping  filiform  branches. 

8.  Pentstemon.     Besides  those  in  the  Manual,  p.  286,  the  following  are 
commonest  in  the  gardens,  from  Mexico,  &c. 

P.  barbatus.  "Wholly  glabrous,  pale,  .^-4°  high;  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate; flowers  in  a  loose  elongated  panicle  ;  corolla  long  and  narrow,  bright 
red  or  scarlet ;  upper  lip  erect,  lower  reflexed,  and  sterile  filament  usually 
bearded. 

P.  Hartwegi.  Glabrous  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  the  upper  broader 
at  the  base  and  clasping  ;  peduncles  elongated,  3-flowered  ;  corolla  2'  long,  deep 
red  or  red-purple,  the  border  almost  equally  5-cleft ;  sterile  filament  naked. 

P.  campanillatllS.  Glabrous ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply 
serrate,  the  base  clasping  ;  flowers  in  a  raceme-like  one-sided  panicle ;  corolla 
ventricose  above,  purple  or  rose-colored;  sterile'filament  bearded. 

9.  Mimulus,  MONKEY-FLOWER.    Man.  p.  287.     From  W.  America  are,  — 

M.  cardinalis.  Erect,  clammy-pubescent ;  leaves  wedge-oblong,  partly 
clasping  ;  flowers  large,  brick-red. 

M.  luteus.  Erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate  or  cordate-clasping;  flowers 
showy,  yellow,  often  spotted  with  rose  or  brown. 

M.  moschatus,  MUSK-PLANT.  Weak  and  diffuse,  rooting,  clammy- 
villous,  smelling  strong  of  musk  ;  flower  small,  pale  yellow. 

10.  Digitalis  purpurea,  PURPLE  FOXGLOVE.    A  very  showy  and  hardy 
rcnnial,  with  rugose  pubescent  leaves,  and  a  long  raceme  of  large  and  showy 

rooping   flowers,   in  summer,  the  corolla  cylindrical-campanulate,  2'  long, 
ith  the  lobes  hardly  any,  purple,  or  a  white  variety,  spotted  within. 

Salpiglossis  simiata.  Cult,  as  an  annual ;  clammy-pubescent;  leaves 
sinuate-toothed  or  pinnatifid,  with  a  tapering  base  ;  flowers  large  and  showy, 

uch  like  those  of  a  Petunia;  corolla  1'  or  2'  long,  funnel-form  and  inflated 
above,  purple,  straw-color,  or  variegated,  4  fertile  stamens. 

12.  SchizanthllS  pinnatus.      A  handsome  garden  annual,  from   Chili, 
with  clammy-pubescent  branches  ;    leaves  alternate,  once  or  twice  pinnately 
dissected  ;  corolla  widely  spreading,  one  lip  small,  3-lobed,  violet-colored,  the 
other  paler,  often  blotched,  much  larger  and  5-parted,  its  divisions  2-cleft,  and 
their  lobes  generally  cleft  again. 

13.  Calceolaria.     Several   species,  from   the  Andes,  are  in   greenhouses ; 
but  the  common  ones  are  too  much  crossed  and  varied  to  tell  the  species. 

14.  Veronica,  SPEEDWELL.    Man.  p.  289.    Be--*es  our  Y.  Virginica,  there 
are  in  the  gardens,  — 

V.  spicata.  Erect  hardy  perennial,  1°  high  ;  with  oblong-lanceolate 
crenate-toothed  leaves,  and  racemes  or  spikes  of  delicate  blue  flowers ;  also 
mixtures  of  this  with  two  other  European  species. 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 

V.  speciosa,  with  oval  or  obovate  leaves,  and  dense  jpikes  of  violet* 
blue  flowers,  and 

V.  salicifolia,  with  lanceolate  leaves  and  large  spikes  of  blue  flowers, 
are  showy  tall-shrubby  species  from  New  Zealand,  cult,  in  conservatories. 

ORDER  ACANTHACjLLSS.      ACANTHUS  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  296. —  Many  adorn  the  richer  conservatories;  but  the  only  com- 
monly cultivated  plants  of  the  order  belong  to 

1.  Thunbergia.  Differs  from  the  rest  of  the  order  in  having  a  cartilagi- 
nous ring  or  cup,  in  place  of  a  hook,  supporting  the  seed.  A  pair  of  large 
bracts  cover  the  calyx  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  more  or  less  inflated,  the  almost 
equally  5-partcd  border  widely  spreading  :  stamens  4,  anthers  bearded.  Pod 
2-4-seeded,  globular,  pointed  with  a  long  flat  beak.  They  are  cultivated 
as  annuals  :  the  common  sajts  belong  to 

To  alata.  Twining,  hairy;  leaves  cordate-sagittate,  the  petiole  winged;  co- 
ivlla  yellow,  buff,  or  white,  with  a  dark  purple  eye. 

ORDER  VERBENACEJE.      VERVAIN  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  298.  —  Comprises  some  familiar  ornamental  plants,  such  as  Ver- 
benas. 

Flowers  in  heads,  spikes,  or  racemes. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-angled  or  plaited  :  corolla  salver-shaped  :  herbs.    .        .        1.  VERBENA. 

Calyx  tubular,  not  plaited  :  corolla  funnel-form,  or  somewhat  2-lipped.          2.  LIPPIA. 

Calyx  very  short :  corolla  salver-shaped  or  tubular-funnel-form  :  shrubs.        3.  LANTANA. 
flowers  in  cymes  or  cymules  which  are  mostly  panicled  or  spiked  :  corolla 

2-lipped  :  shrubs  with  palmately-com  pound  leaves.    .  .4.  VITEX. 

1.  "Vorbena.    The  handsome  Verbenas  which  adorn  the  gardens  and  houses 
mainly  consist  of  the  following  botanical  species  and  their  mixtures :  — 

V.  Aubletia,  Man.  p  299,  known  by  the  glandular  appendage  which 
tips  the  larger  stamens,  and  the  deeply  cleft  or  pinnatifid  and  incised  leaves  : 
flowers  purple,  violet,  and  varying  to  white. 

V.  cham8Bdrifolia,  the  SCARLET  V.,  with  procumbent  rooting  stems, 
oblong-lanceolate  coarsely  serrate  leaves,  nearly  all  sessile,  and  most  intense 
red  or  scarlet  flowers,  in  a  flat  cluster. 

V.  phlogiflora,  also  named  TWEEPIANA.  "Resembles  the  last,  but 
nearly  upright;  the  leaves  decidedly  petioled  ;  ttie  flowers  inclined  to  form  an 
oblong  spike,  and  crimson,  varying  to  rose,  but  not  to  scarlet. 

V.  incisa.  Differs-  from  the  last  in  the  pinnatifid-incised  leaves,  the 
petioled  ones  with  a  cqi^httc  base  ;  flowers  in  flat  clusters  or  spikes,  rose-color 
or  purple. 

V.  teucroides.  Erect  or  spreading,  with  ovate-oblong  and  incised  ses- 
sile leaves,  and  a  lengthened  spike  of  white  or  pale  rosy  flowers,  which  are 
very  sweet-scented,  especially  at  nightfall.  All  but  the  tirst  come  from  Buenos 
Ayres  and  that  region. 

2.  Lippia  (or  Aloysia)  Citriodora   is  the  name  of  the   S.  American 
shrub,  called  LEMON-SCKNTKI>  or  SWEET  VERBENA,  from  the  fine  fragrance 
of  its  leaves  :  these  are  linear-lanceolate,  rou<rhish  with  glandular  dots,  ani 
whorlcd  in  threes  or  fours  ;  flowers  small  in  slender  spikes. 

3.  Lantana.     Tropical  shrubby  plants,  planted  out  in  summer,  when  they 
flower  freely  until  frost  comes  ;  stems  often  rough-prickly  ;  herbage  and  flour 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 


Ixvii 


ers  odorous,  in  some  pleasant,  others  not  so,     The  fruit  is  a  berry -like  drape, 
commonly  sky-blue.     Flowers  in  a  depressed  head  or  cluster. 

TJ.  Camara.     Flowers  deep  yellow,  turning  first  to  orange,  then  to  red. 

L.  mixta.     Flowers  opening  white,  turning  yellow,  orange,  and  then  red. 

L.  nivea.    Flowers  white,  pleasant-scented,  unchanging. 

L.  odorata.     Not  prickly,  smaM'Ieaved  ;  flowers  lilac-purple. 

i.  Vitex  Agnus-castus,  CHASTE-TREE,  with  5-7  lanceolate  entire  leaf- 
lets, white  underneath,  and  bluish  flowers  with  the  clusters  spiked,  stands  only 
at  the  South.  ^ 

V.  incisa,  which  stands  at  the  North  (a  native  of  N.  China),  has  the  leaf- 
lets  pinnatitid  or  incised/aiid  the  cymules  peduncled  and  corymbose. 


ORDER  LABIATE.      MINT^AMILT. 

^» 

Manual,  p.  300.  —  Most  common  Labiates  in  ffardens  are  already  described  in 
the  Manual.  They  have  only  to  be  indicated  by  a  simpler  key,  and  a  few  species 
added. 

Stamens  only  2  with  anthers. 

Calyx  5-toothed :  anther  of  2  cells  confluent  end  to  end.    Man.  p.  309.  MONARDA. 

Calyx  2-lipped :  anther  halved,  i.  e.  with  only  one  good  cell,  and 
that  borne  on  one  end  of  a  long  connective,  the  other  end  bear- 
iug  a  rudiment  of  the  other  cell  or  none  at  all.     Man.  p.  309.        1.     SALYIA. 
Stamens  4  with  anthers. 

Filaments  decurved  towards  the  lower  lip  or  side  of  the  corolla. 
Flowers  in  an  interrupted  raceme :  calyx  deflexed  after  flowering.        2.    OCIMUM. 
Flowers  in  a  virgate  spike :  calyx  not  deflexed  :  leaves  hoary.        .        3.    LAVANDULa.. 
Filaments  erect  or  ascending  towards  the  upper  side  of  the  flower. 
Corolla  almost  equally  4-lobed,  small :  calyx  erect.    Man.  p.  303.  MENTIIA. 

Corolla  5-lobed,  hardly  2-lipped  :  calyx  nodding  in  fruit.       .        .        4.     PERILLA. 
Corolla  more  or  less  strongly  2-lipped. 

Upper  or  inner  pair  of  stamens  longer  than  the  other  pair. 
Upper  lip  of  corolla  merely  concave.     .        .        Man.  p.  311.  NEPETA. 

Upper  lip  of  corolla  arched  or  hooded.    .        .    Man.  p.  318.  P1ILOM1S. 

Upper  or  innev  pair  of  stamens  shorter  than  the  other  pair. 
Stamens  diverging  or  parallel  and  distant, 

Long-exserted :  calyx  15-nerved.     •        .         Man.  p.  304.  HYSSOPU8. 

Short-exserted  or  included :  calyx  10  -  13-nerved. 

Calyx  naked  in  the  throat :  leaves  linear.      Man.  p.  307.  SATUREIA. 

Calyx  hairy  in  the  throat. 

Flowers  surrounded  by  colored  bracts.      Man.  p/306.          6.    ORIGANUM. 
Flowers  without  conspicuous  colored  bracts.  Man.  p.306.          6.     THYMUS. 
Stamens  above  incurved  under  the  upper  lip.      Man.  p.  308.  MELISSA. 

Stamens  ascending  parallel,  approximate  under  the  upper  lip. 

Flowers  in  simple  spikes,  one  to  each  bract.    Man.  p.  313.  PHYSOSTEGIA 

Flowers  several  in  each  cluster  or  half-whorl. 

Anthers  included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla    Man.  p.  315.  MARRUBIUM 

Anthers  not  included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  and 
Opening  transversely  by  2  unequal  valves,  one  of  them 

ciliate*, Man.  p.  316.  GALEOPSIS. 

Opening  lengthwise. 

Corolla  dilated  at  the  throat :  flowers  not  spiked, 

and  the  calyx-teeth  not  spiny.        Man.  p.  318.  LAMIUM. 


tXVlll  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

Corolla  dilated  in  the  throat :  flowers  densely  spiked.  7.    BETONICA. 
Corolla  not  dilated  in  the  throat. 

Calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the  corolla.  .        .        .7:    BETONICA. 
Leaves  not  cleft  or  incised.             Man.  p.  316.  8.     STACIIYS. 
Leaves  3  -  5-cleft  and  incised.        Man.  p.  317.  LEONU11US 
Calyx  expanded  into  a  membranaceous  reticu- 
lated open  cup  longer  than  the  corolla.  9.    MOLUCCELLA. 

1.  Salvia,  SAGE.     Man.  p.  309.     The  common  ones  in  gardens  are,  — 

S.  officinalis,  GARDEN  SAGE.     Woody  at  the  ba--e,  hoary -to  men  tose , 

leaves  elongated-oblong,  crermlate,  rugose;    corolla  light-blue' or  purplish 
Cultivated  in  kitchen  gardens. 

S.  patens.  Leaves  hairy,  triangular-ovate  ;  flowers  very  large  and  deep- 
blue,  the  lips  widely  gaping.  Cultivated  for  ornament. 

S.  splendens,  the  ^CARLET  SAGE,  so  commonly  cultivated  and  showy, 
with  corollas,  calyx,  and\floral  leaves  all  bright  scarlet;  stem-leaves  ovate, 
acuminate,  glabrous.  A» 

S.  fulgens,  the  MEXICAN  RED  SAGE,  has  a  green  calyx,  leaves  cordate- 
ovate  and  downy  beneath,  and  deep  scarlet  and  hairy  corolla  '2'  long. 

S.  pseudO-COCCinea  has  red  corollas  about  an  inch  long,  more  or  less 
pubescent,  the  lower  lip  twice  the  length  of  the  upper ;  the  stems  hairy  ; 
leaves  mostly  cordate. 

S.  COCCinea,  which  is  wild  in  the  Southern  States,  is  much  like  the  last, 
but  the  corollas  are  glabrous,  and  the  stem  as  well  as  the  lower  face  of  the 
cordate  leaves  hoary -pubescent,  not  hairy. 

2.  O'cimum  Basilicum,  SWEET  BASIL.     A  low  kitchen-garden  annual, 
with  ovate-oblong  fragrant  leaves,  and  small  bluish  flowers  ;  the  calyx  re- 
flexed  in  fruit,  and  its  upper  lip  enlarged. 

3.  Lavandllla  vera,  GARDEN  LAVENDER.     A  low,  undershrubby,  hoary 
plant,  with  linear-lanceolate  leaves,  and  long-pcduncied  naked  and  interrupted 
spikes  of  small  bluish  flowers. 

4.  Perilla  Nankinensis.     An  annual  herb,  prized  in  ornamental  garden- 
ing for  its  lustrous  dark-purple  foliage  ;  the  leaves  are  broadly  ovate,  coarsely- 
toothed  and  crisped;  the  purplish  flowers  insignificant. 

5.  Origanum  Majorana,   SWEET  MARJORAM.     One  of  the  sweet  herbs 
of  the  kitchen  garden,  scarcely  a  foot  high,  downy  and  hoary,  with  small  and 
roundish  leaves,  and  dense  clusters  of  small  whitish  liowers.    Cultivated  along 
with  Savory,  £c. 

6.  ThyniUS  Vlllgaris,  GARDEN  THYME.     Plant  forming  perennial  larcre 
tufts  on  the.  ground,  with  small  oblong-ovate  leaves,  and  clusters  of  purplish 
small  flowers  in  the  axil  of  the  upper  ones;  cultivated  as  a  siceet  herb. 

7  Betonica  grandiflora,  GREAT  BKTONY.  A  handsome  garden  peren- 
nial, with  cordate-obtuse  leaves,  and  2  or  3  whorls  of  flowers  forming  a  naked 
spike;  the  showy  purple  corolla  l£'  long. 

B.  officinalis,  WOOD  BETONY,  has  far  smaller  flowers,  the  cordate 
oblong  leaves  coarsely  crenate  and  mostly  radical  ;  spike  dense. 

8.  Stachys  COCCinea,  SCARLET  STACIIYS,  of  Mexico,  with  ovate-oblong 
and  cordate  leaves,  and  bright  red  corollas  1'  long,  is  becoming  rather  common. 

9.  Moluceella  Isevis,  MOLUCCA  BALM  or  SHELL-FLOWER.     A  glahrou? 
annual,  much  branched,  with  roundish  leaves  ;  flowers  in  their  axils  with  & 
small  whitish  corolla  in  an  immensely  enlarged  cup-shaped  calyx,  which  has  * 
remarkable  appearance. 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 


Ixu 


ORDER  BDRRAGINACE^I.    BORRAGE  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  319.  —  A  number  of  species  are  cultivated  for  ornament. 

OTary  deeply  4-lobed  (the  style  rising  from  the  centre  between  the 

lobes),  each  in  fruit  forming  a  distinct  nutlet. 

Corolla  rather  irregular,  blue:  the  stamens  exserted.      .      Man.  p.  319.       ECHIUM. 
Corolla  regular,  and 

Trumpet-shaped,  no  scales  in  the  throat:  smooth  plants.    Man.  p.  323.       MERTENSIA. 
Tabular,  enlarged  above,  with  long  scales  closing  the  throat: 

rough  and  coarse  plants.  Man.  p.  320.       SYMPIIYTUM 

Rotate,  with  scales  closing  the  throat :  rough-bristly  plants.        .         1.    BORRAGO. 
Short  salver-form  or  very  short  funnel-form ,  throat  partly  closed 

by  short  scales  :  delicate  plants. 
Nutlets  or  lobes  of  the  ovary  attached  by  their  base  only, 

erect,  smooth  and  even 2.    MYOSOTIS. 

Nutlets  or  lobes  of  the  ovary  fixed  to  the  base  of  the  style, 

cupped  when  full  grown 3.  OMPIIALODES. 

Ovary  not  lobed,  the  style  or  stigma  borne  on  its  summit.  .        .        4.  IIELIOTHOPIUM. 

.1.  BorragO  officinalis,  BORRAGE.  A  rough,  hairy  annual  or  biennial 
of  country  gardens,  with  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves,  and  rather  large  flowers  j 
corolla  exactly  rotate,  5-parted,  blue,  with  dark  projecting  anthers. 

2.  Myosotis,  FORGET-ME-NOT.     The  cultivated  sorts  are  varieties  of  No.  1, 
in  Manual,  p.  323,  and  of 

M.  sylvatica,  with  a  rather  stout  perennial  root,  bright  blue  corolla, 
and  5-parted  calyx,  erect  when  in  fruit,  its  hairs  spreading  and  minutely  hooked. 

3.  Omphalodes  verna,  BLUE  NAVELWORT.      Flower?  like  those  of  a 
Forget-me-not,  but  larger,  produced  in  early  spring,  bright  azure-blue  ;  leaves 
ovate,  the  radical  ones  cordate  and  long-petiolecl ;  plant  spreading  by  runners 
and  creeping  rootstocks. 

4.  Heliotropium  Peruvianum,  SWEET  PERUVIAN  HELIOTROPE.    The 

common  shrubby  species  of  house  cultivation,  with  vanilla-scented  pale  blue- 
)urple  flowers,  and  ovate-lanceolate  rugose-veiny  leaves. 

H.  COi'ymbosum,  cultivated  with  the  other,  has  rougher  leaves  and 
;pcr-colored  and  larger  flowers,  of  much  less  fragrance. 


ORDER   HYDROPHYLLACE^E.      WATERLEAF  FAMILT. 

The  synopsis  of  the  genera,  Man.  p.  326,  will  serve,  adding  the  followJnc  spe 
cies,  cultivated  for  ornament ;  also  Whitlavia,  —  nearly  all  Californian  RUhValg, 

1.  Nemo'phila  insignis.     Flowers  bright  blue,  1   in  diameter,  very  ?ong 
ped uncled  ;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid. 

"N.  atomaria.     Flowers  smaller,  white,  finely  spotted  with  chocolate. 
!N".  macttlata.     Flowers  white,  with  a  large  violet  blotch  on  each  loin? 

2.  Phacelia  congesta,  from   Texas  ;  pubescent,  with  irregular  pinnrtf* 
leaves,  the  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong,  incised  ;  flowers  in  a  compact  cyme,  small, 
blue  ;  stamen. j  scarcely  exserted. 

P.  tanacetifolia,  from  California,  is  taller,  bristly-hairy  ;  the  leaflets 
linear-oblong  and  pinnatifid  ;  flowers  larger,  crowded  ;  stamens  long-exscrteu. 

P.  (Eutoca)  viscida,  from  California  ;  clammy-pubescent,  leaves  ovate, 
serrate  ;  flowers  large,  deep  blue,  in  a  loose  raceme ;  pod  many-seeded. 


IXX  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

3.  Whitlavia  grandiflora,  a  showy  low  Californian  annual,  with  round- 
ovate  coarsely-toothed  leaves,  and  a  lax  raceme  of  tubular-bdl-shapcd  blue 
flowers,  over  au  inch  long  ;  s  aniens  exsertcd  ;  seeds  numerous. 

OIIDER  POLEMONIACE^Ej.      POLEMONIUM  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  329.  —  Furnishes  many  ornamental  plants  to  the  gardens,  all  hut 
a  few  North  American,  many  from  California  and  Texas. 

Herbs,  not  climbing. 

Corolla  salver-form  with  a  long  tube  :  stamens  enclosed  in  tbe  tube, 
inserted  at  unequal  heights  :  leaves  entire,  sessile,  all  but  the 

uppermost  opposite. 1.     PHLOX. 

Coj  >;ia  of  various  shapes  :  stamens  equally  inserted,  not  declined  : 

leaves  often  cleft  or  compound 2.     GIL1A. 

Corolla  between  bell-shaped  and  wheel-shaped  :  stamens  declined, 

hairy  appendagcd  at  the  base:  leaves  pinnate.          ...         3.     POLEMONIUM 
Climbing  by  tendrils  at  the  end  of  the  pinnate  leaves  :  calyx  of  5  large 
and    ovate    foliaceous    sepals:    corolla  campamtlate:   staim-ns 
declined :  a  large  and  fleshy  5-lobed  disk  around  the  base  of  the 
ovary  :  seeds  winged.  4.     COB(EA. 

1.  Phlox.     Man.  p.  330,  where  the  perennial  species  cult,  in  gardens  are  de- 
scribed.    The  handsome  annual  Phloxes  recently  common  all  come  from 

P.  DmniniOlldi.  Low,  widely  branched,  glhndular-pubeswnt :  leaves 
oblong  and  lanceolate,  the  upper  cordate-clasping  at  ba.se;  corolla  crimson, 
purple,  varying  to  rose  and  white. 

2.  Gilia  tricolor.    Californian  annual,  with  2  -3-pinnately  divided  alternate 
leavi-s,  linear  divisions,  and  a  few  loosely  panicled  flowers;  corolla   between 
btili-shapcd  and  tunnel-form,  bluish-lilac  with  a  purple  throat  and  yellow  tube. 

G.  capitata.  Annual  from  Oregon,  twice-pinnate  leaves,  alternate,  with 
almost  filiform  divisions,  and  a  head  of  light  blue  flowers. 

G.  androsacea.  Californian  annual,  low  and  slender;  leaves  opposite, 
p:\hnately  5  -  7-cleft,  divisions  narrowly  linear;  flowers  capitate-clustered; 
corolla  salver-shaped,  with  a  very  long  tube,  lilac  or  whitish  with  a  dark  eye. 

G.  coronopifolia,  CYPRESS  GILT  A.  Biennial,  from  S  States,  3° -5° 
high,  strict,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  filiform  divisions;  flow- 
ers in  H  long  and  very  narrow  thyrsus;  corolla  1^'  long,  tubular-funnel-  '••an 
light  scarlet  with  whitish  specks  inside. 

3.  Polemonium   CSerilleum,  GREEK  VALKHIAX.      Stem  erect,   leafy; 

•ts  many,  lanceolate  ;  corymbs  many-flowered  ;  flowers  deeper  blue  than 
in  P.  rejitans,  Man.  p.  330. 

4.  Oobcea   SCandens,   from  Mexico,  cult,  ns  nn  annual,  climbing  high, 
corolla  green  turning  dull  violet,  2'  or  more  in  diameter. 

ORDEU  CONVOLVULACE^J.     CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  332. —  Most  of  those  there  described  are  cultivated  for  ornament, 
also  the  following  :  — 

1.  Quainoclit  VUlgaris,  CYPRKSS-VINE.  Annual  twiner;  leaves  deli 
cale,  pectinate  ;  corolla  trumpet-shaped  with  a  spreading  border,  crimson  »f 
scarlet. 


GARDEN    BOTANY 

2.  IpomCBa  Learii.      Like  the  common  I.  purpurea  (Man.  p.  633),  but 
with  violet- blue  flowers  4'  across,  some  of  the  leaves  3-lobed. 

I.  Bona-nox,  of  the  section  or  genus  Calonyction,  the  corolla  salver-form, 
limb  5  across,  on  a  tube  3'  or  4'  long,  opening  at  evening,  white. 

I.  Batatas,  SWEET  POTATO.  Low  and  spreading  from  the  fleshy  root 
^for  which  the  plant  is  cultivated)  rarely  twining;  leaves  angled,  lobed,  or 
pedate  ;  corolla  bell-shaped,  rose-purple. 

3.  Convolvulus  tricolor.    A  diffuse  low  annual,  not  twining,  pubescent, 
with  oblong-spatulate  leaves,  the  showy  open-funnel-form  flowers  opening  in 
sunshine,  blue,  white  in  the  throat,  and  yellow  in  the  tube. 

ORDER  SOLANACE^I.     NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  338.  —  Some  cult,  for  ornament,  others  for  food  or  medicine, 
Parts  of  the  flower  in  cultivated  species  often  more  than  five. 

Corolla  wheel-shaped :  anthers  connivent  and  sometimes  connate. 
Anthers  longer  than  their  filaments,  opening  by  a  hole  at  the  end.      1.    SOLANUM. 
Anthers  longer  than  their  filaments,  united  by  a  membrane  at 

their  tips,  opening  lengthwise 2.    LYCOPERSICUM. 

Anthers  shorter  than  their  slender  filaments,  opening  lengthwise.        3.    CAPSICUM. 
Corolla  bell-shaped,  funnel-shaped,  &c. ;  anthers  separate. 
•   Calyx  bladdery-inflated  after  flowering,  enclosing  the  red  or  yel- 
low berry  :  corolla  short,  and 

Five-parted:  berry  dry,  3- 5-celled.  .        .        .        Man.  p.  340.  NICANDRA. 

Five-cleft :  berry  juicy,  red  or  yellow,  eatable,  2-celled.    .        .        4.    PHY3ALI3. 
Calyx  urn-shaped,  with  a  spreading  reticulated  border,  enclosing 
the  pod,  which  opens  by  a  lid :  corolla  dull-colored,  veiny, 

short,  open-funnel-form,  rather  irregular.      .        Man.  p.  340.  IIYOSCYAMU8 
Calyx  long  and  prismatic  :  corolla  funnel-form :  pod  naked,  usu- 
ally prickly,  more  or  less  4-celled 6.    DATURA. 

Calyx  5-parted  nearly  to  the  base,  foliaceous. 

Corolla  bell-shaped,  dull  purple  :  berry  black  on  the  enlarged 

and  open  calyx. 6.     ATROPA. 

Corolla  funnel-form  :  fruit  a  dry  pod 7.     PETUNIA. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  not  prismatic,  urn-shaped,  nor  inflated, 
Covering  the  pod  :  annuals  or  cultivated  as  annuals  j  corolla 

funnel-form  or  salver-form. 

Tube  of  the  corolla  filiform  :  stigma  kidney-shaped.  8.    NIEREMBERGIA 

Tube  of  the  corolla  not  filiform  :  stigma  capitate.  9.    NICOTIANA. 

Under  or  only  partly  covering  the  berry  :  shrubby  plants. 
Corolla  short-funnel-form,  5-cleft :  stamens  exserted.  10.     LYCTUM. 

Corolla  tubular  or  narrow-funnel- form  :  stamens  included.        11.     CESTRUM. 

1.     Solanum  Dulcamara,  BITTERSWEET,  with  ovate-cordate  leaves,  some 
of  them  lobed  at  base,  and  purple-blue  flowers:  described  in  Man.  p.  339. 

S.  tuberosum,  POTATO.  Cult,  from  the  tubers  ;  leaves  pubescent,  pin- 
nate, with  several  ovate  leaflets  and  some  minute  ones  intermixed;  flowers 
blue  or  white ;  berries  round  and  green. 

IS.  Melonge^na,  EGG-PLANT.    Annual,  with  ovate  downy  leaves,  prickly 
stems,  violet-blue  flowers,  and  an  oblong  fruit,  violet-colored  or  white,  2'  to  6' 
long,  eatable  when  cooked. 
S.  Pseudo-Capsicum,  JERUSALEM  CHERRY.     Low,  tree-like  shrub. 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 

with  lance-oblong  and  smooth  entire  leaves,  and  small  whiu  flowers  ;  cult   to 
houses  for  the  bright  red  berries,  resembling  cherries,  ornamental  in  wintev , 

2.  Lycopersicum  esculentum,  TOMATO.  A  hairy,  rank-scented  annual  ; 
"oaves  interruptedly  pinnate,  their  larger  leaflets  incised"  or  pinuatifid;  flowers 
yellowish  ;  berry  red,  by  cultivation  large,  esculent. 

3.  Capsicum,  annuum,  CAYENNE  or  RED  PEPPER.     A  smooth  annual, 
with  ovate  entire  leaves,  small  white  flowers  with  a  truncate  calyx,  and  a  dry 
berrv  (for  which  the  plant  is  cultivated)  either  globose  or  oblong,  sometimes 
very  large,  red  or  green,  most  pungent  and  acrid. 

4.  PhysallS  Alkekengi,  called  STRAWBERRY  TOMATO,  is  a  cultivated 
perennial  GROUND  CHERRY  :  stem  not  much  branched;  leaves  deltoid-ovate, 
tapering  into  a  long  petiole  ;  corolla  yellowish  ;  fruiting  calyx  turning  red. 

6.     Datura.     Besides  the  common    STRAMONIUM,  Man.  p.  341,  which  has 
erect  fruit,  the  following  more  showy  ones  are  cult,  for  ornament. 

D.  Metel.  Clammy  -pubescent ;  corolla  white,  limb  10-toothed,  4' broad, 
fruit  nodding. 

D.  metGloid.es.  Pale,  almost  glabrous  ;  corolla  white  or  purplish,  limb 
5-toothed,  0'  or  6'  broad ;  fruit  nodding.  Itecently  introduced  from  New 
Mexico ;  very  handsome. 

D.  arborea  is  a  greenhouse  shrub  or  tree,  with  hanging  white  flowers  6' 
or  7'  long. 

6.  A'tropa  Belladonna,  DEADLY  NIGHTSHADE,  of  Europe,  a  smoothish 
perennial,  with  ovate  entire  leaves,  one-flowered  nodding  peduncles ;  berry 
poisonous. 

7.  Petunia  nyctaginiflora,  the  original  PETUNIA  of  the  gardens,  with 
clammy  leaves  and  flowers  ;  the  tuhc  of  the  white  corolla  narrow  and  3  or  4 
times  longer  than  the  calyx.     This  is  much  crossed  with 

P.  violacea,  now  more  common,  with  weaker  stems  and  a  violet  or  pur- 
ple corolla,  its  shorter  and  broader  ventricose  tube  hardly  twice  the  length  of 
the  calyx. 

8.  Wierembergia  gracilis.     A  low,  slender,  pubescent  annual,  with  nar- 
row spatulatc-linear  leaves,  and  white  corollas  streaked  with  purple,  violet  iu 
the  throat,  the  almost  thread-shape  d  tube  1'  long. 

N.  filicaulis  is  similar,  but  diffuse  and  spreading,  glabrous;  tube  of 
corolla  shorter,  limb  broader,  l£'  wide,  lilac  or  white,  with  violet  streaks  and 
yellow  in  the  throat. 

9.  Nicotiana  Tabacum,  COMMON  TOBACCO.     Clammy-pubescent,  4°  to 
6°  high  ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  the  lower  1°  or  '2°  long,  the  upper  lanceolate, 
pointed,  sessile,  decurrent;  flowers  paniculate;  corolla  funnel  form,  2'  long, 
greenish,  with  the  limb  rose-colored.     Cultivated  in  fields  as  far  north  as  lat. 
42°  or  43°. 

10.  Lycium     VTllgare,    MATRIMONY-VINE.     A  smooth  shrub  with  long 
and  lirhc  branches,  trained  against  walls  and  buildings;  leaves  small,  ohbin- 
ceolate  or  spatulate;  peduncles  slender;  corolla  greenish  and  purple,  bearded 
in  the  throat. 

11.  Oestrum  nocturnum.     A  shrub  of  house-culture,  with  ovate-oblong 
smooth  leaves,  and  axillary  clusters  of  yellowish  green  slender  flowers,  very 
sweet-scented  at  night. 


GARDEN    BOTANY.          _  IXXLU 

ORDER  APOCYNACEJE.    DOGBANE  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  349.  —  To  the  synopsis  there  given  add  the  following  exotics  :  — 

Corolla  salrer-form  or  the  tube  more  or  less  funnel-form, 

Rose-colored,  crowned  with  appendages  in  the  throat 1.    NERIUM. 

Blue,  or  sometimes  pink  or  white,  naked  at  the  throat 2.     VINCA. 

1.  Nerium  Oleander,  OLEANDER.     Shrub,  of  common   house  culture, 
with  smooth  and  coriaceous  lanceolate  leaves,  often  in  whorls,  and  clusters 
of  large  and  showy  rose-colored  flowers,  single  or  double. 

2.  Vinca  minor,  COMMON  PERIWINKLE.     Stems  prostrate,  rooting  more 
or  less,  only  the  short  flowering  ones  erect;  leaves  evergreen,  ovate  or  oblong, 
shining  above ;  flowers  blue,  in  spring,  also  a  white  variety. 

V.  major,  GREAT  PERIWINKLE,  is  rarer  and  not  quite  hardy,  with 
larger  and  round-ovate  leaves  (often  variegated  with  white),  larger  flowers, 
and  sterile  stems  not  so  prostrate. 

V.  herbacea  is  hardy;  stems  reclining;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  not 
evergreen  ;  lobes  of  the  blue  corolla  oblong. 

V.  rosea  is  a  tender  low  shrub,  with  oblong  leaves,  the  showy  corolla 
piak-purple,  or  white  with  a  pink  eye. 

ORDER  ASCLEPIADACEJE.    MILKWEED  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  350.  —  No  common  hardy  plants,  excepting  some  of  our  wild  spe- 
cies, are  found  in  the  gardens.  In  house-culture  the  only  common  ones  are,  — 

1.  Hoya   earnosa,    WAX-PLANT  ;    a  climbing  plant,  with   opposite  and 
oval  smooth  leaves  of  very  thick  and  firm  texture,  and  an  umbel  of  wheel- 
shaped  flowers,  which  look  as  if  made  of  wax. 

2.  Stapelia.     Two  or  three  species,  looking  like  Cactuses,  having  fleshy 
and  lumpy  stems  and  no  leaves ;  flowers  solitary,  large,  wheel-shaped,  lurid, 
of  strange  appearance  and  disgusting  odor. 

ORDER  JASMIN  ACE  JE.     JESSAMINE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  often  twiners,  with  compound  leaves  and  fragrant  flowers ;  corolla 
salver-form,  convolute  in  the  bud,  usually  5-lobed ;  the  stamens  only  2  ;  ovary 
2-celled,  a  single  erect  ovule  in  each  cell.  One  or  two  Jessamines  are  common 
house-plants. 

1.    Jasminum  odoratissimum,  YELLOW  SWEET  JESSAMINE.    Leaves 
alternate,  with  3  or  5  leaflets  ;  corolla  yellow,  an  inch  long. 

J.  Officinale,  WHITE  JESSAMINE.  Leaves  opposite,  with  7  leaflets; 
corolla  white ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  slender. 

ORDER  OLEACE^J.      OLIVE  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  356.  —  This  order  furnishes  some  familiar  flowering  shrubs. 

Corolla  with  a  tube  longer  than  its  lobes  and  longer  than  the  calyx, 

Salver-form,  the  tube  elongated  :  pod  flattened 1.   SYRINGA. 

Funnel-form,  small :  fruit  a  berry.     .        .        .         Man.  p.  356.  LIGUSTRUM. 

Corolla  4-parted  or  4-petalai  :  leaves  simple. 

Leaves  earlier  than  the  flowers  :  petals  long-linear,  white.  .        .  CHIONANTIIUS 


_         GARDEN    BOTANY. 

Leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous  :  lobes  of  white  corolla  narrow.        .        2.   OLEA. 
Leaves  later  than  the  showy  yellow  flowers,  which  appear  in  early 

spring,  along  the  last  year's  shoots  :  seeds  numerous  !  .        .        8.  FORSYTHIA. 
Corolla  of  2  or  4  greenish  petals  or  none :  flowers  polygamous  or 

dioecious  :  leaves  pinnate 4.   FRAXINUS. 

1.  Syringa,   LILAC.      Hardy  shrubs,  everywhere  familiar,  with  large  and 
dense  panicles  of  fragrant  flowers,  in  spring. 

S.  vulgaris,  COMMON  LILAC.    Leaves  ovate  or  cordate ;  flowers  in  dense 
panicles,  lilac,  and  a  white  variety. 

S.  Persica,  PERSIAN  LILAC.    Leaves  lanceolate-oblong ;  branches  slen- 
der ;  panicles  loose ;  flowers  of  various  shades  of  lilac,  also  a  white  variety. 

2.  Olea  fragrans  is  a  greenhouse  shrub,  with  green  and  glabrous  oblong 
leaves,  and  small  panicles  of  small  white  flowers,  very  sweet-scented. 

3.  Forsythia  Viridissima,  a  Chinese  shrub,  recently  introduced,  perfectly 
hardy,  much  prized  for  its  handsome  bright-yellow  flowers  on  the  naked  long 
shoots  in  early  spring  ;  the  leaves  oblong  and  lanceolate,  shining  green. 

4.  Fraxinus,  ASH.    Besides  our  own  species,  Man.  p.  357,  two  European 
ones  are  planted,  viz. :  — 

F.  excelsior,  ENGLISH  ASH.    Leaflets  9  to  13,  bright  green,  lanceolate- 
oblong,  almost  sessile,  serrate  ;  petals  none  ;   key  broadly  linear. 

F.  Ornus,  FLOWERING  ASH.    Leaflets  7  or  9,  lanceolate  ;  petals  4.    Not 


ORDER  NYCTAGINACEJE.    FOUR-O'-CLOCK  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  360.  —  Two  genera  are  in  the  gardens,  one  of  them  very  common 

Flower  solitary,  apparently  with  a  green  cup-shaped  calyx  and  a  mono- 
petalous  corolla  ;  but  the  calyx  is  really  an  involucre,  which  in 
other  cases  surrounds  several  flowers,  and  the  apparent  corolla  is 
a  colored  calyx.  Stamens  6 1.  MIRABIL1S 

Flowers  capitate,  with  an  involucre  of  small  bracts :  calyx  colored  like  a 

corolla,  salver-form,  plaited.  Stamens  5 2.  ABRONIA. 

1.  Mirabilis,  MARVEL  OF  PERU,  or  FOUR-O'-CLOCK.     Huge-rooted  porcn- 
nials,  with  opposite  ovate  or  cordate  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers,  opening 
towards  evening. 

M.  Jalapa,  COMMON  M.     Flower  tubular-bell-shaped,  red,  white,  yel- 
low, &c.,  also  variegated. 

M.  longiflora,  LONG-FLOWERED  M.     Flower  with  a  very  long  and  nar- 
row tube,  white  or  pinkish,  fragrant. 

2.  Abronia  umbellata,  from  California.    Prostrate  ;  leaves  oblong ;  flow- 
ers rose-purple,  handsome. 

ORDER  CHENOPODIACE^J.    GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  361.  —  Two  exotic  esculents  and  one  ornamental  plant,  viz. :  — 

i.  Beta  VUlgaris,  GARDEN  BEET.  Flowers  perfect,  nearly  as  in  Cheno- 
podium,  but  the  fruit  hardened  or  corky  in  the  dry  calyx  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong 
wavy,  smooth,  often  purplUh  ;  root  fleshy,  biennial. 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 

Spinacia  Oleracea,  SPINACH.  Flowers  dioecious ;  calyx  greenish, 
4-5-parted  in  the  sterile,  ventricose-tubular  and  2-3-toothed  in  the  fertile 
flowers ;  styles  4,  long  and  slender  t  achenium  enclosed  in  the  globular  cap- 
sule-like calyx,  which  is  often  2  -4-horned  on  the  back  ;  root  annual ;  leaves 
sagittate  or  hastate  and  lanceolate,  petioled  :  the  best  of  potherbs. 

3.  Boussingaultia  baselloides  grows  from  tubers  like  potatoes  ;  these 
send  up  twining  stems,  climbing  high,  bearing  smooth  and  succulent  cordate- 
ovate  leaves,  and  in  autumn  bear  long  racemes  or  spikes  of  small,  white, 
sweet-scented  flowers ;  sepals  and  stamens  usually  6 ;  style  1 :  stigmas  3,  thick. 

ORDER  AM  All  ANT  ACE  JE.    AMARANTH  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  367.  —  A  few  are  cultivated  ;  their  dry  and  scarious  bracts,  being 
hrightly  colored  and  persistent,  render  these  plants  lastingly  ornamental,  al- 
though the  flowers  themselves  are  insignificant. 

Utricle  (little  pod)  many-seeded,  opening  transversely  by  a  lid.  .        1.    CEL03IA. 

Utricle  one-seeded,  opening  transversely  by  a  lid  :  anthers  2-celled.  2.    AMAHANTUS. 

Utricle  one-seeded  :  anthers  1-celled  :  flowers  in  heads.        ...        3.     GOMP1IRENA. 

1.  Celosia  cristata,   COCKSCOMB.      Annual :    with    coarse   herbage   and 
dense  crimson  spikes,  which  are  flattened,  in  the  choicer  sorts  much  dilated, 
wavy  and  crested,  resembling  cocks'  combs. 

2.  Amarantus  hypochondriacus  and  A.  paniculatus,  Man.  p.  368, 
are  the  coarser  sorts  of  PRINCE'S  FEATHER  in  gardens. 

A.  caudatus,  LONG-TAILED  A.  or  PRINCE'S  FEATHER.  Annual,  3°  or 
4°  high  ;  leaves  ovate  or  lance-oblong,  often  purplish  ;  flowers  in  a  panicle  of 
many  slender  drooping  spikes,  the  terminal  one  very  long,  deep  crimson  ; 
bracts  short. 

A.  melanch.oli.CUS,  LOVE-LIES  BLEEDING.  Cult,  for  the  purple  or 
blood-red  (oblong-ovate)  leaves,  the  flower-clusters  inconspicuous,  being  in 
the  axils  and  much  shorter  than  the  petioles.  Var.  tricolor;  leaves  green 
or  purplish,  marked  with  red. 

3.  Gomphrena  globosa,  GLOBE  AMARANTH.     Low  branching  annual, 
pubescent,  with  oblong  entire  leaves,  hardly  petioled,  and  round  heads  of 
flowers,  very  compact,  with  firm  unfading  bracts,  crimson,  rosy,  or  white. 

ORDER  POLYGONACEJS.    BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  371. — BUCKWHEAT,  cult,  for  its  grain,  Polvgonum  orientale  (also 
called  PRINCE'S  FEATHER),  for  ornament,  described  in  Man.  p.  372,  375,  and 

1.  Rheum  Rhaponticum,  GARDEN  RHUBARB  or  PIE-PLANT.  Flowers 
panicled,  with  6  white  sepals  and  9  stamens  ;  leaves  round-cordate  or  kidney- 
shaped,  mostly  radical,  very  large,  the  fleshy  acid  petioles  cooked  in  spring. 

ORDER  THYMELACE^l.     MEZEREUM  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  380.  —  Cultivated  for  ornament  are  two  species  of  the  genus 

Daphne.  Calyx  salver-form  or  somewhat  funnel-form,  4-lobed  ;  the  sla- 
mens  8,  included  ;  almost  no  filaments :  berries  red. 

D.  Mezereum,  MEZEREUM.  A  hardy  shrub,  1°  to  3°  high,  frith  bright 
rose-colored  flowers,  in  fascicles  along  the  shoots  of  the  previous  year,  in 
earliest  spring,  the  lanceolate  leaves  coming  later. 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 

D.  Odora,  SWEET  DAPHNE.     A  house  shrub,   with   evergreen  smooth 
oblong  leaves,  and  a  terminal  eluster  of  sessile  purple  or  whitish  flowers,  in 
winter,  very  i'ra grant. 

ORDER  EUPHORBIACEJE.     SPURGE  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  385.  —  The  following  exotics  of  this  order  are  to  be  noticed  :• 

1.  Euphorbia,  SPURGE.     Man.  p.  385.     'iiiree  snowy  shrubs  of  this  genus 
arc  winter  ornaments  of  most  conservatories. 

E.  j  acquiniflora.    Smooth,  with  slender  recurved  branches  and  broadly 
lanceolate   leaves ;  peduncles  shorter  than   the  petioles,   few-flowered ;   what 
appears  like  a  5-cleft  corolla  are  the  bright  red  lobes  of  the  cup  or  involucre 
containing  stamens  and  a  pistil. 

E.  splendens,  of  the  Mauritius,  with  thick  and  norridly  prickly  stems, 
oblong-spatulate  mucronate  leaves,  and  slender  peduncles  bearing  a  cyme  of 
several  deep-red  apparently  2-petulous  flowers ;  but  the  seeming  petals  are 
bracts  around  a  cup  which  encloses  stamens  and  pistil. 

E.  pulcherrima,  or  POINSETTIA,  of  Mexico.  A  wide-branched  shrub, 
with  ovate  or  lanceolate-oblong  angled  or  sinuate-toothed  leaves,  those  next 
the  flowers  (which  are  in  globular  green  involucres,  bearing  one  great  gland 
at  the  top  on  one  side)  mostly  entire  and  of  the  brightest  vermilion-red. 

2.  Ricinus  communis,   PALMA-CHRISTI,   CASTOR-OIL  PLANT.     Cult. 
as  an  annual  for  its  magnificent  foliage,  also  for  the  seeds,  from  which  castor- 
oil  is  expressed  ;  a  stately  plant,  with  large  palmately  5  -  7-lobcd  and  glandu 
lar  serrate  leaves,  and  greenish  monoecious  flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle  ;  the 
staminate  ones  below  and  polyandrous ;  the  pistillate  above,  ovary  bearing  3 
plumose  2-parted  stigmas,  and  becoming  a  prickly-pointed  3-lobed*pod. 

b.  BUXUS  Sempervirens,  Box.  Cult,  as  a  shrub,  usually  dwarf,  and 
for  borders  ;  leaves  evergreen,  oval  or  obovate,  with  small  and  yellowish  mo- 
noaeious  flowers  in  their  axils. 


ORDER  UBTICACEJE.      NETTLE  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  394.  —  A  few  species  are  to  be  added,  mostly  trees. 

Trees,  without  milky  or  colored  juice  :  flowers  not  capitate. 

Flowers  polygamous  :  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe.        Man.  p.  394.  CELTI8. 

Flowers  often  perfect :  fruit  winged  (a  samara).         Man.  p.  394.        1.   ULMUS. 
Trees,  with  milky  or  yellowish  juice,  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

B;th  kinds  of  flowers  in  spikes  or  catkins,  usually  monoecious, 

the  pistillate  catkin  becoming  berry-like  in  fruit.          .        .        2.  MORUS. 
Staminate  flowers  in  spikes  :  pistillate  in  close  round  heads  which 

become  fleshy  :  dioecious 8.   BROUSSONBT1A 

Staminate  flowers  in  racemes  :  pistillate  in  a  large  round  head, 

yellow  and  fle.shy  in  fruit :  dioecious 4.   MACLURA 

Both  kinds  lining  the  inside;  of  a  closed  fleshy  receptacle  (like  a 

rose-hip),  which  becomes  pulpy  in  fruit :  stipules  convolute, 

caducous 5.  FICUS. 

Herbs,  without  milky  juice, 

Erect,  annual :  leaves  palmately  compound.  Man.  p.  400.  CANNABI8 

Twining :  leaves  palmately  lobed.          .        .  Man.  p.  400.  HUMULUS. 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 

1.  Ulmus  montana,  WYCH  or  SCOTCH  ELM.      Resembles  our  Slippery 
Elm,  but  the  buds  not  rusty -downy ;  flowers  short-pedicellcd,  and  fruits  more 
leaf-like :  occasionally  planted. 

U.  campestris,  ENGLISH  ELM.  A  large  tree  with  the  branches  spread- 
ing at  right  angles  from  the  trunk  ;  leaves  small  and  smoothish  ;  fruit  obovate, 
not  cihate,  with  a  deep  notch  at  the  apex  reaching  nearly  to  the  cell:  occa- 
sionally planted  as  a  shade-tree. 

2.  Morus  nigra,  BLACK  MULBERRY,  from  W.  Asia,  to  be  added  to  those 
described  in  Man.  p.  397.     Leaves  heart-shaped,  with  shallow  lobes  or  none, 
rough  ;  fruit  oblong,  red  or  black,  edible. 

3.  BroilSSOnetia  papyrifera,  PAPER  MULBERRY.     A  shade-tree,  from 
Japan,  &c.,  spreading  by  suckers,  with  a  tough  bark  ;  leaves  rough  above, 
downy  beneath,  serrate,  some  of  them  ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  others 
3-cleft  or  variously  lobed  :  flowering  in  spring. 

4.  Maclura  aurantiaca,  OSAGE  ORANGE,  BOW-WOOD  (Boisd'arc).    A 
low  bushy  tree,  from  Arkansas,  &c.,  multiplying  rapidly  by  the  root,  used  for 
hedges  ;    branches  slender,  armed  with  slender  spines ;    leaves  lance-ovate, 
pointed,  entire,  smooth  and  shining  above,  roughish  beneath  ;  fruit  (consisting 
of  the  coalescent  pistillate  flowers)  when  ripe  of  the  size,  shape,  and  color  of 
an  orange.     Tough  wood,  used  for  bows. 

6.  Picus  Carica,  FIG-TREE.  Cult,  as  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  a  house-plant 
at  the  North,  with  stout  branches  full  of  acrid  milky  juice  ;  leaves  large,  3-5- 
lobed,  cordate  at  the  base,  rough  above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  figs  pear-shaped, 
produced  singly  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  seemingly  without  any  flower,  the 
flowers  being  minute  and  inside,  lining  the  walls  of  the  fig,  which  is  a  hollow 
flower-stalk,  becoming  pulpy,  sweet,  and  luscious. 

F.  elastica,  the  INDIA-RUBBER-TREE  of  East  Indies  (not  that  of  South 
America,  which  belongs  to  the  Spurge  Family) ;  a  handsome  tree,  of  house 
culture,  full  of  milky  juice  (India-rubber  or  caoutchouc);  with  large,  coria- 
ceous, entire,  elliptical  or  oblong,  very  smooth,  bright  green  and  shining  leaves 
having  straight  transverse  veins ;  figs  small  and  sessile  in  the  axils,  not  eatable, 
seldom  produced  in  cultivation. 

ORDER  JUGLANDACE-SI.     WALNUT  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  401.  —  To  the  wild  species  already  described,  add 

1.  Juglans  regia,  the  true  WALNUT,  called  ENGLISH  WALNUT,  because 
we  received  it  from  the  mother  country,  but  it  is  a  native  of  Asia ;  a  fine  tree 
in  the  Middle  States  ;  leaflets  oval,  acutish,  entire,  smooth  or  nearly  so ;  fruit 
round-oval,  smoothish  ;  the  nut  with  a  nearly  smooth  surface,  thin-shelled ; 
seldom  ripening  well  in  this  country,  usually  imported. 

ORDER   CUPTJLIFERJB.      OAK  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  403.  —  Several  species  are  beginning  to  be  introduced  in  orna 
mental  planting  ;  but  only  two  are  at  all  common,  viz. :  — 

1.  Quercus  Robu.r,  ENGLISH  OAK.  Belongs  to  the  same  section  with 
our  White  Oak  ;  but  leaves  smaller  than  in  that  species,  not  glaucous  beneath, 
sinuatc-lobed  but  hardly  pinnatifid  ;  acorn  oblong,  over  an  inch  long,  —  ono 
or  a  few  in  a  cluster  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  in  var.  SESSILIFLORA,  —  raised 
on  a  s'ender  peduncle  in  var.  PEDUNCULATA. 


fXXviii  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

2.  Pagus  sylvatica,  EUROPEAN  BEECH,  with  shorter  and  less  toothed 
leaves  than  ours,  —  a  variety  with  copper  or  bronze-colored  leaves  is  planted. 

3.  Corylus  Avellana,  EUROPEAN  HAZEL-NUT  or  FILHERT.     Shrub  6° 
to  10°  high  ;  leaves  roundish-obovate,  slightly  heart-shaped  ;  involucre  smooth- 
ish,  not  much  lacerate,  not  longer  than  the  oval  nut,  which  is  larger  than  in 


ORDER  SALICACE-ffi.      WILLOW  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  413,  where  the  cult.  Willows  are  sufficiently  described,  except 

1.  Salix  Babylonica,  WEEPING-WILLOW  ;  a  fine  ornamental  tree  with 
•lender  hanging  branches,  and  linear-lanceolate  taper-pointed  leaves;  catkins 
terminating  short  leafy  branches  of  the  season.      Vnr.  annularis,  KINO- 
LEAVED  or  HOOP  WILLOW,  is  a  singular  variety,  with  the  leaves  curled  into 
a  ring. 

2.  Populus,  POPLAR, — BALM  OF-GILEAD  or  BALSAM  POPLAR,  Man.  p. 
419,  is  common  as  a  planted  tree,  but  rarely  seen  indigenous. 

P.  dilatata,  LOMBARDY  POPLAR  ;  formerly  much  planted  in  avenues, 
a  tall  stiff  and  slender  tree  with  strictly  erect  branches  ;  leaves  small,  deltoid, 
acuminate,  smooth  both  sides.  Supposed  to  be  a  remarkable  variety  of  P. 
nigra,  the  Black  Poplar  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

P.  alba,  WHITE  POPLAR  or  ABELE.  Tree  with  spreading  branches,  and 
roundish  heart-shaped  leaves  green  above  but  white-tomentose  beneath.  The 
contrast  in  hue  makes  the  tree  handsome  in  plantations ;  but  it  becomes  a 
nuisance  by  spreading  widely  from  the  root. 

ORDER   CONIFERJS.      PINE  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  420.  —  The  exotic  Coniferous  trees  of  the  choicer  kinds  recently 
introduced  into  ornamental  planting  are  numerous,  and  are  mostly  from  Califor- 
nia, Japan,  and  the  Himalaya  Mountains.  But  only  the  following  are  now 
at  all  common.  The  indigenous  kinds  are  all  included  in  the  following  key, 
which  is  so  simple  that  any  one  can  at  once  make  out  the  genus  of  any  common 
Coniferous  tree  by  the  most  obvious  marks. 

Leaves  all  deciduous  in  the  autumn,  and 

Dilated,  fan-shaped  or  wedge-shaped,  lobed  or  incised  at  the  end,  petiolcd.  9.     SALISBURIA. 
Linear  and  2-ranked,  except  on  flowering  shoots.  Man.  p.  424.  6.     TAXODIUM. 

Needle-shaped,  many  in  a  cluster,  but  scattered  on  shoots  of  the  season.     3     LARLX. 
leaves  persistent,  evergreen, 

Many  in  a  cluster,  as  in  Larix,  but  evergreen  and  rigid       .        .        .10.     CHDHUS. 
Two  to  five  in  a  cluster  (no  scattered  ones),  long  and  needle-shaped.  1.    PINUS. 

Not  in  cluster,  linear  or  needle-shaped,  spreading,  none  scale-like. 
Bearing  cones,  and  with  two  winged  seeds  under  each  scale.         .  2.     ABIES. 

Bearing  a  nut-like  seed  in  a  berry-like  cup 8.    TAXUS. 

Bearing  a  berry -like  and  few-seeded  fruit,  without  a  cup.     .        .  7.    JUNIPKRU8 

Not  in  clusters,  a  large  part  of  them  small  and  scale-like,  imbricated 

and  adherent  to  the  branch,  those  on  other  shoots  subulate. 

Fruit  berry -like,  the  scales  fleshy  and  coalescent,  few-seeded.  Man.  p.42o.  7     JUNIPERUS. 
Fruit  a  dry  cone  of  few  scales. 

Scales  overlapping,  fixed  by  their  base,  2-seedcd.  ...        4      THUJA. 

Scales  not  overlapping,  peltate,  several-seeded.  .  .  &.     CUPRKS8U8 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 

1.     Pinus,  PINE.     Man.  p.  421.     The  commoner  exotic  species  aie, — 

P.  sylvestris,  SCOTCH  PINE,  wrongly  called  Scotch  Fir,  the  common 
Pine  of'N.  Europe  ;  with 'leaves  in  twos,  bluish,  seldom  over  2'  long,  a  reddish 
bark  on  the  trunk,  and  small  cones,  the  scales  armed  with  a  short  deciduous 
point. 

P.  LariciO,  especially  the  var.  Austriaca,  AUSTRIAN  PINE,  has  dark 
green  leaves  like  those  of  our  P.  rigida,  but  in  twos,  3'  to  5'  long,  and  ovate- 
Conical  cones  2'  or  3'  long. 

P.  Cembra,  CEMIJRAN  PINE,  of  the  Alps,  &c.,  is  a  handsome  small 
tree,  with  the  leaves  in  fives  and  much  crowded  on  the  branches;  the  cones 
ovtUe,  erect,  their  scales  not  thickened  on  the  back. 

P.  excelsa,  HIMALAYAN  WHITE  PINE,  resembles  our  White  Pine,  but 
has  longer  and  whiter  drooping  leaves,  and  the  cones  {never  produced  here) 
much  longer. 

.    Abies,  SPRUCE,  FIR.     Man.  p  422.     One  European  Fir  is  occasionally, 
and  a  Spruce  very  commonly  planted. 

A.  pectinata,  SILVER  FIR.  A  handsome  tree,  not  perfectly  hardy  in 
the  Northern  States,  resembling  our  Balsam  Fir,  but  with  leaves  longer  and 
more  decidedly  two-ranked  on  the  side  branches,  greener  above  ;  cones  6'  to  8' 
long,  with  slender  exserted  points  to  the  bracts. 

A.  excelsa,  NORWAY  SPRUCE.  A  fine,  hardy  tree,  with  compressed- 
4-angled  needle-shaped  leaves,  like  those  of  our  Black  Spruce,  but  longer,  the 
growth  more  vigorous,  and  the  cylindrical  cones  hanging  at  the  end  of  the 
branches  4'  to  6'  long. 

3.  Larix  Europsea,  EUROPEAN  LARCH,  is  the  species  commonly  planted, 
a  finer  tree  and  of  more  rapid  growth  than  the  American,  its  leaves  longer, 
and  its  cones  larger,  1^'  long. 

4.  Thuja  orientalis,  ORIENTAL  ARBOR- VIT^E,  is  less  hardy  than  ours  ; 
leaves  furrowed  down  the  middle  ;*  cones  roundish,  the  seeds  crustaceous  and 
wingless,  wherefore  it  has  been  separated  as  a  genus,  Biota. 

5.  Cupressus    sempervirens,    ORIENTAL  or  TRUE  CYPRESS.      Not 

hardy  at  the  North,  in  growth  like  our  Red  Cedar  ;  branchlcts  4-sidcd,  slen- 
der ;  cone  globose,  1'  in  diameter,  resembling  that  of  Taxodium. 

6.  7.     See  the  Manual,  pp.  424,  425,  for  the  species  of  these  two  genera. 

B.  Taxus  baccata,  EUROPEAN  YEW.  Like  our  Yew  botanically.  except 
that  it  becomes  an  erect  tree  :  rarely  grows  well  in  this  country. 

T.  Hibernica,  IRISH  YEW,  is  a  marked  variety,  with  branches  stiffly 
erect,  and  the  leaves  equally  spreading  ail  round  the  branchlet  instead  of 
two-ranked. 

B,  Salisburia  adiantifolia,  GINKGO-TREE,  of  Japan,  though  htudy, 
rarely  flowers  and  does  not  fruit  here.  It  is  of  the  Yew  Family,  but  of  most 
remarkable  foliage,  the  leaves  being  wedge-shaped  or  fan-shaped,  on  a  slender 
petiole,  with  parallel  simply  forked  veins  in  the  manner  of  a  Fern,  the  end  or 
margin  erosely  toothed  or  cleft. 

Cedrus,  CEDAR,  i.  e.  True  Cedar  (what  are.  popularly  called  Cedars  in 
this  country  are  Junipers,  Cypresses,  Arbor-Vitae,  &c.)  is  botanicnlly  between 
Larch  and  Pine,  but  nearer  the  former,  from  which  it  mainly  differs  in  the 
leaves  being  evergreen,  therefore  more  rigid,  and  pungent,  and  the  cones  large, 
short,  and  thick,  with  br^ad  and  thin  scales,  closely  packed.  The  type  is  the 


I XXX  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

C.  Libani,  CEDAR  OF  LEBANON,  with  dark  green  foliage,  horizontal 
aide-branches,  and  terminal  shoot,  erect.  Not  hardy  northward. 

C.  Deodara,  DEODAR,  of  the  Himalayas,  is  a  nearly  related  species  or 
marked  variety,  with  pale  glaucous  folhige,  lighter  spray,  and  drooping  lead- 
ing shoots,  unfortunately  little  if  any  more  hardy  here. 

ORDER  CYCADACE^E.      CYCAS  FAMILY. 

1.  Cycas  revoluta,  a  plant  with  the  aspect  of  a  Palm,  and  wrongly  called 
S(iyo  Palm,  represents  this  singular  order  in  our  conservatories,  but  endures  the 
•winter  on  the  coast  of  the  Southern  States.  The  pistillate  plant  only  is  met 
with  :  the  large  obovate  ovules  are  naked  on  the  margins  of  reduced  pinnate 
leaves,  where  they  take  the  place  of  leaflets,  and  grow  into  red  drupe-like 
seeds  as  large  as  hickory-nuts  or  larger. 


ORDER  ARACE-aC.    ARUM  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  426.  —  The  familiar  cultivated  representative  of  the  order  is, — 

1.  Richardia  Africana,  called  EGYPTIAN  or  ETHIOPIAN  CALLA,  but  a 
native  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  largely  cultivated  for  its  ample  sagittate  green 
leaves  and  showy  white  one-leaved  spathe,  both  on  long  radical  stalks,  the 
latter  convolute  at  its  base  around  the  cylindrical  spadix,  which  is  thickly 
covered  below  with  minute  pistils,  above  with  yellow  anthers. 

2.  Colocasia  antiqu.oru.in  is  a  kind  of  huge  Arum,  raised  in  greenhouses, 
or  planted  out  in  moist  places  in  summer,  for  its  immense  sagittate-ovate  and 
peltate  leaves,  sometimes  variegated  in  color.     The  flowers  are  uncommon 
and  insignificant;  the  spadix  enclosed  in  a  greenish  spathe,  pistillate  at  the 
base,  neutral  for  a  small  distance,  thcn^  staminate,  and  the  summit  slender 
and  naked. 

ORDER  CANNACE.2E.     CANNA  or  ARROWROOT  FAMILY. 

Known  by  its  irregular  flowers  with  an  inferior  3-celled  ovary,  and  only  one 
pood  stamen  (free  from  the  style),  its  anther  one-celled.  Tropical  plants ;  two 
are  cultivated  for  ornament. 

1.  Canna  Indica,  INDIAN  SHOT  (so  called  from  the  round  hard  seeds) : 
tuberous-rooted,  planted  out  in  summer;  the  stems  sheathed  with  the  bases 
of  the  large  oblong  pointed  leaves,  the  nerves  of  which  spring  from  the  mid- 
rib ;  flowers  red,  or  yellow  towards  the  base ;   pod  rough  or  warty,  several- 
seeded. 

2.  Maranta  zebrina,  rarely  flowers,  but  is  a  magnificent  leaf-plant  in  con- 
servatories ;  the  oblong  leaves  2  or  3  feet  long  being  purple  underneath,  the 
upper  surface  satiny  and  deep  green  with  alternating  pale  stripes. 

ORDER  AMARYLLIDACEJE.   .AMARYLLIS  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  455.  — Furnishes  several  common  ornamental  plants. 

A  cup  or  crown  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth  ;  its 

Divisions  short  and  broad  :  stamens  included  in  the  cup.        .        .        1.    NARCISSUS. 
Divisions  long  and  slender :  stamens  exserted  from  the  edije  of  the  cup.    2.     PANCRATIUM 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 

No  cup  or  crown  within  or  on  the  perianth. 
Anthers  erect,  not  versatile  or  swinging  free  on  the  filament. 

Stems  leafy,  branching,  leaves  twisted  :  flowera  irregular.  .        3.     ALSTRCEMERIA. 

Stems  naked,  simple,  scape-like, 

From  a  tuber:  flowers  numerous  in  a  spike,  fragrant.      .        .        4.    POLIANTHES. 
From  a  coated  bulb  :  spathe  1-leaved,  1  -  few-flowered. 

The  three  petals  notched  and  shorter  :  anthers  long-pointed.        5.    QALANTIIUS. 
The  three  petals  and  three  sepals  alike  :  anthers  blunt.  6.    LEUCOIUM. 

Anthers  versatile ,  fixed  by  their  middle  and  swinging  free  on  the 

long  filament. 

Leaves  herbaceous  and  1  -  few-flowered  scape  from  a  coated  bulb.        7.     AMARYLLIS. 
Leaves  thick  and  fleshy,  with  hard  rind  :  no  bulb  :  flowers  pani- 

cled  or  racemose,  greenish 8.    AGAVE. 

1.  Narcissus,  NARCISSUS.     Fine  ornamental  plants,  flowering  in  spring, 
or  as  house-plants  in  winter,  from  coated  bulbs.     All  but  the  Daffodil  have  a 
slender  tube  and  a  short  crown  or  cup  to  the  sweet-scented  flower. 

"N.  poeticus,  POET'S  N.  Leaves  nearly  flat ;  scape  1 -flowered;  crown 
of  the  white  flower  edged  with  pink,  hardly  at  all  projecting  from  the  yellow- 
ish throat :  in  double-flowered  varieties  the  crown  disappears. 

"N.  biflorus,  TWO-FLOWERED  N.,  or  PRIMROSE  PEERLESS  of  the  old 
gardeners,  has  two  white  or  pale  straw-colored  flowers,  and  the  crown  in  the 
form  of  a  short  yellow  cup. 

"N.  polyanthos  is  the  parent  of  the  choicer  sorts  of  POLYANTHUS  N. ; 
flowers  numerous,  white,  the  cup  also  white. 

N.  Tazetta,  POLYANTHUS  N.  Leaves  as  of  the  preceding  linear  and 
nearly  flat,  glaucous ;  flowers  numerous  in  an  umbel,  yellow  or  sometimes 
•white,  with  the  crown  a  golden  or  orange-colored  cup  one  third  or  almost  one 
half  the  length  of  the  divisions. 

N.  Jonquilla,  JONQUIL.  Leaves  narrow,  rush-like  or  half-cylindrical ; 
flowers  2  to  5,  yellow,  as  also  the  short  cup,  very  fragrant. 

"N.  Pseudo-Narcissus,  DAFFODIL.  Leaves  flat,  and  1 -flowered  scape 
short ;  flower  large,  yellow,  with  a  short  and  broad  tube,  and  a  large  bell- 
shaped  cup,  having  a  wavy-toothed  or  crisped  margin,  equalling  or  longer  than 
the  divisions  :  common  double-flowered  in  country  gardens. 

2.  Pancratium  rotatum,  Man.  p.  456,  the  bulbs  brought  from  the  South, 
with  very  handsome  flowers,  is  sometimes  cultivated,  and  more  rarely  some 
exotic  species. 

3.  AlstrODmeria.     Lily-like  plants  from  South  America,  with  leafy  stems 
often  disposed  to  climb,  twisted  leaves,  tuberous  roots,  and  large,  rather  irregu- 
lar, usually  party-colored  or  spotted  flowers,  cultivated  in  conservatories.    The 
commonest  are,  — 

A.  Pelegrina.  Flowers  few  or  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  open, 
rose-colored  or  whitish,  blotched  with  pink  and  spotted  with  purple,  with  some 
yellow  towards  the  base  of  the  inner  divisions. 

A.  psittacina.  Flowers  umbelled,  funnel-form  in  shape,  the  spatulato 
divisions  more  erect  and  close,  red,  tipped  with  green  and  brown-spotted. 

4.  Polianth.es  tuberosa,  TUBEROSE.     A  choice  house-plant,  with  linear 
leaves  and  a  many-flowered  scape,  rising  from  a  bulbous  tuber ;  the  flowers 
spiked,  funnel-form,  white,  very  sweet-scented. 

6.     Galanthus  nivalis,  SNOWDROP,  the  earliest  harbinger  of  spring ;  its 
bulb  sending  up  a  pair  of  linear  leaves  and  a  scape,  bearing  usually  only  one 


GARDEN  BOTANY. 

nodding  white  flower,  the  3  proper  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals,  obcordat* 
and  tipped  with  green  :  sometimes  double-flowered. 

6.  LeilCOium  vernum,  SPKIXG  SNOWFLAKE.     Like  the 'Snowdrop  on 
a  larger  scale,  but  the  six  pieces  of  the  perianth  all  alike,  ovate  and  entire,  white, 
with  a  green  spot  outside  near  the  apex  ;  anthers  blunt. 

L.  86StivVU.m,  SUMMER  SNOWFLAKE,  is  commoner  than  the  last  in  gar- 
dens, taller  (the  2-edged  scape  and  leaves  1°  or  2°  high)  ;  flowers  several  and 
smaller,  in  June. 

7.  Amaryllis,  AMARYLLIS.    Man.  p  455.    Plants  with  strap-shaped  leaves 
and  a  simple  scape  from  a  coated  bulb  ;  flowers  one  or  more,  generally  red  or 
pink,  large  and  showy,  lily-like,  regular  or  considerably  irregular.    Many  hy- 
btids  are  cultivated. 

A.  Belladonna.  Flowers  several  in  an  umbel,  4'  long,  between  funnel- 
form  and  bell-shaped,  with  hardly  any  tube,  rose-colored,  almost  regular;  sta- 
mens and  style  declined  ;  leaves  appearing  after  the  flowering  season. 

A.  Reginse,  with  2-4  equally  large  deep-red  flowers  ;  leaves  two-ranked. 

A.  formosissima,  JACOH.SA  LILT,  or  ST.  JAMES'S  CROSS.  Scape 
bearing  one  large  rioh  crimson-red  flower,  which  is  declined,  with  hardly  any 
tube,  and  as  it  were  2-lipped,  three  of  its  divisions  upwardly  recurved-spread 
ing,  the  other  3  turned  down,  their  lower  portion  involute  around  the  base 
of  the  dc flexed  stamens  and  style. 

8.  Agave.     Man.  p.  456.     To  this  belongs  that  very  striking  plant  of  con- 
servatories, the  Mexican 

A.  Americana,  CENTURY-PLANT,  AMERICAN  ALOE,  with  very  thick 
and  large  spiny-pointed  and  spinulosc-margined  leaves  in  a  close  cluster 
at  the  root:  it  propagates  freely  by  offsets  from  the  root:  when  it  blossoms 
(which  it  does  in  its  native  tropics  in  7  or  8  years,  but  in  the  colder  northern 
countries  after  so  many  years  that  it  has  obtained  the  name  of  Century- Ptant), 
it  rapidly  sends  up  a  scape  as  thick  as  a  man's  leg,  15  to  30  feet  high,  bearing 
an  immense  panicle  of  yellowish-green  flowers  ;  and  the  plant  dies  as  the  pods 
ripen  their  seeds.  A  variety  has  the  leaves  striped  with  yellowish  or  white. 

ORDER  IIIIDACEJE.     IRIS  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  459.  —  Furnishes  several   common  ornamental  plants  of  the  gar- 
dens. 

Filaments  monadelphous  in  a  long  and  slender  tube  sheathing  the 
style :  stigmas  3  each  2-parted,  slender :  perianth  widely  spread- 
ing, spotted,  the  8  outer  divisions  very  large,  the  3  inner  divis- 
ions small.  1.  TIGRIDIA 

Filaments  distinct  and  separate:  stigmas  more  or  less  dilated. 

Perianth  irregular,  more  or  less  bilabiate  :  flowers  in  a  1-sided  spike.        2.     GLADIOLUS. 
Perianth  with  the  divisions  unlike,  the  3  outer  (or  sepals)  recurved, 
the  3  inner  alternate  with  them  (or  petals)  erect  :  stigmas  petal- 
like,  arching  over  the  stamens 8.    IRIS. 

•  Perianth  regular  and  the  6  divisions  alike  or  nearly  «o, 

Widely  spreading,  spotted,  without  any  tube  above  the  ovary  : 

stem  leafy,  branching  above 4.    PARDANTHUB 

Leas  spreading,  broad,  with  a  slender  tube  between  them  and  the 
ovary,  which  is  underground  ;  no  proper  stem  :  leaves  all 
radical,  not  equitant.  6.  CROCUS. 


64.RDEN    BOTANY. 

1.  Tigridia  pavonia,  TIGER-FLOWER,  from  Mexico  :    the  scaly-coated 
bulb,  planted  out  in  summer,  scuds  tip  a  simple  or  branching  stem  2°  high, 
bearing  broaiish  ensifbrm  and  plaited  leaves,  and  1   to  3  very  showy  large 
flowers  (5'  or  6'  across)  crimson-red  with  a  yellow  middle  and  violet-tinged 
centre,  spotted  with  purple  or  crimson,  opening  in  sunshine,  but  only  once 
and  for  a  few  hours. 

2.  Gladfolus,  GLADIOLUS  or  CORN-FLAG.     Familiar  garden  plants,  raised 
from  solid  bulbs  or  corms,  sending  up  tall  and  simple  leafy  stems,  terminating 
in  a  spike  of  flowers  all  turned  to  one  side,  very  showy  late  in  summer,  the 
6-cleft  perianth  more  or  less  oblique,  or  as  it  were  2-lipped  ;  filaments  slender. 

G.  COXnmunis  is  the  old-fashioned  hardy  species,  with  rather  few  rose- 
red  (rarely  white)  flowers;  the  filaments  longer  than  the  anthers. 

G.  Byzantinus  is  larger  in  all  its  parts,  with  more  flowers  in  the  spike 
and  more  showy;  filaments  shorter  than  the  linear  anthers. 

G.  blandus,  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  is  the  parent  of  the  tender  white 
or  pale  rose-colored  varieties. 

G.  psittacinus  is  a  tall  and  robust  species,  its  numerous  large  flowers 
with  very  broad  divisions,  yellow,  mixed  or  bordered  with  scarlet.  This  is  the 
parent  of  G.  GANUAVENSIS,  now  so  much  cultivated,  and  from  which  so  many 
fine  varieties  have  been  produced,  with  scarlet,  red  and  yellow,  orange,  and 
other  colors. 

3.  Iris,  IRIS,  FLOWER-DE-LUCE.  Man.  p.  459.    The  CRESTED  DWARF  IRIS, 
.No.  4,  is  in  some  gardens. 

*  A  bearded  crest  on  the  base  of  the  three  outer  divisions  of  the  perianth. 

I.  pumila,  DWARF  IRIS.  Stem  very  short ;  the  violet  and  purple  flower 
close  to  the  ground,  with  obovate  divisions,  hardly  exceeding  the  short  sword- 
shaped  leaves,  in  early  spring. 

I.  Germanica,  COMMON  FLOWER-DE-LUCE  of  the  gardens  ;  stems  2° 
high,  several-flowered  ;  flowers  scentless,  very  large,  the  outer  reflexed  divis- 
ions deep  violet,  the  inner  erect  ones  about  as  large,  obovate,  lighter-colored 
and  bluer;  anthers  as  long  as  the  filament. 

I.  sambucina,  ELDER-SCENTED  F.,  is 'taller,  3°  or  4°  high,  and  longer- 
leaved  ;  the  flower  not  so  large  and  later  in  the  summer,  the  outer  divisions 
less  reflexed,  violet,  but  whitish  and  yellowish  toward  the  base,  painted  with 
deeper-colored  lines  or  veins ;  upper  divisions  pale  or  dull  blue  ;  anthers  shortei 
than  the  filament. 

I.  Florentina,  FLORENCE  or  SWEET  F.  Less  tall  than  the  Common 
F.,  with  broader  leaves  and  white  or  bluish  faintly  sweet-scented  flowers. 

I.  variegata,  VARIEGATED  F.  Stem  several-flowered;  divisions  of  the 
perianth  oblong-obovate,  the  inner  ones  yellow,  the  outer  white  or  whitish  with 
dark-purple  veins,  and  usually  purple  toward  the  extremity. 

*  #  No  beard  or  crest  to  the  flower. 

I.  graminea,  GRASS-LEAVED  F.  Leaves  and  1  -  3-flowcrcd  stem  slen 
der;  flower  small,  with  narrow  divisions,  violet-purple,  with  yellow  stripes  on 
the  outer  ones. 

I.  Persica,  PERSIAN  IRIS.  Dwarf,  nearly  stemless  from  a  kind  of  bulb, 
from  which  the  flower  rises  on  a  long  tube,  earlier  than  the  leaves  ;  this  is  del- 
icately fragrant,  bluish,  with  a  deep-purple  spot  at  the  tip  of  the  outer  divis- 
ions, the  inner  divisions  very  small  and  spreading.  A  choice  house-plans. 

4.  Pardanthus  Chinensis,  BLACKBERRY  LILT,  —  so  called  because  the 
cluster  of  black  berry-like  seeds  after  the  valves  of  the  pod  fall  looks  like  a 
blackberry;  — a  common   olant  in  gardens,  the  foliage;  &c.  resembling  an 


Ixxxiv 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 


Iris  ;  perianth  6-parted  down  to  the  ovary,  the  divisions  all  alike,  buff-yellow 
or  orange,  with  darker  spots. 

5.  Crocus  vernus,  SPRING  CROCUS.  Corm  or  solid  bulb  sending  up  its 
flower  (yellow  and  of  various  other  colors)  in  early  spring,  and  soon  after- 
wards producing  the  short  leaves.  To  this  belong  all  our  common  and  hardy 
Crocuses  of  the  gardens. 

C.  sativus,  FALL  CROCUS,  with  violet  purple  and  more  fragrant  flowers, 
in  autumn,  is  hardly  ever  seen  in  this  country.  Its  orange-red  stigmas  are 
saffron. 

ORDER  DIOSCOREACEJE.    YAM  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  460.  —  Recently  introduced  into  cultivation  as  an  esculent  is 

1.  Dioscorea  Batatas,  a  glabrous  species  from  China,  with  cordate-3-lobed 
or  cordate-hastate  leaves,  and  long  and  deep  farinaceous  roots  ;  proposed  as  a 
substitute  for  the  potato  ;  of  not  much  account. 


ORDER  LILIACE2E.    LILY  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  465.  —  Furnishes  some  esculent  and  many  well-known  ornamental 
plants. 

Bulbous  plants,  the  simple  stem  or  scape  rising  from  a  bulb. 
Stem  few-leaved  toward  the  base,   terminated   by  a  large  and 
Bhowy  erect  flower,  of  bell-shaped  form* ;  perianth  6-leayed  : 
style  none  :  stigma  sessile :  ovary  3-sided :  bulb  coated.       .        1.    TULIP  A. 
Stem  many-leaved :  flowers  large,  6-leaved :  style  elongated. 
A  pearly  nectariferous  gland  at  the  base  of  each  piece  of  the 
perianth  :  a  crown  of  green  leaves  above  the  whorl  of  nod- 
ding flowers  :  bulb  coated 2.    PETILIUM. 

No  conspicuous  glands  to  the  perianth  :  bulb  scaly.       .        .  3.    L1LIUM. 

Scape  leafless,  from  a  coated  bulb  :  flowers  not  very  large. 
Perianth  divided  to  the  base  or  6-leaved. 
Flowers  corymbed ;  style  3-sided.         .        .        Man.  p.  468.  ORNJTIIOGALUM 

Flowers  um belled,  from  a  spathe.  4.     ALLIUM. 

Perianth  6-toothed,  globular  or  ovoid  :  flowers  racemed.       •  6.     MUSCARI. 

Perianth  6-cleft,  short  funnel-form  :  flowers  racemed.       .        .        6.     HYACINTHUS. 
Not  bulbous,  but  with  rootstocks,  tubers,  or  fibrous  roots. 
Perianth  tubular  at  the  base :  stamens  more  or  less  declined  and 

curved  :  flowers  large,  and 

Blu«,  in  a  many-flowered  umbel :  leaves  linear.         ...        7.    AGAPANTUUS. 
Blue  or  white,  in  a  raceme  :  leaves  ovate  or  heart-shaped.    .  8.     FUNKIA. 

Yellow  or  orange,  few  ;  leaves  linear,  keeled 9.     IIEMEROCALLIfl 

Perianth  bell-shaped,  6-lobed  :  flowers  small,  white,  in  a  raceme.        10.     COW1  ALL  ARIA. 
Perianth  6-parted  or  6-leaved,  greenish  :  flowers  small,  axillary  : 
fruit  a  berry :  stems  (from  matted  rootstocks)  much  branched : 
leaves  (which  are  strictly  speaking  leaf  like  branchlets)  spring- 
ing from  the  axil  of  a  small  scale. 

Stem  erect :  leaves  bristle-shaped  or  thread-like,  fascicled.     .        11.     ASPARAGUS. 
Stem  twining  and  climbing:  leaves  ovate,  single.         .        .  12.     MYKSIPHYLLUM 

Perianth  6  leaved,  white,  large,  tulip-like:  flowers  in  a  large 
panicle  terminating  a  woody  stem  :  leaves  persistent,  rigid, 
•piny-pointed  .  ....  Man.  p.  471.  YUCCA. 


GARDEN    BOTANY.  LXXXt 

1.  Tulipa   Gesiieriana.   COMMON   TULIP.      Leaves  oblong,  glaucous ; 
flower  of  various  colors,  its  divisions  broad  and  very  obtuse ;  in  spring. 

T.  suaveolens,  SXVEET  TULIP.  Low,  the  short  scape  somewhat  pu- 
bescent ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate ;  ttower  sweet-scented,  its  divisions  acutish, 
scarlet  bordered  with  yellow  ;  often  double. 

T.  sylvestris,  a  rarer  species  in  gardens,  has  lanceolate  leaves,  a  tall 
scape-like  stem,  the  yellow  flower  nodding  in  the  bud,  its  divisions  lance-ovate 
and  acute. 

2.  Petilium  imperiale,  CROWN  IMPERIAL  :  a  stately  ornament  of  the 
gardens  in  spring,  with  a  circle  of  showy  reddish-orange  or  yellow  flowers  hang- 
ing under  the  tuft  of  leaves  which  crowns  the  summit  of  the  stem. 

3.  Lilium,  LILT.     Man.  p.  470.     Our  splendid  wild  species,  no.  1  and  4, 
are  sometimes  cultivated. 

L.  candidum,  COMMON  WHITE  LILY.  Tall,  with  scattered  lanceolate 
leaves,  and  several  hardly  nodding  white  flowers,  of  bell-shaped  form. 

L.  Japonicum,  JAPAN  WHITE  L.  Flower  only  one,  horizontal,  twice 
the  length  of  the  common  White  Lily,  and  more  funnel-shaped,  often  pur- 
plish outside  towards  the  base  ;  leaves  on  the  stem  somewhat  petioled. 

L.  longiflorum,  LONG-FLOWERED  WHITE  L.  Like  the  last,  but  the 
stem  short,  and  the  flower  5'  or  6'  long. 

L.  speciosum,  another  showy  species  from  Japan,  becoming  common ; 
stem  2°  or  3°  high  ;  leaves  scattered,  ovate  or  oblong,  pointed ;  flowers  few, 
nodding,  the  divisions  revolute,  white  or  rose-colored,  marked  inside  with 
purple  warty  projections. 

L.  tigri'num,  TIGER  BULBLET-BEARING  L.  Stem  tall,  woolly,  bearing 
bulblets  in  the  axils  of  the  scattered  lanceolate  leaves,  and  at  the  summit  a 
considerable  number  of  large  orange-red  nodding  flowers,  the  divisions  re- 
curved, strongly  dark-spotted  inside. 

L.  bulbiferum,  COMMON  BULBLET-BEARING  L.  Not  so  showy  as  the 
last,  but  more  common  in  country  gardens  ;  stem  not  woolly ;  flowers  erect, 
more  bell-shaped,  reddish-orange,  with  brownish  spots  inside  and  rough  pro- 
jections towards  the  base. 

4.  Allium,  ONION,  GARLIC,  LEEK,  &c.    Man.  p.  469. 

A.  Moly,  GOLDEN  GARLIC.     Leaves  flat,  lanceolate;  scape  a  foot  high, 

bearing  an  umbel  of  large  yellow  flowers  ;  ornamental. 

A.  sativum,  GARDEN  GARLIC.  Bulbs  clustered  ;  leaves  nearly  flat, 
lance-linear  ;  flowers  pale  purple,  or  bulblets  in  their  place. 

A.  Porrum,  GARDEN  LEEK.  Bulb  single  ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  keeled 
or  folded ;  flowers  violet-purple,  crowded. 

A.  Schcenoprasum,  CHIVES,  with  slender  terete  leaves  and  rose- 
colored  flowers  :  see  Man.  p.  470. 

A.  Cepa,  ONION.  Both  leaves  and  scape  terete  and  hollow,  the  latter 
usually  inflated  in  the  middle,  bearing  a  large  umbel  of  whitish  flowers,  or  in 
TOP  ONION  a  set  of  bulbs  in  their  place. 

6.  Muscari,  GRAPE-HYACINTH.  The  flowers  —  which  appear  in  early 
spring,  in  a  raceme  or  spike  on  a  low  scape  — in  the  common  species  resemble 
small  blue  berries. 

M.  racemosum,  which  is  the  commonest,  has  flaccid  leaves,  and  the 
deep-blue  flowers  ovoid,  densely  racemed. 

M.  botryoides  has  stiiFer  leaves  and  almost  globular  blue  flowers. 

5 


1XXXV1  GARDEN    BOTANY. 

M.  moschatum  has  dull  purplish  ovate-oblong  flowers,  musky-scented 
of  no  beauty  ;  but  a  monstrous  variety,  later  in  the  season,  produces  from  the 
scape  a  larg-;  panic-led  mass  of  abortive,  contorted,  bright  blue  branchlets,  of  a 
striking  and  handsome  appearance. 

6.  HyacinthllS  orientalis,   HYACINTH,   most   familiar  in   cultivation  ; 
the  fray  rant  flowers,  originally  blue,  have  sported  into  many  colors,  are  single, 
double,  &c. 

7.  AgapanthllS  umbellatus.     A  showy  house-plant,  from  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  ;  the  tall  scape  bearing  an  urnbef  of  pretty  large  blue  flowers,  the 
six  divisions  as  long  as  the  tube  and  widely  spreading. 

8.  Funkia.  —  The  blue  and  white  DAY  LILIES,  so  called,  arc  very  different 
from  Hemerocallis,  having  long-petioled  leaves,  with  an  ovate  or  cordate  blade 
and  a  midrib,  from  which  most  of  the  ribs  or  main  nerves  spring  (these  con- 
nected by  some  netted  veins) ;  the  dowel's  numerous  in  a  raceme,  nodding  or 
urooping;  stamens  on  the  receptacle;  seeds  winged  and  flat. 

F.  SUbCOrdata  is  the  species  with  long,  white,  and  tubular-funnel-form 
flowers. 

P.  ovata,  with  smaller,  more  nodding,  blue  or  violet  flowers,  abruptly 
expanded  above  the  narrow  tube. 

9.  Hemerocallis  flava,  YELLOW  DAY-LILY.     Less  large  than  H.fulva 
(described  in   Man.  p.  468)  and  not  so  common  in  country  gardens;  flowers 
light  yellow,  the  inner  divisions  acute. 

10.  Convallaria  majalis,  LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY.     Described  in  Man.  p. 
467,  because  wild  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains  ;  but  students  ordinarily  will 
meet  with  it  only  in  gardens,  where  it  everywhere  abounds. 

11.  Asparagus  officinalis,  GARDEN  ASPARAGUS,  having  run  wild  in  a 
few  places,  is  described  in  Man.  p.  4C6. 

12.  Myrsiphyllum  asparagoides  is  a  rather  common,  small,  climbing 
plant,  of  house  and  conservatory  culture,  with  slender  angled   branches,  and 
small  flowers   like  those  of  Asparagus  ;  the  leaves   bright  groen,  narrowlv 
ovate,  acute,  often  obscurelv  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  nearly  sessile,  commonly 
curved,  many-nerved,  each   proceeding  from  the  axil  of  a  little  scale  which 
represents  the  true  leaf;  the  apparent  leaves  being  (here  and  in  Asparagus) 
of  the  nature  of  brauchlets. 


ORDER  MELANTHACEJE.      COLCIIICUM  FAMILY. 
Manual,  p.  472.  —  The  only  cultivated  exotic  of  this  group  to  be  noticed  is 

1.  Colchicum  autumnale,  FALL  COLCIIICUM.  Flower  purple,  some- 
times  \\hite  or  variegated,  of  6  similar  divisions  on  a  long  and  slender  tube 
which  rises  from  the  corm  underground,  like  a  Crocus,  in  autumn,  withoiu 
green  leaves,  which  appear  the  next  spring.  The  free  ovary,  3  separate  styles, 
and  6  stamens,  distinguish  Colchicum  from  Crocus. 

ORDER  COMMELYNACE^J.      SPIDERWORT  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  485. —  The  common  cultivated  Spiderworts,  &c.  are  nativer  of  the 
United  States,  and  are  described  in  the  Manual. 


GARDEN  BOTANY. 


Ixxxvii 


ORMER  GRAMINE^E.      GRASS  FAMILY. 

Manual,  p.  535.  —  The  cultivated  meadow  Grasses  are  all  described  in  the 
Manual.  The  following  very  simple  key  leads  up  to  them,  and  also  to  the  few 
ornamental  Grasses,  and  the  cereal  grains,  &c. 

Flowers  of  two  very  distinct  sorts  and  sexes ;  the  staminate  in  a 
terminal  cluster  of  spike-like  racemes  ;  the  pistillate  in 
2  or  3  great  axillary  spikes  covered  with  husks,  from 
the  lower  part  of  the  same  stem. 

Flowers  of  two  kinds,  one  staminate,  the  other  pistillate,  on  differ- 
ent plants,  in  a  very  large  compound  panicle,  the  pis- 
tillate flowers  (only  cultivated)  beset  with  long  white 

silky  hairs 2. 

Flowers  in  only  one  kind  of  inflorescence,  viz. : 
In  two  or  more  one-sided  spikes  at  the  top  of  the  culm. 
Spikelets  several-flowered,  densely  crowded  in  the  spike, 
Awn-pointed  and  very  much  flattened.        .        Man.  p.  554. 

Awnless  and  blunt. Man.  p.  554. 

Spikelets  with  only  one  perfect  flower. 

Glumes  nearly  equal  :  a  creeping  perennial.         Man.  p.  554. 
Glumes  very  unequal,  the  lower  minute  :  annual.  Man  p.  577. 
In  many  racemed  or  panicled  spikes,  awned  or  more  or  less 
pointed,       .        .        Man.  p.  580.    Echinochloa,  §  of 
In  a  single  terminal  spike  or  contracted  panicle  looking  like  a  spike. 
Spikelets  or  flowers  on  all  sides  of  the  joiutless  axis  or  rhachis, 
in  clusters  on  very  short  side-branches,  so  that  it  is  not 
a  simple  spike  :  only  one  perfect  flower  to  a  spikelet. 
Awns  rough,  springing  from  the  short  pedicels.  Man.  p.  581. 
Awns  short,  one  terminating  each  glume.  Man.  p.  541. 

Awn  low  down  on  the  back  of  the  single  palea.  Man.  p.  540. 
Awns  none  :  glumes  winged  :  an  abortive  flower  each  side  of 
the  base  of  the  perfect  one.  .  .  Man.  p.  574. 
Spikelets  borne  directly  on  the  rhachis,  at  the  joints,  alter- 
nately on  opposite  sides,  each  spikelet 

Several-flowered,  edgewise  :  only  one  glume.       Man.  p.  569. 
Several-flowered,  flatwise,  with  a  pair  of  glumes.  .        .    3. 

Two-flowered,  only  one  spikelet  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis, 

nearly  as  in  the  last,  long-awned.         .        . 
Two  -  three-flowered,  two  or  three  Spikelets  on  each  joint  of 
the  rhachis,  awned,  .        .  Man  p.  579. 

One  perfect  flower  only  to  each  spikelet,  long-awned.    .        .    6. 
In  a  panicle. 
Spikelets  strictly  1-flowered  and  with  only  two  paleae,  i.  e.  no 

empty  paleae  or  rudiments  of  a  second  flower. 
Paleae  indurated,  much  flattened  laterally  :  stamens  6.  6. 

Paleae  indurated,  rolled  up  in  a  cylinder  :  one  long  awn.  7. 

Paleae  thin  and  delicate,  smaller  than  the  glumes.  Man.  p.  543. 
Spikelets  1-flowered,  and  with  a  single  patea,  or  a  pair  of  empty 
paleae  between  the  perfect  flower  and  the  lower  glume. 
Paleae  of  the  perfect  flower  chartaceous  or  coriaceous.  Man.  p.  576. 
Paleae  all  delicate ;  glumes  coriaceous.  .        .        .        .8. 

Spikelets  with  a  short  rudiment,  or  abortive  pedicel,  at  each  side 
of  the  base  of  the  chartaceous  perfect  flower.  Man.  p.  574. 


1.     ZEA. 


GYNERIUM. 


DACTYLOCTENIUM 
ELEUS1NE. 


CYNODON. 
DIGITARIA. 


PANICUM. 


SETARIA. 
PULEUM. 
ALOPECURU8. 

PHALARiS. 


LOLIUM. 
TR1T1CUM 


4.    SECALE. 


ELYMUS. 
HORDEUM 


ORYZA. 
STIPA. 
AGROSTIS. 


PANICUM. 
SORGHUM- 


PHALARIS- 


Ixxxvm 


GARDEN    BOTANY. 


Spikelete  1-flowered,  with  an  awned  palea  on  each  side  of  the 

chartaceous  perfectflower  and  larger  than  it.  Man.  p. 574.         ANTHOXANT1IUM. 
Spikelets  with  one  perfect  flower  and  a  staminate  flower  on 

each  side  of  it Man.  p.  574.  HIEROCHLOA. 

Spikelets  with  one  (or  rarely  2)  perfect  and  one  staminate  flower. 
Lower  flower  perfect  and  awnless  ;  the  upper  staminate  and 

awned  on  the  back Man.  p  573.  HOLCU3. 

Lower  flower  imperfect  (its  pistil  more  or  less  abortive)  and 
merely  pointed,  the  next  one  awned  on  the  back,  the 

uppermost  a  rudiment.       .        .        .        Man.  p.  573.  ARRHENATHERUM, 

Spikelets  with  two  or  more  perfect  flowers. 
One  of  the   two  or  three  large  flowers  awnless,  the  others 

bearing  a  twisted  awn  on  the  back 9.    AVENA. 

All  the  flowers  alike,  or  an  uppermost  abortive  one,  and 
Awned  from  towards  the  base  of  the  lower  palea  ;  flowers 

in  the  spikelet  only  2.          ...        Man.  p.  671.  AIRA. 

Awned  or  bristle-pointed  from  just  below  the  tip  of  the 

lower  palea :  flowers  many  in  the  spikelet.  Man.  p.  666.  BROMUS. 

Awned  or  sharp-pointed  from  the  tip  of  the  lower  palea,  this 
Keeled  or  laterally  compressed.     .        .        Man.  p.  557.  DACTYLIS. 

Convex  or  rounded  on  the  back.  } 

Awnless  and  pointless.  >  Man.  p.  565.          FESTUCA. 

Narrow,  rounded  on  the  back,  few-nerved.  ^ 
Ovate  or  heart-shaped,  ventricose  on  the  back,  dry  and 

papery  when  old  without  falling,  obscurely  nerved.       10.    BRIZA. 
Rounded  on  the  back,  strongly  6-  7-nerved,  falling  away 

when  old,  the  axis  breaking  into  joints.    Man.  p.  558.  OLYCERIA. 

Keeled  on  the  back,  scarious-margined.        Man.  p.  661.  POA. 

1.  Zea  Mays,  MAIZE,  INDIAN  CORN.  Culm  solid  (not  hollow  as  in  most 
Grasses),  terminated  by  the  clustered  racemes  of  staminate  flowers  (the  tassel), 
in  2-flowered  spikelets  ;  the  pistillate  flowers  in  a  dense  and  many-rowed 
spike  borne  on  a  short  axillary  branch,  2  flowers  within  each  pair  of  glumes, 
but  the  lower  one  neutral,  the  upper  pistillate,  with  an  extremely  long  style, 
the  silk. 

2.  Gynerium  argenteum,  PAMPAS  GRASS.  A  reed-like  grass,  from 
S.  America,  planted  out  for  ornament,  with  a  large  tuft  of  rigid  linear  and 
tapering  recurved-spreading  leaves,  several  feet  in  length,  the  flowering  stem 
6  to  12  feet  high,  in  autumn  bearing  an  ample  silvery-silky  panicle  of  (pistil- 
late) flowers. 

3.  Triticum,  WHEAT.     Produces  the  troublesome  COUCH  GRASS,  described 
in  Man.  p.  569,  and  the  most  valuable  cereal  or  bread  plant,  viz. 

T.  VUlgare,  COMMON  WHEAT.  Annual  (Spring  Wheat),  or  more  com 
monly  by  autumn-sowing  raised  as  a  sort  of  biennial  (Winter  Wheat) ;  spike 
dense,  somewhat  four-sided  ;  the  spikelets  imbricated,  turgid,  4  -  5-flowered  ; 
lower  palea  either  awned  or  merely  mucronate  :  many  varieties. 

4.  Secale  cereale,  RYE.     Similar  to  Wheat  in  structure,  but  taller  and 
earlier,  with  bluish  glaucous  foliage,  the  ppikelets  decidedly  two-ranked,  only 
two-flowered,  always  long  awned  ;  grain  oblong,  brown,  hairy  at  the  summit. 

6.  Hordeum,  BARLEY.  Differs  from  Wheat  and  Rye  in  having  three 
spikelets  side  by  side  on  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  (although  the  lateral  ones 
are  sometimes  small  and  sterile),  perfecting  only  one  flower  :  annual. 


GARDEN    BOj    ANY. 


H.  vulgare,  COMMON  BARLEY.  All  three  spikelets  producing  a  fer- 
tile awned  flower  and  a  subulate  rudiment,  the  spike  therefore  six-rowed  or 
four-rowed. 

H.  distichum,  TWO-ROWED  BARLEY.  Lateral  spikelets  at  each  joint 
sterile  and  awnless,  the  middle  one  alone  fertile  and  awned. 

6.  Oryza  sativa,  RICE.     Annual,  rough-leaved  ;  spikelets  in  an  open  pani- 
cle, one-flowered,  very  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  short  glumes  and  hard 
and  rough  paleas,  which  are  conduplicate  ;    the  latter  firmly  enclosing  the 
grain,  the  lower  one  awned  or  awnless.     Cult,  southward. 

7.  Stipa  pennata,  FEATHER  GRASS,  of  Europe,  is  occasionalfy  raised  in 
gardens  for  ornament,  the  awn  of  the  flower  being  several  inches  long  and 
beautifully  plumose,  instead  of  naked,  as  in  the  wild  species,  Man.  p.  549. 

7.  Sorghum  vulgare,  SORGHO,  DOURRA,  GUINEA  CORN,  &c.  Stem 
solid,  tall;  leaves  broadly  linear-lanceolate;  flowers  in  an  ample  terminal 
panicle,  short-awned  or  awnless.  BROOM  CORN  is  a  variety  of  this  specieSj 
with  long  branches  to  the  large  and  open  panicle,  which  is  made  into  brooms. 
SUGAR  SORGHUM  is  a  form  of  the  same  with  sweeter  stems,  a  northern  sub- 
stitute for  Sugar-Cane.  GUINEA  CORN,  or  DOURRA,  the  original  cereal  grain 
of  tropical  Africa,  has  the  panicle  densely  contracted  and  the  grain  larger. 

9.  Avena  sativa,  COMMON  OAT.     Annual,  with  a  loose  panicle  of  very 
large  and  drooping  two-flowered  spikelets  ;  palese  enclosing  the  grain,  that  of 
one  flower  with  a  long  and  twisted  awn  on  the  back,  the  other  awnless. 

10.  Briza  maxima,  GREAT  QUAKING-GRASS.    Annual,  resembles  B.  media 
of  Man.  p.  565,  but  the  spikelets  are  larger,  over  half  an  inch  long,  and  very 
turgid  :  occasionally  cultivated  in  gardens  for  ornament. 


AD  D  E  N DA 

TO   THE 

BOTANY  OF  THE  NORTHERN  UNITED  STATES. 

MARCH,    1863. 


Pnge  5. 

iv  Anemone  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Stem  3'  to  6'  high  from  a  small 
tuber,  hairy  above,  simple,  one-flowered,  bearing  a  3-parted  sessile  involucre  at 
or  below  the  middle  ;  its  divisions  wedge-shaped  and  3-cleft ;  root-leaves  3-partcd 
or  divided  with  the  divisions  incised,  or  again  3-cleft  and  incised  ;  sepals  11-20, 
linear-oblong,  purplish;  head  of  fruit  oblong.  —  N.  and  W.  Illinois  (0.  J^n-ntt, 
J.  W.  Powell,  M.  S.  Bebb,  E.  Hall,  T.  J.  Hale,  &c.)  and  southward.  May. 

P.  38. 

ALYSSUM  CALYCINUM,  L.  (For  the  genus,  see  Card.  Bot.  p.  xxiii.  Like 
Vesicaria,  but  the  pod  flat.)  A  low  annual,  hoary,  with  linear-spatulate  leaves,  and 
racemes  of  small  flowers ;  petals  pale  yellow  turning  white ;  pod  orbicular.  — 
Amherst,  Mass.,  Prof.  Tuclcerman;  in  grass-lands.  (Adv.  from  En.) 

4.  LEPIDIUM  DRABA,  L.  Perennial;  steins  1°  high,  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves 
oval  or  oblong,  mostly  entire,  pale,  very  minutely  hoary,  the  upper  partly 
clasping;  flowers  corymbose  ;  pods  heart-shaped,  turgid,  wingless ;  style  promi 
nent.  —  Shore  of  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  at  Astoria,  &c.,  D.  C.  Eaton.  (Adv 
from  Eu.) 

P.  39. 

TiiLAsn  AUVENSE,  L.  (PicNNYCRKS.s.)  (Genus  much  like  Capsella,  but  the 
pod  winged  and  the  cotyledons  accumbent.)  Annual,  smooth;  leaves  olilong, 
roothed,  the  upper  ones  sagittate-lanceolate  and  clasping;  pods  half  «n  inch 
hroad  including  the  wings,  orbieular-obcordate. —  Mackinaw,  Michigan,  Ar»//<;//, 
//.  J/a/i/j,  and  common  m  Canada.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

P.  57. 

LYCIIXIS  VESPERT'INA,  Sibth.  Resembles  Silene  nootiflora,  p  56,  but  has  5 
styles,  therefore  belonging  to  Lychnis,  and  is  usually  dioecious;  a  coarse,  hairy 
biennial,  more  or  less  viscid,  loosely  branched  above  ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  flowers  opening  in  the  evening;  petals  white  or  pinkish,  2-elcft, 
crowned;  fertile  calyx  ovoid  in  fruit,  with  long  lance-linear  teeth.  —  Waste 
places,  &c.  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  Philadelphia,  and  Wilmington,  Delaware,  E.  Tt it- 
null.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


ADDENDA    TO    THE    BOTANY    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES.      XCl 


P.  59. 

2*.  Stcllaria  Imniifiisa,  Rottbcell.  A  low,  glabrous,  perennial  species, 
Spreading  on  the  ground,  with  the  leaves  oblong  (2"  -3"  long),  fleshy,  sessile  ; 
petals  2-parted,  longer  than  the  calyx;  stamens  10.  —  N.  Maine,  on  the  upper 
part  of  St.  John's  River  ( G.  L.  Goodale),  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

P.  73. 

3a.  GERANIUM  COLUMBINUM,  L.  Somewhat  hairy,  decumbent ;  leaves  5  -  7- 
parted  and  the  divisions  once  or  twice  3-cleft  into  linear  lobes ;  peduncles  and 
pedicels  long  and  slender;  sepals  awn-pointed,  about  as  long  as  the  entire  or 
barely  notched  purple  petals  ;  seeds  strongly  reticulated.  —  Lancaster,  &c.,  Penn., 
Prof.  Porter.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

P.  94. 
6.  Psoralca  csculcnta,  Pursh.     (POMME  BLANCHE,  or  POMME  DE 

PRAIRIE.)  Hirsute  with  rough  hairs;  stem  3' to  12'  high  from  a  farinaceous 
tuberous  root ;  leaflets  5,  lance-oblong  ;  peduncles  elongated ;  spike  short  and 
dense  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  about  equalling  the  blue  corolla.  —  On  the 
Wisconsin  River  (Mr.  Spears,  T.  ./.  Hale,  &c.)  ami  northwestward.  June. 

P.  97. 

Glycyrlilza  Icpulota,  Nutt.  (WILD  LIQUORICE.)  (The  genus  may 
be  known  from  Astragalus,  which  it  considerably  resembles  in  foliage  and  in 
flower,  by  the  pods  usually  beset  with  prickles,  few-seeded,  and  one-celled.) 
Roots  long,  perennial,  sweet;  stern  2° -3°  high;  leaflets  7  to  9  pairs  and  an 
odd  one,  oblong-lanceolate,  mueronate-pointed,  sprinkled  with  little  scales  when 
young,  and  with  corresponding  dots  when  old  ;  spikes  peduncled  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves,  short ;  flowers  whitish  ;  pods  oblong,  scarcely  dehiscent,  beset  all  over 
with  hooked  prickles,  so  as  to  resemble  the  fruit  of  Xanthium  on  a  smaller  scale. 
—  Vicinity  of  Buffalo,  New  York,  on  the  sands  of  the  shore,  probably  drifted 
from  the  northwest,  but  perfectly  established,  G.  \V.  Clinton, 

P.  97.  ' 

2a.  Astragalus  PlattcnsiS,  Nutt.  Villous ;  stems  decumbent  or  as 
cending,  6'-  18'  long ;  stipules  conspicuous,  ovate-lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceo- 
late and  pointed;  leaflets  10- 17  pairs,  oblong,  often  glabrous  above;  flowers 
crowded  in  a  short  spike  or  oblong  head  ;  calyx  villous  ,  corolla  cream-color  or 
yellowish,  often  tinged  with  purple  ;  fruit  oblong,  somewhat  incurved,  nearly  an 
inch  long,  fleshy  and  thick-walled  (but  less  so  than  in  no.  1  and  2),  villons  with 
white  hairs.  (A.  Tcnncsseensis,  Gray  in  Chapm.  S.  Fl)  — Illinois,  on  the  gravelly 
banks  of  Illinois  River  or  on  sand-ridges  (Vasey,  Slosson,  Bebb),  and  southward 
and  westward.  May. 

P.  98. 

4a.  A.  alpinHS,  L.  Stem  diffuse,  6'  to  12'  high  ;  leaflets  13  -25 ;  corolla  5" 
or  6"  long,  violet-purple  or  at  least  the  keel  tipped  with  violet  or  blue  ;  teeth  of  the 
calyx  nearly  the  length  of  the  tube;  pods  black-hairy,  narrowly  oblong,  with  the 
dorsal  suture  decidedly  introflcxcd  and  projecting  internally,  nii-cd  on  :i  stalk 


XC11  ADDENDA    TO    THE 

longer  than  the  calyx  ;  otherwise  much  like  A.  Robbinsii.  (A.  secundus, 
A.  Labradoricus,  DC.  Phaca  astragalina,  DC.)  —  Willoughby  Mountain,  Ver- 
mont, Rev.  J.  Blake;  a  form  with  rather  elongated  racemes  of  smallish 
flowers.  Coast  of  Maine,  Dr.  Scammon,  &c.  On  the  Aroostook  and  St.  John's 
Rivers,  Maine,  G.  L  Goodale,  and  northward.  June,  July.  —  In  the  former 
edition  specimens  of  this  were  confused  with  A.  Robbinsii,  which  has  smaller 
white  flowers,  a  broad  and  flatter  pod,  with  very  slight  dorsal  introflexion,  and 
is  nearer  the  European  Phaca  australis,  L.  (Eu.J 

Oxytropis  Lamberti,  Pursh.  (Genus  next  to  Astragalus,  known  by 
the  mucronate  tip  or  beak  to  the  keel  of  the  corolla,  to  which  the  generic  name 
refers.  The  seed-bearing  suture  of  the  pod  is  introflexed.)  Flowers  blue,  purple, 
or  sometimes  white  ;  pod  2-celled  or  nearly  so  by  the  introflexion  of  the  seed- 
bearing  suture,  the  dorsal  suture  not  at  all  projecting  inwards  (as  it  does  in  O. 
campestris,  DC.).  The  common  forms  of  this  species,  which  abound  on  our 
northwestern  plains,  may  roach  our  borders.  A  form  with  thinner  pods,  fewer 
flowers,  and  loose  dark  hairs  on  the  calyx,  long  ago  found  near  Quebec,  has  re- 
cently been  detected  on  the  St.  John's  River  in  Maine,  by  G.  L.  Goodale.  It  Is 
one  of  the  forms  which  connect  O.  Lambert!  with  O.  Uralensis. 

P.  108. 

2».  Cassia  ObtUSifdlia,  L.  Leaflets  3  or  rarely  2  pairs,  obovate, 
obtuse,  with  an  elongated  gland  between  those  of  the  lower  pairs  or  lowest  pair  ; 
pods  slender,  6'  long,  curved  ;  root  annual.  —  Banks  of  the  Ohio  River,  Illinois 
(Dr.  Vasey),  and  southward. 

P.  116. 

1*.  Geum  11  rim  11  u Ell,  L.  Petals  yellow;  otherwise  nearly  as  in  G 
album.  —  E.  Fairficld,  Ohio,  S.  B.  McMillan.  —  I  have  seen  only  incomplete 
specimens  ;  the  petals  very  small. 

P.  120. 

3.  FRAGARIA  INDICA,  L.,  or  DUCHESNEA  FRAGARIOIDES,  Smith,  —  which 
diilV'is  from  the  true  Strawberries  in  having  leafv  runners,  a  calyx  with  incised 
leafy  bractlets  larger  than  the  sepals,  yellow  petals,  and  an  insipid  fruit,  — has 
established  itself  in  copses  around  Philadelphia  (diaries  E.  Smith),  and  in  the 
Southern  States.  (Adv.  from  Ind.,  &c.) 

P.  128. 

3.  Ainmannia  Nutt&llii.  Submersed  aquatic,  or  sometimes  terres- 
trial, rooting  in  the  mud  ;  leaves  linear,  when  immersed  elongated,  thin,  and 
closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  when  out  of  water  shorter  and  contracted  at  the 
base;  flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils,  sessile,  small;  calyx  with  broad  tri- 
angular lobes,  the  appendages  at  the  sinuses  obsolete  or  wanting  ;  petals  none  ; 
sU-le  very  short ;  ovary  2-celled.  (Peplis  diandra,  Nutt.,  but  stamens  usually  4. 
llypobriehia  Xuttallii,  M.  A.  Curtis.)  — Wisconsin  and  Minnesota  (T.  J.  Half), 
Illinois  (Buckley,  Vasey,  Hall,  &e.),  and  southward.  June -Aug.  —  When  in 
water,  stems  l°-3°  long,  very  leafy. 


BOTANY    OF    THE    NORTHERN    UNITED    STATES.  SOU 

P.  130. 

6.  EPILOBIDM  IIIRSUTCM,  L. — a  branching,  soft-villous  species,  of  our  sec- 
ond division^  only  the  flowers  are  large,  the  rose-purple  petals  £'  long  —  is  estab- 
lished as  a  wild  plant  at  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  T.  A.  Greene.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

P.  132. 

10.  {Eiiothcra,  serrul&ta,  Nutt.  Stems  low,  slightly  woody  at  the 
base ;  leaves  lance-linear,  oblunceolate  or  linear-spatulate,  sharply  serrulate  or 
toothed  ;  flowers  axillary  ;  tube  of  the  calyx  funnel-form,  shorter  than  the  ovary, 
with  4  strong  nerves  which  are  continued  as  keels  to  the  lobes ;  petals  yellow, 
obovate,  wavy-crenulate,  much  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  anthers  oblong ;  stigma 
discoid,  merely  crenulate ;  pods  cylindrical,  puberulent.  —  Falls  of  St.  Antlumy, 
Wisconsin  (Lcsquereux),  and  westward. 

2.  JllSSisea  repeals,  L.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  stem  creeping,  or 
floating  and  rooting ;  leaves  oblong,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole ;  flowers 
large,  long-peduncled  ;  calyx-lobes  and  slightly  obcordate  petals  5  ;  pod  cylin- 
drical, with  a  tapering  base,  ty  —  In  water,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

P.  136. 

2.  Optliitia  MiSSOtariensiS,  DC.  Prostrate,  with  narrow  and  obo- 
vate tuberculate  joints ;  the  axils  bristly  and  all  armed  with  5  to  10  slender 
radiating  prickles,  some  of  them  stronger ;  flowers  yellow ;  berry  prickly.  — 
Borders  of  Wisconsin  and  westward. 

P.  143 

9.  Saxifraga  stellavis,  L.  var.   comosa,   Wiild.    Leaves  wedge- 
shaped,  more  or  less  toothed ;  scape  a  span  high,  bearing  a  small  contracted 
panicle  ;  many  or  most  of  the  flowers  changed  into  little  tufts  of  green  leaves, 
the  perfect  flowers  with  a  free  reflexed  calyx  ;  petals  unequal,  lanceolate,  white, 
with  two  yellowish  spots  on  the  base,  which  is  narrowed  into  a  distinct  claw.  — 
Mount  Katahdin,  Maine,  Rev.  J.  Blake. 

10.  S.     IcucailtllClilifdlia,    Lapeyrouse,    Michx.       Leaves    oblong, 
wedge-shaped  or  spatulate,   coarsely  toothed  or  incised,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ; 
scape  a  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  bearing  one  or  more  leaves  or  leafv 
bracts,  and  a  loose  and  spreading  corymbose  or  paniculate  cyme;  calyx  free  and 
reflexed;  petals  unequal,  with  claws,  white,  the  three  larger  ones  cordate-lanceo- 
late and  with  a  pair  of  yellow  spots,  the  two  smaller  ones   lanceolate  with  a 
tapering  base  and  no  spots.  —  Salt-Pond  Mountain,  Virginia  (Wm.  M.  Canby), 
and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies. 

P.  156.     To  Discopleura  capillacea  add  :  — 

Var.  ?  COStfita.  Larger  ;  rays  of  the  umbel  and  divisions  of  the  involucre 
luinerous  ;  ribs  of  the  fruit  stronger.  —  S.  Illinois,  Vasey. 

Helosciadiuni  nodifloriim,  Koch.  A  remarkable  aquatic  form 
of  this  European  species,  or  perhaps  an  allied  new  species,  was  discovered  in 
brooks  on  the  Pocono  Mountain,  Pennsylvania,  by  Pro/!  TraiU  Cr&n.  For 
lack  of  mature  fruit  the  determination  is  still  uncertain. 


XCIV  ADDENDA    TO    THE 

P.  169,  after  line  13  from  bottom,  add  to  the  Synopsis  :  — 

9.  POLYPREMUM.     Corolla  (white)  and  single  style  very  short.     Pod  ovoid,  many-seeded, 

lorulicidal.     Leaves  slightly  connected  at  the  base,  very  narrow. 

10.  GELS  KM  I  I'M.      Corolla  yellow:    style  slender:   stigmas    2,  each    2-parted.     Pod    flat, 

several  seeded.    Seeds  winged.     Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate  :  stipules  obsolete.    See  p.  296. 

P.  174.  ».     POLYPREITIUUI,  L.    POLYPREMUM. 

Calyx  4-parted,  persistent ;  the  divisions  awl-shaped  from  a  broad  scarious- 
margincd  base.  Corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  almost  wheel-shaped,  bearded 
i:;  the  throat;  the  4  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  very  short:  anthers 
globular.  Style  1,  very  short:  stigma  ovoid,  entire.  Pod  ovoid,  a  little  flat- 
rrned,  notched  at  the  apex,  loculicidally  2-valved,  many-seeded.  —  A  smooth, 
diffuse,  much-branched,  small  annual,  with  narrowly  linear  or  awl-shaped  leaves, 
connected  at  their  base  across  the  stem  by  a  slight  stipular  line ;  the  small 
flowers  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  forks  and  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  corolla 
inconspicuous,  white.  (Name  altered  from  TroXvnpfp-vos,  iiHintj-stciimu'd.) 

1.  P.  |>roCHlllto«'lls,  L.  —  Dry  fields,  mostly  in  sandy  soil,  Virginia  and 
southward.  June  -  Sept. 

P.  196. 

30a.  Aster  amethystilllis,  Nutt.  Differs  from  A.  oblongifolius  in  its 
more  upright  growth,  more  hirsute  and  cinereous  pubescence  (that  of  the  stem 
widely  spreading),  which  is  not  at  all  glandular  or  viscid,  more  racemose  heads 
of  smaller  size,  the  scales  of  the  involucre  erect  or  less  spreading,  the  rays  of  a 
light  clear  blue.  —  E.  Massachusetts,  Dr.  Robbins,  W.  Boott ;  and  meadows  near 
Amherst,  Prof.  Tuckerman.  Athens,  Illinois,  Mr.  E.  Bull. 

P.  200. 

3.  ISoItonia  diflflisa,  L'Her.  Stem  diffusely  branched  :  leaves  lance- 
linear,  those  on  the  branchlets  very  small  and  awl-shaped  ;  heads  paniclcd,  verv 
small  ;  pappus  of  several  very  short  bristles  and  2  short  awns.  —  Prairies  near 
Centralia,  Illinois,  Vasey.  Common  south  westward. 

P  205. 

27 l.  Soliflago  R;adiala,  Nutt  Stem  and  oblong  or  obovate-spatulate 
leaves  rigid  and  very  rough,  not  hoary,  the  upper  sessile  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
oblong,  rigid  ;  rays  3-6:  otherwise  much  as  in  S.  nemoralis,  of  which  it  is  prob- 
ably a  greener  and  rough  variety.  —  Dry  Hills,  W.  Illinois  and  southwestward. 

P.  227. 

3».  Artemisia  dracimcilloides,  Pursh. —a  perennial  species,  com- 
mon west  of  the  Mississippi,  with  leaves  linear  and  entire,  or  the  lower  3-clcft, 
cinereous  or  nearly  glabrous,  and  small  panicled  heads — has  been  found  in  S. 
W.  Illinois  by  Dr.  Vascy. 

7a.  A.  frigida,  L.,  of  the  third  section  (p.  228),  —  alow  species,  slightly 
woody  at  the  base,  white  all  over  with  a  soft  silky  wool,  the  leaves  pinnately 
parted,  their  divisions  3-5-cleft  and  linear,  —  was  found  at  the  Falls  of  St.  An- 
thony by  L.  L-sifuereiLc  and  T.  J.  Hah.  It  is  common  then.ce  northwestward. 


BOTANY    OF    THE    NORTHERN    UNITED    STATES.  XCV 

P.  231. 

5.  Senecio  pala'isti  is.  Hook.     Root  biennial ;  stem  stout,  £°-3°  high, 
woolly  when  young,  glabrous  with   age  ;    leaves   laciniate  or  irregularly  cut- 
toothed,  the  upper  with  a  cordate-clasping  base ;  heads  many  in  a  corymb,  with 
20  or  more  short  rays,  the  pappus  becoming  very  long.  —  N.  W.  Wisconsin  ( T. 
J.  Hale]  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

6.  S.  lobatUS,  Pers.      (BUTTER-WEED.)      Annual,   glabrous,  or  loosely 
woolly  at  first ;  leaves  rather  fleshy,  lyraie  or  pinnately  divided ;  the  divisions 
eremite  or  cut-lobed,  variable;  heads  many  in  a  corymb,  small ;  rays  about  12. 

—  Low  banks  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  Illinois  and  southward. 

P.  237. 

L<ygodcsilBia  jfincea,  Don.  Flowers  nearly  as  in  Nabalus  (only  5  in 
the  head),  purple  or  rose-colored,  the  heads  erect  and  solitary  ;  pappus  copious, 
soft  and  whitish;  stems  branched,  rush-like,  1°  high,  striate,  with  few  lanceolate 
or  subulate  rigid  leaves.  —  St.  Croix  River,  Wisconsin,  T.  J.  Hale,  and  common 
northward. 

P.  250. 

CALLUNA  VULGARIS,  Salisb.,  the  HEATHER  of  Europe,  was  recently  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  Jackson  Dawson  well  established  in  Tewksbury,  Massachu- 
setts, in  low  grounds,  whether  indigenous  or  in  some  way  introduced  is  still  in 
question. 

P.  268. 

2ft.  Plantago  sparsiflora,  Michx.  Belongs  to  §  1,  except  that  the 
seeds  are  only  one  in  each  cell  and  somewhat  boat-shaped  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong,  acute,  entire  or  denticulate,  3-5-nerved,  tapering  into  a  margined  pe- 
tiole, hairy  or  smooth;  scape  long  and  slender  (6'- 18' high) ;  spike  filiform, 
sparsely  flowered  ;  bracts  ovate  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  acute  ;  pod  oblong,  2-seeded. 

—  Mound  City,  S.  Illinois  (Dr.  Vasey),  and  southward. 

P.  273. 

6a.  LYSIMACIIIA  NUMMUIARIA,  L.,  described  in  Garden  Botany,  p.  Ixiii.,  —  a 
creeping  species,  with  round  leaves  and  solitary  flowers  from  their  axils,  —  has 
escaped  from  the  gardens  and  run  wild  in  some  places.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

P.  293. 

.   8a.  Gerardia  grandifiora,  Benth.     Intermediate  in  appearance  and 

in  the  size  of  the  corolla  between  no  6  and  no.  9,  minutely  downy ;  stem  3°  -  4° 

high,  much  branched ;  leaves  mostly  pinnatifid  and  cut.     (Dasystoma  Drum- 

mondi,  Bcnth.) — Oak-openings,  &c.,  Wisconsin,  Lapham,  Illinois,  Vasey,  and 

southward. 

318. 

LAMIUM  ALBUM,  L,  a  perennial  species,  with  rather  large  white  flowers, 
d  petioled  coarsely  crenate  leaves,  is  found  in  waste  grounds  around  Boston 
by  D.  Murray.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


XCV1  ADDENDA    TO    THE 

P.  326. 

liydrolea  quad  rival  vis,  Walt.  The  genus  differs  from  most 
Ilydrophyllaeeae  in  having  the  ovary  and  pod  2-celled  or  nearly  so,  by  the  pla- 
centae united  in  the  axis,  and  the  numerous  seeds  :  the  species  is  a  pubescent 
perennial  ;  the  stem  ascending  from  a  creeping  base,  with  a  slender  spine  in  the 
axil  of  most  of  the  broadly  lanceolate  leaves  ;  flowers  axillary;  corolla  blue.  — 
In  water  or  wet  places.  S.  Illinois  (  Vasey)  and  southward. 

P.  330. 

2.  Polcmonium  caerulciim,  L.  Stem  erect  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaflets 
9-21,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate;  flowers  numerous,  blue;  stamens  and 
style  mostly  exserted  ;  pod  rather  many-seeded.  —  Borders  of  a  marsh,  3  miles 
east  of  Charlottcsville,  Schoharie  County,  New  York,  Dr.  E.  C.  Howe.  July  - 
Aug.  Otherwise  found  in  this  country  only  high  north,  and  in  the  Kocky 
Mountains  and  westward,  but  common  in  gardens.  (Eu.) 

P.  352. 

2a.  AscflcpiaS  Mcffidii,  n.  sp.  Torr.  Very  smooth,  pale  ;  stem  simple 
(1°  high),  bearing  a  single  terminal  umbel  (on  a  peduncle  3'  long)  ;  kuccs  all 
opposite,  sessile,  oblong,  the  upper  ovate-oblong  or  somewhat  heart-shaped,  ob- 
tuse, mucronate,  the  plane  (not  wavy)  margins  and  the  numerous  rather  slender 
pedicels  downy  when  young  ;  divisions  of  the  greenish-white  corolla  oblong-->vite 
(4"  long),  half  the  length  of  the  pedicel ;  hoods  of  the  sl.ii//illi/  stipltate  crutcn  jl  .•>% 
below,  rounded-truncate  at  the  summit,  longer  than  the  tliickish  incurved  horn,  fur- 
nished with  a  small  sharp  tooth  at  the  inner  mnrgin  on  each  side  towards  tlm 
summit.  —  Augusta,  Illinois,  Mead.  —  Leaves  about  4  pairs,  li'-L'V  long. 
Fruit  not  seen  ;  so  that  it  is  uncertain  whether  the  species  should  stand  next  to 
A.  Sullivantii  or  A.  obtusifolia. 
P.  354. 

1*.  Accrates  monoccpliala,  n.  sp.  Lapham  in  herb.  Low  (G'-12' 
high),  rather  stout,  hirsute;  leaves  lanceolate,  almost  sessile  (about  2'  long  and 
£' wide)  ;  umbel  solitary  and  terminal,  pedunded,  very  many-flowered;  divis< 
ions  of  the  greenish  corolla  oblong  (2.V  long),  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx,  several  times  shorter  than  the  pedicels  ;  hoods  of  the  crown  sessile  at  the 
base  of  the  tube  of  filaments,  strongly  concave,  oblong,  erect,  with  the  obtuse 
a;<e\  somewhat  spreading,  equalling  the  anthers.  —  Prairies  of  Wisconsin,  Lap- 
/tain. .!//-.  Corne'l.  July.  —  Intermediate  in  several  respects  between  A.  viridiflora 
and  A  longifolia:  having  the  sessile  crown  of  the  former,  and  flowers  not  larger 
than  those  of  the  latter.  Hoods  more  cucullate  than  those  of  A.  viridiflora;  the 
two  small  appendages  within  each  (and  the  still  smaller  pairs  of  appendages 
alternate  with  the  hoods)  more  conspicuous  than  in  the  last-named  species ; 
otherwise  verv  similar.  Pollen-masses  also  thicker  and  less  club-shaped.  —  A. 
longifolia  is  well  distinguished  by  the  raised  crown,  of  broader  hoods,  much 
shorter  than  the  anthers  and  by  the  thick  and  short  pollen-masses.  —  Should 
Dr.  Engelmann's  surmise  prove  correct  (as  is  most  likely),  this  species  will  bear 
the  name  of  A.  lanuginosa,  Decalsne. 


BOTANY    OF    THE    NORTHERN    UNITED    STATES.  XCvii 

2*.  A.  pailicilluta,  Decaisne.  Almost  glabrous;  stems  short,  about  % 
foot  high  ;  leaves  alternate,  short-petioled,  elongated-oblong,  l'-2'  wide  ;  umbel* 
several  in  a  cluster,  short-pcduncled ;  flowers  large  (I'  in  diameter),  green,  with 
a  short  purplish  crown  ;  pods  oblong-ovate,  often  bearing  some  soft  spinous  pro< 
jections.  — Prairies,  Illinois  (  Vasey,  Bebb),  and  southward.  June. 
P.  362. 

Corispermum  tiyssopifoliuin,  L.  An  annual,  smooth  or  some- 
what hairy,  branching  herb,  with  slender  striate  branches,  narrowly  linear  thick- 
ish  leaves,  the  upper  ones  small  and  short,  ovate-lanceolate,  scarious-margined, 
and  forming  the  bracts  of  the  slender  spikes,  a  solitary  and  perfect  flower  sessile 
under  each  one ;  fruit  round-oval,  convex  on  the  back,  wing-margined,  resem- 
bling a  small  bug,  whence  the  name  of  the  genus.  —  Sandy  shore  of  Lake  Mich- 
igan, near  Chicago,  Dr.  Scammon,  and  of  Lake  Erie,  at  Buffalo,  G.  W.  Clinton, 
(Adv.  from  the  Northwest.) 

P.  378. 

11.  Rumex  Engclniaiiili,  Ledeb.  (R.  hastulatus,  Baldw.,  not  of 
Campd.),  —  a  dioecious  species,  with  narrow  and  hastate  leaves,  or  the  lowermost 
cordate,  distinguished  from  no.  10  by  its  very  simple  panicle,  and  the  valves  of 
the  fruit  enlarging  and  samara-like,  —  occurs  in  S.  W.  borders  of  Illinois,  thence 
southward  and  westward. 

Bruniiichia  cirrhosa,  Banks,  a  Southern  plant  of  this  family,  climb- 
ing by  tendrils,  and  with  the  fruiting  calyx  and  its  pedicel  winged  on  one  side, 
is  said  by  Dr.  Bruendd  to  occur  in  S.  Illinois.  I  have  seen  no  specimen. 

P.  435. 

8a.  PotamogCton  crispus,  L.  Leaves  lance-oblong  or  oblong-linear, 
wavy-crisped,  obtuse,  sessile,  serrate,  3-nerved ;  stems  much  branched  ;  spike* 
long-ped uncled,  few-flowered.  —  Streams,  Wilmington,  Delaware,  E.  Tatnalt, 
&c.  Lchigh  River,  Pennsylvania,  T.  Meehan,  and  at  Lancaster,  Prof.  Porter. 
Abundant  where  it  occurs ;  probably  indigenous ;  flowering  in  May  and  June, 
earlier  than  the  others.  (The  remarks  on  p.  436  to  be  erased.)  (Eu.) 
P.  439. 

Sagittaria  calycina,  Engelm.  Pedicels  of  the  two  kinds  of  flowers 
of  equal  length,  the  fruit-bearing  ones  recurved;  flowers  polygamous,  the  sterile 
es  with  a  few  rudimentary  pistils  and  numerous  stamens,  their  filaments 
oothish,  and  about  the  length  of  the  broadly  ovate  anthers,  the  fertile  ones 
ith  7  to  12  stamens  ;  style  longer  than  the  ovary  and  erect,  but  horizontal  on 
lunate  or  obovate  narrowly-winged  achenium  ;  sepals  orbicular,  strictly  ap- 
to  the  head  of  fruit.  —  Kennebunk,  Maine,  Mr.  Swan,  growing  under 
ter,  with  no  blade  to  the  leaves,  the  petioles  stout,  subulate.  Hackcnsack 
marshes,  New  Jersey,  C.  F.  Austin  ;  mostly  with  a  small  and  halberd-shaped 
emersed  blade  to  the  leaves.  Wilmington,  Delaware,  E.  Tatnall;  the  blade 
rudimentary,  or  oblong  and  entire,  or  halberd-form  or  sagittate,  short,  obtuse. 
Athens,  Illinois,  E.  Hall,  with  well-developed  sagittate  acute  leaves.  Probably 
not  uncommon. 


XCV111  ADDENDA    TO    THE 

P.  448. 

Spiranthes  graniinea,  Lindl.  ?  has  been  detected  in  New  York  and 
New  Jersey  by  C.  F.  Austin,  and  some  other  species  or  forms  are  apparently  con- 
fused with  *S".  cernua.     They  must  be  studied  hereafter  with  fresh  materials,  and 
identified  with  Lindley's  various  species. 
P.  459. 

2».  Iris  cftprea,  Pursh.  Stem  tall  and  slender;  leaves  linear-sword- 
shaped  (£'  wide)  ;  flowers  copper-colored,  or  dull  yellow  tinged  with  blue,  the 
tube  longer  than  the  ovary.  —  Cairo,  S.  Illinois,  growing  with  I.  versicolor,  Dr. 
Vasey.  Common  in  the  Southern  States. 

P.  460. 

PARDA.NTHDS   CHINENSIS,  Ker,   described  in  Garden  Botany,   p.  Ixxxii., 
Ixxxiii.,  has  escaped  from  gardens  in  some  places,  and  is  established  along  road- 
sides in  Delaware,  Wm.  M.  Canby. 
P.  461,  465,  472. 

The  anthers  are  so  attached  to  the  filament  as  to  be  really  extrorse  in  Medeola 
(as  ascertained  by  Prof.  H.  G.  Clark),  and  in  Lilium  (as  shown  by  Dr.  Chap- 
man), Hemerocallis,  &c.  Other  distinctions  having  also  given  way,  it  becomes 
apparent  that  Smilaceae  and  Melanthacea?  will  hereafter  be  merged  in  the  great 
order  Liliacese. 

P.  488. 

4.  Xyris  tdrta,  Smith.  Scape  terete  and  one-edged,  slender,  9' -20' 
high,  from  a  bulbous  base,  and  with  the  linear-filiform  rigid  leaves  becoming 
spirally  twisted ;  lateral  sepals  winged  on  the  keel  and  fringed  above  the  mid- 
dle.—  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  (near  Batsto,  D.  C.  Eaton)  and  in  the  S. 
States  ;  in  dry  sand. 

P.  497. 

10.  Eleocliaris  compressa,  Sulliv.  This  is  common  in  Illinois  and 
westward,  in  a  taller  form,  with  elongated  and  many-flowered  spikes  (£'-f 
long) :  the  style  is  2-cleft,  the  achenium  when  well  formed  is  smooth,  or  nearly  so, 
with  a  rather  large  tubercle ;  the  hypogynous  bristles  generally  present,  shorter 
than  or  surpassing  the  achenium,  and  retrorsely  barbed.  The  species  should 
stand  after  no.  6. 

P.  498,  500. 

IV  Scirpus  pancifl6nis,  Lightfoot.  Culms  striate-angled,  3'  -  9'  high  ; 
the  sheaths  leafless  ;  spike  ovate,  chestnut-colored ;  glumes  nearly  2-ranked, 
blunt,  the  lower  and  larger  ones  not  equalling  the  uppermost ;  bristles  3  -  6,  re- 
trorsely barbed,  about  the  length  of  the  conspicuously  beak-pointed  triangular 
achenium.  —  Watertown,  near  Lake  Ontario,  New  York,  Dr.  Crawe  (mistaken 
for  S.  planifolius)  ;  Point  de  Tour,  Lake  Michigan  (State  coll.)  ;  Ringwood,  N. 
Illinois,  on  the  borders  of  a  pond,  Dr.  G.  Vasey.  Also  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
This  and  Eleocharis  no.  7,  with  other  species,  serve  to  combine  Eleochans 
vith  Scirpus.  (Eu.) 


BOTANY    OF    THE    NORTHERN    UNITED    STATES.  XC^X 

8a.  S.  (Isdlepis)  Hallii,  n.  sp.  Like  S.  debilis  in  general  appearance, 
but  stems  more  slender  (5'- 12' high),  sometimes  1-leaved  above  the  middle; 
spikes  1  -5,  ovate-fusiform,  becoming  cylindrical  (4"  or  5"  long,  hardly  1^" 
thick),  some  of  them  occasionally  short-stalked  ;  scales  ovate,  the  greenish  cen- 
tre strongly  keeled,  sharp-pointed  ;  stamens  2  ;  bristles  none ;  achcnium  strongly 
rugose  transversely,  plano-convex  or  (especially  in  Texan  specimens,  coll.  C. 
Wriyht)  triangular.  —  Along  ponds,  Mason  Co.,  Illinois,  with  S.  debilis,  E. 
Hall,  and  near  St.  Louis,  Dr.  Engelmann,  and  southwestward.  Varies,  like 
no.  8,  with  a  2-cleft  or  3-cleft  style.  I  refer  it  to  Scirpus,  as  the  Scirpeous  genera 
will  probably  have  to  be  reduced. 

P.  519. 

32\  Carex  Norvegica,  Schk.  Pale;  stem  1°  or  less  high,  angled; 
spikes  2  -  5,  rather  approximate,  oblong,  short-bracted,  with  a  few  staminate 
flowers  at  their  base,  or  the  terminal  one  all  staminate ;  perigynia  oval  or  ob- 
long, lenticular,  many-nerved,  with  a  short  entire  beak,  equalling  the  obtuse 
scale.  —  Salt  Marsh,  Wells,  Maine,  Rev.  J.  Blake.  (Eu.) 
P.  519. 

53a.  C.  rariflora,  Smith.  Resembles  C.  limosa  (of  which  it  was  formerly 
thought  to  be  a  variety),  but  smaller,  4' -9'  high;  the  leaves  flatter  and  rather 
broader  ;  pistillate  spikes  with  only  5  —  10  flowers,  which  are  usually  less  crowded  ; 
perigynia  very  short-pointed  or  bluntish,  rather  shorter  than  and  involved  in  the 
broadly-ovate  blackish  scale.  —  Mt.  Katahdin,  Maine  (G.  L.  Goodale),  aud 
northward.  (Eu.) 

P.  530. 

106a.  C.  pallldosa,  Good.  More  slender,  spikes  smaller  and  leaves 
narrower  than  in  no.  107  ;  perigynia  ovate,  very  strongly  nerved,  smooth,  with 
a  2-toothed  orifice,  about  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  awned  scale.  — Border  of  a 
salt  marsh  at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  near  Savin  Hill,  W.  Boott.  (Nat.  from  Eu.  ?) 

P.  534. 

130a.  C,  Oliieyi,  Boott.  Near  C.  bullata,  but  with  stouter  stems,  broader 
leaves,  and  more  numerous  (4  -  6,  usually  5)  spikes,  the  fertile  ones  longer  and 
narrower  (so  as  to  appear  more  like  those  of  C.  vesicaria),  more  approximate, 
the  perigynia  smaller,  and  with  a  shorter  beak.  —  In  swamps,  Rhode  Island, 
Olney. 
P.  541. 

CRYPSIS  SCHOENOIDES,  Lam.  (See  Plate  1.)  A  dwarf  grass,  with  decumbent 
branched  culms,  short  and  rather  rigid  pointed  leaves,  and  somewhat  inflated 
sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat,  the  uppermost  partly  enclosing  the  condensed  spike- 
like  panicle  ;  the  structure  of  the  spikelets  nearly  as  in  Vilfa.  (C.  Virginica, 
Nutt.)  —  Streets  of  Philadelphia  and  vicinity.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

542. 

2*.  Vilfa  Clispidata,  Torr.  Root  perennial ;  culms  and  leaves  more 
slender  than  in  no.  2 ;  panicle  exserted,  very  simple  and  narrow ;  spikelets 


C  ADDENDA    TO    THE 

smaller,  the  glumes  very  acute,  and  the  lower  palea  cuspidate. — Borders  of 
Maine  (on  the  St.  John's  River,  G.  L.  Goodtle),  and  northwestward. 

T.  547. 

la.  CalamaKrostis  ffjSiiigsdorflii,  Trin.     Resembles  no.  1,  but  the 

spikelets  are  larger,  the  oblong-ianceolate  taper-pointed  glumes  2^"  to  3"  long, 
and  more  strigose- scabrous  ;  the  awn  stouter.  This  and  C.  Canadensis  are  the 
only  species  in  this  country  which  have  the  panicle  loose  and  open  after  flowering. 
—  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  (W.  Boott)  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

lb.  C.  Stricta,  Trin.  Panicle  glomerate  and  lobed,  strict,  its  branches 
erect  or  appresscd  after  flowering;  glumes  l^"-2"  long,  ovate-oblong,  not 
acuminate  ;  hairs  scarcely  or  little  shorter  than  the  flower,  and  as  long  as  those 
of  the  rudiment;  awn  straight,  from  the  middle  of  the  thin  palea  or  lower,  and 
barely  exceeding  it;  leaves  narrow,  soon  involute.  —  Ledges  at  Willoughby 
Lake,  Vermont  (  W,  Boott),  and  northward.  (Eu). 

3.  C.  Ityutfallifaiia,  Stcud.  This  name  must  take  the  place  of  C.  coarc- 
tata,  Ybrr.,  as  there  is  an  older  one  of  the  latter  name  in  South  America. 

3a.  C.  Portcri,  Gray,  Proceed.  Amer.  Acad.  6,  p.  79.  Panicle  long  and 
narrow,  with  the  branches  appressed  ;  glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  pale,  2"  to  2}," 
long;  hairs  of  the  flower  and  of  the  short  rudiment  scanty,  and  both  reaching 
about  to  the  middle  of  the  flower  behind  the  upper  palea,  but  very  short  or  none 
at  the  base  of  the  firm-membraceous  lower  palea,  which  bears  near  its  base  a 
twisted  awn  of  its  own  length  ;  stem  2°  -4°  high  ;  leaves  flat,  hearing  a  woolly- 
bearded  ring  at  the  junction  with  the  sheath.  —  Dry  woods,  Pulpit  Rocks  and 
vicinity,  Huntingdon  Co.,  Pennsylvania,  Prof.  T.  C.  Porter. 

P.  556. 

{•raplif  pSiorum  Iliclicoilles,  Bcauv.,  is  to  replace  Dupontia  Coo- 
ley!.  See  Gray  in  Ann.  Bot.  Soc.  Canad.,  and  Proceed.  Amer.  Acad.  5,  p.  190. 

P.  565. 

1\  FKSTUCA  MYtinus,  L.  Panicle  narrow  and  simple,  one-sided  (2'  to  6' 
long),  strict;  spikelets  about  5-flowcred  ;  lower  glume  setaceous;  flowers  awl- 
sliapvd,  rough,  long-awned,  the  awn  longer  than  the  palea;  leaves  as  in  no.  2. 
Annual,  6'-  12'  high.  —  Pine-harrens  of  New  Jersey,  and  Delaware  Co.,  Penn. 
(  \\r.  M~.  Caul/I/),  and  southward.  (Nat  from  Eu.) 
P.  569. 

1.  Traticum  rcpens,  L. :  add  var.  JTJNCKUM,  Bcnth.   (T.  jnnceum,  L.) 
A  marked   maritime  variety,  glaucous,  rigid,  awnloss  ;  the  glumes  obtuse;  the 
leaves  involute  and  sharp-pointed. — Cape  Elizabeth,  Maine,  Prof.  Tuckerman. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.  ?  ) 

P.  572. 

2.  DailtliOlfiia  serScea,  Nutt.      Larger  than  no.  1  ;  culms  not  tufted  , 
leaves  broader;  glumes  thm-  quarters  of  an  inch  long;  lower  palea  densely  vil- 
lous  with  long  silky-white  hairs.  —  Pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey,  near  Philadel- 
phia (C.  /v.  Smith),  and  southward. 


BOTANY    OF    TIIE    NORTHERN    UNITED    STATES.  Cl 

P.  573. 


(rather  than  Arena)  CARYOPHYLLEA,  L.,  —resembling  A.  praecox,but 
taller,  and  with  a  very  diffuse  panicle  of  purplish  and  at  length  silvery  scarious 
spikelets,  —  was  detected  in  abandoned  fields  reverting  to  forest,  near  Newcastle, 
Delaware,  by  Wm.  M.  Canby.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

P.  576. 

la.  Paspalunt  Walteriaiium,  Schult.  Spikes  few  (3-7),  the 
lowest  scarcely  emerging  from  the  sheath,  the  membranaceous  rhachis  blunt 
and  not  projecting;  spikelets  glabrous.  —  Delaware  (E.  Tatnall,  Wm.  M.  Canby) 
and  southward,  in  very  wet  places. 

P.  586. 

5a.  Eqtlisetuttl  palustre,  L.  Stems  6'-  18'  high,  much  more  slender 
than  those  of  no.  5,  and  with  numerous  branches,  roughish,  with  only  5-9  broad 
and  deep  grooves  separated  by  prominent  narrow  ridges  ;  sheaths  with  as  many 
elongated  lance-subulate  teeth,  pale.  —  In  wet  places,  Buffalo,  New  York  (G. 
W-  Clinton),  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

P.  592. 

3.  Clieilanthcs  lamigindsa,  Nutt.  in  herb.  Hook.  Stalks  slender, 
at  first  hairy,  black  or  brown,  shining  ;  fronds  (3'  -8'  high)  delicate,  lanceolate 
in  outline,  woolly  with  soft  whitish  hairs,  becoming  smoother  above,  3-pinnate  ; 
pinnae  ovate,  the  lower  ones  distant  ;  pinnules  crenately  pinnatifid,  or  mostly 
divided  into  minute  roundish  segments,  the  herbaceous  margin  recurved,  forming 
an  almost  continuous  involucre.  (C.  vcstita,  Hook,  &c.  C.  gracilis,  Metten.)  — 
In  dense  tufts  on  dry  rocks  and  cliffs,  Wisconsin  (  T.  J.  Hale),  Iowa,  and  west- 
ward. —  Ultimate  pinnules  exceedingly  small  and  crowded. 

»606.  3.     MARSILEA,  L. 

Submersed  or  emersed  aquatic  plants,  with  slender  creeping  rootstocks,  send- 
ing up  elongated  petioles,  which  bear  at  their  apex  a  whorl  of  4  nervose-veined 
leaflets,  and  at  or  near  their  base,  or  sometimes  on  the  rootstock,  one  or  more 
globular  but  somewhat  excentric  sporocarps.  These  sporocarps  or  fruit  are  2- 
cclled  vertically,  and  with  many  transverse  partitions,  and  split  or  burst  into  2 
lobes  at  maturity.  On  the  partitions  are  inserted  numerous  short-stalked  spo- 
rangia, of  two  sorts  intermixed  ;  the  larger  ones  containing  a  single  oval  or  ob- 
long spore,  the  smaller  containing  many  very  minute  spores. 

1.  ITI.  qiiadrifoBia,  L.     Leaflets  broadly  obovate-cuneate,  glabrous;  spo- 
rocarps usually  2  or  3  on  a  short  peduncle  from  near  the  base  of  the  petioles, 
pedicelled,  glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy.  —  In  water,  the  leaflets  commonly  float- 
ing on  the  suiface,  Bantam  Lake,  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  Dr.  T.  F.  Allen.     The 
only  known  habitat  in  America  !     (Eu.) 

2.  ITI.  vestita,  Hook  and  Grev.,  with  hairy  leaflets  and  villous  short-stalked 
or  sessile  sporocarps,  will  doubtless  be  found  in  the  western  part  of  Wisconsin. 


BOTANY 


OF    THB 


NORTHERN   UNITED    STATES 


SERIES   I. 

PH^ENOGAMOUS  on  FLOWERING   PLANTS. 

VEGETABLES  bearing  proper  flowers,  that  is,  having  sta- 
mens and  pistils,  and  producing  seeds,  which  contain  an 
embryo. 

CLA^     I.     DICOTYLEDONOUS    OR    EXOGE 
NOUS    PLANTS. 

Sterns  formed  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith  ;  the  wood  form- 
ing a  layer  between  the  other  two,  increasing,  when  the 
stem  continues  from  year  to  year,  by  the  annual  addition 
of  a  new  layer  to  the  outside,  next  the  bark.  Leaves  net- 
ted-veined.  Embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons, 
or  rarely  several  in  a  whorl.  Flowers  having  their  parts 
usually  in  fivea  or  fours. 

SUBCLASS  I.     ANGIOSPERIVLE. 

Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary,  which  contains  the  ovules  and 
forms  the  fruit.     Cotyledons  only  two. 
1 


2  RANUNCULACEJE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

*   DIVISION  I.    POLYP^TALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  double,  that  is,  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  co- 
rolla ;  the  petals  not  united  with  each  other.* 

ORDER  1.     RANUNCUL,lCE^E.     (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (or  woody  vines)  with  a  col&rless  acrid  juice,  polypetalous,  or  ape'a- 
lous  with  the  calyx  often  colored  like  a  corolla,  hypogynous ;  the  sepals,  jietals, 
numerous  stamens,  and  many  or  few  (rarely  single)  pistils  all  distinct  and 
unconnected.  —  Flowers  regular  or  irregular.  Sepals  3-15.  Petals  3- 
15,  or  wanting.  Stamens  indefinite,  rarely  few:  anthers  short  Fruits 
either  dry  pods,  or  seed-like  (achenia),  or  berries,  1  -  several-seeded. 
Seeds  anatropous,  with  fleshy  albumen  and  a  minute  embryo.  —  Stipules 
none.  Leaves  mostly  dissected,  their  stalks  dilated  at  the  base.  (A  large 
family,  mostly  of  acrid  plants,  some  of  them  acrid-narcotic  poisons.) 

Synopsis  of  the   Genera. 

TRIBE  I.  CL.EMATIDE.ffi.  Sepals  valvate  In  the  bud,  or  with  the  edges  bent  inwards 
Petals  none,  or  small  and  stamen-like.  Achenia  numerous,  tailed  with  the  feathery  or 
hairy  styles.  Seed  solitary,  suspended.  —  Vines :  leaves  all  opposite. 

1    ATRAGENE.    Petals  several,  small,  and  resembling  sterile  stamens. 

2.  CLEMATIS.    Petals  none. 

TRIBE  H.  ANEMONE.3E.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  none,  or  very  small 
and  stamen-like.  Achenia  numerous  or  several.  Seed  solitary.  —  Stem-leaves  often  op- 
posite or  whorled,  forming  an  involucre. 

#  Seed  suspended. 

S    PULSATILLA.    Achenia  bearing  long  plumose  tails.     Petals  resembling  sterile  stamens. 
4.  ANEMONE.    Achenia  merely  pointed,  numerous,  not  ribbed  nor  inflated.     Involucre  re- 
mote from  the  flower,  and  resembling  the  other  leaves. 

6.  IIEPATICA.    Acheuia  several,  not  ribbed.    Involucre  close  to  the  flower,  of  3  simple  leaves, 
and  resembling  a  calyx 

6.  TIIAL1CTRUM.     Achenia  4  - 10,  ribbed,  grooved,  or  inflated.    Involucre  none,  or  leaf-like. 

#  *  Seed  erect. 

7.  TUAUTVETTERIA.     Achenia  inflated  and  4-angled.    Involucre  none. 

TRIBE  III.  RAlVIT]VCUL.EjE.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  evident,  often 
with  a  scale  or  pore  inside.  Achenia  numerous.  Seed  soli Uiry. 

8.  RANUNCULUS.    Sepals  not  appendaged.    Achenia  in  a  head.     Seed  erect. 

9.  MYOSURUS.    Sepals  spurred  at  the  base.    Achenia  in  a  long  spike.    Seed  suspended. 

TRIBE  IV.  HEL,L,EBOKI]XEJE.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous,  rarely 
persistent,  petal-like.  Petals  (nectaries  of  the  earlier  botanists)  tubular,  irregular,  or 
2-lipped,  often  none.  Pods  (follicles)  few,  rarely  single,  few -Be feral-seeded.  —  Leave* 
all  alternate. 

*  Flower  regular.    Pods  several -seeded.    Herbs. 

10.  ISOPYRUM.    Petals  none  (in  our  species).     Pods  few.    Leaves  compound. 

11.  CALTHA.    Petals  none.     Pods  several.    Leaves  kidney-shaped. 

*  In  many  exceptional  canes  some  species  or  some  genera  belonging  to  polypetalous  order! 
are  destitute  of  petals ,  as  Clematis,  Anemone,  our  iBOpyrum,  and  other  plants  of  the  Crow 
foot  Family. 


RANUNCULACEJE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  8 

1>.  TROLLIUS.  Petals  many,  minute  and  stamen-like,  h  jllowed  near  the  base  Pods  8  - 16, 
sessile.  Leaves  divided. 

18.  COPT1S.  Petals  5-6,  small,  hollowed  at  the  apex.  Tods  3-7,  long-stalked.  Sepals  decid- 
uous. Leaves  divided. 

14.  I1ELLEBORUS.    Petals  8  - 10,  small,  tubular,  2-lipped.    Pods  several,  sessile.    Sepala  6 

persistent,  turning  green  with  age. 

15.  AQUILEGIA.     Petals  5,  spur-shaped,  longer  than  the  5  deciduous  sepals.    Pods  5. 

*  *  Flower  unsymmetrical  and  irregular.    Pods  several-seeded. 

16.  DELPHINIUM.     Upper  sepal  spurred.     Petals  4,  of  two  forms  ;  the  upper  pair  with  long 

spurs,  enclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx. 

17.  ACONITUM.    Upper  sepal  hooded,  covering  the  2  long-clawed  petals. 

*  *  *  Flower  symmetrical.     Pods  ripening  only  one  seed.    Shrubby. 

18.  ZANTIIORHIZA.     Petals  5,  small,  2-lobed,  with  claws.     Stamens  5-10.   Flowers  in  droop. 

ing  compound  racemes,  polygamous. 

TRIBE  V.  CIMICIFUGE^E.  Sepals  imbricated,  falling  off  as  the  flower  opens.  Petals 
small  and  flat,  or  none.  Pistils  1  -  several.  Fruit  a  2  -  several-seeded  pod  or  berry. 
Leaves  all  alternate. 

19.  HYDJIASTIS.     Flower  solitary.    Pistils  several  in  a  head,  becoming  berries  in  fruit,  2- 

seeded.    Leaves  simple,  lobed.    Petals  none. 
90.  ACT^EA.    Flowers  in  a  single  short  raceme.    Pistil  single,  forming  a  many-seeded  berry. 

Leaves  2  -  3-ternately  compound.     Petals  manifest. 
21.  C1MIOIFUGA.    Flowers  in  long  spiked  racemes.    Pistils  1-8,  in  fruit  forming  dry  seYend- 

seeded  pods.    Leaves  2  -  3-ternately  compound. 

1.   ATRAGENE,    L.        ATRAGENE. 

Sepals  4,  colored,  their  valvate  margins  slightly  turned  inwards  in  the  bud. 
Petals  several,  much  smaller  than  the  sepals,  passing  gradually  into  stamens. 
Achcnia  numerous  in  a  head,  bearing  the  persistent  styles  in  the  form  of  long 
plumose  tails. — Perennial  vines,  climbing  by  the  leafstalks  ;  stems  a  little 
woody.  Buds  scaly.  Leaves  opposite,  compound.  Peduncles  1 -flowered.  (A 
name  of  obscure  derivation,  given  to  a  climbing  plant  by  Thcophrastus.) 

1.  A.  Americana,  Sims.  (AMERICAN  ATRAGENE.)  Leaflets  stalked, 
ovate,  pointed,  entire  or  a  little  toothed,  sometimes  slightly  heart-shaped.  ( Clem- 
atis verticiilaris,  DC.)  —  Shady  rocky  hills,  Maine  and  Western  N.  England  to 
Wisconsin,  Pennsylvania,  and  mountains  of  Virginia.  April,  May.  —  From 
each  of  the  opposite  buds  in  spring  arise  two  termite  leaves  with  long-stalked 
leaflets,  and  a  peduncle  which  bears  a  bluish-purple  flower,  2-3  inches  across. 

2.   CLEMATIS,    L.        VIRGIN'S-BOWER. 

Sepals  4,  colored,  the  valvate  margins  turned  inwards  in  the  bu-1.  Petals 
none.  Achenia  numerous  in  a  head,  bearing  the  persistent  styles  as  miked, 
hairy,  or  plumose  tails.  —  Perennial  herbs  or  vines,  a  little  woody,  and  climbing 
by  the  twisting  of  the  leafstalks.  Leaves  opposite  (KX^/ian's,  a  name  of  Di- 
oscorides  for  a  climbing  plant  with  long  and  lithe  brarches.) 
*  Peduncles  bearing  single  large  nodding  flowers :  calyx  leathery:  anthers  hneai. 

•*-  Stem  erect  and  mostly  simple :  calyx  silky  outside. 

1.  C,  ochrolciica,  Ait.  Leaves  simple  and  entire,  ovate,  almost  sessile, 
•ilky  beneath,  reticulated  and  soon  smooth  above;  tails  of  the  fruit  verv  plu- 


4  RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILT.) 

raose.  —  Copses  near  Brooklyn,  New  York  ;  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia     rare 
May.  — A  foot  high.     Calyx  yellowish  within. 
•*-•«-  Stems  climbing :  leaves  pinnate :  calyx  (and  foliage)  glabrous  or  puberulent. 

2.  C.   VHM  iia,  L.     (LEATHKK-FLOWER.)     Calyx   ovate   and   at  length 
bell-shaped  ;  the  purplish  sejKils  very  thick  and  leathery,  with  abrupt  edges,  tipped 
with  short  recurved  points ;  the  long  tails  of  the  fruit  very  plumose;  leaflets  3-7, 
ovate  or  oblong,  sometimes  slightly  cordate,  2- 3-lobcd  or  entire;  uppermost 
leaves  often  simple.  —  Rich  soil,  Penn.,  Ohio,  and  southward.     May -Aug. 

3.  C.  Pftclierl,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Calyx  bell-shaped;   the  dull  purplish 
tepals  with  narrow  and  slightly  margined  recurved  points;  tails  of  the  fruit  filiform 
and  barely  pubescent ;  leaflets  3-9,  ovate  or  somewhat  cordate,  entire  or  3-lobed, 
much  reticulated ;  uppermost  leaves  often  simple.  —  Illinois,  on  the  Mississippi, 
and  southward.     June. 

4.  C.  cylindrical,  Sims.     Calyx  cylindraceous  below,  the  upper  half  of 
the  bluish-purple  sejxils  dilated  and  widely  spreading,  with  broad  and  waiy  thin 
maryins ;  tails  of  the  fruit  silky;  leaflets  5-9,  thin,  varying  from  oblong-ovate 
to  lanceolate,  entire  or  3  — 5-parted.  —  Virginia  near  Norfolk,  and  southward. 
May  -  Aug. 

*  *  Flowers  in  panic! ed  clusters :  sepals  thin :  anthers  oblonq. 

5.  C.  Virgiiiiana,  L.    (COMMON  VIRGIN'S-BOWER.)    Smooth ;  leaves 
oearing  3  ovate  acute  leaflets,  which  are  cut  or  lobcd,  and  somewhat  heart-shaped 
at  the  base;  tails  of  the  fruit  plumose.  —  River-banks,  £c.,  common;  climbing 
over  shrubs.     July,  August.  —  The  axillary  peduncles  bear  clusters  of  numerous 
white  flowers  (sepals  obovate,  spreading),  which  are  polygamous  or  dioecious ; 
the  fertile  are  succeeded  in  autumn  by  the  conspicuous  feathery  tails  of  the  fruit. 

3.  PUL.SATIJLL.A,     Tourn.        PASQUE-FLOWER. 

Sepals  4-6,  colored.  Petals  none,  or  like  abortive  gland-like  stamens. 
Achenia  with  long  feathery  tails.  Otherwise  as  Anemone ;  from  which  the 
genus  does  not  sufficiently  differ.  (Derivation  obscure.  The  popular  name 
was  given  because  the  plant  is  in  blossom  at  Easter.) 

1.  P.  IV 11  Ha  I  lift  11:1.  Villous  with  long  silky  hairs  ;  flower  erect,  devel- 
oped before  the  leaves ;  which  are  ternately  divided,  the  lateral  divisions  2-part- 
ed,  the  middle  one  stalked  and  3-partcd,  the  segments  deeply  once  or  twice  cleft 
into  narrowly  linear  and  acute  lobes  ;  lobes  of  tbe  involucre  like  those  of  the 
leaves,  at  the  base  all  united  into  a  shallow  cup;  sepals  5  —  7,  purplish,  spread- 
ing. (P.  patens,  ed.  1.  Anemone  patens,  Hook,  frc.  not  of  L.  A.  Nuttal liana, 
DC.  A.  Ludoviciana,  Nutt.) — Prairies,  Wisconsin  (Lapham)  and  westward. 
April.  —  A  span  high.  Sepals  !'-!£'  long.  Tails  of  the  fruit  2' long.  More 
like  P.  vulgaris  than  P.  patens  of  Europe. 

4.  AAENI6NE,     L.        ANEMONE.    WIND-FLOWER. 

JSepals  5-15,  petal-like.  Petals  none.  Achenia  short-beaked  or  blunt.  Seed 
responded. — Perennial  herbs  with  radical  leaves;  those  of  the  stem  2  or  3  to- 


RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  5 

gether,  opposite  or  whorled,  and  forming  an  involucre  remote  from  the  flower. 
(Name  from  ai/e/*os,  the  wind,  because  the  flower  was  thought  to  open  only  when 
the  wind  blows.)  See  Addend. 

*  Pistils  many,  crowded  in  a  very  dense  head,  clothed  with  long  matted  wool  in  fruit: 
sepals  downy  or  silky  underneath. 

1.  A.  pawiflora,  Michx.    (SMALL  ANEMONE.)    Somewhat  pubescent ; 
stem  slender  and  simple,  one-flowered;  leaves  roundish,  3-parted,  their  divisions 
wedye-shaped,  crenate-lobed  ;  involucre  of  2  almost  sessile  leaves ;  sepals  6,  oval, 
whitish;  head  of  fruit  globular.  —  Lake   Superior;   thence   northward.     Plant 
2' -12'  high. 

2.  A.  millfifida,  DC.     (MANY-CLEFT  ANEMONE.)     Silky-hairy;  prin- 
cipal involucre  2-3-lcaved,  bearing  one  naked  and  one  or  two  2-leaved  pedun- 
cles ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  short-petioled,  similar  to  the  root-leaves,  twice  or 
thrice  3-parted  and  cleft,  their  divisions  linear ;  sepals  5-8,  obtuse,  red,  sometimes 
greenish-yellow  or  whitish;  head  of  fruit  spherical  or  oval.  —  Rocks,  Western 
Vermont  and  Northern  New  York,  Lake  Superior,  &c. :  rare.    June. —  Plant 
6' -12'  high  ;  sepals  ^'  long. 

3.  A.    cyliiidrica,    Gray.      (LONG-FRUITED    ANEMONE.)      Slender, 
clothed  with  silky  hairs;  flowers  2-6,  on  very  long  and  upright  naked  pedun- 
cles ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  long-petioled,  twice  or  thrice  as  many  as  the  flower- 
sralks,  3-divided ;  their  divisions  wedge-shaped,  the  lateral  2-parted,  the  middle 
one  3-cleft ;  lobes  cut  and  toothed  at  the  apex ;  sepals  5,  obtuse,  greenish-white ; 
head  of  fruit  cylindrical  (!'  long).  —  Sandy  or  dry  woods,  Massachusetts  and 
Rhode  Island  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois.     May.  —  Plant  l°-2°  high.     Pedun- 
cles 7' -12'  long,  all  appearing  together  from  the  same  involucre,  and  naked 
throughout,  or  sometimes  part  of  them  with  involucels,  as  in  No.  4. 

4.  A.  Virginmiia,  L.    (TALL  ANEMONE.)    Hairy;  principal  involucre 
3-leaved ;  the  leaves  long-petioled,  3-parted ;  their  divisions  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed, 
cut-serrate,  the  lateral  2-parted,  the  middle  3-clcft;  peduncles  elongated,  th<? 
earliest  naked,  the  others  with  a  2-leavcd  involucel  at  the  middle ;  sepals  5,  acute. 
greenish  (in  one  variety  white  and  obtuse) ;  head  of  fruit  oval  or  oblonrj.  —  Woods 
and  meadows;  common.    June -August.  —  Plant  2° -3°  high;  the  upright  pe 
duncles  6' -12'  long.     In  this  and  the  next  species  the  first  flower-stalk  is  leaf 
less; 'but  from  the  same  involucre  soon  proceed  one  or  two  lateral  ones,  which 
are  2-leaved  at  the  middle ;  these  partial  involucres  in  turn  giving  rise  to  similai 
peduncles,  thus  producing  a  succession  of  flowers  through  the  whole  summer. 

*  *  Pistils  fewer,  in  a  rather  loose  head,  hairy  or  pubescent. 

5.  A.  Pennsylvailica,    L.     (PENNSYLVANIAN  ANEMONE.)     Hairy, 
involucres  (or  stem-leaves)  sessile;  the  primary  ones  3-leaved,  bearing  a  naked 
peduncle,  and  soon  a  pair  of  branches  or  peduncles  with  a  2-leaved  involucre 
at  the  middle,  which  branch  similarly  in  turn ;  leaves  broadly  wedge-shaped,  3- 
cleft,  cut  and  toothed ;  radical  leaves  5-7-parted  or  cleft ;  sepals  obovate,  white ; 
head  of  fruit  spherical;  the  carpels  flat,  orbicular,  hairy.  —  W.  New  England 
to  Ohio  and  Wisconsin.    June -Aug.  —  Plant  rather  hairy,  6'  high  when  it  be- 
gins to  blossom,  but  continuing  to  produce  branches,  each  terminated  by  H  naked 

K uncle,  through  the  summer;  flowers  \\'  broad,  handsome. 
" 


6  RANUMCULACEJE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

6.  A.  neinorosa,    L.     (WIND-FLOWER.     WOOD    ANEMONH  )     Low, 

smoothish;  stem  perfectly  simple ;  flower  single  on  a  naked  peduncle  ;  leaves  of 
the  involucre  3,  long-petioled,  3-divided,  toothed  and  cut ;  the  lateral  divisions 
often (var.  QUINQUEFOLIA)  2-parted;  radical  leaf  single;  sepals  4-7,  oval,  white, 
sometimes  tinged  with  purple  outside;  carpels  only  15-20,  oblong,  with  a 
hooked  beak.  —  Margin  of  woods.  April,  May.  —  A  delicate  and  pretty  vernal 
species;  the  spreading  flower  1'  broad.  (Eu.) 

5.  HEPATICA,    Dill.    LIVER-LEAF.    HEPATICA. 

Involucre  simple  and  3-leaved,  very  close  to  the  flower,  so  as  to  resemble  a 
calyx  ;  otherwise  as  in  Anemone  (of  which  this  genus  may  be  viewed  as  only  a 
section).  —  Leaves  all  radical,  heart-shaped  and  3-lobed,  thickish  and  persistent 
through  the  winter,  the  new  ones  appearing  later  than  the  flowers.  Flowers 
single,  on  hairy  scapes.  (Name  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  the  liver  in  the 
shape  of  the  leaves.) 

1.  H»   trilobn,    Chaix.     (ROUND-LOBED  HEPATICA.)    Leaves  with  3 
ovate  obtuse  or  rounded  lobes  ;  those  of  the  involucre  also  obtuse.  —  Woods  ; 
common;  flowering  soon  after  the  snow  leaves  the  ground  in  spring.     Sepals 
6-9,  blue,  purplish,  or  nearly  white.    Achenia  several,  in  a  small  loose  head, 
ovate-oblong,  pointed,  hairy.      Lobes  of  the  leaves   usually  very  obtuse,  or 
rounded.     (Eu.) 

2.  H.  acutiloba,   DC.     (SHARP-LOBED   HEPATICA.)    Leaves  with  3 
ovate  and  pointed  lobes,  or  sometimes  5-lobed  ;  those  of  the  involucre  acute  or 
acutish. —  Woods,  Vennont  and  New  York  to  Wisconsin.     Sepals  7-12,  pale 
purple,  pink,  or  nearly  white.    Perhaps  runs  into  No.  1. 

6.  TIIAL.I CTRUJJI,   Toura.        MEADOW-RUE. 

Sepals  4  or  more,  petal-like  or  greenish.  Petals  none.  Arhenia  4-15,  tipped 
by  the  stigma  or  short  style,  grooved  or  ribbed,  or  else  inflated.  Seed  suspend- 
ed.—  Perennials,  with  2-3-ternately  compound  leaves,  the  divisions  and  the 
leaflets  stalked.  Flowers  in  corymbs  or  panicles,  often  polygamous.  (Deriva- 
tion obscure.) 

*  Stem-leaves  forming  an  involucre  at  the  summit,  as  in  Anemone:  root  tuberous* 

tliickened  and  clustered:  Jlowers  perfect :  fruits  sessile,  grooved. 
1.  T.  aneinonoides,  Michx.  (RUE-ANEMONE.)  Low;  root-leaves 
twice  or  thrice  3-divided ;  the  leaflets  and  the  long-stalked  leaflets  of  the  invo- 
lucre obtusely  3-lobcd  at  the  apex ;  flowers  few  in  a  simple  umbel.  (Anemone 
thalictroidcs,  L.,  Bigel.)  —  Woods:  common.  April,  May.  —  A  pretty  plant, 
more  like  Anemone  than  Thalictrum  in  aspect.  The  stem  bears  2  or  3  leaves 
•t  the  very  summit,  like  those  from  the  root,  but  without  the  common  petiole, 
BO  that  they  seem  like  a  whorl  of  long-stalked  simple  leaves.  Sepals  5-10, 
half  an  inch  long,  not  falling  off  before  the  stamens,  white,  or  tinged  with  pink. 
Pistils  several  in  a  little  head,  tipped  with  a  flat  stigma, 
if  *  Stem-leaves  scattered,  3  - 4  times  compound:  root  fibrous :  Jlowers  dioecious  ot 


RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.;  7 

polygamous :  sepals  4  —  5,  falling  away  early :  fruits  sessile,  tipped  with  long  stig- 
mas, ribbed-anqled. 

2.  T.  dioicillfil,  L.     (EARLY  MEADOW-RUE.)     Leaves  all  with  general 
petioles;  leaflets  rounded  and  5-7-lobed;  flowers  in  compound  panicles,  green- 
ish. —  Rocky  woods  and  hill-sides  :  common  northward.     April,  May.  —  A  foot 
or  so  high,  with  very  pale  and  delicate  foliage,  and  slender  yellowish  anthers  on 
capillary  filaments. 

3.  T.  Cornwti,   L.     (MEADOW-RUE.)     Stem-leaves  without  general  peti- 
oles ;  leaflets  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lobes  acutish  ;  flowers  in  very  compound 
large   panicles,  white.  —  Meadows   and   along  streams.     June,  July.  —  Stem 
30-90  high,  furrowed.    Leaves  whitish  and  glandular,  or  downy  beneath.   Fila- 
ments slightly  club-shaped ;  anthers  oblong. 

7.     TRATJTVETTERIA,     Fischer  &  Meyer.        FALSE  BUGBANB. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  concave,  petal-like,  very  caducous.  Petals  none.  Achenia 
numerous,  in  a  head,  mcmbranaceous,  compressed-4-anglcd  and  inflated.  Seed 
erect.  —  A  perennial  herb,  with  palmately-lobed  leaves,  all  alternate,  and  corym- 
bose (white)  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Prof.  Trautvctter,  a  Russian  botanist.) 

1.  T.    pa  E  911  at  a,    Fischer    &    Meyer.     (Cimicifuga    palmata,    Michx.) 
Woods,  along  streams,  Virginia  and  Kentucky  along  the  mountains  :  also  spar- 
ingly in  Ohio  and  Illinois.     July,  Aug.  —  Root-leaves  large,  5  -  9-lobcd  ;  the 
lobes  toothed  and  cut.     Stems  2° -3°  high. 

8.    RAWil]VCUL,U§,    L.        CROWFOOT.    BUTTERCUP. 

Sepals  5'.  Petals  5,  flat,  with  a  little  pit  or  scale  at  the  base  inside.  Ache- 
nia numerous,  in  a  head,  mostly  flattened,  pointed  ;  the  seed  erect.  —  Annuals 
or  perennials  :  stem-leaves  alternate.  Flowers  solitary  or  somewhat  corymbcd, 
yellow,  rarely  white.  (Sepals  and  petals  rarely  only  3,  the  latter  often  more 
than  5.  Stamens  occasionally  few  in  number.)  —  (A  Latin  name  for  a  little 
frog ;  also  applied  by  Pliny  to  these  plants,  the  aquatic  species  growing  where 
those  animals  abound.) 

Kl.  BATRACHIUM,  DC.  —  Petals  with  a  pore  or  nakal  pit  at  the  base,  white, 
the  claw  yellow:  achenia  tun/id,  i.ansversely  wrinkled:  aquatic  perennials,  with 
fte  immersed  foliage  dissected  into  capillary  lobes. 
1.  R.  aqiuitilis,  L.,  var.  divaricatus.     (WHITE   WATER-CROW- 
>OT.)     Floating;  leaves  all  immersed  and  similar,  comnoundiy  dissected  intr 
many  capillary  lobes,  which  are  rather  rigid,  and  all  widely  spreading  in  a  hori- 
zontal plane,  making  an  orbicular  outline ;  petals  obovate,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx  ;  receptacle  of  fruit  hispid.     (R.  divaricatus,  Schrank.     R.  circinatus, 
Sibthorp.) — Ponds  and  slow  streams  :  common.     June- Aug.     (Eu.) 
§  2.  Petals  ivith  a  little  scale  at  the  base  (yelloiv  in  all  our  species). 

-*  Achenia  smooth. 
•*-  Aquatic,  perennial :  immersed  leaves  filiforndy  dissected. 

2.  R.    Piirsliis,    Richards.      (YELLOW    WATISK-CROWFOOT.J      Stem 
floating,  with  the  leaves  all  dissected  into  several  times  forked  capillary  divia 

6 


RANTJNCULACE^E.       (CRU\VFOOT    FAMILY.) 

ions  ;  or  sometimes  rooting  in  the  mud,  with  the  emersed  leaves  kidnc  v  -shaped 
or  round  and  variously  lobcd  or  cleft;  petals  5-8,  much  larger  than  the  calyx , 
carpels  in  a  spherical  head,  pointed  with  a  straight  beak.  (II.  multilidus,  Pursh, 
Bigel.  R.  lacustris,  Beck. )  —  Stagnant  water ;  most  common  northward.  May  - 
July.  —  Stems  2° -4°  long,  round  and  tubular.  Petals  bright  yellow,  mostly  as 
large  as  in  the  common  Buttercup. 
«-  •«-  Terrestrial :  perennial,  except  Nos.  6  and  9,  which  are  at  least  sometime* 

annual. 
**  Leaves  all  undivided  :  plants  glabrous. 

3.  R.    alisniBBfolius,    Geycr,  Bcnth.      (WATER-PLANTAIN   SPEA* 
WORT.)     Stems  hollow,  ascending,  often  rooting  from  the  lower  joints;  leaves 
lanceolate,  mostly  denticulate,  the  lowest  oblong,  all  contracted  into  a  margined 
petiole  with  a  membranaceous  dilated  and  half-sheathing  base ;   petals  5-7, 
much  longer  than  the  calyx,  bright  yellow;  carpels  flattened,  pointed  with  a  long 
and  straight  subulate  sharp  beak,  collected  in  a  globular  head.     (R.  Flammula  & 
11.  Lingua,  Amer.  authors.) — Wet  or  inundated  places;  common  northward. 
June -Aug.     Stems  1°- 2°  high.     Leaves  3' -5' long.    Flower  5"  -  6",  in  Ore- 
gon and  California  7" -9",  broad.     Cm-pels  much  larger  than  in  the  next. 

4.  R.  Fist  ill  mil  la,  L.     (SPEARWORT.)     Stem  reclining  or  ascending, 
rooting  below ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest  oblong-lanceolate,  en- 
tire or  nearly  so,  mostly  pctioled;  petals  5-7,  much  longer  than  the  calyx, 
bright  yellow;  camels  turgid,  mncronate  icith  a  very  short  and  usually  curved  blunt 
point,  forming  a  small  globular  head.  —  Shore  of  L.  Ontario  (a  small  form) , 
thence  northward.     June -Aug.     Corolla  4"  -  6"  broad.     (Eu.) 

Var.  reptaiis.  (CREEPING  SPEARWORT.)  Much  smaller  and  slenderer ; 
the  filiform  prostrate  stems  rooting  at  all  the  joints.  (R.  reptans,  L.  R.  fili 
formis,  Michx.)  —  Gravelly  or  sandy  banks  of  streams,  &c.  New  England  and 
Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  northward.  Stems  4' -6'  long.  (Eu.) 

5.  R.  pusillllS,  Poir.     Stem  slender,  ascending ;  root-leaves  ovate  or  round- 
ish, obtuse,  entire,  often  rather  heart-shaped,  on  long  petioles ;  the  lower  stem- 
leaves  similar ;  the  uppermost  becoming  linear-lanceolate,  obscurely  toothed, 
scarcely  pctioled  ;  petals  1-5,  commonly  3,  about  as  long  as  the  cahj.r,  yell/auaf'sh  ; 
stninc.ns  few  (5-10) ;  carpels  slightly  pointed  or  blunt,  in  a  globular  head.  —  Wet 
places,  S.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  southward  near  the  coast.     July. — 
Stems  5'  -12'  high. 

6.  R.  Cyiiibalaria,  Pursh.     (SEA-SIDE  CROWFOOT.)     Stem  sending 
off  long  runners  from  the  base  which  are  rooting  and  leafy  at  the  joints  ;  linn* 
all  roundish,  most  1 1/  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  coarsely  crenate-toothcd,  rather  fleshy, 
on  long  petioles  ;  flower-stalks  (scaj*s)  leafless,  1  -7-flowcrcd  ;  petals  5-8,  bright 
yellow  ;  mr/W.v  in  Monn  heads,  very  numerous,  short-beaked,  striate-veined  on  the 
sides. — Sea-shore,  Maine  to  New  Jersey.     Salt  springs,  Salina,  New  York,  to 
Illinois  and  westward.     June-Aug. — Scapes  3'-6'  high. 

•w  •*-«•  Root-leaves  undivided,  often  cleft,  but  not  to  the  base. 

7.  R.    rhomboideilS,   Goldie.     Dwarf,  hairy;  root-leaver  roundish,  or 
rhombic-ovate,  rarely  subcordate,  toothed  or  eremite;  lowest  stem-leaves  similar 
or  3-5-lobed;  the  upper  3-5-parted,  almost  sessile,  the  lobes  linear;  carpel* 


RANtJNCULACE.fi.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.; 


orbicdar  with  a  minute  beak,  in  a  spherical  head  •  petals  large,  exceeding  ike  calyx 
(Also  R.  brevicaulis  &  ovalis,  Hook.)  —  Prairies,  Michigan  to  Illinois,  April 
May. — Stems  3'-6'  high,  sometimes  not  longer  than  the  root-leaves.  Flower 
deep  yellow,  as  large  as  in  No.  12. 

8.  11.  abort!  vus,  L.     (SMALL-FLOWERED  CROWFOOT.)    Glabrous  and 
very  smooth ;  primary  root-leaves  round  heart-shaped  or  kidney-form,  barely  crenate, 
the  succeeding  ones  often  3-lobed  or  3-parted  ;  those  of  the  stem  and  branches 
8-5-parted  or  divided,  subsessile;  their  divisions  oblong  or  narrowly  wedge- 
form,  mostly  toothed ;  carpels  in  a  globular  head,  mucronate  with  a  minute  curved 
beak ;  petals  shorter  than  the  reflexed  calyx.  —  Shady  hill-sides  and  along  brooks, 
common.     April -June.  —  Stem  erect,  6' -2°  high,  at  length  branched  above, 
the  pale  yellow  flowers  very  small  in  proportion. 

Yar.  micrantllllS.  Pubescent;  root-leaves  seldom  at  all  heart-shaped, 
some  of  them  3-parted  or  3-divided ;  divisions  of  the  upper  stem-leaves  more 
linear  and  entire;  peduncles  more  slender.  (R.  micranthus,  Nutt.) — Massa- 
chusetts (near  Boston,  C.  J.  Sprague),  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  westward. 

9.  R.  SCClcratliS,  L.     (CURSED  CROWFOOT.)     Smooth  and  glabrous ; 
root-leaves  3-lobed,  rounded ;  lower  stem-leaves  3-parted,  the  lobes  obtusely  cut 
and  toothed,  the  uppermost  almost  sessile,  with  the  lobes  oblong-linear  and  near- 
ly entire ;  carpels  barely  mucronulate,  very  numerous,  in  oblong  or  cylindrical  heads ; 
petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Wet  ditches :  appearing  as  if  introduced. 
June -Aug.  —  Stem  thick  and  hollow,  1°  high.    Leaves  thickish.    Juice  acrid 
and  blistering.    Flowers  small,  pale  yellow.     (Eu.) 

10.  R.    rcciirvatUS,    Poir.     (HOOKED    CROWFOOT.)     Hirsute;   leaves 
of  the  root  and  stem  nearly  alike,  long-peiioltd,  deeply  3-cleft,  large,  the  lobes  broad- 
ly wedge-shaped,  2  -  3-cleft,  cut  and  toothed  towards  the  apex ;  carpels  in  a  glob- 
ular head,  flat  and  margined,  conspicuously  beaked  by  the  long  and  recurved  hooked 
styles ;  petals  shorter  than  the  reflexed  calyx,  pale.  — Woods,  common.    May,  June. 
—  Stem  l°-2°high. 

•«•  -M.  •»-«•  Leaves  all  ternatdy  parted,  or  compound,  the  divisions  cleft :  achenia  flat. 
a.  Head  of  carpels  oblong :  petals  pale,  not  exceeding  the  calyx. 

11.  R.  Pennsylvanicus,   L.   (BRISTLY  CROWFOOT.)    Hirsute  with 
rough  spreading  bristly  hairs ;  stem  stout,  erect ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  stalked, 
somewhat  ovate,  unequally  3-cleft,  sharply  cut  and  toothed,   acute ;   carpels 
pointed  with  a  sharp  straight  beak.  —  Wet  places,  common.    June  -  Aug.  —  A 
coarse  plant,  2° -3°  high,  with  inconspicuous  flowers. 

b.  Head  of  carpels  globular:  petals  bright  yellow,  much  larger  than  the  calyx. 

12.  R.    fascicularis,   Muhl.     (EARLY  CROWFOOT.)     Low,  pubescent 
with  close-pressed  silky  hairs;  root  a  cluster  of  thickened  fleshy  fibres ;  radical 
leaves  appearing  pinnate,  the  long-stalked  terminal  division  remote  from  the  ses- 
sile lateral  ones,  itself  3  -  5-divided  or  parted  and  3  -  5-cleft,  the  lobes  oblong  or 
linear ;  stems  ascending ;  petals  spatulate-oblong,  twice  the  length  of  the  spread- 
ing calyx  ;  carpels  scarcely  margined,  tipped  with  a  slender  straight  or  rather 
curved  beak.  —  Rocky  hills.     April,  May.  —  Plant  5' -9'  high;  the  bright  yel 
low  flower  1'  broad;  petals  rather  distant,  the  base  scarcely  broader  than  she 
scale,  often  6  or  7. 


10  RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

13.  It.    repens,    L.     (CREEPING    CROWFOOT.)    Low,  hairy  or  nearly 
glabrous  ;  stems  ascending,  and  some  of  them  forming  long  runners;  leaves  3-divid- 
ed  ;  the  divisions  all  stalked  (or  at  least  the  terminal  one),  broadly  wedge-shaped 
or  ovate,  unequally  3-clcft  or  parted  and  variously  cut;  peduncles  furrowed; 
petals  obovate,  much  larger  than  the  spreading  calyx ;  carpels  strongly  margined, 
pointed  by  a  stout  straightish  beak.  —  Moist  or  shady  places,  wet  meadows,  £c., 
May -Aug.  —  Extremely  variable  in  size  and  foliage,  commencing  to  flower  by 
upright  steins  in  spring  before  the  long  runners  are  formed.     Flowers  as  large 
as  those  of  No.  12,  or  often  larger.     (Eu.) 

14.  R.    BULB6sus,   L.     (BULBOUS   CROWFOOT,  BUTTERCUPS.)     Hairy, 
stem  erect  from  a  bulb-like  base ;  radical  leaves  3-divided ;  the  lateral  divisions  ses- 
sile, the  terminal  stalked  and  3-parted,  all  wedge-shaped,  cleft  and  toothed ;  pedun- 
cles furrowed ;  petals  round,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  much  longer  than  the 
reflexed  calyx ;  carpels  tipped  with  a  very  short  beak.  —  Meadows  and  pas- 
tures ;  very  abundant  only  in  E.  New  England ;  seldom  found  in  the  interior. 
May -July. — A  foot  high.     Leaves  appearing  as  if  pinnate.     Petals  often  G  tr 
7,  deep  glossy  yellow,  the  corolla  more  than  an  inch  broad.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

15.  K.    ACRIS,    L.      (TALL    CROWFOOT,   BUTTERCUPS.)      Hairy;  stem 
erect ;  leaves  3-diviued ;  the  divisions  all  sessile  and  3-cleft  or  parted,  their  seg- 
ments cut  into  lanceolate  or  linear  crowded  lobes;  peduncles  not  furrowed; 
petals  obovate,  much  longer  than  the  spreading  calyx.  —  Meadows  and  fields. 
June -Aug.  —  Plant  twice  the  height  of  No.  14,  the  flower  nearly  as  large,  but 
not  so  deep  yellow.  —  The  Buttercups  are  avoided  by  cattle,  on  account  of  their 
very  acrid  juice,  which,  however,  being  volatile,  is  dissipated  in  drying,  when 
these  plants  are  cut  with  hay.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

#  #  Achenia  beset  with  rough  points  or  small  prickles :  annuals. 

16.  R.  MURICATUS,  L.     Nearly  glabrous;  lower  leaves  roundish  or  reni- 
form,  3-lobed,  coarsely  crcnate ;   the  upper  3-cleft,  wedge-form  at  the  base ; 
ix tuls  longer  than  the  calyx;  carpels  flat,  spiny-tuberculate  on  the  sides,  strongly 
bonked,  surrounded  with  a  wide  and  sharp  smooth  margin.  —  Eastern  Virginia 
and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

17.  SI.  PARVIFL6RUS,  L.     Hairy,  slender,  and  diffuse ;  lower  leaves  round- 
ish-cordate, 3-cleft,  coarsely  toothed  or  cut ;  the  upper  3  -  5-parted ;  petals  not 
longer  than  the  calyx ;  carpels  minutely  hispid  and  rough,  beaked,  narrowly  mar 
gincd.  —  Norfolk,  Virginia,  and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

0.    MYOS1JRUS,    Dill.        MOUSE-TAIL. 

Sepals  5,  spurred  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  small  and  narrow,  raised  on  a  slen- 
der claw,  at  the  summit  of  which  is  a  nectariferous  hollow.  Stamens  5  -  20. 
Aclu-nia  numerous,  somewhat  3-sidcd,  crowded  on  a  very  long  and  slender 
spike-like  receptacle  (whence  the  name,  from  /xCr,  a  mouse,  and  ot<pa,  a  tail) , 
the  seed  suspended.  —  Little  annuals,  with  tufted  narrowly  linear-spatulate  root- 
leaves,  and  naked  1 -flowered  scapes.  Flowers  small,  greenish. 

1.  UI.  ill  I  ill  in  us,  L.  Carpels  blunt. — Alluvial  ground,  Illinois  and 
Kentucky,  thence  south  and  west.  (Ea.) 


RANUNCULACEJS.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  1! 

1O.     ISOPYRUM,     L.         (ENEMION.  Raf.) 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  minute,  wanting  in  the  American 
species.  Stamens  10-40.  Pistils  3-6  or  more,  pointed  with  the  styles.  Pods 
ovate  or  oblong,  2 -several-seeded.  —  Slender  smooth  herbs,  with  2-3-tcrmxtely 
compound  leaves  ;  the  leaflets  2-3-lobed.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal, 
white.  (Name  from  iVoy,  equal,  and  irvpvs,  wheat;  of  no  obvious  application.) 

1.  I.  biternatum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Petals  none;  pistils  3-6  (com. 
nionly  4),  divaricate  in  fruit,  2-3-seeded  ;  seeds  even,  ty  — Moist  shady  pla- 
ces, Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  westward.  May.  —  Fibres  of  the  root  thickened  here 
and  there  into  little  tubers.  Aspect  and  size  of  the  plant  much  like  Thalictrum 
anemonoides. 

11.  €  ALT  HA,    L.        MARSH  MARIGOLD. 

Sepals  6-9,  petal-like.  Petals  none.  Pistils  5-10,  with  scarcely  any  styles. 
Pods  (follicles)  compressed,  spreading,  many-seeded.  Glabrous  perennials,  with 
round  and  heart-shaped,  or  kidney-form,  large,  undivided  leaves.  (Name  from 
KaXa#oy,  a  goblet,  in  allusion  to  the  golden  flower-cup  or  calyx.) 

1.  C.  palustris,  L.  (MARSH  MARIGOLD.)  Stem  hollow,  furrowed; 
leaves  round  or  kidney-shaped,  either  crenate  or  nearly  entire ;  sepals  about  6, 
broadly  oval  (bright  yellow).  —  Swamps  and  wet  meadows,  common  north- 
ward. April,  May.  —  This  well-known  plant  is  used  as  a  pot-herb  in  spring, 
when  coming  into  flower,  under  the  name  of  COWSLIPS  ;  but  the  Cowslip  is  a 
totally  Different  plant,  namely,  a  species  of  Primrose.  The  Caltha  should  bear 
with  us,  as  in  England,  the  popular  name  of  Marsh  Marigold.  (Eu.) 

12.  TROLL,  I  US,     L.         GLOBE-FLOWER. 

Sepals  5-15,  petal-like.  Petals  numerous,  small,  1 -lipped,  the  concavity 
near  the  base.  Stamens  and  pistils  numerous.  Pods  9  or  more,  sessile,  many- 
seeded.  —  Smooth  perennials  with  palmately  parted  and  cut  leaves,  like  Ranun- 
culus, and  large  solitary  terminal  flowers.  (Name  thought  to  be  derived  from 
the  old  German  word  troll,  a  globe,  or  something  round.) 

1.  T.  laxus,  Salisb.  (SPREADING  GLOBE-FLOWER.)  Sepals  5-6, 
spreading;  petals  15-25,  inconspicuous,  much  shorter  than  the  stamens. — • 
Deep  swamps,  New  Hampshire  to  Delaware  and  Michigan.  May.  —  Flowers 
twice  the  size  of  the  common  Buttercup  ;  the  sepals  spreading,  so  that  the  name 
is  not  appropriate,  as  it  is  to  the  European  Globe-flower  of  the  gardens,  nor  is  the 
blossom  showy,  being  pale  greenish-yellow. 

13.     COPTIS,     Salisb.        GOLDTHREAD. 

Sepals  5-7,  petaf-like,  deciduous.  Petals  5-7,  small,  club-shaped,  hollow  at 
ft.e  apex.  Stamens  .5-25.  Pistils  3-7,  on  slender  stalks.  Pods  divergent, 
membranaccous,  pointed  with  the  style,  4-8-seedcd.  — Low  smooth  perennials, 
with  tcrnatcly  divided  root-lcjives,  and  small  white  (lowers  on  scapes.  (Name 
from  K'forroi},  to  cut  alluding  to  the  divided  leaves.) 


12  RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  trifolia,  Salisb.  (TUREE-LEAVED  GOLDTHREAD.)  Leaflets  3, 
ol>ovute-wedge-form,  sharply  toothed,  obscurely  3-lobed;  scape  I -flowered. — 
Bcv^s,  abundant  northward ;  extending  south  to  Maryland  along  the  mountains. 
May.  —  Root  of  long,  bright  yellow,  bitter  fibres.  Leaves  evergreen,  shining. 
Scape  naked,  slender,  3' -5'  high.  (Eu.) 

14.  HELL^BORUS,    L.        HELLEBORK. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like  or  greenish,  persistent.  Petals  8-10,  very  small,  tuba- 
Jar,  2-lippcd.  Pistils  3  - 10,  sessile,  forming  coriaceous  many -seeded  pods.  — 
Perennial  herbs  of  the  Old  World,  with  ample  palmate  or  peclate  leaves,  and 
large,  solitary,  nodding,  early  vernal  flowers.  (Name  from  tXflv,  to  injure,  and 
pfopd,  food,  from  their  well-known  poisonous  properties.) 

1.  II*  vfRiDis,  L.  (GREEN  HELLEBORE.)  Root-leaves  glabrous,  pedate , 
calyx  spreading,  greenish.  —  Near  Brooklyn  and  Jamaica,  Long  Island.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

15.  AQUILECIA,    Tourn.        COLUMBINE. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  5,  all  alike,  with  a  short 
spreading  lip,  produced  backwards  into  large  hollow  spurs,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx.  Pistils  5,  with  slender  styles.  Pods  erect,  many-seeded.  —  Peren- 
nials, with  2  -  3-tcrnatcly  compound  leaves,  the  leaflets  lobed.  Flowers  large 
and  showy,  terminating  the  branches.  (Name  from  aijuila,  an  eagle,  from  some 
fancied  resemblance  of  the  spurs  to  talons.) 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  L.  (WILD  COLUMBINE.)  Spurs  inflated,  sud- 
denly contracted  towards  the  tip,  nca-ly  straight;  stamens  and  styles  longer 
than  the  ovate  sepals.  —  Rocks,  common.  April -June.  —  Flowers  2'  long, 
scarlet,  yellow  inside,  nodding,  so  that  the  spurs  turn  upward,  but  thu  stalk  be- 
comes upright  in  fruit.  —  More  delicate  and  graceful  than  the 

A.  VULGXRIS,  L.,  the  common  GARDEN  COLUMBINE,  from  the  Old  World, 
which  is  beginning  to  escape  from  cultivation  in  some  places. 

16.     DELPHINIUM,    Tourn.        LARKSPUR. 

Sefals  5,  irregular,  petal-like;  the  upper  one  prolonged  into  a  spur  at  the 
base.  Petals  4,  irregular,  the  upper  pair  continued  backwards  into  long  spura 
which  arc  enclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx;  the  lower  pair  with  short  claws: 
rarely  only  2  united  into  one.  Pistils  1-5,  forming  many-seeded  pods  in 
fruit.  —  Leaves  pal mately  divided  or  cut.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  (Name 
from  Del  phi  ii,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  flower,  which  is  sometimes  not  un- 
like the  classical  figures  of  the  dolphin.) 

1.  D.  cxaltittum,  Ait.  (TALL  LARKSPUR.)  Leaves  deeply  3-5- 
cli'ft  ;  the  divisions  narrow  wedge-form,  diverging,  3-clcft  at  the  apex,  acute; 
nicunts  mnul-likc,  panicled,  masy-flavxred ;  spur  straight;  jxxls  3,  f/rr/.  1J.  — 
Rich  soil,  Ponn.  to  Michigan,  and  southward.  July.  —  Stem  2C  -5°  high  Low- 
er leaves  4'  -  ft '  broad.  Flowers  purplish-blue,  downy. 


RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT  -FAMILY.)  13 

2.  D.  trictirne,  Michx.     (DWARP  LARKSPUR.)     Leaves  deeply  5-pan- 
ed.  their  divisions  unequally  3-5-cleft;  the  lobes  linear,  acutish ;  raceme  fete- 
flowered,  loose;  spur  straightish,  ascending;  pods  strongly  diverging.      ~]\. — W. 
Pcnn.  to  Illinois  and  southward.    April,  May.  —  Root  a  tuberous  cluster.    Stem 
simple,  6'-  12'  high.     Flowers  bright  blue,  sometimes  white. 

3.  I>.  azitreuill,  Michx.     (AZURE  LARKSPUR.)     Leaves  deeply  3-5- 
parted,  the  divisions  2-3  times  cleft;  the  lobes  all  narrowly  linear;  raceme 
strict;  spur  ascending,  usually  curved  upwards  ;  pods  3-5,  erect.     1J.  — Wiscon- 
sin, Illinois,  and  southward.     May,  June.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high,  slender,  often 
softly  pubescent.     Flowers  sky-blue  or  whitish. 

4.  I>.  COXSOLIDA,  L.     (FIELD   LARKSPUR.)     Leaves  dissected  into  nar- 
row linear  lobes ;  racemes  rather  few-flowered,  loose ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
bracts;  petals  all  combined  into  one  body;  pod  one,  glabrous.     (T) — Penn.  (Mcr- 
rersburg,  Porter]  and  Virginia,  escaped  from  grain-fields  :  and  sparingly  along 
voad-sides  farther  north.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

17.  AtJONITTUIfl,  Tourn.    ACONITE.     MONKSHOOD.    WOLFSBANE. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  very  irregular;  the  upper  one  (helmet)  hooded  or  helmet- 
shnped,  larger  than  the  others.  Petals  2  (the  3  lower  wanting  entirely,  or  very 
minute  rudiments  among  the  stamens),  consisting  of  small  spur-shaped  bodies 
raised  on  long  claws  and  concealed  under  the  helmet.  Pistils  3-5.  Pods  sev- 
eral-seeded. Seed-coat  usually  wrinkled  or  scaly.  —  Perennials,  with  palmately 
cleft  or  dissected  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles.  (The  an- 
cient Greek  and  Latin  name,  said  to  be  derived  from  Acone,  in  Bitbynia.) 

1.  A.  nilCillfttum,    L.     (WiLD  MONKSHOOD.)     Glabrous;    stem  slen- 
der, et-KCt,  but  weak  and  disposed  to  climb  ;  leaves  deeply  3-5-lobed,  petioled  ;  the 
lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed  ;  flowers  blue ;  helmet  erect,  obtusely  conical, 
compressed,  slightly  pointed  or  beaked  in  front.  —  Rich  shady  soil  along  stream*. 
S.  W.  New  York,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     June  -  Aug. 

2.  A.    rcclinatiim,    Gray.     (TRAILING    WOLFSBANE.)     Glabrous , 
stems  trailing  (3° -8°  long) ;  leaves  deeply  3-7 '-cleft,  petioled,  the  lower  orbicu- 
lar ic  outline ;  the  divisions  wedge-form,  incised,  often  2-3-lobed  ;  flowers  idiite, 
in  very  loose  panicles  ;  helmet  soon  horizontal,  elongated-conical,  with  a  straight 
beak  in  front.  —  Cheat  Mountain,  Virginia,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies 
Aug.  —  Lower  leaves  5'  — 6'  wide.     Flowers  9"  long,  nearly  glabrous. 

1§.     ZANTIIORHIZA,    Marshall.         SHRUB  YELLOW-HOOT. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  spreading,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  much  smaller  than  the 
sepals,  concave  and  obscurely  2-lobed,  raised  on  a  claw.  Stamens  5  to  10 
Pistils  5-15,  bearing  2  or  3  pendulous  ovules.  Pods  1-seeded,  oblong,  the 
short  style  becoming  dorsal  in  its  growth.  —  A  low  shrubby  plant;  the  bark 
and  the  long  roots  deep  yellow  and  bitter.  Flowers  polygamous,  dull  purple, 
in  compound  drooping  racemes,  appearing,  along  with  the  1  -  2-pinnate  leaves, 
from  large  terminal  buds  in  early  spring.  (Name  compounded  of  £av66s ,  yellow 
and  pt£a,  root.) 


H  RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILT.) 

1.  Z.  apiifolia,  L'Her. —  Shady  banks  of  streams,  in  the  moo  tains  ot 

Pennsylvania  and  southward.  Shcrburne,  New  York,  Dr.  Douglass.  Stems 
clustered,  l°-2°  high.  Leaflets  cleft  and  toothed.  —  The  roots  jf  this,  and  also 
of  the  next  plant,  were  used  as  a  yellow  dye  by  the  aborigines. 

19.    II  YD  HAS  TBS,  L.     ORANGE-ROOT.     YELLOW  PUCCOON. 

Sepals  3,  petal-like,  falling  away  when  the  flower  opens.  Petals  none.  Pistils 
12  or  more  in  a  head,  2-ovulcd  :  stigma  flat,  2-lipped.  Ovaries  becoming  a  head 
of  crimson  1  -2-secded  berries  in  fruit.  —  A  low  perennial  herb,  sending  up  in 
early  spring,  from  a  thick  and  knotted  yellow  rootstoek,  a  single  radical  leaf, 
and  a  simple  hairy  stem,  which  is  2-leaved  near  the  summit,  and  terminated  by 
a  single  greenish- white  flower.  (Name  perhaps  from  i/^co/j,  water,  and  Spdo>, 
to  act,  alluding  to  the  active  properties  of  the  juice.) 

1.  H.  CanadcilSlS,  L.  —  Rich  woods,  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.  —  Leaves  rounded,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  5-7-lobed,  doubly 
serrate,  veiny,  when  full  grown  in  summer  4' -9'  wide. 

2O.     ACT  A!  A,    L.        BANEBERRY.     COHOSH. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  falling  off  when  the  flower  expands.  Petals  4-10,  small,  flat, 
Rpatnlate,  on  slender  claws.  Stamens  numerous,  with  slender  white  filaments. 
Pistil  single :  stigma  sessile,  depressed,  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry. 
Seeds  smooth,  flattened  and  packed  horizontally  in  2  rows.  —  Perennials,  with 
ample  2-3-tcrnatcly  compound  leaves,  the  ovate  leaflets  sharply  cleft  and 
toothed,  and  a  short  and  thick  terminal  raceme  of  white  flowers.  (Name  from 
ditTr),  the  Elder,  from  some  resemblance  in  the  leaves.) 

1.  A.  spicata,  L.  (A.  Americana,  Pursli.  A.  brachypetala,  DC.) 
Called  HERB  CHRISTOPHER  in  Europe. 

Var.  rubra,  Michx.  (RED  BANEBERRY.)  Petals  about  half  the  length 
of  the  stamens;  pedicels  slender ;  Imrics  c/tcrrtj-rcd,  oval.  (A.  rubra,  IT ///(/., 
Biycl.  <jr.  Rich  woods,  New  England  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 
April,  May.  Plant  2°  high.  (Eu.) 

Var.  silba,  Michx.  (WHITE  B.YNKMKKKV  or  Coiiosn.)  Petals  rather 
longer  and  narrower;  j>cdircls  tliicknitd  both  in  flower  and  fruit;  (Vr/vVs  milk' 
white,  short-oval  or  globular.  (A.  alba,  Bujcl.  A.  pachypoda,  Ell.)  —  Rich 
woods,  more  common  southward,  extending  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky.  May.  — 
Plant  2° -3°  high.  Pedicels  in  fruit  often  almost  as  thick  as  the  main  peduncle. 
Berries  sometimes  tinged  with  red  or  purple,  very  rarely  deep  red  (Dr.  Kni<s- 
kern)  ;  while  in  some  districts  white  berries  occur  abundantly  on  slender  pedi- 
cels (Mr.  Oakes,  Prof.  Chadbourne) ;  also  in  Siberia.  Nor  docs  the  length  of  the 
petals  afford  marked  distinctions.  So  that  all  probably  belong  to  one  species. 

21.     CIMICIFUGA,     L.        BI-GBANE. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  falling  off  soon  after  the  flower  expands.  Petals,  or  rather 
transformed  stamens,  1  -8,  small,  on  claws,  2-horncd  at  the  apex.  Stamens  as 


MAGNOLIACE.E.       (MAGNOLIA    FAMILI  )  15 

in  Actasa.  Pistils  1-8,  forming  dry  dehiscent  pods  in  fruit.  —  Perennials,  with 
2  -  3-ternately-divided  leaves,  the  leaflets  cut-serrate,  and  white  flowers  in  elon- 
gated wand-like  racemes.  (Name  from  cimex,  a  bug,  and  fiyp,  to  drive  away, 
the  Siberian  species  being  used  as  a  bugbane.) 

§  1.  MACROTYS,  Raf. —  Pistil  1,  sometimes  2-3:  seeds  smwth,  flattened  and 
packed  -horizontally  in  the  pod  in  two  rows,  as  in  Actasa:  stigma  broad  and  flat. 

1.  C.  raccmosa,   Ell.     (BLACK    SNAKEROOT.)     Racemes  very  long; 
pods  ovoid,  sessile.  —  Rich  woods,  Maine  and  Vermont  to  Michigan,  and  south- 
ward.   July.  —  Plant  3°  -  8°  high,  from  a  thick  knotted  root-stock :  the  racemes 
in  fruit  becoming  l°-2°  long. 

\  2.  CIMICIFUGA,  L.  —  Pistils  3  -  8  :  seeds  flattened  laterally,  covered  with 
chaffy  scales,  and  occupying  one  row  in  the  membranaceous  pods :  style  awl-shaped: 
st'.jma  minute. 

2.  C.  Americana,  Michx.     (AMERICAN  BUGBANE.)     Racemes  slen- 
der, pauiclcd ;  ovaries  mostly  5,  glabrous;  pods  stalked,  flattened,  veiny,  6-8- 
seeded.  —  Mountains  of  S.Pennsylvania  and  southward  throughout  the  Alle- 
ghanies.     Aug.  —  Plant  2° -4°  high,  more  slender  than  No.  1. 

ADONIS  AUTUMNALIS,  L.,  the  PHEASANT'S  EYE  of  Europe,  has  been  found 
growing  spontaneously  in  Western  New  York,  and  in  Kentucky,  but  barely  es- 
caped from  gardens. 

NIGELLA  DAMASCENA,  L.,  the  FENNEL-FLOWER,  which  offers  a  remark- 
able exception,  in  having  the  pistils  partly  united  into  a  compound  ovary,  so  as 
to  form  a  several-celled  pod,  grows  nearly  spontaneously  around  gardens. 
'PyE(')NiA,  the  P^EONY,  of  which  P.  OFFICINALIS  is  familiar  in  gardens,  forms 
a  sixth  tribe  of  this  order,  distinguished  by  a  leafy  persistent  calyx,  and  a  fleshy 
disk  surrounding  the  base  of  the  follicular  pistils. 

ORDER  2.     MAGNOLIACE^E.     (MAGNOLIA  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  loith  the  leaf-buds  sheathed  by  membranous  stipules,  poly- 
petalous,  liypogynous,  polyandrous,  polygynous  ;  the  calyx  and  corolla  colored 
alike,  in  three  or  more  rows  of  three,  and  imbricated  in  the  bud.  —  Sepa'a 
and  petals  deciduous.  Stamens  in  several  rows  at  the  base  of  the  recep- 
tacle :  anthers  adnate.  Pistils  many,  mostly  packed  together  and  covering 
the  prolonged  receptacle,  cohering  with  each  other,  and  in  fruit  forming  a 
sort  of  fleshy  or  dry  cone.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  carpel,  anatropous  :  albu- 
men fleshy  :  embryo  minute.  —  Leaves  alternate,  not  toothed,  marked  with 
minute  transparent  dots,  feather-veined.  Flowers  single,  large.  Bark 
aromatic  and  bitter.  —  There  are  only  two  Northern  genera,  Magnolia  anj 
Liriodcndron. 

1.     9IAGN6LIA,    L.        MAGNOLIA. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6-9.  Stamens  with  very  short  filaments,  and  long  an  there 
opening  inwards.  Pistils  aggregated  on  the  long  receptacle  and  coherent  in  a 
mass,  together  forming  a  fleshy  and  rather  woody  cone-like  red  fruit.  •  cm.n  Car- 


16  MAGNOLIACEJE.       (MAGNOLIA    FAMILY.) 

pel  at  maturity  opening  on  the  back,  from  wliich  the  1  or  2  berry-like  seeds  hang 
by  an  extensile  thread  composed  of  unrolled  spiral  vessels.  Inner  seed-eoat 
bony.  —  Buds  conical,  the  coverings  formed  of  the  successive  pairs  of  stipules, 
each  pair  enveloping  the  leaf  next  above,  which  is  folded  lengthwise,  and  ap- 
plied straight  against  the  side  of  the  next  stipular  sheath,  and  so  on.  (Named 
after  Magnol,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Montpcllier  in  the  17th  century.) 

*  Leaves  all  scattered  along  the  branches:  buds  silky. 

1  ]?!•  glauca,  L.  (SMALL  or  LAUREL  MAGNOLIA.  SWEET  BAY.) 
Leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  white  beneath;  petals  wltite,  rouruled-obovate  ;  cone 
of  fruit  small,  oblong.  —  Swamps,  from  near  Cape  Ann  and  New  York  south- 
ward, near  the  coast ;  in  Pennsylvania  as  fur  west  as  Cumberland  Co.  June  — 
Aug.  —  Shrub  4° -20°  high,  with  thickish  leaves,  which  farther  south  arc  ever 
green,  and  sometimes  oblong-lanceolate.  Flower  very  fragrant,  2'  -  3'  broad. 

2.  M»    acilininftta,    L.     (CUCUMBER-TRICE.)     Leaves  oblong,  pointed, 
green  and  a  little  pubescent  beneath ;  petals  glaucous-green  tinged  with  yellow, 
oblong ;  cone  of  fruit  small,  cylindrical.  —  Rich  woods,  W.  New  York,  Penn., 
Ohio,  and  southward.     May,  June.  —  Tree  60-90  feet  high.     Leaves  thin,  5'- 
10'  long.     Flower  3'  broad.     Fruit  2' -3'  long,  when  young  slightly  resembling 
a  small  cucumber,  whence  the  common  name. 

3.  UI.  macrophylla,  Michx.     (GREAT-LEAVED  MAGNOLIA.)    Leaves 
obocate-oblong ,  cordate  at  the  narrowed  base,  pubescent  and  white  beneath  ;  petals 
white,  with  a  purple  spot  inside  at  the  base,  ovate ;  cone  of  fruit  ovoid.  —  Kock- 
castle  and  Kentucky  Kivcrs,  S.  E.  Kentucky.     Occasionally  planted  further 
north.     May,  June.  —  Tree  20° -40°  high.     Leaves  2£°  -3°  long.     Flower 
8' -10'  broad  when  outspread. 

#  #  Leaves  croicdcd  on  the  summit  of  the  flowering  branches  in  an  utnbnUa-ltftt 
circle :  buds  glabrous. 

4.  I?I.  Umbrella,  Lam.     (UMBRELLA-TREE.)     Leaves  olovate-lanceolate, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  soon  glabrous,  petals  obovatc-oblong.     (M.  tripetala,  L.) 
—York  and  Lancaster  counties,  Penn.  (Prof.  Porter,)  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky 
along  the  Alleghanies.     May. — A  small  tree.     Leaves  l°-3°  long.     Flowers 
white,  7'— S'  broad.     Fruit  rose-color,  4'— 5'  long,  ovoid-oblong. 

5.  JH.  Frascri,  Walt.  (£AR-LEAVED  UMBRELLA-TREE.)  Leaves  ol>- 
lo»g-ol>ovate  or  spaldlate,  auriculate  at  the  base,  glabrous  ;  petals  obovate-spatulate, 
with  narrow  claws.  (M.  auriculata,  IMIH.)  —  Virginia  and  Kentucky  along  the 
Alleghanies,  and  southward.  April,  May.  —  Tree  30° -50°  high.  Leaves  8'- 
12'  long.  Flower  (white)  and  fruit  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

M.  CORD\TA,  Michx.,  the  YELLOW  CUCUMBER-TREE,  of  Georgia,  and 

M.    GRANDIFL&RA,    L.,    the    GREAT    LAUREL    MAGNOLIA,    of  the    Southern 

States  (a  noble  tree,  remarkable  for  its  ddiciously  fragrant  llowers,  and  thick 
evergreen  leaves,  which  arc  shining  and  deep  green  above  and  rusty-colored  be- 
neath), are  the  only  remaining  North  American  species.  Tlio  former  is  hardy 
as  far  north  as  Cambridge.  One  tree  of  the  latter  bears  the  winter  and  blos- 
soms near  Philadelphia.  The  Umbrella-tree  attains  only  a  small  size  in  New 
England,  where  M.  macrophylla  is  precarious. 


ANONACE^E.       (CUSTARD-APPLE    FAMILY.)  17 

a.     L.IRIOD£]VI>RO1V,    L.        TULIP-TREE. 

Sepals  3,  reflexed.  Petals  6,  in  two  rows,  making  a  bell-shaped  corolla.  Aii« 
thers  linear,  opening  outwards.  Pistils  flat  and  scale-form,  long  and  narrow, 
imbricated  and  cohering  together  in  an  elongated  cone,  dry,  separating  from 
each  other  and  from  the  long  and  slender  axis  in  fruit,  and  falling  away  whole, 
like  a  samara  or  key,  indehiscent,  1  -  2-seeded  in  the  small  cavity  at  the  base. 
Buds  flat,  sheathed  by  the  successive  pairs  of  flat  and  broad  stipules  joined 
iU  their  edges,  the  folded  leaves  bent  down  on  the  petiole  so  that  their  apex 
points  to  the  base  of  the  bud.  (Name  from  Xipioz/,  lily  or  tulip,  and  ScvSpov, 
tree.) 

1.  L.  Tlllipifera,  L.  — Rich  soil,  S.  New  England  to  Michigan,  IllU 
nois,  and  southward.  May,  June.  —  A  most  beautiful  tree,  sometimes  140° 
high  and  8°  -  9°  in  diameter  in  the  Western  States,  where  it  is  called  wrongly 
POPLAR.  Leaves  very  smooth,  with  2  lateral  lobes  near  the  base,  and  2  at  the 
apex,  which  appears  as  if  cut  off  abruptly  by  a  broad  shallow  notch.  Corolla 
2'  broad,  greenish-yellow  marked  with  orange. 

ORDER  3.     ANONACE^E.     (CUSTARD-APPLE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  naked  buds  and  no  stipules,  a  calyx  of  3  sepals,  and 
a  corolla  ofQ  petals  in  two  rows,  valvate  in  the  bud,  hi/pogynous,  polyandrous. 
—  Petals  tbickisb.  Anthers  adnate,  opening  outwards:  filaments  very 
short.  Pistils  several  or  many,  separate  or  cohering  in  a  mass,  flesliy  or 
pulpy  in  fruit.  Seeds  anatropous,  large,  witb  a  crustaceous  seed-coat,  and 
a  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  ruminated  albumen.  —  Leaves  alter- 
nate, entire,  feather-veined.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Bark,  &c.  acrid- 
aromatic  or  fetid.  —  A  tropical  family,  except  one  genus  in  the  United 
States,  viz. : 

1.    AS  I  MI  W  A,    Adans.        NORTH  AMERICAN  PAPAW. 

Petals  6,  increasing  after  the  bud  opens ;  the  outer  set  larger  than  the  inne*. 
Stamens  numerous  in  a  globular  mass.  Pistils  few,  ripening  1-3  large  and 
oblong  pulpy  several-seeded  fruits.  Seeds  horizontal,  flat,  enclosed  in  a  flesliy 
aril,  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  unpleasant  odor  when  bruised ;  the  lurid 
flowers  axillary  and  solitary.  (Name  from  A&iminier,  of  the  French  colo- 
nists.) 

1.  A.  trilolm,  Dunal.  (COMMON  PAPAW.)  Leaves  thin,  obovate-lan- 
ceolate,  pointed;  petals  dull-purple,  veiny,  round-ovate,  the  outer  ones  3-4 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  (Uvaria,  A.  DC.,  Torr.  fr  Gray.} — Banks  of 
streams  in  rich  soil,  W.  New  York  and  Penn.  to  III  and  southward.  April, 
May.  —  Tree  10° -20°  high;  the  young  shoots  and  expanding  leaves  clothed 
with  a  rusty  down,  soon  glabrous.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  1  £•'  wide. 
Fruits  2'  -  3'  long,  yellowish,  sweet  and  edible  in  autumn. 

A.  PARVIFLORA.,  a  smaller-flowered  and  small-fruited  low  species,  probably 
floes  not  g-ow  so  ar  north  as"  Virginia 


18  MENISPERMAC*LE.       (MOONSEED    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  4.     MENISPERMACE^E.     (MOONSEED  FAMILY.) 

Woody  climbers,  with  palmate  or  peltate  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules  ;  tht 
eepals  and  petals  similar,  in  three  or  more  rows,  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  hvpo- 
gynous,  dioecious,  3  -  Q-gynous  ;  fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe,  with  a  large  ot  long 
curved  embryo  in  scanty  albumen.  —  Flowers  small.  Stamens  several. 
Ovaries  nearly  straight,  with  the  stigma  at  the  apex,  but  often  incurved 
in  fruiting,  so  that  the  seed  and  embryo  are  bent  into  a  crescent  or  ring. 
Properties  bitter-tonic  and  narcotic. —  Chiefly  a  tropical  family:  there  are 
only  three  species,  belonging  to  as  many  genera,  in  the  United  States. 

Synopsis. 

1    COCCULDS.    Stamens,  petals,  and  sepals  each  6.    Anthers  4-celled. 

2.  MENISPERMUM.    Stamens  12-24,  slender.    Petals  6 -8.    Sepals  4 -8.    Anthers  4-celled. 
8.  CALYCOCARPUM.    Stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers  12,  short ;  in  the  fertile  flowers  6,  abor- 
tive.   Petals  none.    Anthers  2-celled. 

1.    COC CULTS,    DC.        CoccuLrs. 

Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  6,  the  two  latter  short.  Anthers  4-celled.  Pistm 
8-6  in  the  fertile  flowers:  style  pointed.  Drupe  and  seed  as  in  Moonseed. 
Cotyledons  narrowly  linear  and  flat.  —  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  panicles. 
(An  old  name,  from  coccum,  a  berry.) 

1.  C.  CarolillUS,  DC.  Minutely  pubescent;  leaves  downy  beneath, 
ovate  or  cordate,  entire  or  sinuate-lobed,  variable  in  shape  ;  flowers  greenish ; 
the  petals  in  the  sterile  ones  auricula te-inflexed  below  around  the  filaments ; 
drupe  red  (as  large  as  a  small  pea).  —  River-banks,  S.  Illinois,  Virginia,  and 
southward.  July. 

2.    raENISPERMUM,    L.        MOONSEED. 

Sepals  4 -8.  Petals  6-8,  short.  Stamens  12-20  in  the  sterile  flowers,  aa 
long  as  the  sepals  :  anthers  4-cellcd.  Pistils  2-4  in  the  fertile  flowers,  raised 
on  a  short  common  receptacle :  stigma  broad  and  flat.  Drupe  globular,  the 
mark  of  the  stigma  near  the  base,  the  ovary  in  its  growth  after  flowering  being 
strongly  incurved,  so  that  the  (wrinkled  and  grooved)  laterally  flattened  stone- 
(putamen)  takes  the  form  of  a  large  crescent  or  a  ring.  The  slender  embryo 
therefore  is  horseshoe-shaped:  cotyledons  filiform.  —  Flowers  white,  in  axillary 
panicles.  (Name  from  pr)i>T],  moon,  and  airtppa,  seed.) 

1.  M«  Canadeiisc,  L.  (CANADIAN  MOONSEED.)  Leaves  peltate  near 
the  edge,  3-7-anglcd  or  lobcd.  —  Banks  of  streams  ;  common.  June,  July. 
Drupes  black  with  a  bloom,  ripe  in  September,  looking  like  frost  grapes. 

3.     CAL-YCOCARPUfll,    Nutt.        CCPSEED. 

Sepals  6.     Petals  none.     Stamens  12  in  the  sterile  flowers,  short :  anthers 
t-cellcd.     Pistils  3,  spindle-shaped,  tipped  with  a  radiate  many-cleft  stigma 
not  incurved  ;  but  the  thin  crustaccous  putamen  hollowed  out  like  a  cup 


BERBERIDACE-fi.       (BARBERRY    FAMILY.)  19 

on  one  side.  Embryo  foliaceous,  heart-shaped.  —  Flowers  greenish- white,  in 
long  racemose  panicles.  (Name  composed  of  *aXu£,  a  cup,  and  Kaprros,  fruit, 
from  the  shape  of  the  shell.) 

1.  C,  I>yom,  Nutt.  (Menispermum  Lyoni,  Pursh.) — Rich  soil,  S.  Ken- 
tucky. May.  —  Stems  climbing  to  the  tops  of  trees.  Leaves  large,  thin,  deeplj 
S  -  5-lobed,  cordate  at  the  base ;  the  lobes  acuminate.  Drupe  an  inch  long, 
globular,  greenish ;  the  shell  crested-toothed  on  the  edge  of  the  cavity. 

ORDER  5.     BERBERIDACE^E.     (BARBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  the  sepals  and  petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud  in  2 
or  more  rows  of  2-4  each  ;  the  Tiypogynous  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals 
and  opposite  them :  anthers  opening  by  2  valves  or  lids  hinged  at  the  top. 
(Podophyllum  is  an  exception,  and  Jefiersonia  as  respects  the  sepals  in  one 
row.)  Pistil  single.  Filaments  short.  Style  short  or  none.  Fruit  a  ber- 
ry or  a  pod.  Seeds  few  or  several,  anatropous,  with  albumen.  Leaves 
alternate. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     KERBERIDE^GE.     Shrubs.    Embryo  large :  cotyledons  flat.    (Berries  acW 
and  innocent.    Bark  astringent ;  the  wood  yellow.) 

1.  BERBEKIS.     Petals  6,  each  2-glandular  at  the  base. 

TRIBE  II.    NANDINE^E.    Herbs.    Embryo  short  or  minute.    (Roots  and  foliage  some- 
times drastic  or  poisonous.) 

#  Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

2.  CAULOPHYDLUM.    Petals  6,  thick  and  gland-like,  short.    Ovules  2,  soon  naked 

3.  DIPH^LLEIA.    Petals  6,  flat,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.    Berry  2  -4-seeded. 

4.  JEFFERSONIA.    Petals  8.    Pod  many-seeded,  opening  on  one  side  by  a  lid. 

*  *  Anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 
6.  PODOPUYLLUM.     Petals  6 -9.     Stamens  6 -18!     Fruit  pulpy,  many  -seeded. 

1.     BERBERIS,     L.        BARBERRY. 

Sepals  6,  roundish,  with  2  or  6  bractlets  outside.  Petals  6,  obovate,  concave, 
with  2  glandular  spots  inside  above  the  short  claw.  •  Stamens  6.  Sfigma  cir- 
cular, depressed.  Fruit  a  1  -few-seeded  berry.  Seeds  erect,  with  a  crustaceous 
integument.  —  Shrubs,  with  yellow  wood  and  inner  bark,  yellow  flowers  in 
drooping  racemes,  and  sour  berries  and  leaves.  Stamens  irritable.  (Derived 
from  Berbery s,  the  Arabic  name  of  the  fruit.) 

1.  B.    vuLGXRis,   L.     (COMMON  BARBERRY.)     Leaves  scattered  on  the 
fresh  shoots  of  the  season,  mostly  small  and  with  sharp-lobed  margins,  or  re- 
duced to  sharp  triple  or  branched  spines ;  from  which  the  next  season  proceed 
rosettes  or  fascicles  of  obovate-oblong  closely  bristly-toothed  leaves,  and  droop- 
ing many-flowered  racemes  ;  petals  entire  ;  berries  oblong,  scarlet.  —  Thickets  and 
waste  grounds,  in  E.  New  England,  where  it  has  become  thoroughly  wild :  else- 
where rarely  spontaneous.     May,  June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  B.    Canadensis,    Pursh.     (AMERICAN   BARBERRY.)    Leaves  re- 
pandly-toothcd,   the   teeth   less   bristly-pointed  ;    racemes  few-flowered ;    petals 


20  BERBERIDACE^E.       (BARBERRY    FAMILY.) 

notched  at  the  apex  ;  buries  oval  (otherwise  as  in  No.  1,  of  which  Dr.  Hooker 
deems  it  a  variety,  perhaps  with  reason).  —  Allcghaiiies  of  Virginia  and  south- 
ward: not  in  Canada.  June.  —  Shrub  l°-3°  high. 

B.  (MAIHKVIA)  AQU1F6LIUM,  Pursh,  of  Western  N.  America,  —  belonging 
to  a  section  of  the  genus  with  mostly  evergreen  pinnate  leaves  and  blue  ber- 
ries, —  is  not  rare  in  cultivation,  as  an  ornamental  shrub. 

2.    CAUI,OPIIYL,L,UM,    Michx.        BLUE  COHOSH. 

Sepals  6,  with  3  small  bractlets  at  the  base,  ovate-oblong.  Petals  6  thick  and 
gland-like  somewhat  kidney-shaped  or  hooded  bodies,  with  short  claws,  much 
smaller  than  the  sepals,  one  at  the  base  of  each  of  them.  Stamens  6  :  anthers 
oblong.  Pistil  gibbous  :  style  short :  stigma  minute  and  unilateral :  ovary 
bursting  soon  after  flowering  by  the  pressure  of  the  2  erect,  enlarging  seeds, 
and  withering  away  ;  the  spherical  seeds  naked  on  their  thick  seed-stalks,  'look- 
ing like  drupes  ;  the  fleshy  integument  turning  blue  :  albumen  of  the  texture  of 
horn.  —  A  perennial  glabrous  herb,  with  matted  knotty  rootstocks,  sending  up 
hi  early  spring  a  simple  and  naked  stem,  terminated  by  a  small  raceme  or  pani- 
cle of  yellowish-green  flowers,  and  a  little  below  bearing  a  large  triternately 
compound  leaf  without  any  common  petiole  (whence  the  name,  from  KauAos, 
stem,  and  $uAAoi/,  leaf;  the  stem  seeming  to  form  a  stalk  for  the  great  leaf). 
Leaflets  obovate-wedge-form,  2  -  3-lobed. 

1.  C.  thalictroides,  Michx.  (Also  called  PAFPOOSE-ROOT.)  Leon- 
tice  thalictroides,  L. — Deep  rich  woods.  April,  May.  —  Steins  l°-2£°  high. 
Flowers  appearing  while  the  leaf  is  yet  small.  A  smaller  biternate  leaf  often 
at  the  base  of  the  panicle.  Whole  plant  glaucous  when  young,  klso  the  seeds, 
which  are  of  the  size  of  large  peas. 

3.    DIPIIYLLEIA,    Michx.        UMBRELLA-LEAF. 

Sepals  6,  fugacious.  Petals  6,  oval,  flat,  larger  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  6 : 
anthers  oblong.  Ovary  oblong  :  style  hardly  any :  stigma  depressed.  Ovules  5 
or  6,  attached  to  one  side  of  the  cell  below  the  middle.  Berry  few-seeded. 
Seeds  oblong,  with  no  aril.  —  A  perennial  glabrous  herb,  with  thick  horizontal 
rootstocks,  sending  up  eacli  year  cither  a  huge,  centrally  peltate  and  cut-lobed, 
rounded,  umbrella-like  radical  leaf  on  a  stout  stalk,  or  a  flowering  stem  bearing 
two  similar  (but  smaller  and  more  2-cleft)  alternate  leaves  which  are  peltate  near 
one  margin,  and  terminated  by  a  cyme  of  white  flowers.  (Name  composed  of 
fli's,  twice,  and  (f)v\\ov,  leaf.) 

1.  D.  cyiliosa,  Michx.  Wet  or  springy  places,  mountains  of  Virginia 
and  southward.  May.  —  Hoot-leaves  l°-2°  in  diameter,  2-cleft,  each  division 
5-7-lobcd;  lobes  toothed.  Berries  blue. 

4.    JEFFERS6NIA,    Barton         TWIN-LEAF. 

Sepals  4,  fugacious.  Petals  8,  oblong,  flat.  Stamens  8  :  anthers  oblong- 
linear,  on  slender  filaments.  Ovary  ovoid,  soon  gibbous,  pointed :  stigma  2- 
•obed.  Pod  pear-shaped,  opening  half-way  round  horizontally,  the  upper  part 


NELUMBIACE^E.       (NELUMBO    FAMILY.)  21 

making  a  lid.  Seeds  many  in  several  rows  on  the  lateral  placenta,  with  a  flesh)' 
lacerate  aril  on  one  side. — A  perennial  glabrous  herb,  with  matted  fibrous  roots, 
long-petioled  root-leaves,  parted  into  2  half-ovate  leaflets,  and  simple  naked  1- 
flowered  scapos.  (Named  in  honor  of  Thomas  Jefferson.) 

1.  J.  «iig»liylla,  Pers. — Woods,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward. April,  May.  —  Low.  Flower  white,  1'  broad :  the  parts  rarely  in  threes 
or  fives.  —  Called  Rheumatism-root  in  some  places. 

5.     PODOPHYLLUM,    L.        MAY-APPLE.    MANDRAKE. 

Flower-bud  with  3  green  bractlets,  which  early  fall  away.  Sepals  6,  fuga- 
cious. Petals  6  or  9,  obovatc.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  in  the  Hima- 
layan species,  twice  as  many  in  ours :  anthers  linear-oblong,  not  opening  by  up- 
lifted valves.  Ovary  ovoid  •.  stigma  sessile,  large,  thick,  and  undulate.  Fruit  a 
large  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  covering  the  veiy  large  lateral  placenta,  in  many  rows, 
each  seed  enclosed  in  a  pulpy  aril,  all  forming  a  mass  which  fills  the  cavity  of 
the  fruit.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  thick  fibrous  roots. 
Stems  2-lcavcd,  1 -flowered.  (Xnme  from  TTOVS,  a  foot,  and  <£uXXoi/,  a  leaf,  from 
a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  f>  -  7-parted  leaf  to  the  foot  of  some  web-footed 
animal.) 

1.  P.  peUatlim,  L.  Stamens  12-18;  leaves  5-9-parted;  the  lobes 
oblong,  rather  wedge-shaped,  somewhat  lobcd  and  toothed  at  the  apex.  —  Rich 
woods,  common.  May.  — Flowerless  steins  terminated  by  a  large,  round,  7-9- 
lobed  leaf,  peltate  in  the  middle,  like  an  umbrella.  Flowering  stems  bearing  2 
one-sided  leaves,  with  the  stalk  fixed  near  the  inner  edge;  the  nodding  white 
flower  from  the  fork,  nearly  2'  broad.  Fruit  ovoid,  1'- 2' long,  ripe  in  July, 
slightly  acid,  mawkish,  eaten  by  pigs  and  boys.  Leaves  and  roots  drastic  and 
poisonous ! 

ORDER  6.     NELUMBIACE^E.     (NELUMBO  FAMILY.) 

Huge  aquatics,  like  Water-Lilies,  but  the  pistils  distinct,  forming  acorn- 
shaped  nuts,  and  separately  imbedded  in  cavities  of  the  enlarged  top-sliaped 
receptacle.  Seeds  solitary,  filled  with  the  large  and  highly  developed  embryo  : 
albumen  none.  —  Sepals  and  petals  colored  alike,  in  several  rows,  hypogy- 
nous,  as  well  as  the  numerous  stamens,  and  deciduous.  Leaves  orbicular, 
centrally  peltate  and  cup-shaped.  —  Embraces  only  the  singular  genus 

1.    NEL.UUIBIUM,    Juss.        NELUMBO.     SACRED  BEAN. 

Character  same  as  of  the  order.  (Name  Latinized  from  Nelumbo,  the  Cty 
lonese  name  of  the  East  Indian  species.) 

1.  N.  liitciini,  Willd.  (YELLOW  NELUMBO,  or  WATER  CHINQUEPIN.) 
Corolla  pale  yellow  :  anthers  tipped  with  a  slender  hooked  appendage.  —  Wa- 
ters of  the  Western  and  Southern  States;  rare  in  the  Middle  States  :  introduced 
into  the  Delaware  below  Philadelphia.  Big  Sodus  Bay,  L  Ontario,  and  in  the 
Connecticut  near  Lyme ;  perhaps  introduced  by  the  aborigines.  June,  July 


22  NYMPII^EACE^E.       (WATER-LILY    FAMILY.) 

—  Leaves  l°-2°  broad.  Flower  5' -8'  in  diameter.  TuberS  farinaceous 
Seeds  also  eatable.  Embryo  like  that  of  Nymphaea  on  a  large  scale.  Cotyle- 
dons thick  and  fleshy,  enclosing  a  plumule  of  1  or  2  well-formed  young  leaves, 
enclosed  in  a  delicate  stipule-like  sheath. 

ORDER  7      CABOMBACEJE.     (WATER-SHIELD  FAMILY.) 

Aquatics,  like  Water-Lilies ;  but  the  hypogynous  sepals,  petals,  stamens  (in 
threes,  persistent),  and  pistils  much  fewer  (definite)  in  number,  all  distinct 
and  separate.  Seeds  very  few.  —  Really  no  more  than  a  simple  state  of 
Nympbaeaceffl  :  embraces  Cabomba,  of  the  Southern  States,  and  the  follow- 
ing trenus. 

1.     BRASENIA,    Schreber.        WATER-SHIELD. 

Sepals  3  or  4.  Petals  3-4,  linear,  sessile.  Stamens  12-18  :  filaments  fili 
form:  anthers  innate.  Pistils  4-18,  forming  little  club-shaped  indehiscent 
pods.  Seeds  1-2,  pendulous  on  the  dorsal  suture!  Embryo  enclosed  in  a 
peculiar  bag,  at  the  end  of  the  albumen  next  the  hilum.  —  Rootstock  creeping. 
Leaves  alternate,  long-petioled,  centrally  peltate,  oval,  floating  on  the  water. 
Flowers  axillary,  small,  dull-purple.  (Name  of  uncertain  origin.) 

1.  B.  peltata,  Pursh.  (Hydropcltis  purpurea,  Michx.) — Ponds  and 
slow  streama  June  -  Aug. —  Stalks  coated  with  clear  jelly.  Leaves  entire, 
2'-3/  across.  (Also  a  native  of  Puget  Sound,  Japan,  Australia,  and  Eastern 
India!) 

ORDER  8.     NYMPH^EACE^E.     (WATER-LILY  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  round  or  peltate  floating  leaves,  and  solitary  showy 
flowers  from  a  prostrate  rootstock;  the  partly  colored  sepals  and  numerous 
petals  and  stamens  imbricated  in  several  rows  ;  the  numerous  pistils  combined 
into  a  many-celled  compound  ovary.  Embryo  small,  enclosed  in  a  little  bag 
at  the  end  of  the  albumen,  next  the  hilum,  with  a  distinct  plumule,  en- 
closed by  the  2  fleshy  cotyledons. —  Sepals  and  petals  persistent,  hypogy- 
nous or  perigynous;  the  latter  passing  into  stamens:  anthers  adnate, 
opening  inwards.  Fruit  a  pod-like  berry,  ripening  under  water,  crowned 
with  the  radiate  stigmas,  14-30-celled ;  the  many  anatropous  seeds  at- 
tached lo  the  sides  and  back  of  the  cells.  —  Rootstocks  imitating  the  endo- 
genous, structure  (astringent,  with  some  milky  juice,  often  farinaceous). 

1.     NYMPHJEA,    Tourn.        WATER-NYMPH.     WATER-LILI. 

Sepals  4,  green  outside.  Petals  numerous,  in  many  rows,  the  inner  narrower 
and  gradually  passing  into  stamens,  imbricately  inserted  all  over  the  surface  of 
the  ovary.  Stamens  iuseried  on  the  top  of  the  receptacle,  the  outer  with  petal- 
like  filaments.  Fruit  depreased-gloi>olar,  covered  with  the  bases  of  the  decayed 
petals.  Seeds  enveloped  by  a  sac-like  aril.  —  Flowers  white  rose-color,  or  bhie, 
rery  showy.  (Dedicated  by  the  Greeks  to  the  Water-Nymphs.) 


SAKRACENIACE^E.       (PITCHER-PLANTS.)  23 

I.  N.  Oflorata,  Ait.  (SWEET-SCENTED  WATER-LILY.)  Leaves  orbic- 
ular, sometimes  almost  kidney-shaped,  cordate-cleft  at  the  base  to  the  petiole, 
the  margin  entire  ;  flower  white,  fragrant ;  petals  obtuse  ;  anthers  blunt.  — Va- 
ries occasionally  with  the  flowers  rose-color. — Ponds,  common;  the  trunks  im- 
bedded in  the  mud  at  the  bottom,  often  as  large  as  a  man's  arm.  June  -  Sept. 

—  Flower  closing  in  the  afternoon. 

9.     rVlJPHAR,    Smith.        YELLOW  POND-LILT.     SPATTER-DOCK. 

Sepals  5  or  6,  partly  coloi'ed,  roundish.  Petals  numerous,  small  and  glandu« 
lar,  inserted  with  the  stamens  into  an  enlargement  of  the  receptacle  under  the 
ovary,  shorter  than  the  circular  and  sessile  many-rayed  peltate  stigma.  Fruit 
ovoid,  naked.  Aril  none.  —  Flowers  yellow.  Leaves  roundish,  sagittate-cor- 
date. (Name  from  Neufar,  the  Arabic  name  for  the  Pond-Lily.) 

1.  I\.  adveiiii,  Ait.    Leaves  floating,  or  oftener  emersed  and  erect,  on 
etout  half-cylindrical  petioles ;  sepals  mostly  6,  very  unequal ;  petals  narrowly 
oblong,  very  thick  and  fleshy,  truncate,  resembling  the  very  numerous  stamens 
and  shorter  than  they;  anthers  much  longer  than  the  Jilaments ;  stigma  12* -24- 
rayed  ;  the  margin  entire  or  repand ;  fruit  strongly  furrowed,  ovoid-oblong,  trun- 
cate, its  summit  not  contracted  into  a  beak.  —  In  still  or  stagnant  water  ;  com- 
mon.    May -Sept.  —  Leaves  8'  — 12'  long,  thick,  rounded  or  oblong-ovate  in 
outline.     Flower  2'  broad. 

2.  N.  Kalmiaiia,  Pursh.    Leaves  floating,  on  slender  or  filiform  peti- 
oles ;  sepals  5  ;  petals  spatulate,  as  long  as  the  moderately  numerous  stamens ; 
anthers  shorter  than  the  Jilaments  ;  stigma  8- 14-rayed,  the  margin  eremite, ;  fruit 
not  furroived,  ovoid-globose,  contracted  under  the  stigma  into  a  narrow  and  angled 
beak.     (N.  lutea,  var.  Kalmiana,  Torr.  Sf  Gray,  and  ed.  1.     N.  intermedium, 
Ledeb.  ?)  —  Ponds,  &c.,  New  England,  New  York,  and  northward.    July,  Aug. 

—  Leaves  l£'-4'  long,  roundish,   the  veins  beneath  much  fewer  and  more 
branched  than  in  the  last.     Flower  1' -  !£  broad.     (Eu.  1) 

N.  LTJTEA,  Smith,  I  have  not  seen  anywhere  in  the  United  States. 

ORDER  9.     SARRACENIACE^G.     (PITCHER-PLANTS.) 

Polyandrous  and  hypogynous  bog-plants,  with  hollow  pitcher-form  or  Lrun+ 
pei-shaped  leaves,  —  comprising  one  plant  in  the  mountains  of  Guiana,  an* 
other  (Darlingtonia,  7 brr.)  in  those  of  California,  and  the  following  genua 
in  the  Atlantic  United  States 

1.     SARRACENIA,    Tourn.         SIDE-SADDLE  FLOWER. 

Sepals  5,  with  3  bractlets  at  the  base,  colored,  persistent.  Petals  5,  oblong 
or  obovate,  incurved,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous,  hypogynous.  Ovary 
compound,  5-celled,  globose,  crowned  with  a  short  style,  which  is  expanded  at 
the  summit  into  a  very  broad  and  petal-like  5-angled,  5-raycd,  umbrella-shaped 
body ;  the  5  delicate  rays  terminating  under  the  angles  in  as  many  little  hooked 
Btigmas.  Capsule  with  a  granular  surface,  5-celled,  with  many-seeded  placentae 


24  PAPAVEHACE^E.       (POPPY    FAMILY.) 

in  the  axis,  5-valvcd.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  small  embryo  at  the  base  of 
fleshy  albumen.  —  Perennials,  yellowish-green  and  purplish  ;  the  hollow  leaves 
all  radical,  with  a  wing  on  one  side,  and  a  rounded  arching  hood  at  the  apex. 
Scape  naked,  1 -flowered :  flower  nodding.  (Named  by  Tonmefoit  in  honor 
of  Dr.  Surra  zin  of  Quebec,  who  first  sent  our  Northern  species,  and  a  botanical 
account  of  it,  to  Europe.) 

1.  S.     purpiircn,     L.      (SIDE-SADDLE  FLOWER.     PITCHER-PLANT. 
HUNTSMAN'S  CUP.)     leaves  pitcher-shaped,  ascending,  curved,  broadly  winged, 
the  hood  erect,  open,  round  heart-shaped ;  flower  deep  purple  ;  the  fiddle-shaped 
petals  arched  over  the  (greenish-yellow)  style.  —  Varies   rarely  with  greemsh- 
yellow  flowers,  and  without  purple  veins  in   the  foliage.      (S.  heterophylla, 
Eaton.}  —  Peat-bogs;  common  from  N.  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward 
east  of  the  Alleghanics.     June.  —  The  curious  leaves  are  usually  half  filled 
with  water  and  drowned  insects  :  the  inner  face  of  the  hood  is  clothed  with  stiff 
bristles  pointing  downward.     Flower  globose,  nodding  on  a  scape  a  foot  high  : 
it  is  difficult  to  fancy  any  resemblance  between  its  shape  and  a  side-saddle,  but 
it  is  not  very  unlike  a  pillion.    (Illinois,  Dr.    Vasey.) 

2.  S.  flitva,   L.     (TRUMPETS.)     Leaves  long  (l°-3°)  and  trumpet-shaped, 
erect,  with  an  open  mouth,  the  erect  hood  rounded,  narrow  at  the  base ;  wing 
almost  none  ;  flower  yellow,  the  petals  becoming  long  and  drooping.  —  Bogs, 
Virginia  and  southward.     April. 

ORDER  10.     PAPAVERACE^E.     (PorpY  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  milky  or  colored  juice,  regular  flowers  with  the  parts  in  twos  or 
fours,  fugacious  sepals,  polyandrous,  hypooynous,  the  ovary  I -celled  with  2  or 
more  parietal  placentce. —  Sepals  2,  somef'mes  3,  falling  when  the  flower 
expands.  Petals  4-12,  spreading,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  early  deciduous. 
Stamens  16 -many,  distinct.  Fruit  a  dry  1-celled  pod  (in  the  Poppy  im- 
perfectly many-celled,  in  Glaucium  2-celled).  Seeds  numerous,  anatro- 
pous, often  crested,  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  fleshy  and  oily 
albumen.  —  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipule0  Peduncles  mostly  1-tiow- 
ered.  Juice  narcotic  or  acrid. 

Synopsis. 

*  Petals  more  or  less  crumpled  or  corrugate  in  the  bud. 
•»-  Pod  partly  many-celled  by  the  projecting  placentae,  not  valved. 
1   PAPAVER.    Stigmas  united  in  a  radiate  crown :  style  none. 
+-  «-  P&d  strictly  1-celled,  2 -6- valved ;  the  valves  separating  by  their  edges  from  the  thread. 

like  placentae,  which  remain  as  a  framework. 

2.  ARGKMONE.     Stigmas  (sessile)  and  placentae  4-6.     Pod  and  leaves  prickly. 
&  STYLOP1IORUM.    Stigmas  and  placentas  3 -4.     Style  distinct,  columnar.     Pod  brietly. 

4.  CIIELIDONIUM.     Stigmas  and  placentae  2.     Pod  linear,  smooth.     Petals  4. 

•«-  •*-  ••-  Pod  2-celled  by  a  spongy  partition  between  the  placentas,  2-valved. 

5.  GLAUCIUM.     Stigma  2-lobed.    Pod  linear.     Petals  4. 

*  *  Petals  not  crumpled  in  the  bud. 
6    SANQUINARIA.    Petals  8  -12.    Pod  obkmg,  turgid,  1-celled,  2-valved. 


PAPAVERACE.E.       (POPPY    FAMILY.)  25 

1.     PA  PAVER,    L.        POPPY. 

Sepals  mostly  2.  Petals  mostly  4.  Stigmas  united  in  a  flat  4-20  rayed 
crown,  resting  on  the  summit  of  the  ovary  and  capsule ;  the  latter  shoit  and 
turgid,  with  4-20  many-seeded  placentae  projecting  like  imperfect  partitions, 
opening  by  as  many  pores  or  chinks  under  the  edge  of  the  stigma.  —  Herbs 
with  a  white  juice ;  the  flower-buds  nodding.  (Derivation  obscure.)  —  Two 
species  of  the  Old  World  are  sparingly  adventive  ;  viz. 

1.  P.  soMNfFERUM,  L.     (COMMON  POPPY.)     ®  Smooth,  glaucous  ;  leaves 
clasping,  wavy,  incised  and  toothed  ;  pod  globose ;  corolla  mostly  white  or  pur- 
ple. —  Near  dwellings  in  some  places.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  DtmcM,  L.    (SMOOTH-FRUITED  CORN-POPPY.)    ®  Pinnatind  leaves 
and  the  long  stalks  bristly ;  pods  club-shaped,  smooth  ;  corolla  light  scarlet.  — • 
Cult,  grounds,  Westchester,  Pcnn.  and  southward :  rare.     (Adv.  from  En.) 

2.    Alt  GEM  ONE,    L.        PRICKLY  POPPY. 

Sepals  2  or  3.  Petals  4-6.  Style  almost  none  :  stigmas  3-6,  radiate.  Pod 
oblong,  prickly,  opening  by  3  -  6  valves  at  the  top  Seeds  crested.  —  Herbs, 
with  prickly  bristles  and  yellow  juice.  Leaves  sessile,  sinuate-lobed,  and  with 
prickly  teeth,  blotched  with  white.  Flower-buds  erect,  short-peduncled.  (Name 
from  dp-ye/xa,  a  disease  of  the  eye,  for  which  the  juice  was  a  supposed  remedy.) 

1.  A.  MEXIC\NA,  L.  (MEXICAN  PRICKLY  POPPY.)  ©  <f)  Flowers  sol- 
Itary  (pale  yellow  or  white);  calyx  prickly.  —  Waste  places;  not  common. 
July -Oct.  (Adv.  from  trop.  Amer.) 

3.     STYJLOP HOKUM,    Nutt.        CELANDINE  POPPY. 

Sepals  2,  hairy.  Petals  4.  Style  distinct,  columnar:  stigma  3-4-lobed. 
Pod  ovoid,  bristly,  3-4-valved  to  the  base.  Seeds  conspicuously  crested. — 
Perennial  herb,  with  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  leaves  like  Celandine,  the 
uppermost  in  pairs,  subtending  one  or  more  slender  1 -flowered  peduncles ;  the 
buds  and  pods  nodding.  Juice  yellow.  Corolla  yellow.  (Name  from  orvXo?, 
o  style,  and  </>epo>,  to  bear ;  indicating  one  of  its  characters.) 

1.  S.  dipJiylluiii,  Nutt.  (Meconopsis  diphylla,  DC.)  —  Woods,  W. 
Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  May.  —  Divisions  of  the  leaves  "»-7,  sinu- 
ate-lobed. Flower  2'  broad. 

4.     CHEEIDONIUM,    L.        CELANDINE. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  16-24.  Style  nearly  none  :  stigma  2-lobcd. 
Pod  linear,  slender,  smooth,  2-valved,  the  valves  opening  from  the  bottom  up- 
wards. Seeds  crested.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  brittle  stems,  saffron-colored  acrid 
juice,  pinnately  divided  or  2-pinnatifid  and  toothed  or  cut  leaves,  and  small  yel- 
low flowers.  (Name  from  ^eXtSwv,  the  Swallow,  because,  according  to  Dios- 
coridcs..  it  begins  to  flower  at  the  time  the  swallows  appear.) 

1.  C.  MAJUS,  L.  (CELANDINE.)  Flowers  several,  in  umbel-like  clusters  — 
Waste  grounds  near  dwellings.  May -Aug.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


Jfi  FUMARIACE2E.       (FUMITORY    FAMILY.) 

5.     GL.AIICIUM,    Tourn.        HORN-POPPY. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  indefinite.  Style  none  :  stigma  2-lobed  or  2- 
horned.  Pod  very  long  and  linear,  completely  2-eelled  by  a  spongy  false  par- 
tition, in  which  the  crcstless  seeds  are  partly  immersed.  —  Annuals  or  biennials, 
with  saffron-colored  juice,  clasping  leaves,  and  solitary  yellow  flowers.  (The 
Greek  name,  yXavKiov,  from  the  glaucous  foliage.) 

1.  i*.  LfrrEUM,  Scop.  Glaucous;  lower  leaves  pinnatifid  ;  upper  ones  sin- 
uatc-lobed  and  toothed,  cordate-clasping  ;  pods  rough  (6' -10'  long).  —  Waste 
placet-  Maryland  and  Virginia;  not  common.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

C.     SANG  UIN  ARIA,    Dill.        BLOOD-ROOT. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  8-12,  spatulate-oblong,  the  inner  narrower.  Stamens 
about  24.  Style  short:  stigma  2-groovcd.  Pod  oblong,  turgid,  1-celled,  2- 
valved.  Seeds  with  a  large  crest.  —  A  low  perennial,  with  thick  prostrate  root- 
stocks,  surcharged  with  red-orange  acrid  juice,  sending  up  in  earliest  spring  a 
rounded  palmate-lobed  leaf,  and  a  1 -flowered  naked  scape.  Flower  white,  hand- 
some. (Name  from  the  color  of  the  juice.) 

1 .  S.  CsinsuleilSiS,  L.  —  Open  rich  woods  ;   common.     April,  May. 

ESCHSCHOLTZIA  CALiFORNiCA,  and  E.  DouGLAsn,  now  common  orna- 
mental annuals  in  the  gardens,  are  curious  Papaveraceous  plants  from  Califor- 
nia and  Oregon.  Their  juice  is  colorless,  but  with  the  odor  of  muriatic  acid. 

ORDER  11.     FUMARIACE^E.     (FUMITORY  FAMILY.) 

Delicate  smooth  herbs,  with  watery  juice,  compound  dissected  leaves,  irregu 
lar  flowers,  with  4  somewhat  united  peta1.s,  6  diadelphous  stamens,  and  pod* 
and  seeds  Wee  those  of  the  Poppy  Family.  —  Sepals  2,  small  and  scale-like. 
Corolla  flattened,  closed  ;  the  4  petals  in  two  pairs  ;  the  outer  with  spread- 
ing tips,  and  one  or  both  of  them  spurred  or  saccate  at  the  base  ;  the  inner 
pair  narrower,  and  with  their  callous  crested  tips  united  over  the  stigma. 
Stamens  in  two  sets  of  3  each,  placed  opposite  the  larger  petals,  hypogy- 
nous  ;  their  filaments  often  united;  the  middle  anther  of  each  set  2-celled, 
the  lateral  ones  1-celled.  Stigma  flattened  at  right  angles  with  the  ovary. 
rod  1-celled,  either  1  seeded  and  indehiscent,  or  several-seeded  with '2  pa- 
rietal placentae.  —  Leaves  usually  alternate,  without  stipules.  (Slightly 
bitter,  innocent  plants.) 

Synopsis. 

*  Pod  slend&r  :  the  2  valves  separating  from  the  persistent  filiform  placcnlse. 
1.    ADLUM1A.     Corolla  heart-shaped,  persistent  :  pctalc  united.     ?<'<-<ls  <T. 
'£.    DK'KNTUA.     Coroli.i  heart-shaped  or  2-spurred  at  the  base.     Seeds  crested. 
«.    COHVDAL1S.     Corolla  l-spurn-d  at  the  base.     Seeds  crested. 

*  *  I'm!  lli-shy,  iinli'hisoent,  globular,  1-seeded. 
«.   PUMAUIA.    Corolla  1-spurwd  <it  the  baae     Soad  croetiesa. 


(FUMITORY    FAMILY.)  27 

1.    ADL.UMIA,    Raf.        CLIMBING  FUMITORY. 

Petals  all  permanently  united  in  an  ovate  corolla,  2-saccate  at  the  base,  be- 
coming dry  and  persistent,  enclosing  the  small  few-seeded  pod.  Seeds  not 
crested.  Stigma  2-crested.  Stamens  diadelphous.  —  A  climbing  biennial  vine, 
with  thrice-pinnate  leaves,  cut-lobed  delicate  leaflets,  and  ample  panicles  of 
drooping  whitish  flowers.  (Dedicated  by  Rafinesque  to  Major  Adlum.) 

1.  A.  cirrliosa,  Raf.  (Corydalis  fungosa,  Vent.)  —  Wet  woods;  com- 
mon westward.  July  -  Oct.  —  A  handsome  vine,  with  delicate  foliage  and  pale 
flesh-colored  blossoms,  climbing  by  the  tendril-like  young  leafstalks  over  high 
bushes  ;  cultivated  for  festoons  and  bowers  in  shaded  places. 

2.     DICENTRA,    Bork.        DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES. 

Petals  slightly  united  into  a  heart-shaped  or  2-spuned  corolla,  either  decidu- 
ous or  withering.  Stigma  2-«rested  and  sometimes  2-horned.  Filaments  slightly 
united  in  two  sets.  Pod  10-20-seeded.  Seeds  crested.  —  Low,  mostly  stem- 
less  perennials,  with  ternately  compound  and  dissected  leaves,  and  racemose 
nodding  flowers.  Pedicels  2-bracted.  (Name  from  fit's,  twice,  and  Ke'i/rpov,  a 
sjyur.) 

1.  D.  Cucullaria,  DC.    (DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES.)    Granulate-bulbous; 
lobes  of  the  leaves  linear ;  raceme  simple,  few-floAvered ;  corolla,  with  2  divergent 
spurs  longer  than  the  pedicel  ;  crest  of  the  inner  petals  minute.  —  Rich  woods,  es- 
pecially westward.     April,  May. — >A  very  delicate  plant,  sending  up  in  early 
spring,  from  the  cluster  of  little  grain-like  tubers  crowded  together  in  the  form 
of  a  scaly  bulb,  the  finely  cut  long-stalked  leaves  and  slender  scape,  the  latter 
bearing  4-10  pretty,  but  odd,  white  flowers  tipped  with  cream-color. 

2.  D.   Canadensis,   DC.     (SQUIRREL-CORN.)      Subterranean  shoots 
tuberijeroHS  ;   leaves  and  raceme  as  in  No.  1  ;   corolla  merely  heart-shaped,  the 
spurs  very  short  and  rounded  ;  crest  of  the  inner  petals  conspicuous,  projecting.  — 
Rich  woods,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky,  especially  northward.     April, 
May.  —  Tubers  scattered,  round,  flattened,  as  large  as  peas  or  grains  of  Indian 
Corn,  yellow.     Calyx  minute.     Flowers  greenish-white  tinged  with  red,  with  the 
fragrance  of  Hyacinths. 

3.  D.  exsmia,  DC.     Subterranean  shoots  seal//;  divisions  and  lobes  of 
the  leaves  broadly  oblong;  raceme  compound,  clustered ;  corolla  oblong,  2-saccate 
at  the  base  ;  crest  of  the  inner  petals  projecting.  —  Rocks,  W.  New  York,  rare 
( Thomas,  Sartwell),  and  Alleghanies  of  Virginia.     May  -  Aug.  —  A  larger  plant 
than  the  others.     Flowers  reddish-purple. 

3.     CORY»AI,IS,    Vent.        CORYDALIS. 

Corolla  1 -spurred  at  the  base  (on  the  upper  side),  deciduous.  Style  persist- 
ent. Pod  many-seeded.  Seeds  crested.  Flowers  in  racemes.  Our  species 
are  biennial  and  leafy-stemmed.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  for  the  Fumitory.) 

1.  C.  aiirea,  Willd.  (GOLDEN  CORYDAIJS.)  Stems  low,  spreading  •  ra- 
cemes simple  ;  spur  incurved  ;  pods  pendent ;  seeds  with  a  scalloped  crest.  — 


(MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

Rocks  bj  streams,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  April  -  July.  —  Glau- 
cous :  flowers  golden-yellow  and  showy,  or  paler  aud  less  handsome.  Pods 
1'  long,  uneven. 

2.  C.  gluiBCR,  Pursh.  (PALE  COKYDALIS.)  Stem  tpriyht ;  racemes 
panic-led  ;  spur  short  and  rounded  ;  pods  erect,  slender,  elongated  ;  seeds  with  a 
small  entire  crest.  —  Rocky  places;  common.  May -July.  —  Corolla  whitish, 
shaded  with  yellow  and  reddish. 

4.    FUMARIA,    L.        FUMITORY. 

Corolla  1 -spurred  at  the  base.  Style  deciduous.  Fruit  indehiscent,  small, 
globular,  1-seeded.  Seeds  crestless.  —  Branched  annuals,  with  finely  dissected 
compound  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  dense  racemes  or  spikes.  (Name  from 
fuinus,  smoke.) 

1.  F.  oFFici>TXLis,  L.  (COMMON  FUMITORY,.)  Sepals  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  sharply  toothed,  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  corolla  (which  is  flesh- 
color  tipped  with  crimson) ;  fruit  slightly  notched.  —  Waste  places,  about  dwell- 
ings. (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

ORDER  12.     CRUCIFEfLE.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  a  pungent  watery  juice  and  cruciform  telradynamous  flowers : 
fruit  a  s'dique  or  silicte.  —  Sepals  4,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  reg- 
ular, placed  opposite  each  other  in  pairs,  their  spreading  limbs  forming  a 
cross.  Stamens  6,  two  of  them  inserted  lower  down  and  shorter.  Pod 
2-celled  by  a  thin  partition  stretched  between  the  2  marginal  placentae, 
from  which  when  ripe  the  valves  separate,  either  much  longer  than  broad 
(a  -s-///V/we),  or  short  (a  silicle  or  pouch),  sometimes  indehiscent  and  nut-like 
(nuc  amentaceous),  or  separating  across  into  1-seeded  joints  (lomenlaceous). 
Seeds  campylotropous,  without  albumen,  filled -by  the  large  embryo,  which 
is  curved  or  folded  in  various  ways:  i.  e.  the  cotyledons  accutubcnt,  viz 
their  margins  on  one  side  applied  to  the  radicle,  so  that  the  cross-section  of 
the  seed  appears  thus  oQ  ;  or  else  incumbent,  viz.  the  back  of  one  cotyle- 
don applied  to  the  radicle,  thus  oQ).  In  these  cases  the  cotyledons  are 
plane  ;  but  they  may  be  folded  upon  themselves,  as  in  Mustard,  where  they 
are  conduplicatc,  thus  cgj).  In  Leavenworthia  alone  the  whole  embryo  is 
straight.  —  Leaves  alternate,  no  stipules.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or 
corymbs:  pedicels  not  bracted.  —  A  large  and  very  natural  family, -of 
pungent  or  acrid,  but  not  poisonous  plants.  (Characters  taken  from  the 
|>ods  and  seeds ;  the  flowers  being  nearly  alike  in  all.) 

Synopsis. 
I.    SILIQUOSuE.     Pod  long,  a  s'dique,  opening  by  valves. 

Tans  I.    ARABIDEJE.     Pod  elongated  (except  in  Nasturtium)     Seeds  flattened.    Oo- 
tyleduus  aocwnbent,  plane. 


(MUSTARD  FAMILY.;  2£ 

*  Pod  terete,  or  slightly  flattened  ;  the  valves  nerveless. 
1    N  iSTURTIUM.     Pod  linear,  oblong,  or  even  globular,  turgid.    Seeds  irregularly  In  two 

rows  in  each  cell,  small. 
2.  IODANTIIUS.    Pod  linear,  elongated.    Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell. 

*  Pod  flat ;  the  valves  nerveless.     Seeds  in  one  row  hi  each  cell. 

8.  LEAVENWORTUIA.     Pod  oblong.     Seeds  winged.    Embryo  straight !    Leaves  all  radical 
4,  DENTAIUA.    Pod  lanceolate.     Seeds  wingless,  on  broad  seed-stalks.     Stem  few-leaved. 
6.  CARDAM1NE.     Pod  linear  or  linear-lanceolate.    Seeds  wingless,  on  slender  seed-stalks 

Stems  leafy  below. 
*  *  *  Pod  flattened  or  4-angled,  linear  ;   the  valves  one-nerved  in  the  middle,  or  veiny. 

6.  ARAB1S.     Pods  flat  or  flattish.     Seeds  in  one  row  in  eaoh  cell.    Flowers  white  or  purple. 

7.  TU11R1T1S.     Pods  and  flowers  as  in  Arabis,  but  the  seeds  occupying  two  rows  in  each  cell. 

8.  BARBA11EA.     Pod  somewhat  4-sided.     Seeds  ia  one  row  in  each  celL    Flowers  yellow 

TRIBE  II.  SISYMBRIE.E.  Pod  elongated.  Seeds  thickish.  Cotyledons  incumbent, 
narrow,  plane. 

9.  ERYSIMUM.     Pod  sharply  4-angled,  linear.     Flowers  yellow. 

10.  S1SYMBRIUM.    Pods  terete,  or  obtusely  4  -  6-angled,  or  flattish.    Flowers  white  or  yellow. 

TUIBE  III.  BRASSICE7E.  Pod  elongated.  Seeds  globular.  Cotyledons  incumbeut 
and  conduplicate,  folded  round  the  radicle. 

11.  SINAPIS.     Pod  terete  ;  the  valves  1  - 5-nerved.    Calyx  spreading. 

II.  SILICULOSjiE.     Pod  short,  a  siticle  or  pouch,  opening  by  valves. 

TRIBE  IV.  AL.YSSINE.E.  Pod  oval  or  oblong,  flattened  parallel  to  the  broad  parti- 
tion, if  at  all.  Cotyledons  accumbent,  plane. 

12.  DRABA.     Pod  flat,  many -seeded  :  valves  1  -  3-nerved  or  nerveless. 

13.  VESICARIA.    Pod  globular,  inflated,  4  -  several -seeded  :  valves  nerveless. 
1.  NASTURTIUM.    Pod  turgid,  many-seeded  :  valves  nerveless. 

TRIBE  V.  CAMEIjIlVE^E.  Pod  ovoid  or  oblong,  flattened  parallel  to  the  broad  parti 
tion.  Cotyledons  incumbent,  plane. 

14.  CAMELINA.    Pod  obovoid,  turgid  :  valves  1-nerved.    Style  slender. 

TRIBE  VI.  LEPIDINE^E.  Pod  short,  the  boat-shaped  valves  flattened  contrary  to 
the  narrow  partition.  Cotyledons  incumbent  (accumbent  in  one  instance),  plane. 

15.  LEPIDIUM.     Pod  two-seeded. 

16.  CAPSELLA.    Pod  many-seeded,  inversely  heart-shaped-triangular. 

TRIBE  VII.  SUBULARIE.E.  Pod  oval,  turgid,  somewhat  flattened  contrary  to  the 
broad  partition.  Cotyledons  long  and  narrow,  transversely  folded  on  themselves  and 
incumbent. 

17.  SUBULARIA.    Pod  several-seeded  :  the  valves  convex-boat-shaped. 

TRIBE  VHI.  SEBTEBIEREuE.  Pod  compressed  contrary  to  the  very  narrow  parti- 
tion ;  the  cells  separating  from  the  partition  at  maturity  as  two  closed  one-seeded  nut- 
lets. Cotyledons  as  in  Tribe  1. 

18.  SENEBIEKA.     Nutlets  or  closed  cells  roundish,  reticulated. 

III.  LOMENTACEvE.    Pod  articulated,  i.  e.  separating  across  into  two 

or  more  closed  joints. 
TRIBE  IX.    CAKILINE^E.     Cotyledons  plane  and  accumbent,  as  in  Tribe  1. 

19.  CAKILE.     Pod  short,  2-jointed  :  the  joints  1-celled  and  1-seeded. 

TRIBB  X.     RAPHAJVE^E.     Cotyledons  conduplicate  and  incumbent,  as  in  Tribe  & 

20.  HAPIIANUS.    Pod  elongated  se~eral-8eeded,  transversely  intercepted. 


30  CRUCIFER.E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

1.    NASTURTIUM,    R.  Br.    WATER-CUESS. 

Pod  a  short  silique  or  a  silicic,  varying  from  oblong-linear  to  globular,  terete 
or  nearly  so,  often  curved  upwards  :  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  small,  turgid, 
marginless,  in  2  irregular  rows  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons  accumbcnt.  —  Aquat- 
ic- or  marsh  plants,  with  yellow  or  white  flowers,  and  pinnate  or  pinnatifid 
h-aves,  usually  glabrous.  (Name  from  Nasus  tortus,  a  convulsed  nose,  alluding 
t«>  the  effect  of  its  pungent  qualities.) 

§  1.  Petals  white,  tw'.ce  the  length  of  the  calyx :  pods  linear:  leaves  pinnate. 

1.  IV.  OFFICINALE,  R.  Br.     (WATER-CRESS.)     Stems  spreading  and  root- 
ing; leaflets  3- 11,  roundish  or  oblong,  nearly  entire;  pods  (6" -8"  long)  on 
slender  widely  spreading  pedicels.     1J.  —  Brooks  and  ditches;    rare:   escaped 
from  cultivation.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

$  2.  Petals  ydlow  or  yellowish,  seldom  much  exceeding  the  calyx :  pods  linear,  oblong, 
ovoid,  or  ylobular:  leaves  mostly  pinnatijid. 

#  Perennial  from  creeping  or  subterranean  shoots:  flowers  rather  large,  bright  yellow. 

2.  IV.  SYI.VESTRE.     R.  Br.     (YELLOW  CRESS.)     Stems  ascending;  Itaves 
pinnate/y  parted,  the  divisions  toothed  or  cut,  lanceolate  or  linear ;  pods  linear 
(4" -6"  long),  on  slender  pedicels;  style  very  short.  —  Wet  meadows,  near  Phila- 
delphia ;  and  Newton,  Massachusetts,  C.  J.  Sprague.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  IV.  SiiBiiatlim,  Nutt.     Stems  low,  diffuse  ;  l-avcs  pimmtdy  cleft,   the 
short  lobes  nearly  entire,  linear-oblong ;  pods  linear-oblong  (4"-6"  long),  on 
slender  pedicels  ;  style  slender.  —  Banks  of  the  Mississippi  and  westward.    J.uue. 

*  *  Annual  or  biennial,  rarely  perennial?  ivrth  simple  fibrous  roots  :  flowers  small 

or  minute,  greenish  or  yellowish  :  leaves  somewhat  It/rate. 

4.  TV.  Mvssiliflormii,  Nutt.     Stems  erect,  rather  simple;  leaves  obtusely 
incised  or   toothed,  obovatc  or  oblong ;  Jlowers  minute.,  nearly  sessile ;  pods  elon- 
gated-oblong (5" -6"  long),  thick;  style  very  short.  —  With  No.  3  and  south- 
ward.    April  -'June. 

5.  IV.    ohtiismn,    Nutt.     Stems   much    branched,   diffusely    spreading ; 
/«/".s  /n'lUKiti'/i/  purttd  or  dicidi-.d,  the  divisions  roundish  and  obtusely  toothed  or 
rcpaiid  ;  Jlowers   minute,   short -pr dicelled ;   pods   longer  than   the  jxd/i'L-Ls,    varying 
from  linear-oblong  to  short-oval;  style  short.  —  With  No.  3  and  4. 

6.  IV.  p.iliistre,  DC.     (MARSH  CRESS.)      Stem   erect;  lent  PS  pinnatcly 
cleft  or  ported,  or  the  upper  laciniate ;  the  lobes  oblong,  cut-toothed  ;  pedicels 
(ilunt  <is  lout]  as  thi'  si/mil  fimrcrs  and  mostly  longer  than   the  oblong,  ellipsoid,  or 
ovoid  /**/.>>• ;  style  short. —  Wei  ditches  and  borders  of  streams,  common.     June 
-Sept.  — Flowers  only  l"-lj"  long.     Stems  l°-3°  high.  —  The  typical  form 
with  oblong  pods  is  rare  (W.  New  York,  l)r.  Sartirell).     Short  pods  and  hirsute 
stems  and   leaves  are  common.     Var.  iiisrlouM  (N.  hispidum,  DC.)  is  this, 
with  ovoid  or  globular  pods.     (Eu.) 

t  3.  Pi  tula  ti'hite,  mnrh  lonucr  than  the  calyr  :  pods  oroid  or  globular  :  bares  undi- 

mtid,  or  tin',  hirer  ones  pinmitijid.      ( Armoracia.) 

*.  IV.  Inn'istrr,  Gray,  Gen.  111.  1,  p.  132.  (LAKK  CHESS.)  Aquatic, 
immersed  leaves  1  -3-pinnately  dissected  into  iitinieroiis  caj>illary  <livi>ions ; 
emersed  leaves  oblong,  entire,  serrate,  or  pianatitid  ;  j>edicels  widelj  spreading  ; 


CRUOIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  31 

p<xjs  ovoid,  one-celled,  a  little  longer  than  the  style.  1|.  (N.  natans,  ed.  1.  N.  natans, 
var.  Aruericanum,  Grciy.  Armoracia  Americana,  Am.) — Lakes  and  rivers 
N.  New  Y"ork  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  July. 

8.  IV.  ARMOKACIA,  Fries.  (HORSERADISH.)  Root-leaves  very  large,  ob- 
long, crenate,  rarely  pinnatifid ;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate  ;  fruiting  pedicels 
ascending;  pods  globular  (seldom  formed) ;  style  very  short.  1J.  (Cochletma 
Armoracia,  L.)  — Boots  large  and  long;  —  a  well-known  condiment.  Escaped 
from  cultivation  into  moist  ground/  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

».     IOI>ANTHUS,    Torr.  &  Gray.        FALSE  ROCKET. 

Pod  linear,  elongated,  terete ;  the  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in 
each  cell,  not  margined.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Claws  of  the  violet-purple 
petals  longer  than  the  calyx. — A  smooth  perennial,  with  ovate-oblong  pointed 
and  toothed  leaves,  the  lowest  sometimes  lyrate-pinnatifid,  and  showy  flowers  in 
pauicled  racemes.  (Name  from  10)8775,  violet-colored,  and  avBos,  flower.) 

1.  I.  liesperidoitles,  Ton-.  &  Gray.  (Hesperis  piuuatifida,  Michx.)  — 
Banks  of  rivers,  west  of  the  Alleghanies.  May,  June.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high. 
Petals  5"  long,  spatulate.  Pods  1'  to  nearly  2'  long,  somewhat  curved  upwards. 

3.    LEAVENWORTHIA,    Torr.        LEAVENWORTIIIA. 

Pod  linear  or  oblong,  flat ;  the  valves  nerveless,  but  minutely  reticulate- 
veined.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  flat,  surrounded  by  a  wing.  Em- 
bryo straight !  or  the  short  radicle  only  slightly  bent  in  the  direction  which  if 
continued  would  make  the  orbicular  cotyledons  accumbent. — Little  biennials  or 
hyemal  annuals,  glabrous  and  stemless,  with  lyrate  root-leaves  and  short  one- 
few-flowered  scapes.  (Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  M.  C.  Leavenworth,  the  discoverer 
of  one  species.) 

1.  li»  ITficllUlixii,  Torr.     Scapes  one-flowered;  petals   white  or  purplish, 
yellowish  towards  the  base.     (Cardamine  uniflora,  Michx.)  —  On  flat  rocks, 
Southeastern  Kentucky  (also  Tennessee  and  Alabama,  whence  Prof.  Hatch  sends 
it  with  purple  flowers).     March,  April. 

2.  Jit.  aiircsi,  Torr.     Scapes  1  -^-flowered;  petals  yellow,  larger  than  in  the 
other  (perhaps  not  distinct).  —  With  No.  1,  and  southwestward. 

4.    DENTARIA,    L.        TOOTHWORT.    PEPPER-ROOT. 

Pod  lanceolate,  flat,  as  in  Cardamine,  but  broader.  Seed-stalks  broad  and 
flat. — Perennials  ,/vith  long,  horizontal,  fleshy,  sometimes  interrupted,  toothed 
rootstocks  of  a  pleasant  pungent  taste ;  the  low  simple  stems  bearing  2  or  3 
petioled  compound  leaves  about  the  middle,  arid  terminated  by  a  single  raccmo 
of  large  white  or  purple  flowers.  (Name  from  dens,  a  tooth.) 

1.  D.  flipliyllcl,  L.  RootstocJc  long  and  continuous,  toothed ;  stem-leaves  2, 
simitar  to  the  radical  ones,  close  together,  of  3  rhombic-ovate  coarsely  toothed 
leaflets.  —  Rich  woods,  Maine  to  Kentucky.  May.  —  Rootstocks  5'-  If)' long, 
crisp,  tasting  like  Water-Cress.  Flowers  white. 

7 


;-52  CRUCIFERJL.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

2.  O.  UBi'a  \iisia,  Nutt.  Rootstock  interrupted,  forming  a  string  of  tootlitd 
titl«rs  ;  shin-leaves  (2-7)  mostly  3  and  alternate;  leaflets  3,  ovate,  obtuse,  coarsely 
toothed  and  incised,  often  2-3-cleft.  (I),  laciniata,  var.  3.,  Torr.  $•  Gr.)  —  W. 
New  York,  and  Pcnn.,  Nuttall!  Watertown,  New  York,  Dr.  Crawel  May.— 
Stem  10' -2°  (Nutt.)  high:  raceme  elongated.  Flowers  larger  than  in  No.  1, 
purple.  Joints  of  the  rootstock  l'-2'  long,  £'  thick,  starchy.  The  leaves  are 
intermediate  between  No.  1  and  No.  3. 

8.  D.  laciiliata,  Muhl.  Rootstock  necklace-form,  consisting  of  a  chain 
of  3  or  4  nearly  toothless  oblong  tubers ;  stem-leaves  3  in  a  whorl,  3-parted ;  the 
biijlets  linear  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  irregularly  cut  or  cleft  into  narrow  teeth,  the 
lateral  ones  deeply  2-lobed.  —  Rich  soil  along  streams,  W.  New  England  to 
Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  May.  —  A  span  high:  raceme  scarcely  longer  than 
the  leaves.  Flowers  pale  purple.  Root-leaves  much  dissected. 

4.  I>.  lieteroptiylla,  Nutt.  Rootstock  necklace-form,  obscurely  toothed , 
stt -Hi-leaves  2  or  3,  small,  alternate,  3-parted,  the  leaflets  lanceolate  and  nearly  entire , 
root-leaves  of  3  round-ovate  obtuse  somewhat  toothed  and  lobed  leaflets.  —  West- 
ern Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  Kentucky.  May. —  &.  span  high,  slender: 
stem-leaves  1'  long.  Flowers  few,  purple. 

5      CARD  A  MINE,    L.        BITTER  CRESS. 

Pod  linear,  flattened,  usually  opening  elastically  from  the  base ;  the  valves 
nerveless  and  veinless,  or  nearly  so.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  wing- 
less ;  their  stalks  slender.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  —  Flowers  white  or  purple. 
(From  Kd/>§a/iov,  an  ancient  Greek  name  for  Cress.)  —  Runs  into  Dentaria  on 
the  one  hand,  into  Arabis  on  the  other. 

#  Root  perennial :  leaves  simple  or  3-folioIate. 

1.  C.  rlioniboidca,  DC.     (SPRING  CRESS.)    Stems  upright,  tuberifer- 
ons  at  the  base;  stems  simple;  root-leaves  round  and  rather  heart-shaped;  lower 
stem-leaves  ovate  or  rhombic-oblong,  somewhat  petioled,  the  upper  almost  lan- 
ceolate, all  somewhat  angled  or  sparingly  toothed  ;  pods  linear-lanceolate,  point- 
ed with  a  slender  style  tipped  with  a  conspicuous  stigma ;  seeds  rotind-ocal.  — 
Wet  meadows  and  springs ;  common.     Flowers  large,  white.     April -June. 

Var.  purpiirca,  Ton-.  Lower  (4'- 6'  high)  and  slightly  pubescent; 
leaves  rounder ;  flowers  rose-purple,  appearing  earlier.  —  Along  streams  in  rich 
soil,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin. 

2.  €.  rotimclifolia,    Michx.      (AMERICAN    WATER-CRESS.)      Stem* 
brandling,  inn  I,-  or  i/<cnnibtnt,  vith  cm  ping  runners;  root  flbrous  ;  leaves  all  much 
alike,  roundish,  somewhat   angled,  often  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  petioled,  the 
lowest  frequently  .'j-lobod  or  of  3  leaflets;  pods  linear-awl-shaped,  pointed  with 
the  style;  stigma  minute;  seeds  oval-oblong.     (Sill.  Journal,  42.  p.  30.)  —  Cool, 
shaded  springs,  Penn.,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     May,  June. — 
Leaves  with  just  the  taste  of  the  English  Water-Cress.     Runners  in  summe- 
l°-:,u  long.     Flowers  wliite,  smaller  than  in  No.  1. 

3.  C.  bcllidifolia,    L.     Z>imr/(2'-3'  high),  tufted;  leaves  ovate-,  a* 
tire,    r  sometimes  3-lobcd  (4"  long),  on  long  petioles ;  pods  upr'ght,  linear;  styk 


CRUCIFER2E.       ^MUSTARD    FAMILY.)  33 

nec*ity  none.  —  Alpine  summit  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire.  July. 
—  Flowers  1-5,  white.  Pods  1'  long,  turgid,  the  convex  valves  1-nerved:  so 
that  the  plant  might  as  well  be  an  Arabis  !  (Eu.) 

*  *  Root  perennial :  leaves  pinnate  :  flowers  showy. 

4.  C.  prateitsis,  L.     (CUCKOO-FLOWER.)    Stem  ascending ;  leaflets  7- 
13,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  rounded  and  stalked;  of  the  upper  ones  oblong  or 
linear,  entire,  or  slightly  angled-toothed ;  petals  (white  or  rose-color)  thrice  the 
length  of  the  calyx ;  style  short  but  distinct.  —  Wet  places  and  bogs,  Vermont 
to  Ne\v  Jersey,  Wisconsin,  and  northward ;  rare.     May.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Root  biennial  or  annual :  leaves  pinnate :  flowers  small. 

5.  C.  liii'SUta,  L.     (COMMON  BITTER  CRESS.)     Mostly  smooth  in  the 
United  States,  sometimes  hairy;  leaves  pinnate  with  5-13  leaflets,  or  lyrate- 
pinnatifid ;  leaflets  of  the  lower  leaves  rounded,  angled  or  toothed ;  of  the  upper 
oblong  or  linear,  often  entire ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  (white) ;  the 
narrow  pods  and  the  pedicels  upright :  style  shorter  than  the  width  of  the  pod. 
(C.  Pennsylvanica,  Muhl.)  — Moist  places,  everywhere :  a  small  delicate  variety, 
with  narrow  leaflets,  growing  on  dry  rocks,  is  C.  VIRGINICA,  Michx.  (not  of 
Hb.  Linn. )     May  -  July.     (Eu. ) 

6.    ARABIS,    L.        ROCK  CRESS. 

Pod  linear,  flattened,-  the  valves  plane  or  convex,  1-nerved  in  the  middle,  01 
longitudinally  veiny.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  usually  margined  or 
winged.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  —  Flowers  white  or  rose-color.  (Name  from 
the  country,  Arabia.  See  Linn.  Phil.  Bot.,  §  235.) 

*  Leaves  all  pinnately  parted :  root  annual  or  biennial.     (Aspect  of  Cardamine.) 

1.  A.    JLiulovicifma,    Meyer.     Nearly    glabrous,    diffusely    branched 
from  the  base  (5' -10'  high) ;  divisions  of  the  almost  pinnate  leaves  numerous, 
oblong  or  linear,  few-toothed  or  incised ;  flowers  very  small ;  pods  erect-spread- 
ing, flat  (9" -12"  long,  1"  wide),  the  valves  longitudinally  veiny  (not  elastic); 
seeds  wing-margined.     (Cardamine  Ludoviciana,  Hook.     Sisymbrium,  Nutt.)  — 
Open  fields,  &c.,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     April. 

#  #  Stem-leaves,  if  not  the  root-leaves,  undivided :  annuals  or  doubtful  perennials. 

•*-  Seeds  wingless  or  slightly  margined. 

2.  A.  lyrata,   L.    Diffusely  branched,  low  (4' -10'  high),  glabrous  ex- 
cept the  lyrate-pinnatijid  radical  leaves  ;  stem-leaves  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  tapering 
to  the  base,  the  upper  entire;  petals  (white)  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  pods 
spreading,  long  and  slender,  pointed  with  a  short  style.  —  Rocks.     April  -  June.  — 
Radicle  sometimes  oblique.  —  A  variety  ?  from  Upper  Michigan  and  northward. 
(Sisymbrium  arabidoides,  Hook.}  has  erect  pods,  and  the  cotyledons  often  ivhol- 
ly  incumbent. 

3.  A.  clniitata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Roughish-pubescent,  diffusely  branched 
(l°-2°  high),  leaves  oblong,  very  obtuse,  unequally  and  sharply  toothed  ;  those 
of  the  stem  half-clasping  and  eared  at  the  base,  of  the  root  broader  and  tapering 
into  a  short  petiole  ;  petals  (whitish)  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx,  pods  spread* 
intj,  straight,  short-stalked ;  style  scarcely  any.  —  New  York  and  Illinois  to  Virgin- 


34  CRUCIFEKJE.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

ia  and  Kentucky     May.  —  About  1°  high,  slender.    Pods  1    long,  almost  fili- 
form ;  the  valves  obscurely  nerved. 

4.  A.  patens,  Sulliv.    Downy  with  spreading  hairs,  eiect  (l°-2°  high); 
tti-m-li'aees  oblong-ovate,  acntish,  coarsely  toothed  or  the  uppermost  entire,  half- 
clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base ;  petals  (bright  white)  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx ;  pedicels  slendtr,  spreading ;  pods  spreading  and  curving  upwards,  tipped 
with  a  distinct  style.  —  Rocky  banks  of  the  Scioto,  Ohio,  Sulla-ant.  Penti.,  Prof. 
Porter.      May.  —  Flowers  thrice  as  large  as  in  No.  5.     Pods  1^'- 2' long 

5.  A.  Iiirsiit.il)  Scop.     Rough-hairy,  sometimes  smoothish,  strictly  erect 
(l°-2°  high) ;  stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed,  partly  clasp- 
ing by  a  somewhat  arrow-shaped  or  heart-shaped  base;  petals  (greenish-white) 
small,  but  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  pedicels  and  pods  strictly  upright ;  style  scarcely 
any.  —  Rocks,  common,  especially  northward.    May,  June.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high, 
simple  or  branched  from  the  base.     Root-leaves  spatulate-oblong,  sessile  or  near- 
ly so.     Flowers  small.     (Eu.) 

t-  •«-  Seeds  winged;  their  stalks  adherent  to  the  partition :  petals  narrow,  whitish. 

6.  A.  laevigata,  DC.     Smooth  and  glaucous,  upright;  stem-leaves  partly 
clasping  by  the  arrow-shaped  base,  lanceolate  or  linear,  sparingly  cut-toothed  or 
entire ;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx ;  pods  long  and  narrow,  recurved- 
spreading.  —  Rocky  places,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     May.  —  Stem 
l°-3°  high.     Pods  3'  long,  on  short  merely  spreading  pedicels.     (This  is  also 
A.  hetcrophylla,  Nutt.) 

7.  A.  CaiiadensiS,  L.     (SICKLE-POD.)     Stem  upright,  smooth  above  ; 
stem-leaves  pubescent,  pointed  at  both  ends,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  the  lower 
toothed ;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  oblong-linear ;  pods  drooping,  flat, 
scythe-shaped.    (A.  falcata,  Michx. )  — Woods.    June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high 
Pods  3'  long  and  2"  broad,  veiny,  hanging  on  rough-hairy  pedicels,  curved  like 
a  scymitar. 

7.     TURRITIS,    Dill.        TOWER  MUSTARD. 

Pod  and  flowers,  &c.,  as  in  Arabis ;  but  the  seeds  occupying  2  longitudinal 
rows  in  each  cell. — Biennials  or  rarely  annuals.  Flowers  white  or  rose-color. 
(Name  from  turris,  a  tower.) 

1.  T.  glabra,  L.     Stem-leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth  and  glau-. 
cous,  entire,  half-clasping  by  the  arrow-shaped  base ;  the  yellowish  white  petalf 
little  longer  than  the  calyx ;  flowers  and  the  long  and  narrow  (3;  long)  straight 
pods  strictly  erect.  —  Rocks  and  fields  ;  common  northward.     June.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  Stricta,  Graham.     Smooth  (l°-2°  high);  strm-lnms  lanceolate  « 
linear,  half-clasping  by  the  arrow-shaped  base,  entire  or  nearly  so;  petals  twice 
the  length  of  l/n>  calyx  ;  pedicels  erect  in  flower ;  the  linear  elongated  flat  pods  up- 
ri-ht  or  s|  it-cad  ing  nt  maturity.     Jefferson  and  Chenango  Counties,  New  York, 
North    Illinois,    and    noithward.     May.  —  Root-leaves   small.     Petals   white, 
tinged  with  purple.     l\ipe  pods  2\'-4'  long,  1"  wide. 

3.  T.  bracliycarpa,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smooth,  and  glaucous  ;  sfem-f^avet 
linear-l(i/icc<>lut<,  acute,  arrow-shaded  ;  /«<//o/.s  <••/'  the  JJoiars  nodding,  of  the  short 


CRUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  35 

and  broadish  pods  spreading  or  ascending.  —  Fort  Gratiot,  &c.,  Michigan. 
Boot-leaves  hairy.     Pod  1'  long.     Flowers  pale  purple. 

8.  BARB  A  RE  A,    R.  Br.        WINTER  CRESS. 

Pod  linear,  terete  or  somewhat  4-sided ;  the  valves  being  keeled  by  a  mid- 
nerve.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  marginlcss.  Cotyledons  accumbent. 

—  Mostly  biennials:  flowers  yellow.     (Anciently  called  The  Herb  of  St.  Bar- 
bara.) 

1.  B.  viilgftris,  R.  Br.     (COMMON  WINTER  CRESS.     YELLOW  ROCK 
ET.)     Smooth ;  lower  leaves  lyrate,  the  terminal  division  round  ;  upper  leaves 
obovate,  cut-toothed,  or  pinnatifid  at  the  base;  pods  convex-4-angled,  much 
thicker  than  the  pedicel,  erect,  pointed  with  a  manifest  style;  —  or,  in  the  var. 
STRfcTA,  rather  flatter,  tipped  with  a  thicker  and  very  short  style  (B.  prsecox. 
Hook.  FL  Bor.-Am.,  &c.) ;  — or,  in  var.  ARCUATA,  ascending  on  spreading  ped- 
icels when  young.  —  Low  grounds  and  road-sides.    May.  —  Probably  naturalized 
from  Europe.     But  the  varieties  here  indicated  are  indigenous  from  Lake  Supe- 
rior northward  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

B.  PRJECOX,  R.  Br.  (B.  patula,  Fries),  —  occasionally  cultivated  for  salad 
in  the  Middle  States,  under  the  name  of  Scurvy -Grass,  —  is  becoming  spon- 
taneous farther  south.  It  is  readily  known  by  its  longer  and  less  erect  pods, 
scarcely  thicker  than  their  pedicels,  and  by  the  linear-oblong  lobes  of  most  of 
the  stem-leaves. 

9.  ERYSOIUUI,    L.        TREACLE  MUSTARD. 

Pod  linear,  4-sided ;  the -valves  keeled  with  a  strong  midrib.  Seeds  in  a  single 
row  in  each  cell,  oblong,  marginlcss.  Cotyledons  (often  obliquely)  incumbent. 
Calyx  erect.  —  Chiefly  biennials,  with  yellow  flowers ;  the  leaves  not  clasping. 
(Name  from  e'pvco,  to  draw  blisters.) 

I.E.  clieirajritlioides,  L.  (WORM-SEED  MUSTARD.)  Minutely 
roughish,  branching,  slender ;  leaves  lanceolate,  scarcely  toothed ;  flowers  small ; 
pods  small  and  short  (7"  -12"  long),  very  obtusely  angled,  ascending  on  slender 
divergent  pedicels. — Banks  of  streams,  New  York,  Perm.,  Illinois,  and  north- 
ward :  apparently  truly  indigenous.  July.  (Eu.) 

2.  E.  Arkansamun,  Nutt.     (WESTERN  WALL-FLOWER.)     Minutely 
roughish-hoary ;  stem  simple ;  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  toothed  ;  pods  nearly 
erect  on  very  short  pedicels,  elongated  (3'  -4'  long),  exactly  4-sided ;  stigma  2-lobed. 

—  Ohio  (on  limestone  cliffs)  to  Illinois,  and  southwestward.     June,  July. — 
Plant  stout,  1  °  -  2°  high ;  the  crowded  bright  orange-yellow  flowers  as  large  as 
those  of  the  Wall-flower. 

10.     SISYMBRIUM,    L.        HEDGE  MUSTARD. 

Pod  terete,  flattish,  or  4  -  6-sided ;  the  valves  1  -  3-nerved.  Seeds  oblong, 
marginlcss.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  Calyx  open.  —  Flowers  small,  white  or 
yellow.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  some  plant  of  this  family. ) 


36  CRuCiFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

1.  S.  DFFICIN\LE,  Scop.      (HEDGE  MUSTARD.)      Leaves  runcinate ;  flow- 
ers very  small,  pale  yellow ;  pods  close  pressed  to  the  stem,  aid-shaped,  scarcely 
stalked.      Qp — Waste  places.      May -Sept.  —  An   unsightly,  branched  weed, 
2° -3°  high.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  THALI.XXUM,  Gaud.     (MOUSE-EAR  CRESS.)     Leaves  obovate  or  oblong, 
entire  or  barely  toothed ;  flowers  white ;  pods  linear,  somewhat  4-sided,  longer 
than  the  sU-uder  spreading  pedicels.  ®  —  Old  fields  and  rocks,  Massachusetts 
ro  Kentucky,  &e.     April,  May.  —  A  span  high,  slender,  branched,  hairy  at  the 
base.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  S.  caiiescCHS,  Niitt.     (TANSY  MUSTARD.)     Leaves  2-pinnatifid,  the 
divisions  small  and  toothed  ;  flowers  whitish  or  yellowish,  very  small ;  pods  in 
V>ng  racemes,  oblong  or  rather  club-shaped,  not  longer  than  the  spreading  pedi- 
cels ;  seeds  irregularly  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.     (J)  —  Penn.  and  Ohio  to  Wiscon- 
sin, and  southward  and  westward.  —  Slender,  1°  high,  often  hoary-pubescent. 

11.     SIN  A  PIS,    Tourn.        MUSTARD. 

Pod  nearly  terete,  with  a  stout  beak  (which  is  either  empty  or  1-secdcd) ;  the 
valves  3-5-  (rarely  1-)  nerved.  Seeds  globose,  one-rowed.  Cotyledons  incum- 
bent, folded  around  the  radicle.  Calyx  open.  —  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  yel- 
low flowers.  Lower  leaves  lyrate,  incised,  or  pinnatifid.  (Greek  name  Sown, 
which  is  said  to  come  from  the  Celtic  nap,  a  turnip.) 

1.  S.  ALBA,  L.     (WHITE  MUSTARD.)     Pods  bristly,  turgid,  on  spreading 
pedicels,  shorter  than  the  sword-shaped  one-seeded  beak;  leaves  all  pinnatifid. — 
(Cult,  and  adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  §•  ARVENSIS,  L.     (FIELD  MUSTARD.     CHARLOCK.)    Pods  smooth,  knot- 
ty, about  thrice  the  length  of  the  conical  2-edyed  usually  empty  beak ;  upper  leaves 
merely  toothed.  —  A  noxious  weed  in  cultivated  fields,  New  York  and  Wiscon- 
sin.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  S.  N!GRA,  L.     (BLACK  MUSTARD.)     Pods  smooth,  \-comered  (the  valves 
l-nervcd  only],  oppressed,  tipped  with  a  slender  persistent  style  (rather  than  beak) ; 
leaves  lyrate  or  lobed,  the  upper  narrow  and  entire.  —  Fields  and  waste  places. 
The  acrid  seeds  furnish  the  mustard  of  our  tables,  £c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

12.     DRAB  A,    L.        WHITLOW-GRASS. 

Pouch  oval,  oblong,  or  even  linear,  flat ;  the  valves  plane  or  slightly  convex, 
l-3-nerved:  partition  broad.  Seeds  several  or  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each 
tell,  marginlcss.  Cotyledons  accumbcnt.  Calyx  equal.  Filaments  not  toothed. 
—  Low  herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  white  or  yellow  flowers.  Pu- 
bescence mostly  stellate.  (Name  from  8pa/3^,  acrid,  in  allusion  to  the  pungency 
of  the  leaves.) 

§  1.  DRABA,  DC.  —  Petals  w,<lirid,.-d. 

*  Perennial,  tufted,  Intfy-stem med :  forcers  white  :  pods  twisted  when  ripe. 
1.  D.    raillOSissiliaa,    Desv.     Diffusely  much  branched   (5'- 8'   high), 
pubescent;  leaves  laciniate-toothed,  linear-lanceolate,  the  lower  oblanccolate ;  ra- 


(MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  3? 

cemes  corymbose-branched ;  pods  hairy,  oval-oblong  or  lanceolate  (2f;-  5"  long), 
on  slender  pedicels,  tipped  with  a  lung  style.  —  Cliffs,  Harper's  Ferry,  Natural 
Bridge,  &c.,  Virginia,  to  Kentucky  River,  and  southward.  April,  May. 

2  E>.  araMsatiS,  Michx.  Slightly  pubescent :  flowering  stems  (6' -10 
high)  erect  and  mostly  simple;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  linear,  or  the  lower  spatu- 
late,  sparingly  toothed;  racemes  short,  usually  simple ;  pods  glabrous,  oblong- 
lanceolate  (5"  -6"  long),  on  rather  short  pedicels,  tipped  with  a  very  short  style, 
—  Rocky  banks,  Vermont,  Northern  New  York,  Upper  Michigan,  and  north- 
ward. May,  June.  —  Petals  large. 

*  *  Annual  or  biennial :  leafy  stems  short :  flowers  white  or  in  No.  4  yellow  :  style 
none.     (Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  hairy,  sessile.) 

3.  I>.  bracliycarpa,  Nutt.    Low  (2' -4'  high),  minutely  pubescent, 
stems  leafy  to  the  base  of  the  dense,  at  length  elongated  raceme ;  leaves  narrowly 
oblong  or  the  lowest  ovate  (2^"-4"  long),  few-toothed  or  entire;  flowers  small; 
pods  smooth,  narrowly  oblong,  acutish  (2"  long),  about  the  length  of  the  ascending 
pedicels.  —  Dry  hills,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     April. 

4.  I>.    lici&iorosa,    L.      Leaves  oblong  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  moro 
or  less  toothed ;  racemes  elongated  (4' -8'  long  in  fruit) ;  petals  emarginate,  small ; 
pods  elliptical-oblong,  half  the  length  of  the  horizontally  spreading  pedicels,  pubescent 
(D.  nemoralis,  Ehrh.),  or  smooth  (D.  lutea,  DC.). — Eort  Gratiot,  Michigan, 
and  northward.     (Eu.) 

5.  I>.  cuneifolia,  Nutt.     Leaves  obovate,  wedge-shaped,  or  the  lowest 
spatulate,  toothed;  raceme  somewhat  elongated  in  fruit  (l'-3'),  at  length  equal- 
ling the  naked  peduncle ;  petals  emarginate,  much  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  jwds 
oblong -linear,  minutely  hairy,  longer  than  the  horizontal  pedicels.  —  Grassy  places, 
Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     March,  April. 

6.  D.  Caroliniaiia,  Walt.     Small  (l'-4'  high);  leaves  obovate,  most- 
ly entire ;  peduncles  scape-like ;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  raceme 
short  or  corymbose  in  fruit  (£'-!'  long) ;  pods  broadly  linear,  smooth,  much  longer 
than  the  ascending   pedicels.  —  Sandy  fields,  Rhode   Island  to   Illinois,   and 
southward.     March  -  June. 

7.  D.  niicrilntBia,  Nutt.     Pods  minutely  hairy ;  flowers  swall  or  minute; 
raceme  sometimes  elongated ;  otherwise  as  in  No.  6,  of  which  Mr.  Bebb  proves 
it  to  be  a  variety. — From  "Wisconsin  south\vesfrward. 

{  2.  ER6PIIILA,  DC.  —  Petals  2-cleft.     (Annual  or  biennial :  flowers  tvhite.) 

8  D.  vei'iia,  L.  (WHITLOW-GRASS.)  Small  (scapes  l'-3'  high) ;  leaves 
all  radical,  oblor.g  or  lanceolate ;  racemes  elongated  in  fruit ;  pods  varying  from 
round-oval  to  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth,  shorter  than  the  pedicels.  —  Sandy 
waste  places  and  road-sides  :  not  common.  April,  May.  —  Not  found  north  of 
Lower  Canada.  The  same  as  the  plant  of  Europe,  and  perhaps  introduced. 
(Eu.) 

13.     VESICARIA,    Lam.        BLADDER-POD. 

Pouch  globular  and  inflated,  or  more  or  less  flattened  parallel  to  the  orbicular 
partition  ;  the  hemispherical  or  convex  thin  valves  nerveless.  Seed?  few  or  5*  v- 


38  CRUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

eral,  flat.  Cotyledons  uciumbent.  Filaments  toothless. — Low  herbs,  pubes- 
cent or  hoary  with  stellate  hairs.  Flowers  mostly  yellow.  (Name  from  vesica, 
a  bladder,  from  the  inflate  1  pods.) 

1.  V.  Siiortii,  Torr.  &   Gray.     Annual,  decumbent,  slender,  sonuwhat 
hoary;  leaves  oblong,  entire  or  repand  ;  raeeme  loose;  style  filiform,  longer  than 
the  (immature)  small  and  canescent  spherical  pod ;  seeds  not  margined,  1  -2  in  each- 
cell.  —  Rocky  banks  of  Elkhorn  Creek,  near  Lexington,  Kentucky,  Short. 

2.  V.?   Lcscurii,  n.  sp.  Somewhat  pubescent,  but  green ;  stems  diffusely 
ascending  from  a  biennial  root :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  sparingly  toothed,  those 
of  the  stem  half-clasping  by  a  sagittate  base;  racemes  elongated,  many-flowered  ; 
pedicels  ascending;  filaments  inflated  at  the  base  ;  style  half  the  lait/th  of  the  his- 
pid orbicular  or  broadly  oval  flattened  pod;  seeds  wing-margin fd,  1  -4  in  each 
cell.  —  Hills  near  Nashville.  Tennessee,  Leo  Lest/uerenx.     April,  May.  —  Flow- 
ers golden  yellow.     Pods  so  flat  that,  as  far  as  they  are  concerned,  the  species 
should  rather  belong  to  Alyssum.     Plant  to  be  sought  in  Southern  Kentucky. 

14.     CAMEL.INA,    Crantz.        FALSE  FLAX. 

Pouch  obovoid  or  pear-shaped,  pointed,  turgid,  flattish  parallel  to  the  broad 
partition  :  valves  1-nerved.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong.  Cotyledons  incumbent. 
Style  slender.  Flowers  small,  yellow.  (Name  from  x0^0^  dwarf,  and  AiVoi>, 
flax.  It  has  been  fancied  to  be  a  sort  of  degenerate  flax.) 

1.  C.  SAT!VA,  Crantz.     Leaves  lanceolate,  arrow-shaped;  pods  margined, 
large.     ©  — Flax-fields,  &c.     A  noxious  weed.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

15,    L<E  PIDIUM,    L.        PEPPERWORT.    PEPPERGRASS. 

Pouch  roundish,  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition,  usually 
notched  at  the  apex;  the  valves  boat-shaped  and  keeled.  Seeds  1  in  each  cell. 
pendulous.  Cotyledons  incumbent  or  in  No.  1  accumbcnt !  Flowers  small, 
white.  Stamens  often  only  two !  (Name  from  Xenioiov,  a  little  scale,  alluding 
to  the  small  flat  pods.)  Ours  are  annuals  or  biennials. 

i-  1"  Virgiiiicum,  L.  (WILD  PEPPERGUASS.)  Pods  orbicular,  vnnn- 
kss,  notched  ;  cotyledons  acctaribcnt ;  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  toothed  or  incised- 
the  lowest  pinnatilid ;  prials  4;  stamens  2.  Road-sides.  June -Sept. —  A 
weed  which  has  immigrated  from  farther  South. 

2.  Li.  intermedium,  Gray.     Cotyledons  incumbent ;  upper  leaves  linear 
or  lanceolate,  entire:  otherwise  like  No.  1. — From  Michigan  northward  and 
south  west  ward.  —  1'ctals  often  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

3.  L.  RUDKI:.\I.K,  L.     Pods  oral  and  smaller;   cotyledons  hcnmbcnt ;  p<1ah 
none;  stems  diffusely  much  branched:  otherwise  much  as  in  No.  1.  —  Road- 
sides, near  towns ;  sparingly.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  I..  CAMPESTRE,  L.    Pods  ovate,  n-in<ja1,  rough  with  minute  scales,  notched 
leaves  arrow-shaped,  toothed,  downy ;  stumer.*  6.     Fields,  sparing  from  Massa 
chusetts  to  Delaware.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


CBUCIFER.E.       (MUSTARD    FAMILY.)  39 

16.     CAPS  EL.  LA,     Vent.        SHEPHERD'S  PUKSE. 

Pouch  inversely  heart-shaped-triangular,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  par- 
tition ;  the  valves  boat-shaped,  wingless.  Seeds  numerous.  Cotyledons  incum- 
bent.—  Annuals  :  flowers  small,  white.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  capsula,  a  pod.) 

1.  C.  BURSA-PASTORIS,  Mceuch.  Hoot-leaves  clustered,  pinnatifid  or 
toothed ;  stem-leaves  arrow-shaped,  sessile.  —  Waste  places  ;  the  commonest  of 
weeds.  April -Sept.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

• 

17.     SUBUL.ARIA,    L.        AWLWORT. 

Pouch  oval,  turgid,  somewhat  flattened  contrary  to  the  broad  partition.  Seeds 
several.  Cotyledons  long  and  narrow,  incumbently  folded  transversely,  i.  e. 
the  cleft  extending  to  the  radicular  side  of  the  curvature.  Style  none.  —  A 
dwarf  stemless  perennial,  aquatic ;  the  tufted  leaves  awl-shaped  (whence  the 
name).  Scape  naked,  few-flowered,  l'-3'  high.  Flowers  minute,  white. 

1.  S.  aquiltica,  L.  — Lakes;  Maine,  N.  Hamp.  (Tuckerman.)    (Eu.) 

1§.     SENEBIERA,    DC.        WART-CRESS.     SWINE-CRESS. 

Pouch  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition ;  the  two  cells  indehisccnt, 
but  falling  away  at  maturity  from  the  partition  as  closed  nutlets,  strongly  wrin- 
kled or  tubcrculate,  1 -seeded.  Cotyledons  as  in  the  last.  —  Low  and  diffuse  or 
prostrate  annuals  or  biennials,  with  minute  whitish  flowers.  Stamens  often  only 
2.  (Dedicated  to  Senebier,  a  distinguished  vegetable  physiologist.) 

1.  S.  didyisaa,  Pers.     Leaves  1  - 2-pinnately  parted;  pods  notched  at  the 
apex,  rough-urrinkled.     (S.  pinnatifida,  DC.     Lepidium  didymum,  L.) — Waste 
places,  at  ports,  £c.,  Virginia  and  Carolina :  an  immigrant  from  farther  South. 

2.  S.  CoRON6pus,  DC.     Leaves  less  divided,  with  narrower  lobes;  pods  not 
notched  at  the  apex,  tubercled,     Virginia,  Pursh.     Rhode  Island,  Rabbins.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

19.     CAK.1JLE,    Tourn.         SEA-ROCKET. 

Pod  short,  2-jointed  across,  angular,  fleshy,  the  upper  joint  flattened  at  the 
apex,  separating  at  maturity;  each  indehiscent  and  1-cellcd,  1-seedcd;  the  lower 
sometimes  seedless.  Seed  erect  in  the  upper,  suspended  in  the  lower  join' 
Cotyledons  rather  obliquely  accumbent.  —  Sea-side,  branching,  fleshy  annuals. 
Flowers  purplish.  (An  old  Arabic  name.) 

".  C.  Anierica.ua,  Nutt.  (AMERICAN  SEA-ROCKET.)  Loaves  J>o- 
vate  sinuate  and  toothed ;  lower  joint  of  the  fruit  obovoid,  emarginate  ;  the 
upper  ovate,  flattish  at  the  apex.  —  Coast  of  the  Northern  States  and  of  the 
Great  Lakes.  July -Sept. — Joints  nearly  even  and  fleshy  when  fresh;  the 
tipper  one  4-angled  and  appearing  more  beaked  when  dry. 

20.     RAPHANUS,    L.        RADISH. 

Pods  linear  or  oblong,  tapering  upwards,  2-jointed;  the  lower  joint  often  seed- 
less  and  stalk-like ;  the  upper  necklace-form  by  constriction  between  the  seeds, 


40  CAPPARIDACE^E.       (CAPER    FAMILY.) 

with  ao  proper  partition.  Style  long.  Seeds  as  in  the  Mustard  Tribe.  —  Aiv 
Duals  or  oicnmals.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  from  pa,  quickly,  and  $cuW,  to 
appear,  alluding  to  the  rapid  germination.) 

1.   B.    RAPHANfSTRUM,  L.     (WlLD  RADISH.     JOINTED  CHARLOCK.)     Podfl 

necklace-form,  long-beaked ;  leaves  lyre-shaped,  rough ;  petals  yellow,  turning 
whitish  or  purplish,  veiny.  —  A  troublesome  weed  in  fields,  in  E.  New  England 
and  New  York.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

The  most  familiar  representatives  of  this  order  in  cultivation,  not  already 
mentioned,  are 

CHEIRANTHUS  CHE^RI,  the  well-known  WALL-FLOWER. 

MATTHfoLA  ANNUA,  and  other  sorts  of  STOCK. 

HESPERIS  MATRONALIS,  the  ROCKET,  which  .begins  to  escape  from  gardens. 

BRASSICA  OLERACEA,  of  which  the  CABBAGE,  KOHL-RABI,  CAULIFLOWER, 
and  BROCCOLI  are  forms  :  B.  CAMPESTRIS,  which  furnishes  the  SWEDISH  TUR- 
NIP or  RUTABAGA  :  and  B.  R\PA,  the  COMMON  TURNIP.  The  latter  become* 
spontaneous  for  a  year  or  two  in  fields  where  it  has  been  raised. 

RAPHANUS  SATlvus,  the  RADISH  ;  inclines  sometimes  to  be  spontaneous. 

LUNARIA    BIJSNNIS,   the   MOONWORT  or  HONESTY,  with  its  broad  flat  pods. 

IBERIS  UMBELLATA,  the  CANDY-TUFT,  and  ALYSSUM  MARITIMUM,  the 
SWEET  ALYSSUM. 

LspfDiUM  SATivuM,  the  cultivated  PEPPERGRASS. 

ISATIS  TINCTORIA,  the  "WoAD,  of  the  division  Nucumentacece,  having  inde- 
hiscent  l-celled  fmit. 

ORDER  13.     CAPPARIDACETE.     (CAPER  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (when  in  northern  regions),  with  cruciform  flowers,  but  G  or  more 
not  tetradynamous  stamens,  a  l-celled  pod  with  2  parietal  placenta;,  and  kid- 
ney-shaped seeds.  —  Pod  as  in  Cruciferae,  but  with  no  partition,  often 
stalked  :  seeds  similar,  but  the  embryo  coiled  rather  than  folded.  —  Leaves 
alternate,  mostly  palmately  compound.  —  Often  witli  the  acrid  or  pungent 
qualities  of  Cruciferae  (as  is  familiar  in  capers,  the  flower-buds  of  Cappa- 
ris  spinosa)  ;  also  commonly  bitter  and  nauseous.  Represented  within  OJT 
limits  only  by  the  following  plant. 

1.    POL  AN  I  SI  A,    Raf.        POLANISIA. 

Sepals  4.  Petals  4,  with  claws,  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  8-32,  une- 
qual. Receptacle  not  elongated,  bearing  a  gland  behind  the  base  of  the  ovary. 
Pod  stalkless  or  nearly  so,  linear  or  oblong,  veiny,  turgid,  many-seeded.  — 
Fetid  annuals,  with  glandular  or  clammy  hairs.  Flowers  in  leafy  racemes. 
(Name  from  iro\vs ,  mam/,  and  avuros,  unequal,  points  in  which  the  genus  differs 
in  its  stamens  from  Clcome.) 

1.  P.  graveolcns,  Raf.  Leaves  with  3  oblong  leaflets  ;  stamens  about 
11,  scarcely  exceeding  the  petals;  style  short,  pod  slightly  stalked.  —  Gravelly 


VIOLACEJE.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.)  41 

shores,  from  Connecticut  and  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  June  - 
Aug. — Flowers  small:  calyx  and  filaments  purplish:  petals  yellowish- 
white. 

ORDER  14.     RESEDACE^E.     (MIGNONETTE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  ivith  unsymmetrical  4  -  7-merous  small  jlowers,  with  a  jfteshy  one- 
sided hypogynous  disk  between  the  petals  and  the  (3-40)  stamens,  bearing 
the  latter.  Calyx  not  closed  in  the  bud.  Pod  3  -  G-lobed,  3  -  Q-horned,  1- 
celled  with  3-6  parietal  placentas,  opening  at  the  top  before  the  seeds  (which 
are  as  in  Order  1 3)  are  full  grown.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  in  ter- 
minal spikes  or  racemes.  —  A  small  and  unimportant  family,  of  the  Old 
World,  represented  by  the  Mignonette  {Reseda  odorata}  and  the  Dyer'a 
Weed. 

1.    RESEDA,    L.        MIGNONETTE.    DYER'S  KOCKET. 

Petals  4-7,  often  cleft,  unequal.  Stamens  12-40,  turned  to  one  side.  (De- 
riv.  from  reseda,  to  calm  or  assuage,  in  allusion  to  supposed  sedative  properties.) 

1.  R.  LUTEOLA,  L.  (DYER'S  WEED  or  WELD.)  Leaves  lanceolate;  ca- 
lyx 4-partecl ;  petals  4,  greenish-yellow ;  the  upper  one  3  -  5-cleft,  the  two  lateral 
8-cleft,  the  lower  one  linear  and  entire ;  pods  depressed,  d)  —  Road-sides  in  W. 
New  York,  &c.  —  Plant  2°  high.  Used  for  dyeing  yellow.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

ORDER  15.     YIOL.ACEJS.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  a  somewhat  irregular  \-spurred  corolla  of  5  petals,  5  hypogy- 
nous stamens  with  adnate  introrse  anthers  conniving  over  the  pistil,  and  a  1- 
celled  3-valvedpod  with  3  parietal  placentce.  —  Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  with  their  short  and  broad  filaments  con- 
tinued beyond  the  anther-cells,  and  often  coherent  with  each  other.  Style 
usually  club-shaped,  with  the  simple  stigma  turned  to  one  side  and  hol- 
low. Valves  of  the  capsule  bearing  the  several-seeded  placentas  on  their 
middle.  Seeds  anatropous,  rather  large,  with  a  hard  seed-coat,  and  a  large 
and  straight  embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  albumen :  cotyledons  flat.  — 
Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules.  Flowers  axillary,  nodding.  (Roots  slight- 
ly acrid,  or  emetic.)  — Two  genera  in  the  Northern  United  States. 

1.    SO  LEA,    Ging.,  DC.        IJREEN  VIOLET. 

Sepals  not  prolonged  at  the  base.  Petals  nearly  equal  in  length,  but  the  low- 
er one  larger  and  gibbous  or  saccate  at  the  base,  more  notched  than  the  others 
at  the  apex.  Stamens  completely  united  into  a  sheath  enclosing  the  ovary,  and 
bearing  a  broad  gland  on  the  lower  side.  Style  hooked  at  the  summit.  —  A 
homely  perennial  herb,  with  stems  leafy  to  the  top,  and  1-3  small  greenish- 
white  flowers  in  the  axils,  on  short  recurved  pedicels.  (Named  in  honor  of  W 
Sole,  author  of  an  essay  on  the  British  Mints.) 


42  VIOLACEJS.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

1.  S.  c6ncolor,  Ging.  (Viola  concolor,  Pursk,  &c.) —  Woods,  Nevi 
York  to  Illinois  and  southward.  June.  —  Plant  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  oblong, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  entire.  Pod  1'  long :  after  opening,  each  valve  as  it  dries 
folds  together  lengthwise  firmly,  projecting  the  large  round  seeds  to  a  consider- 
able distance.  The  samo  thing  occurs  in  many  Violets. 

2.     VIOL. A,    L.        VIOLET.     HEAUT'S-EASE. 

Sepals  extended  or  earei  at  the  base.     Petals  somewhat  unequal,  the  lower 
one  spurred  at  the  base.     Stamens  closely  surrounding  the  ovary,  often  slightly 
cohering  with  each  other ;  the  two  lower  ones  bearing  spurs  which  project  into 
the  spur  of  the  corolla.     (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  genus.) 
*  Stcmless ;  the  leaves  and  scapes  all  from  subterranean  or  prostrate  rootstocks ;  peren 

nial.    ( Commonly  producing  apetalous  Jlowers  all  summer  long,  on  shorter  peduncles 

concealed  under  the  leaves,  or  on  runners :  these  ripen  seed  much  more  freely  titan 

the  ordinary  blossoms.) 

•*-  Flowers  light  yellow  (small ;  spur  very  short). 

1.  V.    rotuildifolia,    Michx.      (ROUND-LEAVED   VIOLET.)      Leaves 
ronnd-ovate,  heart -shaped,  slightly  crenate ;  lateral  petals  bearded  and  marked 
with  brown  lines.  —  Cold  woods,  Maine  to  Michigan,  and  south  along  the  Alle- 
ghanies.     April,  May.  —  Smoothish:  leaves  1'  broad  at  flowering,  increasing  to 
3'  or  4'  in  the  summer,  then  close  pressed  to  the  ground,  shining  above. 

•*-  •»-  Flowers  white  ;  the  lower  petals  veined  with  lilac :  spur  short. 

2.  V.  laiiceolata,    L.     (LANCE-LEAVED    VIOLET.)      Smooth;   leave* 
lanceolate,  erect,  blunt,  tapering  into  a  long  petiole,  almost  entire  ;  petals  beardless. 
—  Damp  soil,  Maine  to   Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward ;  common  near  the 
coast.    May. 

3.  V.  primiilaDfolia,  L.     (PRIMROSE-LEAVED  VIOLET.)     Smooth  or 
a  little  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  abrupt  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the 
base;  petals  often  acute,  the  lateral  ones  usually  sparingly  bearded.     (V.  acuta, 
Bigelow.)  — Damp  soil ;  with  No.  2  :  intermediate  between  it  and  No.  4. 

4.  V.  blunda,  Willd.     (SWEET  WHITE  VIOLET.)     Leaves  round-heart- 
shaped  or  kidney-form,  minutely  pubescent;  petals   beardless. — Damp  places, 
Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.      April,  May.  —  Flowers  small,  faintly 
sweet-scented. 

•*r  •*-•*-  Flowers  violet  or  blue. 

5.  V.  paliistris,  iL-  (MARSH  VIOLET.)     Smooth  ;  leaves  round-heart- 
shaped  and  kidney-form,  slightly  crenate;  Jlowers  (small)  pale  lilac  with  purple 
streaks,  nearly  beardless  ;  apnr  vert/ short,  and  obtuse.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the 
White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire;  June?1  (Eu.) 

6.  V.  Sclkirkii,  Goldie.     (GREAT-SPURRED  VIOLET.)     Leaves  round- 
heart-shaped  with  a  deep  narrowed  sinus,  hairy  abov-%  lying  flat  on  the  ground; 
tpur  near!'/  rc.s  Ion;/  as  the  beardless  petals,  thickened  at  the  end;  anther-spurs  very 
long.  —  Shaded  hills,  W.  Massachusetts  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  New  York, 
thence  northward.     May.  — A  rare  and  delicate  species,  2'  high;  the  flowers 

in  proportion. 


VIOLACILfi.       (VIOLET    FAMILY.) 

7.  V.   cucullata,    Ait.  (j  COMMON  BLUB  VIOLET.)     Leaves  all  It 
pctioled  and  upright,  heart-shaped  with  a  broad  sinus,  varying  to  kidney-shaped  and 
dilated-triangular,  smooth,  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  the  sides  at  the  base  rolled 
inwards  when  young,  obtusely  serrate ;  lateral  and  often  the  lower  petals  bearded; 
spur  short  and  thick;  stigma  obscurely  beaked  or  beakless.  —  Low  grounds, 
common  everywhere.     April -June.  —  Very  variable  in  size,  &c.  and  in  the 
color  and  size  of  the  (usually  large)  flowers,  which  are  deep  or  pale  violet-blue 
or  purple,  sometimes  nearly  white,  or  variegated  with  white.     Scapes  3' -10' 
high.     Passes  by  intermediate  forms  of  all  sorts  into 

Var.  palmata.  (HAND-LEAF  VIOLET.)  Leaves  variously  3-7-cleft  or 
parted,  or  the  earlier  ones  entire  on  the  same  individual.  (V.  palmata,  L.}  — 
Common,  especially  southward. 

8.  V.   villdsa,    Walt.,  Nutt.      (HAIRY  VIOLET.)     Leaves   mostly  short- 
petioled  and  lying  fiat  on  the  ground,  orbicular  or  round-heart-shaped  with  a  narrow 
or  closed  sinus,  hairy  especially  above,  or  nearly  smooth,  thickish ;  lateral  and 
mostly  the  lower  petals  bearded;  spur  short  and  thick;  stigma  beaked.     (V. 
cordifolia,  Schwein.     V.  sororia,  Le  Conte,  &c.,  scarcely  of  Willd.) — Dry  hills 
and  woods,  Pennsylvania,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     April,  May.  —  Smaller 
than  the  last,  2' -4'  high:  "corolla  reddish-blue."     Probably  only  a  round- 
leaved  variety  of  the  next. 

9.  V.    sagittata,    Ait.     (ARROW-LEAVED    VIOLET.)     Smoothish  or 
hairy  ;  leaves  on  short  and  margined,  or  the  later  often  on  long  and  naked  petiolest 
varying  from  oblong-heart-shaped  to  halberd-shaped,  arrow-shaped,  oblong-lanceolate 
or  ovate,  denticulate,  sometimes  cut-toothed  near  the  base,  the  lateral  or  occasion- 
ally all  the  (purple-blue)  petals  bearded;  spur  short  and  thick;  stigma  beaked. 
(V.  ovata,  Nutt.,  &  V  emarginata,  Le  Conte,  are  states  of  this  variable  species.) 

—  Dry  or  moist  open  places,  New  Eugland  to  Illinois  and  southward.     April, 
May.  —  Flowers  rather  large. 

10.  V.  delpliinifolia,    Nutt.     (LARKSPUR  VIOLET.)     Leaves  all  pal- 
mately  or  pedatelij  5  -  7 '-parted,  the  divisions  2  -  3-cleft ;  lobes  linear ;  lateral  petals 
bearded;  stigma  short-beaked.  —  Kich  prairie  soil,  Illinois  and  westward.    April. 

—  Much  resembles  the  next. 

11.  V.  pedi&ta,   L.     (BIRD-FOOT   VIOLET.)     Nearly  smooth;  leaves  all 
3-5-divided,  or  the  earliest  only  parted,  the  lateral  divisions  2-3-parted,  all 
linear  or  narrowly  spatulate,  sometimes  2-3-toothed  or  cut  at  the  apex;  petals 
beardless;  stigma  nearly  beakless.  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  New  England  to 
Illinois  and  southward      May.  —  Flower  large  and  handsome,  1'  broad,  pale  or 
deep  lilac-purple  or  blue;  the  two  upper  petals  sometimes  deep  violet  and  vel- 
vety like  a  Pansy. 

*  *  Leafy-stemmed,  from  subterranean  perennial  rootstocks. 

-»-  Stems  leafy  from  the  base  to  the  summit,  branching ;  flowers  not  yellow,  sometimes 
produced  all  summer  long. 

12.  V.  restrain,  Pursh.     (LONG-SPURRED  VIOLET.)     Stems  ascending 
(3' -6' high);  leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  serrate,  the  upper  acute;  stipules 
lanceolate,  fi  inge-toothed,  large ;  spur  slender,  longer  than  the  pale  violet  beardless 
petals ;  style  straight  and  slender ;  stigma  terminal,  beakless.  —  Shaded  lull- 


44  VIOLACE^E.       (VIOLFT   FAMILY.) 

sides,  Maine  to  Ohio  and  Kentucky ;  rare.  June,  July.  —  Spur  £'  long.  An- 
ther-spurs also  very  long. 

13    V.  Mulilcnbergii,   Torr.     (AMERICAN  DOG  VIOLET.)     Stems 

ascending  (3'  -  7'  long),  at  length  with  creeping  branches ;  leaves  round-heart- 
shaped,  or  the  lowest  kidney-form,  crenate,  the  uppermost  slightly  pointed; 
stipules  lanceolate,  fringe-toothed ;  spur  cylindrical,  about  half  the  length  of  the 
pale  violet  petals,  the  lateral  ones  slightly  bearded ;  stigma  beaked.  —  Shaded  wet 
places ;  common.  May,  June. 

14.  V.    Striata,    Ait.      (PALE   VIOLET.)      Stems  anguiar,   ascending, 
branching  (6  -10' high);  leaves  heart-shaped,  finely  serrate,  often  acute;  sti- 
pules oblong-lanceolate,  large,  strongly  fringe-toothed ;  spur  thickish,  much  shorter 
than  the  cream-colored  petals,  the  lateral  ones  bearded,  the  lower  striped  with 
purplish  lines;  stigma  beaked.  —  Low  grounds  ;  common,  especially  westward. 
April  -  Oct. 

15.  V.  Canadensis,  L.     (CANADA  VIOLET.)    Upright  (l°- 2°  high); 
leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  entire ;  petals  white 
or  whitish  inside,  the  upper  ones  tinged  with  violet  beneath,  the  lateral  bearded ; 
spur  vert/  short ;  stigma  beakless,  hairy  on  each  side.  —  Rich  woods ;  common 
northward  and  along  the  Alleghanies.    May -Aug. 

v-  •*-  Stems  mostly  simple,  erect,  naked  below,  and  2  -  ^-leaved  above :  stipules  nearly 
entire :  flowers  yellow :  stigma  not  beaked,  but  bearded  on  each  side. 

16.  V.  pubescens,  Ait.     (DOWNY  YELLOW  VIOLET.)     Softly  pubes- 
cent (6' -12'  high) ;  haves  very  broadly  heai-t-shaped,  toothed,  somewhat  pointed; 
stipules  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  large ;  spur  extremely  short ;  lower  petals 
veined  with  purple.  —  Woods ;  common.    May  -  Aug. 

Var.  eriocarpa,  Nutt.  More  pubescent,  stout,  l°-2°  high;  pods  wool- 
ly. (V.  criocarpa,  Schwein.)  —  Common  westward. 

Var.  ScabrillSCllla,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smaller  and  greener,  slightly 
pubescent;  stems  often  decumbent  (4' -10'  high).  —  Khode  Island  to  Ohio  and 
Kentucky. 

17.  V.    hastata,    Michx.     (HALBERD-LEAVED  VIOLET.)     Nearly  gla- 
brous, slender  (4' -10'  high) ;  stem-leaves  halbei-d-shaped,  slightly  serrate,  acute  ; 
§tipulcs  ovate,  small;  spur  very  short.  —  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and  south- 
ward.   June. 

*  *  *  Leafy-stemmed  annuals  or  biennials  :  the  4  upper  petals  ascending. 

18.  V.    TRfcoLOR,    L.      (PANSY.     HEART'S-EASE.)      Stem    angled    and 
branched;  leaves  roundish,  or  the  upper  oval  and  the  lowest  heart-shaped,  cre- 
nate or  entire ;  stiptiles  very  large  and  leaf-like,  lyrate-pinnatifid ;  petals  vari- 
able in  color  or  variegated  (yellow,  whitish,  violet-blue  and  purple) ;  —  in  var. 
ARVENSIS  shorter  or  rather  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  New 
York  to  Kentucky  and  southward  :  doubtless  only  a  small  state  of  the  Garden 
Pansy  run  wild.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

V.  OI*OR\TV,  the  SWEET  VIOLET  of  Europe,  which  far  excels  all  the  Amer- 
ican species  in  fragrance,  sometimes  grows  spontaneously  near  dwellings. 


CISTACE^E.     (ROCK-ROSE  FAMIL*.)  45 

ORDER  16.     CISTACE^E.     (ROOK-ROSE  FAMILY.) 

Low  shrubs  or  herbs,  with  regular  flowers,  distinct  and  liypogynous  mostly 
indefinite  stamens,  a  persistent  calyx,  a  l-celled  3  -  5-valved  pod  with  as  many 
parietal  placenta;  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  valves,  and  orthotropous  albu- 
minous seeds.  —  Sepals  5  ;  the  two  external  small,  like  bracts,  or  sometime! 
wanting  ;  the  three  others  a  little  twisted  in  the  bud.  Petals  3  or  5,  usu- 
ally fugacious,  convolute  in  the  opposite  direction  from  the  calyx  in  the 
bud.  Antlers  short,  innate,  on  slender  filaments.  Style  single  or  none. 
Ovules  few  or  many,  on  slender  stalks,  with  the  orifice  at  their  apex.  Em- 
bryo long  and  slender,  straightish  or  curved,  in  mealy  albumen  :  cotyledons 
narrow.  —  Leaves  simple  and  mostly  entire,  the  lower  usually  opposite,  and 
the  upper  alternate.  (Inert  plants.  A  small  family :  mostly  of  the  Medi- 
terranean region.) 

Synopsis. 

1.  HELIANTIIEMUM.     Petals  5,  crumpled  in  the  bud,  fugacious.     Stamens  and  ovules  nc- 

merous  in  the  petal-bearing  dowers.     Style  none. 

2.  HUDSONIA.     Petals  5,  fugacious.    Stamens  9-30.    Style  long  and  slender.    Pod  strictly 

l-celled,  2  -  6-seeded. 

8    LECIIEA.     Petals  3,  persistent.     Stamens  3-12.    Style  none.     Pod  partly  3-celled,  the 
imperfect  partitions  bearing  broad  2-seeded  placentae. 


1.     HELIANTHEMUM,    Toura.        ROCK-ROSE. 

Petals  5,  crumpled  in  the  bud,  fugacious.  Style  short  or  none  :  stigma  3- 
lobed.  Capsule  strictly  l-celled.  Embryo  curved  in  the  form  of  a  hook  or 
ring.  —  Flowers  in  most  N.  American  species  of  two  soils,  viz.,  1.  the  primary, 
or  earliest  ones,  with  large  petals,  indefinitely  numerous  stamens,  and  many- 
seeded  pods :  2.  secondary,  or  later  ones,  which  are  much  smaller  and  in  clus- 
ters, with  small  petals  or  none,  3-10  stamens,  and  much  smaller  3 -few-seeded 
pods.  The  yellow  flowers  open  only  once,  in  sunshine,  and  cast  their  petals  by 
the  next  day.  (Name  from  77X10?,  the  sun,  and  ai>0e/xoi/,  flower.) 

1.  II.  Caimdcnse,  Michx.     (FROST-WEED.)     Petal-bearing  flowers  soli- 
tary ;  the  small  secondary  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  nearly  sessile  ; 
calyx  of  the  large  flowers  hairy-pubescent ;  of  the  small  ones  hoary,  like  the  stem 
and  lower  side  of  the  lanceolate-oblong  leaves.  — A  variety  is  more  hoary,  and 
with  a  stronger  tendency  to  multiply  the  minute  clustered  flowers.  —  Sandy  or 
gravelly  dry  soil,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward,  but  rare  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghanies.     June -Aug.  —  Stems  at  first  simple.     Corolla  of  the  large  flowers  1' 
wide,  producing  pods  3"  long :  pods  of  the  smaller  flowers  not  larger  than  a 
pin's  head.  —  Late  in  autumn,  crystals  of  ice  shoot  from  the  cracked  bark  at  the 
root,  whence  the  popular  name. 

2.  II.  corymbosuni,  Michx.     Flowers  all  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem  or  branches,  the  petal-bearing  ones  at  length  on  slender  stalks ;  calyx 
woolly.  —  Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward  along  the  coast. 


46  cisTACE.fi.     (ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY.) 

•2.     HUDSON  I  A,    L.        HUDSOXIA. 

Petals  5,  fugacious  (lasting  but  a  clay),  much  larger  than  the  calyx  Stamens 
9  -  30.  Style  long  and  slender :  stigma  minute.  Pod  oblong,  enclosed  iu  the 
calyx,  strictly  1 -celled,  with  1  or  2  seeds  attached  near  the  base  of  each  nerve- 
like  placenta.  Embryo  coiled  into  the  form  of  a  closed  hook.  —  Bushy  heath- 
like  little  shrubs  (seldom  a  foot  high),  covered  all  over  with  the  small  awl- 
shaped  or  scale-like  persistent  downy  leaves,  producing  numerous  (small  but 
showy)  bright  yellow  flowers  crowded  along  the  upper  part  of  the  branches- 
(Named  in  honor  of  Hudson,  an  English  botanist  contemporary  with  Lin- 


1 .  II .  eriCOldes,  L.     Downy  but  greenish ;   leaves  awl-shaped,  loose ; 
flowers  on  slender  naked  stalks.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  Maine  to  Vir- 
ginia :  extending  interior  as  far  as  Conway,  New  Hampshire.     May. 

2.  II.  tomentosa,  Nutt.     Hoary  with  down ;  leaves   oval   or  oblong, 
close-pressed  and  imbricated;  flowers  sessile.  —  Sandy  coasts  from  Maine  to 
Maryland,  and  on  the  Great  Lakes  from  Champlain  to  Superior.     May,  June. 
—  Flowers  5"  broad. 

3.     LECIIEA,    L.        PINWEED. 

Petals  3,  narrow,  flat  in  the  bud  :  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  withering-persist- 
ent. Stamens  3-12.  Style  scarcely  any  :  stigmas  3,  plumose.  Pod  globular, 
appearing  partly  3-cclled ;  the  3  broad  and  thin  placenta;  borne  on  imperfect 
partitions,  each  bearing  2  seeds  on  the  face  towards  the  valve :  in  our  species, 
the  placentae  curve  backwards  and  partly  enclose  the  seeds.  Embryo  straight- 
ish.  —  Homely  perennial  herbs,  with  very  small  greenish  or  purplish  flowers. 
(Named  in  honor  of  Leche,  a  Swedish  botanist.) 

1.  L«.  major,   Michx.     Hairy;  stem  upright,  simple,  producing  slender 
prostrate  branches  from  the  base;  leaves  elliptical,  mucronate-pointed,  alternate 
and  opposite  or  sometimes  whorled  ;  flowers  densely  crowded  in  panic-led  clusters ; 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  globose-depressed  (very  small)  pods.  —  Sterile  wool- 
lands  ;  Maine  to  Kentucky  and  southward,  chiefly  eastward.     July -Sept  — 
Plant  1  °  -  2°  high,  stout. 

2.  Ij.  tliymifolia,  Pursh.     Hoary   with   appressed  hairs,  especially  the 
decumbent   stout    leafy   shoots    from    the    base ;    flowering   stems   ascending, 
loosely  branched,  with  the  leaves  linear  or  oblanceolate ;  those  of  the  shoots  <////>- 
tiraf,  whorled,  crowded  ;  flowers  scattered  in  small  and  loose  clusters ;  pedicels 
as  long  as  the  globose  pods.  —  Sandy  coast,  Maine  to  New  Jersey  and  south- 
ward.   July  -  Sept.  —  Scarcely  a  foot  high,  tufted,  rigid  ;  the  pods  larger  than 
ir  No.  1. 

3.  Ij.  minor,  Lam.     Minutely  hairy;  stems  slender,  upright  or  diffuse; 

leafy  shoots  densely  tufted  at  the  base;  l<ures  linear;  flowers  loosely  rnraiied  on 
the  slender  branchk-ts;  pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  globose  pods.  —  Dry 
open  soil;  common.  June -Sept.  —  Plant  5' -15'  high,  slender,  running  into 
numberless  variations  according  to  the  soil,  season,  and  exposure  Pods  small* 
•r  than  in  No.  2. 


DROSERACE.fi.       (SUNDEW   FAMILY.)  47 

ORDEK  17.     DROSERACE^E.     (SUNDEW  FAMILY.) 

Bog-herbs,  mostly  glandular-haired ',  with  regular  hypogynous  flowers,  pen- 
tamerous  and  withering-persistent  calyx,  corolla,  and  stamens,  the  anthers 
fixed  by  their  middle  and  turned  outwards,  and  a  l-cetted  pod  with  twice  as 
many  separate  styles  or  stigmas  as  there  are  parietal  placentae.  —  Calyx  im- 
bricated. Petals  convolute.  Seeds  numerous,  anatropous,  with  a  short 
and  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  albumen.  —  Leaves  circmate  in  the 
bud,  i.  e.  rolled  up  from  the  apex  to  the  base  as  in  Ferns.  (A  small  fam- 
ily, of  no  known  qualities,  except  a  slight  bitterness,  &c. ;  the  Sundews 
impart  a  purple  stain  to  paper  in  which  they  are  dried.)  Only  one  genus 
within  our  limits,  viz. 

1.    DROSERA,    L.        SUNDEW. 

Stamens  5.  Styles  3,  or  sometimes  5,  deeply  2-parted  so  that  they  are  taken 
for  6  or  10,  slender;  stigmatose  above  on  the  inner  face.  Pod  globular  or  ob- 
long, 3-  (rarely  5-)  valved,  the  valves  bearing  the  numerous  seeds  on  their  mid- 
dle for  the  whole  length.  —  Low  perennials;  the  leaves  clothed  with  i  eddish 
gland-bearing  bristles,  in  our  species  all  in  a  tuft  at  the  base ;  the  naked  scape 
bearing  the  flowers  in  a  1 -sided  raceme-like  inflorescence,  which  nods  at  the  un- 
developed apex,  so  that  the  fresh-blown  flower  (which  opens  only  in  sunshine) 
is  always  highest.  (The  glands  of  the  leaves  exude  drops  of  a  clear  fluid,  glit- 
tering like  dew-drops,  whence  the  name,  from  dpoaepos,  dewy.) 

1.  D.  rotuiidifolKi,  L.     (ROUND-LEAVED  SUNDEW.)    Leaves  orbicu- 
lar, abruptly  narrowed  into  the  spreading  hairy  petioles;  seeds  spindle-shaped, 
the  coat  loose  and  chaff-like ;  flowers  white,  the  parts  sometimes  in  sixes.  — 
Peat-bogs,  common,  especially  northward.     July -Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  I>.  longifolia,  L.    Leaves  spatulate-oblong,  tapering  into  the  long  rather 
erect   naked  petioles ;  seeds  oblong,  with  a  rough  close  coat ;   flowers  white. 
(D.  intermedia,  Hai/ne.)  — Bogs,  chiefly  northward  and  eastward.    June- Aug. 
—  Plant  raised  on  its  prolonged  caudex  when  growing  in  water.     (Eu.) 

3.  D.  linear!*,  Goldie.     (SLENDER  SUNDEW.)     Leaves  linear,  obtuse, 
the  blade  (2' -3'  long,  scarcely  2"  wide)  on  naked  erect . petioles  about  the  same 
length  ;  seeds  oblong,  with  a  smooth  and  perfectly  close  coat ;  flowers  white. — 
Shore  of  Lake  Superior.     July. 

4.  I>.  filiformis,  Raf.     (THREAD-LEAVED  SUNDEW.)     Leaves  very  long 
and  filiform,  erect,  with  no  distinction  between  the  blade  and«  the  stalk ;  seeds 
spindle-shaped;  flowers  numerous,  purple  rose-color  (£'  broad).  —  Wet  sand, 
near  the  coast,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  to  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and  south- 
ward.    Aug.  —  Scapes  6'  - 12'  high ;  and  the  singular  leaves  nearly  as  long. 

DIONJEA  MUScfpULA,  Ellis,  the  VENUS'S  FLY-TRAP,  —  so  noted  for  the  ex- 
traordinary irritability  of  its  leaves,  closing  forcibly  at  the  touch,  —  is  a  native 
of  the  sandy  savannas  of  the  eastern  part  of  North  Carolina.  It  differs  in  sev- 
eral respects  from  the  character  of  the  order  given  above;  the  stamens  being  15, 
the  styles  united  into  one,  and  the  seeds  all  at  the  base  of  the  pod. 


fl8  HYPERICACE^E.       (ST.   JOHN's-WORT    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  18.     PARIVASSIACE^E.     (PARNASSIA  FAMILY.) 

Character  that  of  the  single  genus  Parnassia,  technically  most  like 
Hyperieacese,  but  the  leaves  alternate  and  dotless,  —  sometimes  clearly 
perigynous,  and  therefore  perhaps  nearer  Saxifragaceae,  —  the  4  sessile 
stigmas  situated  directly  over  the  parietal  placentae  ! 

1.    PARNASSIA,    Tourn.        GRASS  or  PARNASSUS. 

Sepals  5,  imbricated  ill  the  bud,  persistent.  Petals  5,  veiny,  spreading,  at 
length  deciduous,  imbricated  in  the  bud :  a  cluster  of  somewhat  united  gland- 
tipped  sterile  filaments  at  the  base  of  each.  Proper  stamens  5,  alternate  with 
the  petals  :  filaments  persistent :  anthers  opening  inwards.  Ovaiy  1-celled,  with 
4  projecting  parietal  placentae :  stigmas  4,  sessile,  directly  over  the  placentae. 
Pod  4-valved)  the  valves  bearing  the  placentae  on  their  middle.  Seeds  very  nu- 
merous, anatropous,  with  a  thick  wing-like  seed-coat  and  no  albumen.  Embryo 
straight :  cotyledons  veiy  short.  —  Perennial  smooth  herbs,  with  the  entire  leaves 
chiefly  radical,  and  the  solitary  flowers  terminating  the  long  naked  stems. 
Petals  white,  with  greenish  or  yellowish  veins.  (Named  from  Mount  Parnassus  : 
called  Grass  of  Parnassus  by  Dioscorides.) 

1.  P.    palilStriS,  L.     Petals  sessile;  rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  few- 
veined  ;  sterile  filaments  9-15  in  each  set,  slender.  —  Shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
Upper  Michigan,  and  northward.     Aug.  —  Stalks  3' -10'  high.      Leaves  all 
heart-shaped.     Flower  nearly  1 '  broad.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  Carolilliana,  Michx.     Petals  sessile,  more  than  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx,  many-veined ;  sterile  filaments  3  in  each  set,  stout,  distinct  almost  to 
the  base.  —  Wet  banks,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward,  especially 
along  the  mountains.     July -Sept.  —  Leaves  thickish,  ovate  or  rounded,  often 
heart-shaped,  usually  but  one  on  the  stalk,  and  that  low  down  and  clasping. 
Stalk  l°-2°  high.     Flower  !'-!£'  broad. 

3.  P.  asari  folia,  Vent.     Petals  abruptly  contracted  into  a  claw  at  tho 
base;  sterile  filaments  3  in  each  set ;  leaves  rounded  kidney-shaped :  otherwise  as  in 
No.  2.  —  High  Alleghanics  of  Virginia,  and  southward. 


ORDER  19.    HYPERICACESE.     (ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY.) 


Herbs  or  xJirubx,  u-ith  opposite  entire  dotted  leaves  and  no  stipules,  regular 
hypogynous  flowers,  the  petals  mostly  oblique  and  convolute  in  the  bud,  and 
many  or  f(  ir  sfnmc.ns  commonly  collected  in  3  or  more  clusters  or  bundles. 
Pod  1-rJW  iriflt  2  -  5  parietal  placentae,  and  as  many  styles,  or  3-5-celled 
by  the  union  of  the  placentae,  in  the  centre:  dehiscewe  wnticidul.  —  Sepals  4 
or  5,  iinl'i-iraieil  in  the  bud,  herbaceous,  persistent.  Petals  4  or  5,  mostly 
deciduous.  Pod  2-5-  (rarely  6  -  7-)  lobed,  with  as  many  persistent 
styles,  which  are  at  fir<t  sometimes  united.  Seeds  very  numerous,  small, 
auatropous,  with  no  albumen.  Embryo  cylindrical  :  the  cotyledons  very 


HYPERICACE^E.       (ST.   JOHN'S-WORT    FAMILY.)  49 

short.  —  Plants  with  a  resinous  juice  (of  acrid  and  balsamic  qualities), 
dotted  with  pellucid  or  dark  glands,  usually  smooth.  Leaves  mostly  ses- 
sile. Flowers  solitary  or  cymose, 

Synopsis. 

1.  ASCYRUM.    Sepals  4,  very  unequal.     Petals  4,  oblique,  convolute,  yellow. 

2.  HYPERICUM.    Sepals  5.     Petals  5,  oblique,  convolute,  yellow. 

8.  ELODEA.    Sepals  5.    Petals  5,  equal-sided,  imbricated,  naked,  purplish.    Glands  3. 

1.     ASCYRUM,    L.        ST.  PETER'S-WORT. 

Sepals  4 ;  the  2  outer  very  broad  and  leaf-like ;  the  inner  much  smaller.  Petr 
als  4,  oblique,  very  deciduous,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous ;  the 
filaments  distinct  and  scarcely  in  clusters.  Pod  strictly  1-celled,  2-4-valved. — 
Low,  rather  shrubby  plants,  with  pale  black-dotted  leaves,  and  nearly  solitary 
pale  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  a,  without,  and  aicvpos,  roughness,  being  very 
smooth  plants.) 

1.  A.  Stalls,   Michx.     (Sx.   PETER'S-WORT.)     Stem  simple  or  branched 
above,  2-edged,  1°  — 2°  high,  stout;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  somewhat  clasping,  thick 
ish ;  petals  obovate;  styles  3  —  4.  —  Pine  barrens,  Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and 
southward.     July,  Aug.  —  Flowers  showy,  almost  sessile:  outer  sepals  round- 
heart-shaped. 

2.  A.   Crux-Andreae,    L.    (ST.    ANDREW'S    CROSS.)     Low,  much 
branched  and  decumbent ;  leaves  narrowly  obovate-oblong,  contracted  at  the  base, 
thin ;  petals  linear-oblong ;  styles  2,  very  short ;  pod  flat.  —  Pine  barrens,  New 
Jersey  to   Illinois,    and  southward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Petals  scarcely  exceeding 
the  ouior  sepals,  approaching  each  other  in  pairs  over  them,  in  the  form  of  a  St. 
Andrew's  cross. 

2.    HYPERICUM,    L.        ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 

Sepals  5,  somewhat  equal.  Petals  5,  oblique,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
numerous  or  few,  united  or  clustered  in  3  -  5  parcels :  no  interposed  glands. 
Pod  1-  or  3-5-celled.  Seeds  usually  cylindrical.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with 
cymose  yellow  flowers.  (An  ancient  name,  of  obscure  origin.) 

§  1.  Stamens  very  numerous,  5-adelphous  :  pod  5-  (rarely  6  -  7-)  celled,  with  the  pla- 
cenlai  turned  Jar  back  into  the  cells :  herbaceous,  perennial :  flowers  very  large. 
I.  H.  pyramid  it  til  in,  Ait.     (GREAT  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.)    Branches 

2  -  4-angled ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  partly  clasping ;  petals  narrowly  obovate.  not. 

deciduous  until  after  they  wither;  stigmas  capitate.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  rare,  \V. 

New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois.     July.  —  Plant  3° -5°  high.     Leave? 

2' -3'  long.     Petals  1'  long.     Pod  f '  long,  conical. 

\  9.  Stamens  very  numerous :  pod  3  -  5-celled  by  the  union  of  the  placentce,  which  are 

seed-bearing  on  the  outer  face. 

«    Shrubs,  leafy  to  the  top  :  styles  (at  first  united]  and  cells  of  the  pod  3  or  5  :  calyx 
leafy,  spreading :  stamens  scarcely  at  all  clustt  red. 


50  fl  rrKRiCACEJE.     (ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY  ) 

•-'.  II.  Kal  ill  Kill  ll  m,  L.  Bushy,  l°-3°  high;  branches  4-an«k-d  : 
branchleis  2-odged  ;  leaves  crowded,  glaucous,  oblanceolate  ;  flowers  few  in  a 
cluster;  yrWs-  orate  5-celled.  —  Wet  rocks,  Niagara  Falls  and  Northern  lakes. 
An-.  —  Leaves  1' - 2 ' long.  Flowers  1'  wide. 

3.  II.  proliliciiiii,  L.     (SHRUBBY  ST.  JOHX'S-WORT.)     Branchlets  2- 
edired  ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base;  flowers 
nuiii  runs,  in  simple  or  compound  clusters;  pods  oblong,  3-celUd. — New  Jersey 
k>  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.     July- Sept.  —  Shrub  l°-4°  high,  with 
long  rather  simple  shoots,  leaves  2'  long  and  ^'  or  more  wide,  and  flowers  $'- 1 
in  diameter.     Varies  greatly  in  size,  &c. 

Var.  densiflorillll.  Exceedingly  branched  above,  l°-6°  high,  the 
branches  slender  and  crowded  with  smaller  leaves;  flowers  smaller  (^'-§'in 
diameter)  and  more  numerous,  in  crowded  compound  cymes.  (II.  densiflorum, 
&  H.  galioides,  Pursh.) — Pine  ban-ens  of  New  Jersey,  and  glades  of  "Western 
Maryland,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

*  *  Perennial  herbs:  styles  (diverging)  and  cells  of  the  pod  3:  petals  and  anthers 
with  black  dots :  calyx  erect :  stamens  distinctly  in  3  or  5  clusters. 

4.  II.    PERFORATUM,    L.     (COMMON    ST.    Joiix's-wouT.)     Stem    much 
branched  and  corymbed,  somewhat  2-edged  (producing  runners  from  the  base) ; 
leaves  elliptical-oblong  or  linear-oblong,  with  pellucid  dots  ;  petals  (deep  yellow) 
twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  acute  sepals  •  flowers  numerous,  in  open  leafy 
cymes. — Pastures  and  meadows,  £c.    June -Sept.  —  Too  well  known  every- 
where as  a  pernicious  weed,  which  it  is  difficult  to  extirpate.    Its  juices  are  very 
acrid.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.  II.  coryml>6siiin,  Muhl.     Conspicuously  marked  with  both  black 
and  pellucid  dots;  stem  terete,  sparingly  branched;  leaves  oblong,  somewhat 
clasping ;  flowers  crowded  (small) ;  petals  pale  yellow,  much  longer  than  the 
oblong  sepals.  —  Damp  places;    common.      July -Sept.  —  Leaves   larger   and 
flowers  much  smaller  than  in  No.  4;  the  petals  2" -3"  long,  marked  with  black 
lines  as  well  as  dots. 

$  3.  Stamens  very  numerous,  obscurely  clustered :  pod  l-celled,  or  incompletely  3-celled, 
lite  .'3  ji/iiceiittK  sometimes  borne  on  short  partitions,  but  not  joined  in  the  centre : 
I"  nnnial  herbs  or  low  shrubs. 
*  SqxtUJbUaceout  and  spreading,  unequal :  styles  more  or  less  united  into  one. 

6.  II.  Cllipticum,  Hook.     Stem  simple,  herbaceous  (l°high),  obscure- 
ly   Wangled;  Icur,*  spreading,  clliptical-ol)lon;/,  obtuse,  thin ;  cyme  nearly  naked, 
'•MIIKT  few-flowered;  srpals  oblong  ;  pods  ovoid,  very  obtuse,  purple,   1-cellcd.- 
\V--i  places  New  England  and  Pennsylvania  to  Lake  Superior  and  northward 
,J'ih,  Aug.  —  Petals  light  yellow,  3"  long. 

7.  II.  iKlprt'SSllin,  Barton.    Stem  simple,  herbaceous,  or  slightly  woody 
at  th»l  base  (l°-2°  high),  obscurely  4-angled  below  and  2-edged   above;  leaves 

>:!n/,  /inino/iiti'  or  linear-oblong,  often  acute,  thin  ;  cyme  leafy  at  the  base, 
'i-vv  ll'iutTed  ;  sffiils  liiirar-liuirrolate.  ;  j/ods  Ovoid-oblong,  inrumpletrly  3  -  4-rfflxL  — 
Moist  places  Rlnxle  Hand  (Olney),  Now  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  un.l  southwest- 
ward.  July,  Aug.  —  Leaves  l£'  long.  Petals  bright  yellow,  3"  - 


HYPERICACEjE.       (ST.   JOHN's-WORT    FAMILY.)  51 

8.  II.   <lolabrif6rme,   Vent.     Stems   branched   from   the   decumbent 
base,  woody  below  (6' -20'  high),  terete;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  widely  spread- 
ing, veinless ;  cyme  leafy,  few-flowered ;  sepals  oblony-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  about 
the  length  of  the  very  oblique  petals  (5"  -6"  long) ;  pods  ovate-conical,  pointed,, 
strictly  l-celied,  the  walls  very  thick  and  hard.    (H.  procumbens,  Michx.)  — Dry 
hills  and  rocks,  barrens  of  Kentucky  and  westward.     June  -  Aug. 

9.  II.  spliaerocarpoil,  Michx.     Stem  simple  or  branched  above,  her- 
baceous, scarcely  angular  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  widely  spreading,  obtony-lineat 
or  lanceolate,  very  obtuse,  thickish,  nearly  veinless ;  cyme  compound  and  many- 
flowered,  flat,  naked;  sepals  ovate;  pods  depressed-globular,  strictly  I -celled,  rather 
thin.  —  Rocky  banks  of  the  Ohio  and  Kentucky  Rivers.     July,  Aug.  —  Petals 
about  3"  long. 

10.  H.   niidiflorum,    Michx.     Stems  branched,   woody  at  the  base, 
sharply  4-anglcd  or  almost  winged  above  (l°-4°  high);  leaves  oblong  or  oval- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  obscurely  veined,   pale  ;    cyme  compound,   many-flowered, 
naked;  sepals  oblong ;  pods  ovate-conical,  pointed,  almost  3-celled. — Low  grounds, 
Pennsylvania  to   Illinois   and  southward.     July.  —  Petals  3" -4"  long. 

#  *  Sepals  herbaceous,  erect,  equal :  styles  3,  separate. 

11.  II.  ailgtllosiim,  Michx.     Stem  slender,  strict,  simple,  sharply  4- 
angled,  herbaceous  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  opaque,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  (£'-!'  long),  ascending,  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base ;  cyme  compound, 
naked,  the  branches  prolonged  and  ascending,  with  the  scattered  flowers  raceme- 
like  ;  sepals  enclosing  the  ovoid  1 -celled  pod.  —  Wet  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey 
and  southward.     Only-  Sept.  — Petals  copper-yellow,  4"-  5"  long,  much  longer 
than  the  calyx,  furnished  with  a  tooth  on  one  side. 

$  4.  Stamens  5  - 12,  distinct  or  in  3  clusters  :  pod  (broivn-pnrple)  I -celled,  with  3 
strictly  parietal  placentce  :  styles  short,  distinct :  petals  oblong  or  linear,  small :  sepal 
narrow,  erect :  slender  annuals,  with  4-angidar  branches. 

12.  H.   mfltilinit,  L.     Stem  flaccid,  widely  branching   (6' -10'  high); 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  partly  clasping,  5-nerved ;  cymes  leafy ;  pods  ovate* 
conical,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx.     (H.  parviflorum,  Mtilii.)  —  Low  grounds, 
everywhere. — Flowers  2"  broad. 

13.  H.  CaiiadeilSC,  L.     Stem  strict  (6' -20'  high),  with  the  branches 
erect :  haves  linear  or  lanceolate,  3-nerved  at  the  base  ;  cynics  naked  ;  pods  conical- 
nhlor.'j,  usually  muck  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Wet,  sandy  soil:  common.     June 
Oct.  —  Flowers  copper-yellow,  2" -3"  broad  when  expanded. 

14  H.  Drilllllliotlflii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  and  the  mostly  alternate 
bushy  branches  rigid,  erect  (10' -18'  high);  leaves  linear-subulate,  nearly  erect^ 
\-nerced  (3" -9''  long) ;  flowers  scatter<d  along  the  upper  part  of  the  leafy 
branches,  s/toit-pedicelled;  pods  ovoid,  not  longer  than  the  calyx.  (Sarothra  Drum- 
mondii,  Grev.  ^  Hook.) — W.  Illinois  and  southward,  in  dry  soil.  July -Oct. 

•Sepals  2" -3"  long,  mostly  exceeding  the  petals. 

15.  II.  Sarothra,  Michx.  (ORANGE-GRASS.  PINE-WEED.}  Stem  and 
bushy  branches  thread-like,  wiry  (4' -9'  high);  leaves  minute  awl-shaped  scales, 
oppressed ;  floioers  mmute,  mostly  sessile  and  scattered  along  the  erect  branches  ; 


52  ELATIN  ICE^E.       (WATER-WORT    FAMILY.) 

pods  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     (Sarothra  gentianoidea, 
L.)  —  Sandy  fields  ;  common.    June  -  Oct. 

II.  QRAVEOLENS,  Buckley,  a  species  with  foliage  like  No.  5,  but  with  large 
flowers,  &  II.  BUCKLEYI,  Curtis,  a  low  suffruticose  species  with  large  flowers, 
both  natives  of  the  mountains  of  Carolina,  may  be  expected  in  those  of  Vir- 
ginia. 

3.    EL.  ODE  A,    Pursh.        MARSH  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 

Sepals  5,  equal,  erect.  Petals  5,  equal-sided,  ublong,  naked,  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  9  (rarely  12  or  15),  united  in  3  sets;  the  sets  separated  by 
af  many  large  and  ovate  orange-colored  glands.  Pod  3-celled,  oblong :  styles 
distinct.  —  Perennial  herbs,  growing  in  marshes  or  shallow  water,  with  small 
close  (-lusters  of  flesh-colored  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  stem.  (Name  from  eAtoSr/y, growing  in  marshes.) 

{ .  E.  Virg"illica,  Nutt.  Leaves  closely  sessile  or  clasping  by  a  broad  base, 
oblong  or  ovate,  very  obtuse;  filaments  united  below  the  middle.  (Hypericum 
Virginicum,  L.)  —  Common  in  swamps.  July,  Aug. 

2.  E.  |M't  iolatu,  Pursh.  Leaves  tapering  into  a  short  petiok,  oblong :  fila- 
ments united  beyond  the  middle.  —  From  New  Jersey  southward  and  west- 
ward. 

ORDER  20.     ELATINACE^E.     (WATER-WORT  FAMILY.; 

Little  marsh  annuals,  with  opposite  dotless  leaves  and  memlranaceous  stip- 
ules, minute  Kxillary  flowers  like  Chickweeds,  but  the  pod  2  -  b-celled,  and 
ihe  seeds  as  in  St.  John's- wort.  —  The  principal  genus  is 

1.    EL,  A  TINE,    L.        WATER-WORT. 

Sepals  2-5,  persistent.  Petals  2-5,  hypogynous.  Stamens  as  many,  rarely 
twice  as  many,  as  the  petals.  Styles,  or  sessile  capitate  stigmas,  2-5.  Pod 
2-5-ccllcd,  several -many -seeded,  2-5-valved;  the  partitions  left  attached  to 
the  axis,  or  evanescent.  Seeds  cylindrical,  straightish  or  curved.  {A  Greek 
name  for  some  obscure  herb. ) 

1.  E.  Americnna,  Arnott.  Dwarf  (!'  high),  creeping,  rooting  in  the 
mud,  tufted  ;  leaves  obovate;  flowers  sessile;  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  stig- 
mas 2,  rarely  3  ;  seeds  5  or  6  in  each  cell,  rising  from  the  base.  (Peplis  Amer- 
icana, /'iirxli.  Crypta  minima,  Nutt.)  —  Margin  of  ponds,  &c.,  N.  Hampshire, 
to  Kentucky.  Pod  very  thin  and  delicate;  the  seeds  large  in  proportion, 
itnughtfeh. 

ORDER  21.     CARYOPHYL.L.ACE.*:.     (PINK   FAMILY.; 

lit  rbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  symmetrical  4  -  5-merou8  flowers^  with  m 
iritlmut  petals  ',  the  distinct  stamens  no  more  than  twice  the  number  of  tht 
j  either  hyjtogynous  or  perigynous ;  styles  2 --5;  seeds  attached  to  Ou 


CARYOPHYLLACE^E.       (PINK    FAMILY.)  53 

base  or  th6  central  column  of  the  1-celled  {rarely  3  -  b-celled)  pod,  with  a 
slender  embryo  coiled  or  curved  around  the  outside  of  mealy  albumen.— 
Bland  herbs ;  the  stems  usually  swollen  at  the  joints ;  uppermost  leaves 
rarely  alternate.  Leaves  often  united  at  the  base.  Calyx  imbricated  or 
valvate,  persistent.  Styles  stigmatic  along  the  inside.  Seeds  amphitro- 
pous  or  campy lotropous.  —  There  are  several  suborders,  of  which  the  first 
three  are  the  principal. 

Synopsis. 
SUBORDER  I.     SILENE/E.    THE  PROPER  PINK  FAMILY. 

oepals  united  into  a  tubular  calyx.  Petals  and  stamens  borne  on  the 
stalk  of  the  many-seeded  pod,  the  former  with  long  claws  included  in  the 
calyx-tube,  mostly  convolute  in  aestivation.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Stipuley 
none.  Flowers  mostly  showy. 

*  Calyx  with  scaly  bractlets  at  the  base.    Seeds  flattened  :  embryo  nearly  straight. 
1    DIANTIIUS.    Calyx  terete,  mostly  cylindrical.     Styles  2. 

*  *  Calyx  naked.    Seeds  globular  or  kidney-shaped  :  embryo  curved  or  coiled. 
2.   SAPONARIA.     Calyx  terete.    Styles  2. 

8.  VACCARIA.     Calyx  5-angled  and  in  fruit  6-winged.    Styles  2. 
4.  SILENE.     Calyx  5-toothed.    Styles  3,  rarely  4. 

6.  AGROSTEMMA.    Calyx  with  5  narrow  leafy  lobes.    Styles  5. 

SUBORDER  II.     ALSINEJS.    THE  CHICEWEED  FAMILY. 

Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so.  Petals  without  claws  (sometimes  none), 
mostly  imbricated  in  aestivation,  and  with  the  stamens  inserted  at  the  base 
of  the  sessile  ovary,  or  into  a  little  disk  which  often  coheres  with  the 
base  of  the  calyx.  Pod  splitting  into  valves,  few  -  many-seeded.  Stamens 
opposite  the  sepals,  when  not  more  numerous  than  they.  —  Low  herbs. 
Stipules  none. 

*  Styles  opposite  the  sepals,  or,  when  fewer,  opposite  those  which  are  exterior  in  the  bud. 

•t-  Valves  of  the  pod  as  many  as  the  styles  (usually  3),  and  entire. 

6    IIONKENYA.    Seeds  few,  at  the  base  of  the  pod.    Stamens  borne  on  a  thick  and  glandu 
lar  10-lobed  disk. 

7.  ALS1NE.    Seeds  many,  attached  to  a  central  column,  naked. 

••-  -t-  Valves  or  teeth  into  which  the  pod  splits  twice  as  many  as  there  are  styles. 

«•  Pod  splitting  to  the  middle  or  farther  into  valves. 

J>.  ARENARIA.    Petals  5,  entire.    Styles  3.     Pods  at  first  3-valved,  the  valves  soon  2-cleft, 
making  6.    Seeds  rough,  naked. 

9.  MCEIIRINGIA.    Petals  4  -  5,  entire.    Styles  2-4.    Pods  4-8-valved.    Seeds  smooth  and 

shining,  appendagel  at  the  hilum. 

10.  STELLARI A.    Petals  4-5,  mostly  2-cleft,  sometimes  minute  or  none.    Styles  (2  -  5)  most. 

ly  8.    Pods  splitting  into  twice  as  many  valves.     Seeds  not  appendaged. 
o  -H-  Pod  opening  only  at  the  top  by  teeth. 

11.  HOLOSTEUM.     Petals  5,  denticulate  at  the  end.     Stamens  and  styles  mostly  3. 

12.  CEKASTIUM.     Petals  4-5,  usually  2-cleft.     Styles  as  many  as  the  petals. 

*  t  Styles  alternate  with  the  sepals :  stamens  as  many  as  they,  sometimes  twice  as  many, 
18    SAGINA.     Petals  4-5.  undivided,  or  none.    Styles  45.     Pod  4  - 5-valved 


54  CARYOrHYLLACE^E.       (PIXK    FAMILY.) 

SUBORDER  III.    ILLECEBREJ3.    TIIE  KNOT  WORT  FAMILY. 

Character  same  as  of  the  duckweed  Family,  but  with  dry  scale-like 
stipules,  the  uppermost  leaves  rarely  alternate,  and  the  1-celled  pods  some- 
times 1 -seeded. 

»  Pod  (capsule)  many-seeded.    Styles  3 -5.    Petals  usually  conspicuous. 
14.   SPERGULAltlA.    Styles  8-6.     Leaves  opposite. 

16.   SPKRtiULA.    Styles  5.     Valves  of  the  pod  opposite  the  sepels.     Leaves  whorled. 
t  •  Pod  (utricle)  1-seeded     Styles  2,  often  united.     Petals  bristle-form  or  none.    Stamens 
plainly  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx. 

16.  ANYCII1A.    Petals  none.    Sepals  flattish,  unarmed. 

17.  PAKONYCU1A.    Petals  minute  or  bristle-form.    Sepals  concave,  awned. 

SUBORDER  IV.     SCLERANTHE^E.    THE  KNAWEL  FAMILY. 

Characters  of  the  preceding,  but  no  stipules,  and  the  sepals  more  united 
below  into  an  indurated  tube  surrounding  the  utricle;  the  stamens  inserted 
at  the  throat. 

18.  SCLERANTUUS.    Petals  none.    Stamens  5  or  10. 

SUBORDER  V.    MOLLUGINEJE.    INDIAN-CIIICKWKED  FAMILY. 

Stamens  alternate  with  the  sepals  when  of  the  same  number,  when  fewer 
alternate  with  the  cells  of  the  3-celled  ovary :  —  otherwise  as  in  Suborders 
2  and  3. 

19.  MO  L  LUGO.     Petals  none.    Stamens  3 -6.     Stigmas  3.     Pod  3-celled.  many-seeded. 

SUBORDER  I.    SI  LEXEME.     THE  PROPER  PINK  FAMILY. 

1.     I>  I  AN  Til  US,    L.        PINK.     CARNATION. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  5-toothed,  supported  at  the  base  by  2  or  more  imbricated 
bractlcts.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  long-stalked,  1 -colled,  4-valvcd  at  the 
%]>cx.  Seeds  flattish  :  embryo  scarcely  curved.  —  Ornamental  plants,  of  well- 
known  aspect  and  value  in  cultivation,  none  natives  of  this  country.  (Name 
from  Aioy,  of  Jupiter,  and  ai>6os,flou-er,  i.  e.  Jove's  own  flower.) 

1.  I>.  ARM&RIA,  L.  (DEI>TFORI>  PINK.)  Flowers  in  close  dusters ;  bract- 
lets  of  the  calyx  and  bracts  lance-awl-fonn,  downy,  as  hm<;  as  the  tube;  leaves 
linear,  hairy  ;  flowers  small,  scentless,  rose-color  with  white  dots,  crcuate.  ® 
—  Fields,  £.(-.,  Pennsylvania  and  E.  Massachusetts.  July.  —  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

D-  CARVOIMIVLLUS,  L.,  is  the  original  of  the  CLOVK-PIXK  or  CAHNATION, 
&c.  of  the  gardens  D.  BAitnXTL's  is  the  SWEET-WILLIAM  or  BUNCH  PINK 

ii.     S  A  PON  ARIA,    L.         SOAIMVORT. 

Calyx  tubular,  terete  nnd  even,  5-toothcd,  naked  at  the  base.  Stamens  10 
Styles  ti.  Pod  short-stalked,  1-celled,  or  partly  '2-cellcd  "at  the  base,  4-toothed  at 
the  npex.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  rimr.  —  Flowers  cvmose-clustcred.  (Nanifl 


CARTOPHYLLACE^E.       (PINK    FAMILY.)  55 

from  sapo,  soap,  the  mucilaginous  juice  of  the  common  species  forming  a  lather 
with  water.) 

l.  S.  OFFICINA.LIS,  L.  (COMMON  SOAPWORT.  BOUNCING  BET.)  (/lus- 
ters corymbcd ;  calyx  cylindrical,  slightly  downy ;  petals  crowned  with  an  ap- 
pendage at  the  top  of  the  claw;  leaves  oval-lanceolate.  1|. —  Road-sides,  &c. 
July -Sept.  —  A  stout  plant  with  large  rose-colored  flowers,  which  are  com- 
monly double.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    VACCARIA,    Medik.        COW-HERB. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  ovoid-pyramidal,  5-angled,  5-toothed,  enlarged  and 
wing-angled  in  fruit.  Petals  not  crowned.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  in 
completely  4-celled  at  the  base.  —  A  smooth  annual  herb,  with  pale  red  flowers 
in  corymbed  cymes,  and  ovate-lanceolate  leaves.  (Name  from  Vacca,  a  cow.) 

1.  V.  VULGA.RIS,  Host.  (Saponaria  Vaccaria,  L.) — Escaped  from  garder  s 
and  becoming  spontaneous  in  some  places.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.    SILiENE,    L.        CATCHFLY.    CAMPION. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  naked  at  the  base.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3,  rarely  4. 
Pod  1-celled,  or  3-celled  at  least  at  the  base,  opening  by  6  teeth  at  the  apex. 
Embryo  coiled.  —  Flowers  solitary  or  in  clustered  cymes.  Petals  mostly 
crowned  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  (Name  from  triaXoi/,  saliva, 
in  allusion  to  the  viscid  secretion  on  the  stems  and  calyx  of  many  species. 
The  English  name  Catchfly  alludes  to  the  same  peculiarity.) 

-*  Calyx  bladdery-inflated :  perennial :  flowers  panicled,  white. 

1.  S.  Sl  el  I « til,  Ait.     (STARRY  CAMPION.)     Leaves  in  whorls  of  4,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  taper-pointed;  calyx  bell-shaped;  petals  cut  into  a  fringe,  crownless.  — 
Wooded  banks,  Rhode  Island  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     July. 
—  Stem  3°  high,  minutely  pubescent,  with  a  large  and  open  pyramidal  panicle. 
Corolla  t7  broad.     (Cucubalus  stellatus,  L.) 

2.  S.  llivoa,  DC.     Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  taper-pointed ;  ca- 
lyx oblong  ;  petals  wedge-form,  2-cIefl,  minutely  crowned.  —  Columbia,  Pennsyl- 
vania, to  Ohio  and  Illinois  :  rare.     July.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high,  almost  smooth; 
Flowers  few,  larger  than  in  No.  1.       » 

3.  S.  INFLA.TA,  Smith.     (BLADDER  CAMPION.)     Glaucous;  leaves  opposite 
ovate-lanceolate ;  calyx  globular,   much  inflated,  elegantly  veined  ;  petals  2-cleft, 
nearly  crownless.  —  Fields  and  road-sides,  E.  New  England.     July.  —  A  fool 
high.     Flowers  loosely  cymose.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

#  *  Calyx  elongated  or  club-shaped,  not  inflated  except  by  the  enlarging  pod :  floivers 
cymose  or  clustered :  perennial,  pubescent  with  viscid  hairs,  especially  the  calyx . 
petals  crowned,  red  or  rose-color. 

*  S.  Peimsylvaiiica,  Michx.  (WILD  PINK.)  Stems  low  (4' -8. 
hign) ;  root-leaves  narrowly  spatulate,  nearly  glabrous,  tapering  into  hairy  peti- 
oles; stem-leaves  (2-3  pairs)  lanceolate;  flowers  clustered,  shoit-stalked  ;  oalyt 
club-s  Aaped ;  petals  wedge-form,  slightly  notched  and  eroded  at  the  end,  jnmtlc  rose 

8 


56  CARYOPHYLLACE^E.       (PINK    FAMILY.) 

color.  —  Rocky  or  gravelly  places,  Eastern  New  England  to  Pennsyh  aiiia,  Ken- 
tucky, and  southward.  April -June. 

5.  S.  Virginica,  L.  (FiKE  PINK.  CATCHFLT.)  Stems  slender  (1°- 
2°  high) ;  leaves  thin,  spatulate,  or  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate ;  flowers  few  and  loose- 
ly cymose,  pcduncled ;  calyx  oblong-cylindrical,  soon  obconical ;  petals  oblong,  2- 
cieft,  deep  crimson;  the  limb  1'  long.  —  Open  woods,  W.  New  York  (Sartwell)  to 
Illinois  and  southward.  June -Aug. 

G.  S.  regra,  Sims.  (ROYAL  CATCHFLY.)  Stem  roughish,  erect  (3° -4° 
higli) ;  leaves  thickish,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ;  flowers  numerous,  short-stalked,  in 
clusters,  forming  a  strict  panicle ;  calyx  ovoid-club-shaped  in  fruit ;  petals  spatu- 
la  it-lanceolate,  mostly  undivided,  deep  scarlet.  —  Prairies,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and 
southward.  July. 

7.  S.  rotimdifolia,  Nutt.  (ROUND-LEAVED  CATCHFLY.)  Viscid- 
hairv  ;  stems  weak,  branched,  decumbent  (2°  long) ;  leaves  thin,  round,  abruptly 
pointed,  the  lower  obovate ;  flowers  few  and  loosely  cymose,  stalked ;  calyx  elon- 
gated ;  petals  2-cleft  and  cut-toothed,  deep  scarlet.  —  Shaded  banks  of  the  Ohio,  and 
in  Kentucky.  June -Aug.  —  Leaves  and  flowers  large.  This  and  No.  6  may 
pass  into  No.  5. 

*  *  *  Calyx  not  inflated,  except  by  the  enlarging  pod :  annual :  flowers  rose,  flesh- 
color,  or  white,  opening  only  at  night  or  in  cloudy  weather  (except  No.  8). 
—  (,'labrous  throughout :  a  portion  of  each  joint  of  the  stem  mostly  glutinous. 

8  S.  ARMERIA,  L.  (SWEET-WILLIAM  CATCHFLY.)  Glaucous;  leaver 
O'Xit&Jfinceolate ;  flowers  cymose-clustered  ;  calyx  club-shaped,  purplish,  as  well  as 
the  petals,  which  are  notched,  and  crowned  with  awl-shaped  scales. — Fscaped 
from  gardens  to  waste  places ;  rare.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

y  S.  ailtirrhiiia,  L.  (SLEEPY  CATCHFLY.)  Stem  slender  (8' -30' 
high);  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear ;  flowers  small,  paniculate ;  calyx  ovoid;  petals 
obcordate,  crowned,  small  or  inconspicuous,  rarely  seen  expanded. — Dry  soil ; 
common  in  waste  places.  June-Sept. 

•«-  «-  Viscid-pubescent :  flowers  white  or  nearly  so,  sweet-scented  at  night. 

10.  S.  NOCTURNA,  L.    (NIGIIT-CATCHFLY.)    Leaves  short,  the  lower  spam- 
late,  the  upper  linear;  flowers  small,  alternate  in  a  strict  I -sided  spike  ;  petals  2- 
] >arted.  —  Introduced  sparingly  in  Pennsylvania,  according  to  Schwdnitz,    (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

11.  S.    NOCTIFL6RA,    L.       (NlGHT-FLOWERINO     CATCHFLY.)        Viscid-hairy, 

tall  (l°-3°  high);  lower  leaves  large  and  spatulatc;  the  upper  lanceolate, 
taper-pointed  ;  flowers  loosely  cymose,  pcduncled;  calyx  cylindrical,  soon  ovoid 
with  long  awl-shaped  teeth ;  petals  rather  large,  2-parted,  crowned.  (S.  noc- 
turna,  Bigelow.} — Cultivated  grounds.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  *  Dwarf,  tufted,  smooth  :  perennial,  \-flowered. 

12.  S.  acaillis,  L.  (Moss  CAMPION.)  Tufted  like  a  moss  (!'- 2'  high) , 
leaves  linear,  crowded  to  the  summit  of  the  short  stems;  flowers  almost  sessile, 
calyx  slightly  inflated;  petals  purple  or  rarely  white,  inversely  heart-shaped 
crowned.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire.  July 
(Ea.) 


OARYOPHYLLACK^l.       (PINK  FAMILY.;  57 

5.    ACROSTEMUIA,    L.        CORN-COCKL*. 

Cal/x  naked,  tubular,  coriaceous,  its  limb  of  5  long  and  linear  foliaceous 
teeth  or  lobes,  longer  than  the  corolla,  which  fall  off  in  fruiting.  Petals  not 
crowned,  entire.  Stamens  10,  those  opposite  the  petals  adhering  to  the  base  of 
their  claws.  Styles  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx-teeth.  Pod  1 -celled,  opening  at 
the  top  by  5  tc«th.  Embryo  coiled.  —  Annual  or  biennial,  erect  and  branching, 
pubescent,  with  long  linear  leaves,  and  large  purple  flowers  on  long  peduncles. 
(Name  dypov  crre/ifta,  crown  of  the  field,  being  a  handsome  corn- weed.) 

1.  A.  GITHA.GO,  L.  (Lychnis  Githago,  Lam.)  Wheat-fields;  too  common, 
the  black  seeds  of  Cockle  being  injurious  to  the  appearance  of  the  flour.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

LYCHNIS,  Toum.,  to  which  the  Cockle  was  once  referred,  is  represented  in 
our  gardens  by  L.  CORONARIA,  the  MULLEIN  PINK  ;  L.  CHALCEDONICA,  the 
SCARLET  LYCHNIS  ;  and  L.  FLOS-CTJCULI,  the  RAGGED  ROBIN. 

SUBORDER  II.    AL.SINEJE.     THE  CHICKWEED  FAMILY. 

6.    HONK^NYA,    Ehrhart.        SEA-SANDWORT. 

Sepals  5,  fleshy.  Disk  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  conspicuous  and  glandular, 
10-notchcd.  Petals  5,  obovate- wedge-shaped,  tapering  into  a  short  claw.  Sta- 
mens 10,  inserted  on  the  edge  of  the  disk.  Styles  3-5,  short,  opposite  as  many 
of  the  sepals.  Ovary  more  or  less  3  -  5-celled.  Pod  fleshy,  opening  by  as  many 
valves  as  styles,  few-seeded  at  the  base.  Seeds  smooth,  short-beaked  next  the 
naked  hilum.  A  very  fleshy  maritime  perennial,  forked,  with  ovate  or  oblong 
leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  flowers,  more  or  less  polygamo-dicecious.  Petals 
white.  (Named  in  honor  of  Honckeny,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  H»  peploides,  Ehrhart.  (Arenaria  peploides,  L.)  —  Sea-beach, 
Maine  to  New  Jersey.  May,  June.  —  Grows  in  large  tufts  in  the  sands,  6'  - 10' 
high.  Leaves  f  long,  partly  clasping,  very  thick.  (Eu.) 

7.    A  L,  SINE,    (Tourn.)  Wahl.        GROVE  SANDWORT. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire,  or  rarely  notched «at  the  apex.  Stamens  10,  in- 
serted on  a  small  disk.  Styles  3.  Ovary  1 -celled.  Pod  many-seeded,  3  valved 
to  the  base ;  the  valves  entire,  opposite  the  inner  sepals.  Seeds  usually  rough, 
naked  at  the  hilum.  —  Small  tufted  herbs,  with  narrow  leaves,  and  mostly  white 
flowers,  which  are  solitary  and  terminal  or  cymose.  (Name  from  oXo-os,  a 
grove.)  —  This  and  No.  9  are  comprised  in  Arenaria  by  many  botanists. 
*  Leaves  rigid,  awl-shaped  or  bristle-shaped. 

1.  A.  sqiiarrosa,  Fenzl.  (PINE-BARREN  SANDWORT.)  Densely  tuft- 
ed from  a  deep  perpendicular  root ;  leaves  closely  imbricated,  but  spreading,  awl* 
shaped,  short,  channelled;  branches  naked  and  minutely  glandular  above,  several- 
flowered;  sepals  obtuse,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  pod.  1J.  (Arenaria  squarrosa, 
Michx.) — In  pure  sand,  Long  L-land,  New  Jersey,  and  southward  along  tho 
coast.  May  -  July 


58  CARTOPHTLLACE^.       (PINK    FAMILY.) 

2.  A.  IVIicllclUXii,  Fenzl.     Erect,  or  usually  diffusely  spreading  from  a 
email  root,  smooth ;  leaves  slender,  between  awl-shaped  and  bristle-farm,  with  many 
others  clustered  in  the  axils ;  cyme  diffuse,  naked,  many-flowered  ;  sejxtls  pointed, 
3-ribbed,  ovate,  as  long  as  the  pod.     1J.  (Arenaria  stricta,  Michx.)  — Hocks  and 
dry  wooded  banks,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     July. 

*  *  Leaves  soft  and  herbaceous,  filiform-linear :  petals  rctuse  or  notched. 

3.  A.  patula.     Diffusely  branched  from  the  slender  root ;  stems  filiform 
(6' -10'  long) ;  branches  of  the  cyme  diverging;  peduncles  long;  sepals  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  3-nerved,  petals  spatulate,  emarginate.    (Arenaria  patula,  Michx.) 
—  Cliffs  of  Kentucky  River,  and  mountains  of  Western   Virginia.     July.  — 
Smoothish:  leaves  £'-!' long. 

4.  A.    Croenlaildica,    Fenzl.      (MOUNTAIN    SANDWORT.)      Densely 
tufted  from  slender  roots,  smooth;  stems  filiform,  erect  (2' -4'  high),  few-flow- 
ered ;    sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  nerveless ;   petals  obovatc,  somewhat  notched.     1|. 
(Stellaria  Groenlandica,  Retz.     Arenaria  Gro3nlandica,  Spreng.)  —  Summit  of 
the  Shawangunk,  Catskill,  and  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York,  and  of  all 
the  higher  mountains  of  New  England,  and  northward ;  alpine  or  subalpinc . 
At  Bath,  Maine,  on  river-banks  near  the  sea.    June  -  Aug.  —  Leaves  and  pedun- 
cles 3"  -  6"  long ;  flowers  large  in  proportion. 

A.  o  LAURA,  of  the  mountain-tops  in  Carolina,  may  occur  on  those  of  Virginia. 

8.  .ARENARIA,    L.        SANDWORT. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3,  rarely  2 
or  4.  Ovary  1 -celled.  Pod  many-seeded,  opening  above  by  as  many  valves  us 
there  are  styles,  each  valve  soon  splitting  into  two.  Seeds  naked  at  the  hilum. 
(Name  from  arena,  sand,  in  which  many  of  the  species  love  to  grow.) 

1.    A.     8ERPYLLIF6LIA,     L.         (TlIYME-LEAVED      SANDWORT.)        Diffusely 

branched,  rougliish  (2' -6'  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  acute  (small) ;  sepals  lanceolate, 
pointed,  3  -  5-nerved,  about  as  long  as  the  petals  and  the  6-toothcd  pod.     (J)  — 
Sandy  waste  places.     June -Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
A.  DiFFtsA,  Ell.,  will  probably  be  found  in  Southern  Virginia. 

9.     IfKEIIItlNGIA,    L.        MOSHRINGIA. 

Seeds  strophiolate,  i.  e.  with  a  thickish  appendage  at  the  hilum,  smooth. 
Young  ovary  3-celled.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Arenaria. — Flaccid  herbs;  the 
parts  of  the  flower  sometimes  in  fours.  (Named  for  MuJiriug,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  HI.  lateriflora,  L.  Sparingly  branched,  erect,  minutely  pubescent; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse;  peduncles  2-  (rarely  3-4-)  flowered,  becoming 
lateral;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  petals.  U  (Arenaria  latcri- 
flora,  L.)  —  Shady  gravelly  banks,  Maine  to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  an! 
northward.  May,  June.  —  Leaves  £'  to  1'  long  :  corolla  £'  broad,  white.  (Eu.x 

1C.     STELLARIA,    L.        CHICK  WEED.     STAR  WORT. 

Sepals  4-5.  Petals  4-5,  deeply  2-cleft,  sometimes  none.  Stamens  8,  1C, 
or  fewer.  Styles  3 - 4,  rarely  5,  opposite  as  many  sepals.  0>  jiry  1 -celled.  Pod 


CAilYOrHYLLACE^E.       (P1XK   FAMILY.)  5£ 

avoid,  opening  by  twice  as  many  valves  as  styles,  several  -  many-seeded.  Seeds 
naked. — Flowers  (white)  terminal,  or  appearing  lateral  by  the  prolongation  of 
the  stem  from  the  upper  axils.  (Name  from  stella,  a  star,  in  allusion  to  the 
star -shaped  flowers.) 

*  Stamens  usually  fewer  than  10  :  leaves  broad. 

1.  S.  MEDIA,  Smith.     (COMMON  CHICKWEED.)     Stems  spreading,  marfead 
with  an  alternate  pubescent  line;  leaves  ovate,  the  lower  on  hairy  petioles ;  peters 
2-parted,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  stamens  3-10.     Q  (2) —Fields  and  around 
dwellings,  everywhere.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.    pubera,    Michx.      (GREAT    CHICKWEED.)      Stems    spreading, 
marked  with  2  opposite  hairy  lines;  leaves  all  sessile,  oblong  or  ovate  (2'  long)  ; 
petals  deeply  2-cleft,  longer  than  the  calyx,     ty —  Shaded  rocks,  Penn.  to  Kentucky 
and  southward.     May. 

*  *  Stamens  mostly  10:   manifestly  perigynous :  perennial:   leaves  narroio,  sessile: 

plants  glabrous  throughout. 
•<-  Scaly-bracted :  petals  ^.-parted,  equalling  or  surpassing  the  calyx. 

3.  S.   loiigifolia,    Muhl.      (STITCIIWORT.)      Stem  branching  above; 
weak,  often  with  rough  angles  (8' -18'  high) ;  leaves  linear,  acutish  at  both  ends, 
spreading  ;  cymes  naked  and  at  length  lateral,  peduncled,  many-flowered,  the  slen- 
der pedicels  spreading ;  petals  2-parted,  soon  longer  than  the  calyx ;  seeds  smooth. 
—  Grassy  places,  common,  especially  northward.     June,  July.     (Eu.) 

4.  S.  loiigipcs,  Goldie.     (LONG-STALKED  STITCHWORT.)     Shining  or 
somewhat  glaucous,  very  smooth  ;  leaves  ascending,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  broadest  at  the  base,  rather  rigid ;  cyme  terminal,  few-flowered,  the  long 
pedicels  strictly  erect ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Maine  to 
Wisconsin,  rare  :  common  farther  north.     (Eu.) 

5.  S.  liligiiiosa,  Murr.      ( SWAMP  STITCHWORT.)      Stems   weak,   de- 
cumbent or  diffuse,  at  length  prolonged,  leaving  the  naked  and  usually  sessile 
cymes  lateral ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  veiny  ;  petals  and  ripe  pods  as  long  as  the 
calyx;  seeds  roughened.     (S.  aquatica,  Pollich,  $*c.)  —  Swamps  and  rills,  Phila- 
delphia   and    Westchester,   Pennsylvania  (Darlington,  &c.),  New  Hampshire 
(Blake),  and  northward  in  British  America.     (Eu.) 

•*-  •*-  Leafy-bracted,  the  flowers  in  the  forks  of  the  stem  or  of  leafy  branches,  even 
the  latest  loith  foliaceous  bracts  ;  petals  2-parted,  small,  or  often  none  ;  styles  3  -  4  ; 
pcd  longer  than  the  calyx. 

6.  S.  crassifolia,  Ehrhart.     Stems  diffuse  or  erect,  flaccid  ;  leaves  rather 
fleshy,  varying  from  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  or 
wanting  ;  seeds  rugose-roughened.  —  An  apetalous  4  -  6-androus  state  is  Sagina 
fontinalis,  Short  $-  Piter.     Cliffs  of  Kentucky  River  and  Elkhorn  Creek,  form- 
ing broad  mats  in  springy  places,  Short.     Ringwood,  Illinois,  Vasey.    April, 
May. — Also  in  British  America.     (Eu.) 

7.  S.  1>oreialis,  Bigelow.     (NORTHERN  STITCHWORT.)     Stems  erect  or 
spreading,  flaccid,  many  times  forked,  at  length  resolved  into  a  leafy  cyme ; 
leayes  varying  from  broadly  lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong ;  petals  2-5,  shorter  than 
th/e  calyx,  or  oftener  none  ;  sepals  acute  ;  styles  usually  4  ;  seed?  smooth,  ^-  Shaded 


CO  CARYOPnYLL4CE^E.       (PINK    FAMILY.) 

swamps,  &c.,  Rhode  Island  to  Wisconsin  northward,  and  north  to  the  arctic  re 
pions      June -Aug.     (Eu.) 

11.    IIOL.6STEUM,    L.        JAGGED  CHICKWKED. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  usually  jagged  or  denticulate  at  the  point.  Stamens  3- 
5,  rarely  10.  Styles  3.  Pod  ovoid,  1-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at  the  top 
by  6  teeth.  Seeds  rough.  —  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  several  (white)  flowers 
in  an  umbel,  borne  on  a  long  terminal  peduncle.  (Name  composed  of  6Xos,  all, 
and  o<TTfov,  bone,  by  antiphrasis,  these  plants  being  soft  anC  tender.) 

1  II.  U31BELLA.TUM,  L.     Leaves  oblong ;  peduncle  and  upper  part  of  the 
stem  glandular-pubescent;  pedicels  reflexed  after  flowering.  —  Hills   around 
Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  abundant,  Prof.  Porter.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

12.    CERASTIUM,    L.        MOUSE-BAR  CHICKWEED. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  Petals  as  many,  2-lobed  or  cleft,  rarely  entire.  Stamens 
twice  as  many,  or  fewer.  Styles  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals,  and  opposite 
them.  Pod  1-celled,  usually  elongated,  membranaceous,  opening  at  the  apex  by 
twice  as  many  teeth  as  there  were  styles,  many-seeded.  Seeds  rough.  —  Flow- 
ers white,  in  terminal  cymes.  (Name  from  /ce'pas,  a  horn,  alluding  to  the  shape 
of  the  pods  in  many  species.) 

{  1.  Petals  2-cleJl  or  obfordate  :  parts  of  the  flower  in  fives :  pods  (except  in  No.  9 ) 
longer  than  the  calyx,  and  usually  more  or  less  curved. 

*   Petals  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx,  often  shorter,  sometimes  altogether 
wanting  :  stamens  occasionally  only  5. 

1.  C.  VULGATUM,  L.  (MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED.)  Very  hairy  and  rather 
clammy,  nearly  erect  (4' -9'  high)  ;  leaves  ovate  or  obovate ;  bracts  herbaceous; 
flowers  (small)  in  very  close  clusters  at  first;  pedicels  even  in  fruit  not  longer 
than  the  acute  sepals.  (D  @  —  Grassy  banks.  May  -  July.  —  The  names  of  this 
and  the  next  were  transposed  by  Linnaeus  himself,  and  have  consequently  been 
differently  applied  by  different  authors  ever  since.  This  is  the  C.  vulgatum  of 
English  botanists,  and  of  the  Linnsean  herbarium  :  but  the  next  is  so  called  la 
Sweden  and.  on  the  Continent  generally.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2  C.  visc6suM,  L.     (LARGER  MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED.)     Stems  clam 
my  hairy,  spreading  (6'  - 15'  long) ;  leaves  oblong,  greener ;  upper  bracts  scarious- 
mary-ined  ;  flowers  at  first  clustered  ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  obtuse  sepals,  the 
ea-iier  ones  in  fruit much  longer.     i^:>  4. —  Grassy  fields  and  copses.    May -July 
—  A.  larger  and  coarser  plant  than  No.  1,  the  flowers  larger.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

#  *  Petals  longer  than  the  calyx. 

1  C.  niifuiis  Kaf.  Clammy-pubescent;  stems  erect,  slender,  grooved, 
diffusely  branched  (G'-20f  high);  cyme  loose  and  open,  many-flowered ;  leave* 
oblvny-lanccolate,  acute,  the  lowest  spatulate ;  peduncles  mostly  elongated  ;  petals 
longer  than  the  calyx  ;  ;>w/s  nodding  on  the  stalks,  curved  uj  wards,  rhrice  the  length 
of  fJie  calyx,  (l)  (2) — Moist  places,  Vermont  to  Kentucky  and  southward 
M  ; y  -  July. 


CARrOPHYLLACEJE.       (PINK    FAMILY.) 

4.  C.  Oblongfifdlium,  Torr.     Stems  ascending,  villous  (6' -12 

winy -flowered ;  leases  oblong-Ian  ceolate  and  ovate  ;  peduncles  clamwiy-hairy  ;  pet- 
als (2-lobcd)  and  ripe  pods  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  1J.  —  Rocky  places, 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois ;  rare.  May.  —  Stouter  and  larger 
flowered  than  the  following  species. 

5.  C.  arvt'lise,  L.     (FIELD  CHICKWEED.)     Stems  ascending  or  erect, 
niftcd,  downy,  slender  (4' -8'  high),  naked  and  few-flowered  at  the  summit; 
'eaves  linear;  petals  obcordate,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  pods 
icarceli/  longer  than  the  calyx.     1J.  -1-  Dry  or  rocky  places,  Northeastern  S**» 
vnd  riuitlnvard,  where  it  is  indigenous.     May,  June.     (Eu.J 

$  2.  MOENCHIA,  Ehrhart.  —  Petals  entire  or  merely  retuse:  parts  of  the  flowe? 
commonly  in  fours :  pod  ovate,  not  longer  than  the  calyx. 

6.  C.  QUATERNELLUM,  Fenzl.     Smooth  and  glaucous ;  stem  simple,  erect 
(2'  -4'  high),  1  -2-flowcred;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  ;  petals  not  exceeding  the 
calyx ;  stamens  4.      (|)    ( Sagina  erecta,  L.      Moenchia   quaternella,  Ehrhart. 
M.  erecta,  Smith.)  — Near  Baltimore,  in  dry  ground.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

13.     SAGINA,    L.        PEARLWORT. 

Sepals  4  or  5.  Petals  4  or  5,  undivided,  often  obsolete  or  none.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  sepals,  rarely  twice  their  number.  Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals 
and  alternate  with  them.  Pod  many-seeded,  4  -  5-valved ;  the  valves  opposite 
the  sepals.  Seeds  smooth.  —  Little,  matted  herbs,  with  thread-like  or  awl-shaped 
leaves,  and  small  flowers.  (Name  from  sagina,  fattening ;  of  no  obvious  appli- 
cation to  these  minute  weeds.) 

*  Parts  of  the  flower  all  in  fours,  or  sometimes  in  Jives. 

1.  S.  procumfoeilS,  L.     Perennial,  depressed ;  leaves  thread-form  or  nar- 
rowly linear ;  peduncles  ascending  in  fruit ;  stamens  4  -  5  ;  petals  shorter  than  the 
broadly  ovate  sepals,  sometimes  none.  —  Springy  places,  Maine  to  Pennsylvania. 
May -Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  APETALA,  L.    Annual,  erect;  leaves  almost  bristle-form;  stamens  4  ;  pet- 
obsolete  or  none. —  Sandy  fields,  New  York  to  HI.;   rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Sepals,  petals,  styles,  and  valves  5  or  4  stamens  10. 

3.  S.  iso<l4>s:«,  Eenzl.     Perennial,  tufted;  stems  ascending  (3'-- 5'  high), 
branching;  leaves  thread-form,  the  upper  short  and  awl-shaped,  with  minute 
ones  fascicled  in  their  axils  sc  that  the  branchlets  appear  knotty ;  petals  much 
lonaer  than  the  calyx.     ( Spergula  nodosa,  L. )  —  Wet  sandy  soil,  Isle  of  Shoals; 
coast  of    Maine    near   Portland  ;    shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward 
July.     (Eu.) 

S.  ELLIOTTII,  Fenzl  (Spergula  decumbens,  EU.)  may  occur  in  S.  Virginia, 

SUBORDER  III.    IL.L.ECEBREJE.     THE  KNOTWORT  FAMILY 

14.    SPEROTJL.ARIA,    Pers.        SPURRET-SANDWORT. 
Sepals  5.     Petals  5,  entire.     Stamens  2-10.    S\  vies  and  valves  of  tlic  many- 
seeded  pod  3-5,  when  5  the  valves  alternate  with  the  sepals!     Enilryo  no! 


CARYOPHYLLACEJE        (PINK    FAMILY.) 


coiled  into  a  complete  ring.  —  Low  herbs,  growing  on  or  near  the  sea-coast,  with 
fleshy  opposite  leaves,  and  smaller  ones  often  clustered  in  the  axils  :  stipules 
scaly-membranaceous.  (Name  altered  from  Speryula.) 

1.  S.  rilbra,  IVrs.  Much  branched,  upright  or  spreading,  smooth  or  vis- 
cid-pubescent ;  leaves  filiform-linear,  rather  fleshy ;  petals  purple-rose-color ; 
seeds  marginless.  (D  (Arenaria  rubra,  L.)  —  Sandy  soil,  often  considerably  re- 
mote from  suit  water,  Maine  to  Virginia  and  southward.  June-  Sept  — Leaves 
mostly  shorter  than  the  joints.  Flowers  about  2"  broad.  (Eu.) 

Var.  lliai'ina.  Larger;  the  leaves  longer  and  more  fleshy;  flowers  2-4 
times  larger  ;  pods  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  seeds  marginless  (Arena- 
ria rubra,  var.  marina,  L.),  or  wing-margined  (A.  media,  L.).  Q)  }\.l  —  Sea- 
coast;  common.  (Eu.) 

15.     SPERGULA,    L.         SI-URIJKY. 

Stamens  5  or  10.  Styles  5.  The  5  valves  of  the  pod  opposite  the  sepals 
Embryo  spirally  annular.  Leaves  in  whorls.  Ovhenvi.se  as  in  Spergularia 
(Name  from  spargo,  to  scatter,  from  the  seeds.) 

1.  S.  ARVENSIS,  L.     (CORN  SPURREY.)     Leaves  numerous  in  the  whorls, 
linear-thread-shaped  (l'-2'  long);  stipules  minute;  flowers  white,  in  a  stalked 
panic-led  cyme ;  seeds  rough,  with  a  narrow  and  sharp  edge.     (D  —  Giain-field/ 
&c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

16.     ANYCHIA,    Michx.        FORKED  CHICK  WEED. 

Sepals  5,  scarcely  concave,  indistinctly  mucronate  on  the  back,  greenish. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  2-3,  rarely  5.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Utricle  1 -seeded, 
larger  than  the  calyx.  Radicle  turned  downwards.  —  Small,  many  times  forked 
annuals,  with  small  stipules  and  minute  flowers  in  the  forks.  (Same  derivation 
as  the  next  genus.) 

1.  A.  <licll6t01Iia,  Michx.  Erect  or  spreading;  leaves  varying  from 
lanceolate  to  elliptical,  somewhat  pctiolcd.  Varies  much ;  in  woods  or  rich 
soil  being  very  smooth,  erect  (6'- 10'  high)  and  capillary,  with  long  joints,  the 
leaves  broader  and  thinner  (5" -10"  long),  and  the  flowers  more  stalked  (A. 
capillajca,  Nittt ,  £  Qucria  Canadensis,  L.) :  in  sterile  or  parched  soil  it  is  some- 
what pubescent,  low  and  spreading,  short-jointed,  narrower-leaved,  and  the  flow 
ere  nearly  sessile  and  more  clustered  (A.  dichotoma,  DC.).  —  Common  through 
out.  June  -  Aug. 

17.     PAKONYCHIA,    Tourn.          WHITLOW-WORT. 

Sepals  5,  linear  or  oblong  concave,  awned  at  the  apex.  Petals  bristle-form, 
or  minute  teeth,  or  i  one.  Stamens  5.  Style  2-clcft  at  the  apex.  Utricle  1- 
•eedcv!,  enclosed  in  the  i-silyx.  K  article  ascending.  —  Tufted  herbs,  with  dry  and 
silvery  stipules,  and  clustered  flowers.  (A  Greek  name  for  a  whitlow,  and  for  a 
plant  thought  to  cure  it.) 

1.  P.  arj?yr6conia,  Nutt.  (SILVER  CHICK  WKKD.)  Den-  ely  matted, 
much  branched,  spreading ;  leaves  linear ;  flowers  capitate,  clustered,  surrounded 


PORTULACACEJJ:.     (PURSLANE  FAMILY.)  G3 

Dy  conspicuous  large  silvery  bracts  ;  calyx  hairy,  short-awned  ;  petals  mei'C  teeth 
between  the  stamens.  1J. —  Slides  in  the  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire,  and  bare  summits  above  :  a  recent  discovery.  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains from  Virginia  southward.  July. 

2.  P.  clictaotoma,  Nutt.  Smooth,  tufted  ;  stems  (6'- 12'  high)  ascend- 
ing from  a  rather  woody  base  ;  leaves  and  bracts  awl-shaped ;  cymes  open,  many- 
times  forked;  sepals  short-pointed;  minute  bristles  in  place  of  petals.  1J. -- 
Rocks,  Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia,  and  southwestward.  July -Sept. 

SUBORDER  IV.     SCL.ERANTHEJE.     THE  KXAWEL  FAMILY. 

1§.     SCLERANTIIUS,    L.        KNAWEL. 

Sepals  5,  united  below  in  an  indurated  cup,  enclosing  the  1 -seeded  utricle. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  10  or  5.  Styles  2,  distinct.  —  Homely  little  weeds,  with 
awl-shaped  leaves,  obscure  greenish  clustered  flowers,  and  no  stipules.  (Name 
from  ovcX^pos,  hard,  and  avdos,  flower,  from  the  hardened  calyx-tube.) 

1.  S.  ANNUDS,  L.  Much  branched  and  spreading  (3' -5'  high) ;  flowers  ses- 
sile in  the  forks;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  margined,  (i)  —  Sandy  waste  places. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

SUBORDER  V.     MO.Li/UOIJVEJE.     LNDIAN-CUICKWEED  FAMILY. 

19.     MOL,L,IT€JO,    L.        INDIAN-CHICKWEED. 

Sepals  5,  white  inside.  Petals  none.  Stamens  hypogynous,  5  and  alternate 
with  the  sepals,  or  3  and  alternate  with  the  3  cells  of  the  ovary.  Stigmas  3. 
Pod  3-cellcd,  3-valvcd,  loculicidal,  the  partitions  breaking  away  from  the  many- 
seeded  axis. — Low  homely  annuals,  much  branched;  the  stipules  obsolete. 
(An  old  Latin  name  for  some  soft  plant.) 

1.  M.  verticil  l{i  til,  L.  (CARPET-WEED.)  Prostrate,  forming  patches; 
leaves  spatulate,  clustered  in  whorls  at  the  joints,  where  the  1 -flowered  pedicels 
form  a  sort  of  sessile  umbel ;  stamens  usually  3.  —  Sandy  river-banks,  and  cul 
tivated  grounds.  June -Sept.  (An  immigrant  from  farther  south.) 

ORDER  22.     PORTULACACEJE.     (PURSLANE  FAMILY.; 

Herbs,  wllJi  succulent  leaves,  and  regular  but  unsymmelrical  flowers  ;  viz., 
sepals  usually  fetver  than  the  petals;  the  stamens  opposite  the  petals  when  of 
the  same  number,  but  often  indefinite :  otherwise  nearly  as  Cliickweeds.  — 
Sepals  2,  rarely  3  or  5.  Petals  5,  or  sometimes  none.  Stamens  mostly 
5-20.  Styles  3-8,  united  below,  or  distinct,  stigrnatie  along  the  inside. 
Pod  1-5-celled,  with  few  or  many  campylotropous  seeds  rising  on  slender 
Btalks  from  the  base,  or  from  a  certral  placenta.  Embryo  curved  around 
mealy  albumen. — Insipid  and  innocent  herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate 
entire  leaves.  Corolla  opening  only  in  sunshine,  mostly  ephemeral,  then 
fihri  veiling. 


64  PORTULACACE.fi.       (PURSLANE    FAMIL1  ) 

Synopsis. 

*  Sepals  5.    Petals  none.    Pod  3-6-celled.  opening  by  a  lid. 
L  9KSU  FIUM.    Stamens  5-60,  inserted  on  the  free  calyx. 

*  *  Sepals  2.    Petals  5.    Pod  1-celled. 

2.  POUTULAC A.    Stamens  7  -  20,  on  the  partly  adherent  calyx.    Pod  opening  by  a  Lid. 

3.  TALINUM.     Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals,  hypogynous.     Pod  many-seeded. 

4.  C  LA YTONI A.    Stamens  as  many  as  the  hypogynous  petals,  and  attached  to  their  base.    Pod 

8-6-seeded. 

1.     SESUVIUM,    L.        SEA  PURSLANE. 

Calyx  5-parted,  purplish  inside,  persistent,  free.     Petals  none.     Stamens  5 
60,  inserted  on  the  calyx.     Styles  3-5,  separate.     Pod  3-5-celled,  many-seed- 
ed, opening  transversely  (circumscissile),  the  upper  part  falling  off  as  a  lid. — 
Prostrate  maritime  herbs,  with  succulent  stems  and  (opposite)  leaves,  and  axil- 
lary or  terminal  flowers.     (An  unexplained  name.) 

1.  S.  Portlllaciistrimi,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  flatfish  ;  flow- 
ers sessile  or  short-peduncled ;  stamens  many.  y. —  Coast  of  New  Jersey  and 
southward.  July  -  Sept. 

2.     POKTULACA,    Tourn.        PURSLANE. 

Calyx  2-cleft ;  the  tube  cohering  with  the  ovary  below.  Petals  5,  rarely  b, 
with  the  7-20  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx,  fugacious.  Style  mostly  3-8- 
parted.  Pod  1-celled,  globular,  many-seeded,  opening  transversely,  the  upper 
part  (with  the  upper  part  of  the  calyx)  separating  like  a  lid.  —  Fleshy  annuals, 
witli  scattered  leaves.  (An  old  Latin  name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

1.  P.  OLERACEA,  L.  (COMMON  PURSLANE.)  Prostrate,  very  smooth ; 
leaves  obovate  or  wedge-form;  flowers  sessile  (opening  only  in  sunny  morn- 
ings); sepals  keeled;  petals  pale  yellow;  stamens  7-12;  style  deeply  5-6- 
parted  ;  flower-bud  flat  and  acute.  —  Cultivated  and  waste  grounds;  common. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

P.  RE-rt'SA,  Engelm.,  too  closely  resembling  the  common  Purslane,  is  indi- 
genous west  of  the  Mississippi. 

1'.  OILLIESII,  P.  GRANDIFL&RA,  &c.  are  species,  or  varieties,  with  terete 
leaves,  hairy  axils,  and  showy  red  or  purple  flowers,  cultivated  in  gardens  for 
ornament. 

3.     TAL.INUM,    Adans.        TALINUM. 

Sepals  2,  distinct  and  free,  deciduous.     Petals  5,  ephemeral.     Stamens  10 
30.     Stylo  3-lobcd  at  the  apex.    Pod  3-celled  at  the  base  when  young,  longitu- 
dinally 3-valvcd,  with  many  seeds  on  a  globular  stalked  placenta.     (Derivation 
of  the  name  oiisrmv.) 

1.  T.  tcrctifolium,  Pursh.  Leafy  stems  low,  tuberous  at  the  base; 
leaves  linear,  cylindrical ;  peduncle  long  and  naked,  bearing  an  open  cyme  of 
purple  flowers  (§'  broad) ;  stamens  15-20.  U —  Serpentine  rocks,  Westchester, 
Pennsylvania,  Falls  of  St.  Croix  River,  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  June  -  Aug 
—  Peduncles  3' -6'  long. 


MALVACEAE.       (MALLOW    FAMILY.)  S£ 

4.    CL.AYT6NIA,    L.        SPRING-BEAUTY. 

Sepals  2,  ovate,  free,  green  and  persistent.  Stamens  5,  adhering  to  the  short 
claws  of  the  petals.  Style  3-lobed  at  the  apex.  Pod  1-celled,  3-valved,  3-6- 
seeded.  —  Our  two  species  are  perennials,  sending  up  simple  stems  in  early 
spring  from  a  small  deep  tuber,  bearing  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves,  and  a  loose 
raceme  of  pretty  flowers.  Corolla  pale  rose-color  with  deeper  veins,  opening 
for  more  than  one  day !  (Named  in  honor  of  Clayton,  one  of  the  earliest  bot- 
anists of  this  country,  who  contributed  to  Gronovius  the  materials  for  the  Plora 
Virginica.) 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated  (3' -6'  long). 
—  Moist  open  woods  ;  common,  especially  westward  and  southward. 

2.  C.  Caroliiiiaiia,  Michx.    Leaves   spatulate-oblong  or  oval-lanceo- 
late (l/-2/  long.) — Vermont  to  "Wisconsin,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies 

ORDER  23.     MALVACEAE.      (MALLOW  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves  and  regular  flowers,  the 
calyx  valvate  and  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud,  numerous  stamens  mono- 
delphous  in  a  column,  which  is  united  at  the  base  with  the  short  claws  of  the 
petals,  \-celled  anthers,  and  kidney-shaped  seeds. —  Sepals  5,  united  at  the 
base,  persistent,  often  involucellate  with  a  whorl  of  bractlets  outside,  form- 
ing a  sort  of  exterior  calyx.  Petals  5.  Anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening 
along  the  top.  Pistils  several,  with  the  ovaries  united  in  a  ring,  or  forming 
a  several-celled  pod.  Seeds  with  little  albumen  :  embryo  large,  curved, 
the  leafy  cotyledons  variously  doubled  up.  —  Mucilaginous,  innocent  plants, 
with  tough  bark,  and  palmately- veined  leaves.  Flower  stalks  with  a  joint, 
axillary. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.  MA  LVE^E.  Column  of  stamens  anther-bearing  at  the  top.  Ovaries  and  pods 
(carpels)  5-20  or  more,  closely  united  in  a  ring  around  a  central  axis,  from  which  they 
separate  after  ripening. 

*  Stigmas  occupying  the  inner  face  of  the  styles  :  carpels  1-seeded,  falling  away  separately. 

1.  ALTIL3EA.     Involucel  of  6  to  9  bractlets. 

2.  MALVA.     Involucel  of  3  bractlets.     Petals  obcordate.     Carpels  rounded,  beaklcss. 

8.   CALLIRIUIOE.    Involucel  of  3  bractlets  or  none.     Petals  truncate.     Carpels  beaked. 

4.  NAPJEA.    Involucel  none.    Flowers  dioecious.     Stamens  few. 

*  *  Stigmas  terminal,  capitate  :   carpels  1  -  few-seeded,  opening  before  they  fall  away. 

5.  SIDA.    Involucel  none.    Carpels  or  cells  1-seeded.     Seed  pendulous. 

6.  ABUTILON.     Involucel  none.     Carpels  or  cells  3  -  several-seeded. 

7.  MOD10LA.    Involucel  of  3  bractlets.     Carpels  2-seeded,  and  with  a  transverse  partition 

between  the  seeds. 

TRIBE  IT.  HIBISCEjE.  Column  of  stamens  anther-bearing  tor  a  considerable  part  of 
its  length,  naked  and  5-toothed  at  the  very  apex.  Pod  mostly  5-celle'l,  loculicidal,  leav- 
ing scarcely  any  axis  in  the  centre  after  opening. 

8.  KOSTELETZKYA.     Involucel  of  several  bractlets      Pod  5-celled,  5-seeded. 

0.   HIBISCUS      Involucel  of  many  bractlets      Calyx  persistent.     Pod  5-celled,  many  -seede* 


66  MALVACEJE.       (MALLOW    FAMILY.) 


1.     AL.THJ1HA,    L.        MARSH-MALLOW. 

Calyx  surrounded  by  a  6-  9-clcft  involuccl.  Othcnvisc  as  in  Malva.  (Name 
from  oX#a>,  to  cure,  in  allusion  to  its  healing  properties.) 

1.  A.  OFFICIN\LIS,  L.  (COMMON  MARSH-MALLOW.)  Stem  erect;  leaves 
ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  toothed,  sometimes  3-lobed,  velvety-downy  :  pe- 
duncles axillary,  many-flowered.  1J. —  Salt  marshes,  coast  of  New  England  and 
New  York.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Flowers  pale  rose-color.  Root  thick,  abounding  in 
mucilage,  the  basis  of  the  Pdtes  de  Guimauve.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

A.  R6SEA,  and  A.  FiciFdLiA,  are  the  well-known  garden  HOLLYHOCKS. 

2.     MAJLVA,    L.        MALLOW. 

Calyx  with  a  3-leaved  involuccl  at  the  base,  like  an  outer  calyx.  Petals  ub- 
cordatc.  Styles  numerous,  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side.  Fruit  depressed, 
separating  at  maturity  into  as  many  1 -seeded  and  indehiscent  round  kidney- 
shapcd  blunt  carpels  as  there  are  styles.  Radicle  pointing  downwards.  (An 
old  Latin  name,  from  p-oKa^r),  soft,  alluding  to  the  emollient  leaves.) 

1.  M.  KOTUNDIF6LIA,  L.     (COMMON  MALLOW.)     Stems  short,  simple,  de- 
cumbent from  a  deep  biennial  or  perennial  root ;  leaves  round- heart-shaped,  on 
very  long  petioles,  crenate,  obscurely  lobed ;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
whitish;  carpels  pubescent,  even.  —  Way-sides  and  cultivated  grounds;  com- 
mon.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  BYLVESTKIS,  L.     (HIGH    MALLOW.)     Stem    erect,   branched   (2° -3° 
high);  leaves  rather  sharply  5-7 '-lobed;  petals  thrice  the  length   of  the  calyx, 
large,  purple  and  rose-color;  carpels  wrinkled- veiny.     ]\. —  Way-sides.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

M.  cufsi'A,  the  CCRLED  MALLOW,  and  M.  MOSCH\TA,  the  Music  MALLOW, 
are  occasionally  spontaneous  around  gardens. 

3.     CALLIRRIIOE,    Nutt.        CALLIUUIIOE. 

Calyx  either  naked  or  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  its  base.  Petals  wedge- 
shaped  and  truncate  (usually  red-purple).  Styles,  £c.  as  in  Malva.  Carpels 
10-20,  straightisli,  with  a  short  empty  beak,  separated  within  from  the  1 -seeded 
cell  by  a  narrow  projection,  indehiscent  or  partly  2-valved.  Radicle  pointing 
downwards.  —  Flowers  perfect. 

1.  C.  triangulata,   Gray.      Hairy-pubescent;   stems   nearly   erect    (2° 
high)  from  a  tuberous  root  ;  leaves  triangular  or  halberd-shaped,  or  the  lowest 
rather  h'-art-shapcd,  coarsely  crenate;  the  upper  incised  or  3  -  5-clcft ;  flowers 
panicleil,  short-pedicellcd  (purple)  ;  involuccl  as  long  as  tie  m/y.r  ;  carpets  slioh- 
fointed,  crest  I  •  N.V.      (Malva   triangulata,   Leai-cn  worth.     M.   Iloughtonii,  Torr.  & 
Gray.)  —  Dry  prairies,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  southward.     July. 

2.  C.  alcacoitles,  Gray.     Strigose-pubesccnt ;  stems  slender  (1°  high)  ; 
iuwer  leaves  triangular-heart-shaped,  incised ;  the  upper  5-7-parted,  laciniate, 
Uie  uppermost  divided  into  linear  segments  ;  flowers  corymbose,  on  slender  pe- 


MALVACEAE.       (MALLOW    FAMILY.)  67 

dtmcles  (rose-color  or  white) ,  involved  none;  carpels  obtusely  beaked,  crested  and 
strongly  wrinkled  on  the  back.  1J.  (Sida  alcseoidcs,  Michx.} — Barren  oak -lands, 
S.  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

4.    NAP^EA,    Clayt.        GLADE  MALLOW. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  5-toothcd.  Floivers  dioecious ;  the  stamim.te  flowera 
entirely  destitute  of  pistils,  with  15-20  anthers  ;  the  fertile  with  a  short  column 
of  filaments  but  no  anthers.  Styles  8-10,  stigmatic  along  the  inside.  Fruit 
depressed-globular,  separating  when .  ripe  into  as  many  kidney-shaped  1-seeded 
beakless  and  scarcely  dehiscent  carpels  as  there  are  styles.  Radicle  pointing 
downwards.  —  A  tall  and  roughish  perennial  herb,  with  very  large  9-  11-partcd 
lower  leaves,  the  pointed  lobes  pinnatifid-cut  and  toothed,  and  small  white  flow- 
ers in  paniclcd  clustered  corymbs.  (Named  by  Clayton  from  vairr],  a  wooded 
valley  or  glade,  or,  poetically,  the  nymph  of  the  groves,  alluding  to  the  place 
where  he  discovered  the  plant.) 

1.  N.  dioica,  L.  (Sida  dioica,  Cav.)  —  Limestone  valleys,  Penn.  and 
southward  to  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  west  to  Ohio  and  Illinois  ;  rare.  July. 

5.    Sfl>A,    L.        SIDA. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  5-cleft.  Petals  entire,  usually  oblique.  Styles  5  or 
more  :  the  ripe  fruit  separating  into  as  many  1-seeded  carpels,  which  remain 
closed,  or  commonly  become  2-valved  at  the  top,  and  tardily  separate  from  the 
axis.  Embryo  abruptly  bent ;  the  radicle  pointing  upwards.  Stigmas  termi- 
nal, capitate. — Flowers  perfect.  (A  name  used  by  Theophrastus.) 

1.  S.  Napifea,  Cav.     Nearly  glabrous,  tall  (2° -4°  high),  erect;  leaves  5- 
cA;/?,  the  lobes  oblong  and  pointed,  toothed ;  flowers  (ichitc)  umbellatc-corymbcd, 
large;  carpels  10,  pointed,     1J.  (Napaea  laevis  &  hermaphrodita,  L.)  —  Rocky 
river-banks,  Pcnn.,  Muhlenberg.      Kanawha  Co.,  Virginia,  Rev.  J.  M.  Brown, 
(Cultivated  in  old  gardens.) 

2.  S.  EHiOttii,  Torr.    &  Gray.     Nearly  glabrous    (l°-4°   high);  leaves 
linear,  serrate,  short-petioled ;  peduncles  axillary,  1 -flowered,  short;  flowers  (t/tl- 
low)  rather  large  ;  carpels  9  - 10,  slightly  and  abruptly  pointed,  forming  a  depressed 
fruit.     1J.  —  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  (near  Petersburg)  and  southward.    May- Aug. 

3.  S.  SPINOSA,  L.     Minutely  and  softly  pubescent,  low  (10' -20'  high),  much 
branched ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  serrate,  rather  long-petioled ;  pedun- 
cles axillary,  1-flowered,  shorter  than  the  petiole;  flowers  (yellow)  small;  carpeh 
5,  combined  into  an  ovate  fruit,  each  splitting  at  the  top  into  2  beaks.     A  little  tu- 
bercle at  the  base  of  the  leaves  on  the  stronger  plants  gives  the  specific  name, 
but  it  cannot  be  called  a  spine.     ®  —  Waste  places,  common  southward  and 
eastward.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.  or  Afr.) 

6.    ABtlTlL-ON,    Tourn.        INDIAN  MALLOW. 

Carpels  2  -  9-seeded,  at  length  2-valred.  Radicle  ascending  or  pointing  in- 
wards. Otherwise  as  in  Sida.  (Name  of  unknown  origin.) 


68  MALVACEAE.       (MALLOW    FAMILY.) 

1.  A.  AviCENNvE,  Gaertn.  (VELVET-LEAF.)  Tall  (4°  high) ;  leaves  round- 
ish-heart-shnped,  taper-pointed,  velvety  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaf-stalks  ; 
corolla  yellow;  pods  12-15,  hairy,  beaked.  ®  — Waste  places,  escaped  from 
gardens.  (Adv.  from  India.) 

7.    MOI>iOL,A,    Mcench.        MODI  OLA. 

Calyx  with  a  3-leaved  involuccl.  Petals  obovate.  Stamens  10-20.  Stig- 
mas capitate.  Carpels  14-20,  kidney-shaped,  pointed  and  at  length  2-valved 
at  the  top ;  the  cavity  divided  into  two  by  a  cross  partition,  with  a  single  seed 
in  each  cell.  —  Humble,  procumbent  or  creeping  annuals  or  biennials,  with  cut 
leaves  and  small  purplish  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils.  (Name  from  modiolus, 
the  broad  and  depressed  fruit  of  combined  carpels  resembling  in  shape  the  Ro 
man  measure  of  that  name.) 

1.  M.  multifida,  Moench.  Hairy;  leaves  3-5-cleft  and  incised;  sta 
mens  15-20 ;  fruit  hispid  at  the  top.  —  Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward. 

8.    KOSTEL.ETZKYA,    Presl.        KOSTELETZKTA. 

Pod  depressed,  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell.  Otherwise  as  Hibiscus 
(Named  after  Kosteletzky,  a  Bohemian  botanist.) 

1.  K.  Virginica,  Presl.  Roughish-hairy  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  hal- 
berd-shaped and  heart-shaped;  the  lower  3-lobed.  U  (Hibiscus  Virginicus,  L.) 
—  Marshes  on  the  coast,  Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  Aug.  — 
Corolla  2  wide,  rose-color.  Column  slender. 

9.    HIBISCUS,    L.        ROSE-MALLOW. 

Calyx  involu collate  at  the  base  by  a  row  of  numerous  bractlets,  persistent,  5- 
clcft.  Column  of  stamens  long,  bearing  anthers  for  much  of  its  length.  Styles 
united  :  stigmas  5,  capitate.  Fruit  a  5-celled  pod,  opening  into  5  valves  which 
bear  the  partition  on  their  middle  (loculicidal).  Seeds  several  or  many  in  each 
cell.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  usually  with  large  and  showy  flowers.  (An  old  Greek 
and  Latin  name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

1.  If.    CTosclieiltoS,    L.      ( SWAMP    ROSE-MALLOW.)      Leaves  ovate, 
pointed,  toothed,  the  lower  3-lobed,  whitened  underneath  with  a  fine  soft  down ; 
the  1 -flowered  peduncles  often  united  at  the  base  with  the  petioles  ;  calyx  not  in- 
Jlotid;  seeds  smooth.     1J. —  Borders  of  marshes  along  and  near  the  coast,  and 
banks  of  large,  rivers.  Salt  springs,  New  York  to  Illinois.  Aug.,  Sept.  — Plant 
stout,  5°  high.     Corolla  5'  in  diameter,  pale  rose-purple,  or  white  with  a  crim- 
son eye,  showy. 

2.  IT.  militaris,  Cav.    (HALBERD-LEAVED  MALLOW.)    Smooth  through- 
out ;  lower  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  toothed,  3-lobed  ;  upper  li-tuvs  halberd-form, 
the  short  lateral  lobes  spreading  at  the  base,  the  middle  one  prolonged  and  taper- 
pointed  :   peduncles  slender;  fruiting  calyx  inflated;   seeds  hairy.     1J. —  River 
oanks,  Penn.  to  111.,  and  southward.     Aug. — More  slender  and  smaller-flow 
ered  than  tho  last:  corolla  pale  rose-color. 


TILIACE.E.     (LINDEN  FAMILY.)  69 

3.  H.  Tni6NUM,  L.  (BLADDER  KETMIA.)  Somewhat  hairy ;  uj  per  leaves 
deeply  3-parted,  with  lanceolate  divisions,  the  middle  one  much  the  longest ; 
fruiting  calyx  inflated,  membranaceous,  with  bristly  ribs,  5-winyed  at  the  summit ; 
seeds  rough.  (T)  —  Escaped  from  gardens  into  cultivated  grounds.  Corolla 
pale  greenish-yellow  with  a  dark  eye,  ephemeral ;  hence  the  name  F  lower-of-an* 
hour.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

II.  SYRIACUS,  the  SHRUBBY  ALTH^A  of  the  old  gardeners,  is  cultivated 
about  houses. 

ABEOIOSCHUS  ESCULENTUS,  the  OKRA,  and  A.  MAxmoT  (the  genus 
characterized  by  the  spathaceous  calyx,  bursting  on  one  side  and  deciduous), 
are  common  in  gardens  southward. 

GOSSYPIUM  HERBACEUM,  the  COTTON-PLANT,  is  the  most  important  plant  of 
this  family. 

ORDER  24.     TILJACE^.     (LINDEN  FAMILY.) 

Trees  (rarely  herbs),  ivith  the  mucilaginous  properties,  fibrous  bark,  and 
valvate  calyx,  fyc.  of  the  Mallow  Family ;  but  the  sepals  deciduous,  petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  stamens  usually  polyadelphous,  and  the  anthers 
2-celled ;  —  represented  in  Northern  regions  only  by  the  genus 

1.     TIL  I  A,    L.        LINDEN.    BASSWOOD. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  spatulate-oblong.  Stamens  numerous :  filaments  coher- 
ing in  5  clusters  with  each  other  (in  European  species),  or  with  the  base  of  a 
spatulate  petal-like  body  placed  opposite  each  of  the  real  petals.  Pistil  with  a 
5-celled  ovary  and  2  half-anatropous  ovules  in  each,  a  single  style,  and  a  5- 
toothed  stigma.  Fruit  a  sort  of  woody  globular  nut,  becoming  1 -celled  and  1  - 
2-sceded.  Embryo  with  a  taper  radicle,  and  a  pair  of  leaf-like  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  and  lobed  cotyledons,  which  are  a  little  folded.  —  Fine  trees,  with  soft 
and  white  wood,  more  or  less  heart-shaped  and  serrate  leaves,  oblique  and  often 
truncate  at  the  base,  deciduous  stipules,  and  small  cymes  of  flowers,  hanging  on 
an  axillary  peduncle  which  is  united  to  a  leaf-like  bract.  Flowers  cream-color, 
honey-bearing,  fragrant.  (The  classical  name  of  the  genus.) 

1.  X.  Americana,  L.     (BASSWOOD.)     Leaves  green  and  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  thickish.  —  Rich  woods.     May,  June.  —  This  familiar  tree  is  rarely 
called  Lime-tree,  oftener  White-wood,  commonly  Basswood;  the  name  (now  obso- 
lete in  England)  alluding  to  the  use  of  the  inner  bark  for  mats  and  cordage. 

Yar.  putoesceiis.  Leaves  softly  pubescent  underneath,  often  thin.  (T. 
pubescens,  Ait.  T.  laxiflora,  Michx.) — Common  from  Maryland  southward 
and  westward. 

2.  T.   hctcrophylla,  Vent.     (WHITE   BASSWOOD  )     Leaves  smooth 
and  bright  green  above,  silvery -whitened  with  a  fine  down  underneath.     (T. 
alba,  Michx.) — Mountains  of  Penn.  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Leaves 
larger  than  in  No.  1,  often  8'  broad. 

T.  EDROPJEA,  the  EUROPEAN  LINDEN,  which  is  planted  in  and  near  our 
cities  as  an  ornamental  tree,  is  at  once  distinguished  from  any  native  species  by 


70  CAMELLIACEJK.       (CAMELLIA    FAMILT.) 

the  absence  of  the  petal-like  scales  among  the  stamens.  This  tree  (the  Z.in) 
gave  the  family  name  to  Linmtus. 

ORDER  25.     CAMELLJACE/E.     (CAMELLIA  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrub*,  with  alternate  simple  feather-veined  leaves,  and  no  stipules, 
the  regular  floircrs  hypogyiwus  and  polyandrous,  the  sepals  and  petals  both 
iinhricdti'd  in  (Estivation,  the  stamens  more  or  less  united  at  the  base  icith  each 
other  (monadelphoup  or  3 - 5-adclphous)  and  with  the  base  of  the  petals.-— 
AnHiers  2-celled,  introrse.  Fruit  a  woody  3-5-ceIled  loculicidal  pod 
Seeds  few,  with  little  or  no  albumen.  Embryo  larg-e,  with  broad  cotyle- 
dons. —  A  family  with  showy  flowers,  the  types  of  which  are  the  well-known 
Camellia  and  the  more  important  Tea  Plant,  —  represented  in  this  country 
by  the  two  following  genera. 

1.     STUAKTIA,    Catcsby.        STUARTIA. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  6,  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Petals  5,  rarely  G,  obovatc,  crenulate. 
Stamens  monadelphous  at  the  base.  Pod  5-celled.  Seeds  1-2  in  each  cell, 
crustaeeous,  anatropous,  ascending.  Embryo  straight,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
albumen:  radicle  longer  than  the  cotyledons.  —  Shrubs  with  membranaceojjs 
deciduous  oblong-ovate  serrulate  leaves,  soft-downy  beneath,  and  large  short- 
pcduncled  flowers  solitary  in  their  axils.  (Named  for  Jo/in  Stuart,  the  well- 
kuown  Lord  Bute.) 

1.  S.  Virgillica,  Cav.  Petals  5  white  (!'  long)  ;  sepals  ovate;  style  1  ; 
stigma  5-toothed  ;  pod  globular,  blunt ;  seeds  not  margined.  (S.  Malachoden- 
dron,  L.)  —  Woods,  Virginia  and  southward. 

S.  PENTAGYNA,  L'ller.,  with  cream-colored  flowers,  5  styles,  and  an  angled 
and  pointed  pod,  may  be  found  in  the  Alleghanies  of  S.  Virginia. 

2.     GORI>6NIA,    Ellis.        LOBLOLLY  BAT. 

Sepals  5,  rounded,  concave.     Petals  5,  obovatc.     Stamens  5-adclphous,  one 

fluster  adhering  to  the  base  of  each  petal.  Style  1.  Pod  ovoid,  5-valvcd  ;  the 
valves  separating  from  the  persistent  axis;  cells  2-8-sceded.  Seeds  pendulous. 
Embryo  straightish,  with  a  short  radicle,  and  thin  longitudinally  plaited  cotyle- 
dons.—  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  lartre  and  showy  white  flowers  on  axillary 
pedunelrs.  (Dedicated  by  Dr.  Garden  to  his  "old  master,  Dr.  James  (Jordou 
of  Aberdeen,"  and  by  Ellis  to  a  London  nurseryman  of  the  same  name.) 

1.  O.  L.nsi:ititllllS,  L.  (LORLOLLY  B.VY.1  Leaves  coriaceous  and 
persistent,  InnccolatC-ODlong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  minutely  serrate,  smooth  and 
shining;  pod  pointed;  seeds  winged  above.  Swamps  near  the  coast,  Virginia 
and  southward.  May- July.  — Petals  H'  long. 

ORDER  26.     LINAGES.     (FLAX  FAMILY.; 

Herbs,  with  regular  and  symmetrical  Jiypogynous  flowers,  4  -  5-rnerous 
throughout,  strongly  imbricated  calyx  and  convolute  petals,  Hie  5  stamens 


OXALIDACE^E.       (WOOD-SOKREL     FAMILY.)  71 

monadelphous  at  the  base,  and  an  S-W-seeded  pod,  having  twice  as  many 
cells  (complete  or  incomplete)  as  there  are  styles  ;  —  consisting  chiefly  ol  the 
genus 

1.     LINUM,    L.        FLAX. 

Sepals  (persistent),  petals,  stamens,  and  styles  5,  regularly  alternate  with  each 
other.  Pod  of  5  united  carpels  {into  which  it  splits  in  dchisccncc)  and  5-cclled, 
with  2  seeds  hanging  from  the  summit  of  each ;  but  each  cell  is  partly  or  com- 
pletely divided  into  two  by  a  false  partith  n  which  projects  from  the  hack  of  tho 
carpel,  thus  becoming  10-cellcd.  Seeds  anatropous,  mucilaginous,  flattened, 
containing  a  large  embryo  with  plano-convex  cotyledons.  —  Herbs,  with  a  tough 
fibrous  bark,  simple  and  sessile  entire  leaves  (alternate  or  often  opposite),  with- 
out stipules,  but  often  with  glands  in  their  place,  and  with  corymbose  or  pani-* 
cled  flowers.  Corolla  usually  ephemeral.  (The  classical  name  of  the  Flax.) 

1  It.  Virginia  Bill  ail,  L.  (WILD  FLAX.)  Leaces  Moiiy-lanceolate,  the 
upper  acute ;  flowers  small,  scattered  on  the  corymbose  or  panic-led  branches,  on 
very  short  peduncles  turned  to  one  side ;  sepals  ovate,  pointed,  smooth  ;  petals 
yellow;  styles  distinct.  —  Dry  woods.  June -Aug.  ty — Stem  l°-2°  high. 
Pods  depressed-globose,  10-celled,  splitting  at  length  into  10  closed  pieces. 

2.  JL.  ISoolfii,  Planchon.  (LARGER  YELLOW  FLAX.)  Leaves  linear 
pointed ;  flowers  racemose-scattered  on  the  cymosc  branches ;  sepals  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, sharp-pointed,  3-nerved,  with  rough  glandular  margins,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  globular  imperfectly  10-ccllcd  pod;  petals  sulphur  ye/loiv;  styles  united 
for  J  -£  their  length.  (T)  (L.  rigidum,  Torr.  §~  Gray,  in  part.)  —  Dry  soil,  Rhode 
Island,  Connecticut,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  June -Aug. — 
Stem  slender,  l°-2°  high.  This  is  L.  sulcatum,  Riddel,  an  earlier  name. 

L.  RIGIDUM,  Pursh,  may  possibly  occur  in  the  western  part  of  Wisconsin. 

L.  usiTATfssiMUM,  L.,  the  COMMON  FLAX,  is  occasionally  spontaneous  in 
cultivated  grounds. 

ORDER  27.     OXALIDACE7E.     (WOOD-SORRKL   FAMILY.) 

Plants  icith  sour  juice,  compound  leaves,  and  regular,  symmetrical,  hypo- 
gynous,  b-merous,  IQ-androns,  somewhat  monadelphous  flowers,  the  calyx  im- 
bricated and  the  petals  convolute  in  the  bad,  5  separate  styles,  and  a  b-celled 
several-seeded  pod.  —  The  principal  genus  is 

1.     OXAL.1S,    L.        WOOD-SORREL. 

Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  withering  after  expansion.  Stamens  10, 
monadelphous  at  the  base,  alternately  shorter.  Pod  membranaccous,  deeply  5- 
lobcd,  5-cellcd,  each  cell  opening  on  the  back.  Seeds  few  in  each  cell,  pendu- 
lous from  the  axis,  anatropous,  their  outer  coat  loose  and  separating.  Embryo 
large  and  straight  in  fleshy  albumen:  cotyledons  flat.  —  Herbs,  with  alternate  or 
radical  stipulate  leaves,  mostly  of  3  obcordate  leaflets,  which  close  and  droop  at 
nightfall.  (Name  from  o£vs,  sour.) 


72  GERANIACEJ5.       (GERANIUM  FAMILY.) 

#  Stemless:  leaves  and  scapes  from  a  notstoc/c  or  bulb:  cells  Jew-seeded. 

1.  O.  Acetoscllsi,  L.     (COMMON  WOOD-SORREL.)      Rootstock  creeping 
and   scaly-toothed  ;    scape   \-flowered;  petals  white   with   reddish   veins,   often 
notched.  —  Deep  cold  woods,  Massachusetts  to  L.  Superior  and  northward: 
also  southward  in  the  Allcghanies.    June.  —  Plant  2' -5'  high,  sparsely  hairy: 
the  flower  I' broad.     Leaflets  broadly  obcordate.     (Eu.) 

2.  O.  violacea,  L.     (VIOLET  WOOD-SORREL.)     Bulb  scaly;  scapes  urn- 
bt'ilutfly  several-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  petals  violet.  —  Rocky  places : 
most  common  southward.     May,  June.  —  Nearly  smooth,  5' -9'  high.     Leaves 
v?ry  broadly  obcordate.     Sepals  tipped  with  a  gland.     Corolla  1'  broad. 

*  *  Stems  leafy  :  peduncles  axillary  :  cells  sevf-nil-s^-d'-d. 

3.  O.  strict:*,  L.     (YELLOW   WOOD-SORREL.)     Annual   or  perennial? 
by  running  subterranean  shoots  ;  stems  at  first  erect,  branching  ;  peduncles  2- 
6-flowcred,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  petals  yellow ;  pods  elongated,  erect  in  fruit. 
—  Borders  of  woods,  fields,  and  cultivated  grounds  common.     May -Sept. — 
Varies  greatly  in  appearance  and  in  the  size  of  its  flowers,  according  to 

and  situation.     O.  comiculata,  L.  is  probably  the  same  species.     (Eu.  ?) 


ORDER  28.     GERANIACE^S.     (GERANIUM  FAMILY.) 

Plants  ivith  mostly  regular  and  symmetrical  hypogynous  5-merous  flowers, 
imbricated  sepals  and  convolute  petals,  10  stamens  slightly  monad  elphous  at 
the  base,  the  alternate  ones  shorter  and  sometimes  sterile,  and  5  pistils  coher- 
ing to  a  central  prolonged  axis,  from  which  they  separate  at  maturity  by  the 
curling  back  of  the  styles  elastically,  carrying  with  them  the  small  1-seeded 
pods. —  Calyx  persistent.  Ovules  2  in  each  carpel,  pendulous,  anatropous, 
usually  but  one  ripening.  Pods  small  and  membranaceous,  cohering  to  5 
shallow  excavations  in  the  base  of  the  prolonged  axis,  usually  torn  open 
on  the  inner  face  when  they  are  carried  away  by  the  recurving  styles. 
Seed  without  albumen :  cotyledons  folded  together  and  bent  down  on  the 
short  radicle.  —  Strong-scented  herbs  (or  the  Pelargoniums,  which  have 
somewhat  irregular  flowers,  shrubby  plants),  with  opposite  or  alternate 
tapulate  leaves,  and  bitter  astringent  roots. 

1.    GERAN1UUI,    L.        CRANESBILL. 

Stamens  10,  all  with  perfect  anthers,  the  5  longer  with  glands  at  their  base 
(alternate  with  the  petals).  Styles  not  twisted  in  fruit  when  they  separate  from 
the  axis,  smooth  inside.  —  Stems  forking.  Peduncles  1  -  3-flowcred.  (An  old 
Greek  name,  from  ytpavos,  a  crane;  the  long  fruit-bearing  beak  thought  to  ro- 
•emble  the  bill  of  that  bird.)  See  addend. 

#  Root  perennial. 

1.  O.  mar  II I  a  til  ill,  L.  (WILD  CRANESBILL.)  Stem  erect,  hmrj  , 
leaves  about  5-parted,  the  wedge-shaped  divisions  lobed  nnd  cut  at  the  end  ; 
•epals  slender-pointed  ;  petals  entire,  light  purple,  bearded  on  the  claw  ($'  long). 


BALSAMINACE^E.       (BALSAM    FAMILT.)  73 

—  Open  woods  and  fields.      April -July.  —  Leaves  somewhat  blotched  yith 
whitish  as  they  grow  old. 

*  *  Root  biennial  or  annual, 

2.  O.  Csiroiiiiifa  mi  m,  L.      (CAROLINA    CRANESBILL.)      Stems  dif- 
fusely branched  from  the  base,  hairy ;  leaves  about  5-parted,  the  divisions  cleft 
and  cut  into  numerous  oblong-linear  lobes ;  sepals  awn-pointed,  as  long  us  the 
emarginate  (pale  rose-color)  petals;  seeds  very  minutely  reticulated  (under  a  lens). 

—  Barren  soil  and  waste  places.     May -July.  —  Flowers  small:  the  peduncles 
and  pedicels  short.  —  A  state  with  more  notched  petals  and  more  reticulated 
seeds  passes  sometimes  for  G.  dissectum,  L. 

3.  G.  pusfLLUM,  L.     (SMALL-FLOWERED  CRANESBILL.)     Stems  procum- 
bent, slender,  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  rounded  kidney-form,  5  -  7 -parted,  the 
divisions  mostly  3-cleft ;  sepals  awnless,  about  as  long  as  the  2-cleft  (bluish-pur- 
ple) petals  ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Waste  places,  New  York  <fe  Mass.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  O,  Robert! aiium,  L.     (HERB  ROBERT.)     Sparsely  hairy,  diffuse; 
leaves  3-divided,  the  divisions  2-pinnatifid ;  sepals  awned,  shorter  than  the  (purple) 
petals  ;  pods  wrinkled;  seeds  smooth.  —  Moist  woods  and  shaded  ravines.    June- 
Oct.  —  Plant  strongly  odorous.     (Eu.) 

2.    ER  ODIUM,    I/Her.        STORKSBILL. 

The  5  shorter  stamens  sterile.  Styles  in  fruit  twisting  spirally,  bearded  in- 
side. Otherwise  as  Geranium.  (Name  from  epooSios,  a  heron.) 

1.  E.  CICUT\RIUM,  L'Her.  Annual,  hairy;  stems  low,  spreading;  leaves 
pinnate;  the  leaflets  sessile,  1  -2-pinnatifid  ;  peduncles  several-flowered.  —  Shore 
of  Oneida  Lake,  New  York,  Knieskern.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

ORDER  29.     BALSAMINACE^E.     (BALSAM  FAMILY.) 

Annuals,  with  succulent  stems  gorged  with  a  bland  watery  juice,  and  ver§ 
irregular  hypogynous  Jlowers,  the  5  stamens  somewhat  united,  and  the  pod 
bursting  elastic-ally.  —  Characters  as  in  the  principal  genus, 

1.     IMP ATIENS,    L.        BALSAM.    JEWEL-WEED. 

Calyx  and  corolla  colored  alike  and  confounded,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Se- 
pals apparently  only  4  ;  the  anterior  one,  which  is  notched  at  the  apex,  probably 
consisting  of  two  combined  ;  the  posterior  one  (appearing  anterior  as  the  flower 
hangs  on  its  stalk)  largest,  and  forming  a  spurred  sac.  Petals  2,  unequal-sided 
and  2-lobed  (each^  consisting  of  a  pair  united).  Stamens  5,  short :  filaments 
appendagcd  with  a  scale  on  the  inner  side,  the  5  scales  connivent  and  united 
over  the  stigma :  anthers  opening  on  the  inner  face.  Ovary  5-cclled :  stigma 
sessile.  Pod  with  evanescent  partitions,  and  a  thick  axis  bearing  the  several 
anatropous  seeds,  5-valved,  the  valves  coiling  elastically  arid  projecting  the 
seeds  in  bursting.  Embryo  straight:  albumen  none. — Leaves  simple,  alter- 
nate, without  stipules.  Flowers  axillary  or  paniclcd ;  often  of  two  sorts,  viz. 


74  LIMNANTHACE^E.       (LIMNANTHES    FAMILY.) 

ths  larger  ones,  as  described  above,  which  seldom  ripen  seeds,  and  very  small 
ones,  which  are  fertilized  early  in  the  bud,  when  the  floral  envelopes  never  ex- 
pand, nor  grow  to  their  full  size,  but  are  forced  off  by  the  growing  pod  and  car 
rii  (1  upwards  on  its  apex.  (Name  from  the  sudden  bursting  of  the  pods  when 
touched,  whence  also  the  popular  appellation,  Touch-me-not,  or  Snap-weed.) 

1.  I.  pslllida,  Nutt.     (PALE  TOUCH-ME-XOT.)     Flowers  pah.  yellow,  spar- 
/»'////  dotted  with  brownish-red ;  sac  dilated  and  very  obtuse,  broader  than  long, 
tipped  with  a  short  incurved  spur.  —  Moist  shady  places  and  along  rills,  in  rich 
soil;  most  common  northwestward.     July -Sept.  —  Larger  and  greener  than 
the  next,  with  larger  flowers.     Leaves  ovate,  petioled,  toothed. 

2.  I.  fiilva,    Nutt.     (SPOTTED    TOUCH-ME-NOT.)     Flowers  orange-color, 
thickly  spotted  with  reddish-brown ;  sac  longer  than  broad,  acutely  conical,  taper- 
ing into  a  strongly  inflexed  spur.  —  Rills  and  shady  moist  places  ;    common, 
especially  southward.     June -Sept.  —  Plant  2°  -4°  high:  the  flowers  loosely 
panic-led  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  hanging  gracefully  on  their  slender  nod- 
ding stalks,  the  open  mouth  of  the  comucopioe-shaped  sepal  upward.     A  varkty 
is  occasionally  found  with  spotless  flowers,  which  differs  from  the  I.  Noli-tangere 
of  Europe  chiefly  in  the  more  inflcxcd  spur  and  smaller  petals. 

I.  BALSAMINA,  L.,  is  the  BALSAM  or  Ladies'  slipper  of  the  garden. 
TROP^OLUM  MAJUS,  the  familiar  NASTURTIUM  of  gardens,  is  the  type  of  a 
group  intermediate  between  the  Balsam  and  Geranium  families  and  the  next. 

ORDER  30.     LJMNANTHACE^E.     (LIMNANTHES    FAMILY.) 

Annual  low  herbs,  with  pinnated  alternate  leaves  without  stipules,  and  reg- 
ular S-5-merous  flowers  :  calyx  valvate  in  the  bud :  stamens  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals:  the  one-seeded  little  fleshy  fruits  separate,  In/  their  styles  united. 
—  Consists  of  one  5-merous  Californian  genus  (Limnanthes)  with  hand- 
some flowers,  sometimes  cultivated  in  gardens,  arid  the  insignificant 

1.    F  I, <i;  Kit  FA,    Willd.        FALSE  MERMAID. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  oblong.  Stamens  6,  nearly  hy- 
pogynous.  Ovaries  3,  opposite  the  sepals,  united  only  at  the  bast- ;  the  style 
rising  in  the  centre:  stigmas  3.  Fruit  of  3  (or  1-2)  roughish  fleshy  acheni'ji. 
Seed  anatropous,  erect,  filled  by  the  large  embryo  with  its  hemispherical  fleshy 
cotyledons.  —  A  small  and  inconspicuous  annual,  with  minute  solitary  flowers 
on  axillary  peduncles.  (Named  after  Floerke,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  F.  proscrpiliacoidCS,  Willd.  —  Marshes  and  river-banks,  W.  New 
England  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  April -June.  —  Leaflets  3-5,  lanceo- 
late, sometimes  2  -  3-eleft.  Taste  slightly  pungent. 

OKDKR  31.     RUTACE^E.      (RuE  FAMILY.) 

&nte  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  dotted  with  pellucid  glands,  abound- 

*g  trifh   a  puniffnf  or  bitter-aromatic  acrid  volatile  oil,  h?/f)<>(/i/)tou?   ranJar 

•S  -  ft-mf rons  jl  wcrttj  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals;  thf 


RUTACE.fi.       (RUE    FAMILY.)  75 

2-6  pistils  separate  or  combined  into  a  compound  ovary  of  as  many  ccllss 
raised  on  a  prolongation  of  the  receptacle  (gynophore')  or  glandular  disk.  — 
Embryo  large,  curved  or  straight,  usually  in  fleshy  albumen.  Styles  com- 
monly united  or  cohering,  even  when  the  ovaries  are  distinct.  Fruit  usu- 
ally capsular.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite.  Stipules  none. —  A  large 
family,  chiefly  of  the  Old  World  and  the  Southern  hemisphere ;  the  Proper 
Rutacece,  represented  in  gardens  by  the  Rue  (Ruta  graveolens,  Z.),  are 
mostly  herbs ;  while  our  two  genera,  of  trees  or  shrubs,  belong  to  what 
has  been  called  the  order  Zanthoxylacece,  but  are  not  distinct  from  the 
Diosmece. 

1.  ZANTIIOXYLUM,    Golden.        PRICKLY  ASH. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sepals  4  or  5,  obsolete  in  one  species.  Petals  4  or  5,  im- 
bricated in  the  bud.  Stamens  4  or  5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  alternate  Avith  the 
petals.  Pistils  2-5,  separate,  but  their  styles  conniving  or  slightly  unked. 
Pods  thick  and  fleshy,  2-valved  when  ripe,  1  -  2-seeded.  Seed-coat  cmstaccous, 
black,  smooth  and  shining.  Embryo  straight,  with  broad  cotyledons.  —  Shrubs 
or  trees,  with  mostly  pinnate  leaves,  the  stems  and  often  the  leafstalks  prickly. 
Flowers  small,  greenish  or  whitish.  (Name  from  £av&os,  yellow,  and  £vAo»>, 
wood.) 

1.  5K.  Americamim,  Mill.         (NORTHERN  PRICKLY  ASH.    TOOTH- 
ACHE-TREE.)    Leaves  and  flowers  in  axillary  clusters;  leaflets  4-5  pairs  and  an 
odd  one,  ovate-oblong,  downy  when  young ;  calyx  none ;  petals  5  ;  pistils  3-5, 
with  slender  styles;  pods  short-stalked.  —  Rocky  woods  and  river-banks;  com- 
mon northward.     April,  May. — A  prickly  shrub,  with  yellowish-green  flowers 
appearing  with  the  leaves.     Bark,  leaves,  and  pods  very  pungent  and  aromatic. 

2.  Z.  Caroliiifaniim,  Lam.    (SOUTHERN  PRICKLY  ASH.)    Glabrous; 
leaflets  3 -5  pairs  and  an  odd  one,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  oblique,  shining 
abom ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  cyme,  appearing  after  the  leaves  ;  sepals  and  petals 
5  ;  pistils  3,  with  short  styles  ;  pods  sessile.  —  Sandy  coast  of  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward.    June.  —  A  small  tree,  with  very  sharp  prickles. 

2.  PTEL.EA,    L.         SHRUBBY   TREFOIL.     HOP-TREE. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Sepals  3-5.  Petals  3-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud.. 
Stamens  as  many.  Ovary  2-celled  :  style  short :  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  2-cclled 
and  2-sccded  samara,  winged  all  round,  nearly  orbicular.  —  Shrubs,  with  3-foli- 
olate  leaves,  and  greenish-white  small  flowers  in  compound  tormina!  cymes, 
(The  Greek  name  of  the  Elm,  applied  to  a  genus  with  a  somewhat  similar  fruit.) 

1.  P.  tlifoliata,  L.  Leaflets  ovate,  pointed,  downy  when  young. — 
Rocky  places,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  June.  — A  tall  shrub.  Fruit 
bitter,  used  as  a  substitute  for  hops.  Odor  of  the  flowers  disagreeable  ;  but  not 
BO  much  so  as  those  of  the 

AILANTHUS  GLANDUL6sus,  or  TREE-OF-HEAVEN,  —  a  cultivated  tree  allied 
to  this  family,  —  whose  flowers,  especially  the  staminate  ones,  redolent  of  any- 


76  ANACARDIACEJE.       (CASHEW    FAMILY.) 

thing  but  "airs  from  heaven,"  offer  a  serious  objection  to  the  planting  of  this 
ornamental  tree  near  dwellings. 

ORDER  32.     ANACARDIACE.E.     (CASHEW  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  resinous  or  milky  acrid  juice,  dotless  alternate 
leaves,  and  small,  often  polyyajnons,  regular  pentandrous  flowers,  with  a  1- 
celled  and  1-ovuled  ovary,  but  with  3  styles  or  stigmas.  —  Petals  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Seed  borne  on  a  curved  stalk  that  rises  from  the  base  of  the 
cell,  without  albumen.  Stipules  none.  Often  poisonous.  —  Represented 
only  by  the  genus 

1.    RHITS,    L.        SUMACH. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5,  inserted  under  the  edge  or  between  the  lobes 
of  a  flattened  disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  small  and  indehiscent,  a 
sort  of  dry  drupe. — Leaves  (simple  in  R.  Cotinus,  the  Smoke-Plant  of  gardens) 
usually  compound.  Flowers  greenish-white  or  yellowish.  (The  old  Greek  and 
Latin  name  of  the  genus.) 

$  1.  SlllMAC,  DC.  —  Flowers  polygamous,  in  a  terminal  thyrsoid  panicle :  fruit 
globular,  clothed  with  acid  crimson  hairs ;  the  stone  smooth :  leaves  odd-pinnate. 
(Not  poisonous.) 

1.  R.  typllina,  L.     (STAGHORN  SUMACH.)    Branches  and  stalks  densely 
velvety-hairy;  leaflets  11-31,  pale  beneath,  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate. 
—  Hill-sides.    June.  —  Shrub  or  tree  10° -30°  high,  with  orange-colored  wood. 

2.  R.  glabra,   L.      (SMOOTH    SUMACH.)      Smooth,   somewhat  glaucous; 
leaflets  11-31,  whitened  beneath,  lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  serrate.  —  Rocky 
or  ban-en  soil.     June,  July.  —  Shrub  2°  - 12°  high. 

3.  R.  COimlliim,  L.     (DWARF  SUMACH.)     Branches  and  stalks  dou-ny; 
r»iinlcs   wing-margined  between   the  9-21   oblong   or  ovate-lanceolate  leaflotH, 
which  are  oblique  or  unequal  at  the  base,  smooth  and  shining  above.  —  Rocky 
hills.     July.  —  Shrub  1°- 7°  high,  with  running  roots.     Leaflets  variable,  en- 
tire or  sparingly  toothed. 

{  2.  TOXICODF^NDRON,  Tourn.  —  Flowers  polygamous,  in  loose  and  sender 
axillary  panicles:  fruit  globular,  glabrous,  whitish  01-  dim-colored;  the  stone  stri'Me: 
leaves  odd-pinnate  or  3-foliolate,  thin.  (Poisonous  to  the  touch  :  even  the  effluvium 
in  swish  the  nj/'irting  some  persons.) 

4.  R.  veiienata,  DC.     (POISON  SUMACH  or  DOGWOOD.)      Smooth, 
or  nearly  so;  leaflets! -13,  obovate-obloug ,  entire.     (R.  Vernix,  L.,  partly.)  — 
Swamps.     June.  —  Shrub  6° -18°  high.     The  most  poisonous  species.     Also 
called,  inappropriately,  Poison  Elder  and  Poison  Dogwood. 

5.  R.  Toxicodendron,  L.     (POISON  IVY.    POISON  OAK.)     Climb- 
ing  by  rootlets  over  rocks,  &c.,  or  ascending  trees  ;  leaflets  3,  rhombic-mate^ 
mostly  pointed,  and  rather  downy  beneath,  variously  notched  or  cut-lobed,  01 
entire  — When  climbing  trees,  it  is  R.  radicans,  L.  —  Thickets,  &c.    June. 


VITACE^E.       (VINE    FAMILY.)  77 

§3.  LOBA.DIUM,  Raf.  —  Flowers  polygamo-dioxiom,  in  clustered  scaly-briefed 
spikes  like  catkins,  preceding  the  leaves:  disk  b-parted,  large:  j.  uit  as  in  §  1,  but 
Jlaltish:  leaves  3-Jbliolate.  (Not  poisonous.) 

6.  It.  aromatica,  Ait.  (FRAGRANT  SUMACH.)  Leaves  pubescent 
wlien  young,  thickish  when  old  ;  leaflets  3,  rhombic-ovate,  unequally  cut-toothed, 
the  middle  one  wedge-shaped  at  the  base ;  flowers  pale  yellow.  —  Dry  rocky 
soil,  Vermont  to  Michigan,  Kentucky,  and  westward.  April.  —  A  low  strag 
gling  bush,  the  crushed  leaves  sweet-scented. 

ORDER  33.     VITACE^.     (VINE  FAMILY.) 

Shwibs  with  watery  juice,  usually  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  small  regular 
f.owers,  a  minute  truncated  calyx,  its  limb  mostly  obsolete,  and  the  stamens  as 
many  as  the  valvate  petals  and  opposite  them!  Berry  t-cellcd,  usually  4- 
seeded.  —  Petals  4-5,  very  deciduous,  hypogynous  or  perigynous.  Fila- 
ments slender:  anthers  introrse.  Pistil  with  a  short  style  or  none,  and  a 
slightly  2-lobed  stigma :  ovary  2-celled,  with  2  erect  anatropous  ovules 
from  the  base  of  each.  Seeds  bony,  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of 
the  hard  albumen,  which  is  grooved  on  one  side.  —  Stipules  deciduous. 
Leaves  palmately  veined  or  compound  :  tendrils  and  flower-clusters  oppo- 
site the  leaves.  Flowers  small,  greenish.  (Young  shoots,  foliage,  &c 
acid.)  —  Consists  of  Vitis  and  one  or  two  nearly  allied  genera. 

1.    VITIS,    Toura.        GRAPE. 

Calyx  very  short,  usually  with  a  nearly  entire  border  or  none  at  all,  filled 
with  a  fleshy  disk  which  bears  the  petals  and  stamens.  —  Flowers  in  a  com- 
pound fehyrsus ;  pedicels  mostly  umbellate-clustered.  (The  classical  Latin 
name  of  the  Vine.) 

$  1.  VITIS  proper.  —  Petals  5,  cohering  at  the  top  while  they  separate  at  the  base, 
and  so  the  corolla  usually  falls  off  without  expanding :  5  thick  glands  or  lolies  of  the 
disk  alternating  with  the  stamens,  between  them  and  the  base  of  the  ovary :  fotvcrs 
dioecious-polygamous  in  all  the  American  species,  exhaling  a  fragrance  like  that  of 
Mignonette  :  leaves  simple,  rounded  and  heart-shaped,  often  variously  and  variaUy 
lobed. 

*  Leaves  woolly  beneath,  when  lotted  having  obtuse  or  rounded  sinuses. 

1.  V.  Labrusca,  L.    (NORTHERN  FOX-GRAPE.)     Branchlets  and  uottnr) 
leaves  very  woolly;  leaves  continuing  rusty-woolly  beneath;  fertile  panicles  compact; 
berries  large  (^'-|    in  diameter).  —  Moist  thickets,  common.     Juuc.  —  Berries 
ripe  in  Sept.,  dark  purple  or  amber-color,  with  a  tough  musky  puln.     Improved 
by  cultivation,  it  has  given  rise  to  the  Isabella  Grape,  &c. 

2.  V.  sestivaliS,  Michx.     (SUMMER  GRAPE.)      Young  leches  downy  with 
loose  cobwebby  hairs  beneath,  snioothish  when  old,  green  above ;  fertile  rtanicles   com- 
pound, long  and  slender :  berries  small  ( J'  or  £'  in  diameter),  black  with  a  bloom. 
—  Thickets,  common;  climbing  high.     May,  June.  —  Berries  pleasant,  ripe  in 
Oct 


78  RHAMNACK.fi.       (BUCKTHORN    FAMILY.) 

ft  *  Leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so  and  green  both  sides,  commonly  pubescent  on  the  veins 
beneath,  eittiet  inciseJy  lobed  or  undivided. 

3.  V.  cordi  folia,  Michx.     (WINTER  or  FROST  GRAPE.)     Leaves  thin, 
not  shining,  heart-shaped,  acuminate,  sharply  and  coarsely  toothed,  often  ob- 
scurely 3-lobcd  ;  panicles  comjwund,  large  and  loose;  berries  small  (^'  broad),  blae 
or  black  with  a  bloom,  very  acerb,  ripening  after  frosts.  —  Var.  RIPARIA  :  with 
the  leaves  broader  and  somewhat  incisely  toothed  and  cut-lobcd.     (V.  riparia, 
Mirhx.)  —  Thickets   and  river-banks;  common.     May,  June.  —  Flowers  very 
gwcct-scented. 

4.  V.  vulpiiira,  L.     (MUSCADINE  or  SOUTHERN  FOX-GRAPE.)    Leave* 
shining  both  sides,  small,  rounded  with  a  heart-shaped  base,  very  coarsely  toothed 
with  broad  and  bluntish  teeth,  seldom  lobed;  panicles  small,  densely  flowered  , 
beiries  large  (£'-|'  in  diameter),  musky,  purplish  without  a  bloom,  ripe  early  in 
autumn.  —  Kiver-banks,   Maryland   to   Kentucky   and   southward.      May.  — 
Bark  of  stem  close,  not  separating,  as  hi  the  other  species.     Branchlets  mi- 
nutely  warty.     Fruit  -with  a  thick  and  tough  skin.     This  yields  the  Catawba 
and  the  Scuppcrnong  Grape,  &o. 

t  2.  ClSSUS,  L.  —  Petals  4  or  5,  usually  expanding  before  or  when  they  fall:  disk 
thick  and  broad,  usually  4  -  5-lobed,  often  somewhat  periyynous  :  flowers  commonly 
p<rfcct. 

5.  V.  illdivisa,  Willd.     Nearly  glabrous  ;  tendrils  few  and  small  ;  leave* 
heart-shaped  or  truncate  at  the  base,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  acuminate, 
not  lobed  ;  panicle  small  and  loose  ;  petals  and  stamens  5  ;  style  slender  ;  her 
ries  small   (of  the  size  of  a  pea),   1-3-seeded.  —  Kiver-hanks,  W.   Virginia, 
banks  of  the  Ohio,  and  southward.    June. 

fi.  V.  bipillllfita,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous,  bushy  and  rather 
upright  ;  leaves  twice  pinnate  or  ternate,  the  leaflets  cut-toothed  ;  tendrils  none  ; 
panicle  small,  cymosc;  petals  and  stamens  5  ;  calyx  5-toothed  ;  disk  very  thick, 
adherent  to  the  ovary;  berries  black,  obovate  when  young.  (Ampelopsis  bipin- 
nata,  J//C/UT.)  —  Rich  soils,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

2.     AUIPELOPSIS,    Michx.        VIRGINIAN  CREEPER. 

Calyx  slightly  5-toothcd.  Petals  concave,  thick,  expanding  before  they  fall. 
Disk  none.  —  Leaves  digitate,  with  5  oblong-lanceolate  leaflets.  Flower-clusters 
cymose.  Tendrils  fixing  themselves  by  dilated  sucker-like  disks  at  their  tips. 
(Name  from  a^tTrtXoj,  a  vine,  and  5>|rir,  apjMtrance.) 

1.  A.  qiiiiiqiicfolia,  Michx.  —  A  common  woody  vine,  growing  in 
low  or  rich  grounds,  climbing  extensively,  blossoming  in  July,  ripening  its  small 
blackish  berries  in  October.  Also  called  American  Icy.  Leaves  turning  bright 
criimon  in  autumn. 

ORDER  34.     RIIAMNACE^E.     (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.) 


Shrubs  or  sjnall  tires,  with  simple  leaves,  small  and  regular  flowers 

ttta/oux),  with  the  4  or  5  jterigynous  stamens  as  warn/  ax  the  cat  rate 
sepals  ami  alternate  irilh  them,  and  accordingly  opposite  the  petals  !     Drupe 


RHAMNACE.fi.       (BUCKTHORN    FAMILY.)  79 

or  pod  with  only  one  seed  in  each  cell,  not  drilled.  —  Petals  f elded  inwards 
in  the  bud,  hooded  or  concave,  inserted  along  with  the  stamens  into  the 
edge  of  the  fleshy  disk  which  lines  the  short  tube  of  the  calyx  and  often 
unites  it  to  the  lower  part  of  the  2-5-celled  ovary.  Ovules  solitary, 
anatropous,  erect.  Stigmas  2-5.  Embryo  large,  with  broad  cotyledons, 
in  sparing  fleshy  albumen.  —  Flowers  often  polygamous.  Leaves  mostly 
alternate:  stipules  small  or  obsolete.  Branches  often  thorny.  (Slightly 
bitter  and  astringent :  the  fruit  often  mucilaginous,  commonly  rather  nau- 
seous or  drastic.) 

Synopsis. 

*  Calyx  and  disk  free  from  the  ovary. 

1.  BERCHEMIA.    Petals  Pessile,  entire,  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Drupe  with  thin  flesh  and  a 

2-celled  bony  putamen. 

2.  RHAMNUS.    Petals  small,  short-clawed,  notched,  or  none.     Drupe  berry-like,  with  the 

2-4  separate  seed-like  nutlets  concave  on  the  back :  cotyledons  leaf-like,  revolute. 

3.  FRANGULA.     Petals,  &c.  as  in  No.  2.     Seed-like  nutlets  convex  on  the  back  :  cotyledons 

plane,  fleshy. 

*  *  Calyx  with  the  disk  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary. 
f .  CEANOTIIUS.    Petals  long-clawed,  hooded.    Fruit  dry,  at  length  dehiscent. 

1.     BERCHEMIA,    Neckcr.        SUPPLE-JACK. 

Calyx  with  a  very  short  and  roundish  tube;  its  lobes  equalling  the  5  oblong 
sessile  acute  petals,  longer  than  the  stamens.  Disk  very  thick  and  flat,  filling 
the  calyx-tube  and  covering  the  ovary.  Drupe  oblong,  with  thin  flesh  and  a 
bony  2-cclled  putamen.  —  Woody  twining  and  climbing  vines,  with  the  pinnate 
veins  of  the  leaves  straight  and  parallel,  the  small  greenish-white  flowers  ii> 
small  panicles.  (Name  unexplained.) 

1.  B.  volllbilis,  DC.  Glabrous;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute,  scarcely 
serrulate ;  style  short,  2-toothcd  at  the  apex.  —  Damp  soils,  Virginia,  and 
southward.  June.  —  Ascending  tall  trees.  Stems  tough  and  very  lithe,  whence 
the  popular  name. 

2.     RHAMNUS,    Tourn.        BUCKTHORN. 

Calyx  4  -  5-cleft ;  the  tube  campnnulatc,  lined  with  the  disk.  Petals  small, 
snort-clawed,  notched  at  the  end,  wrapped  around  the  short  stamens,  or  sometimes 
none.  Ovary  free,  2-4-celled.  Drupe  berry-like  (black),  containing  2-4  sep- 
arate seed-like  nutlets,  of  cartilaginous  texture,  which  are  grooved  on  the  back, 
as  is  the  contained  seed.  Cotyledons  foliaceous,  the  margins  revolute.  —  Shrubs 
or  small  trees,  with  loosely  pinnately  veined  leaves,  and  greenish  polygamous  or 
dioecious  flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  (The  ancient  Greek  name,  from  the  nu- 
merous branchlets.) 

*  Tjribes  of  the  calijx,  petal's,  and  stamens  4. 

1.  B.  CATH^KTICUS,  L.  (COMMON  BUCKTHORN.)  Leaves  ovnte,  minutely 
serrate  ;  fruit  3 - 4-sm/«7 ,-  branchlets  thorny.  —  Cultivated  for  hedges;  spon- 
taneous on  the  Hudson  River,  New  York.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


80  RHAMNACE.fi.       (BUCKTHORN    FAMILY.) 

2.  It.  lanceolatUS,  Pursh.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate   and   acute,  01  on 
flowering  shoots  oblong  and  obtuse,  finely  serrulate,  smooth  or  minutely  downj 
beneath  ;  petals  deeply  notched ;  fruit  ^-seeded.     Hills  and  river-banks,  Penn 
(Merccrsburg,  Prof.  Green)    to    Illinois,    and  southward.     May.  —  Shrub  tall, 
not  thorny ;  the  yellowish-green  flowers  occurring  under  two  forms,  both  com- 
monly perfect :  one  with  the  short  pedicels  clustered  in  the  axils  and  with  long 
styles ;  the  other,  and  more  fruitful,  with  the  pedicels  oftener  solitary,  and  thr 
style  very  short. 

*  *  Lobes  of  the  calyx  and  stamens  5  :  petals  wanting. 

3.  R.  aliiifolillS,  L'Her.     Leaves  oval,  acute,  serrate,  nearly  straight 
veined :  fruit  3-seeded.  —  Swamps,  Maine   to    Penn.    and   Illinois,  northward. 
June.  —  Shrub  l°-4°  high. 

3.     FRANGUL.A,    Tourn.        ALDER-BUCKTHORN. 

Seeds  not  grooved  or  concave  (but  convex)  on  the  back.  Cotyledons  plane, 
large  and  thick.  Flowers  perfect ;  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  petals,  and  stamens 
almost  always  5.  Leaves  with  nearly  straight  and  parallel  veins.  Otherwise  as 
in  Rhamnus.  (Name  from  frango,  to  break,  in  allusion  to  the  brittleness  of  the 
stems.) 

1.  F.  Caroliliiana,  Gray.  Thomless;  leaves  (3'-4'  long)  oblong, 
obscurely  serrulate,  nearly  glabrous,  deciduous  ;  peduncle  of  the  small  umbel  of 
flowers  very  short;  drupe  spherical,  3-seeded.  —  River-banks,  Virginia,  Ken- 
tucky, and  southward.  June.  —  A  tall  shrub. 

4.    CE  A  NO  XII  US,    L.        NEW  JERSEY  TEA.    RED-ROOT. 

Calyx  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  colored  and  incurved ;  the  lower  part  with  the  thick 
disk  cohering  with  the  ovary,  the  upper  separating  across  in  fruit.  Petals  hood- 
form,  spreading,  on  slender  claws  longer  than  the  calyx.  Filaments  also  elon- 
gated. Fruit  3-lobed,  dry  and  splitting  into  its  3  carpels  when  ripe.  Seed  as  in 
Frangula.—  Shrubby  plants  ;  the  flowers  in  little  umbel-like  clusters,  which  are 
crowded  in  dense  panicles  or  corymbs  at  the  summit  of  naked  flower-brant  lies  : 
calyx  and  pedicels  colored  like  the  petals.  (A  name  of  Theophrastus,  of  un- 
known meaning  and  application.) 

1.  C.  Amcricaniis,  L.     (Nnw  JERSEY  TEA.)     Leaves  ovate  or  ob 
long-ovate,  3-ribbed,  serrate,  downy  beneath,  often   heart-shaped  at  the  base ; 
common  peduncles  elongated.  —  Dry  woodlands.     July.  —  An  undershrub,  1°  - 
3°  high  from  a  dark  red  root,  varying  exceedingly  :  branches  downy.     Flowers 
in  pretty  white  dusters.  —  The  leaves  were  used  as  a  substitute  for  tea  during 
the  American  Revolution. 

2.  C.  oval  is,  Bigelow.      Leaves   narrowly  oval  or  elliptical-lanceolate, 
finely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  as  well  as  the  short  common  pe- 
duncles.—  Dry  rocks,  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  westward.     May.  —  A 
handsome   low   shrub,   with   the   white   flowers   larger   than    in    No.    1,   more 
corymbed,  and  narrower  smooth  leaves,  mostly  acute  at  both  ends.     It  also 
varies  greatly. 


CELASTRACE^E.       (STAFF-TREE    FAMILY.)  81 

ORDER  35.     CELASTRACE^E.     (STAFF-TREE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  with  simple  leaves,  and  small  regular  flowers,  the  sepals  and  the 
petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  4  or  5  perigynous  stamens  as  many  as 
the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  a  disk  which  Jills  the  bottom  of 
the  calyx.  Seeds  arilled.  —  Ovary  2  -  5-celled,  with  one  or  few  anatropous 
(erect  or  pendulous)  ovules  in  each  cell:  styles  united  into  one.  Fruit  2- 
5-celled,  free  from  the  calyx.  Embryo  large,  in  fleshy  albumen :  cotyledons 
broad  and  thin.  Stipules  minute  and  fugacious.  Pedicels  jointed.  —  Rep- 
resented in  the  Northern  States  by  two  genera. 

1.    CEL,ASTRUS,L.       STAFF-TREE.     SHRUBBY  BITTER-SWEET. 

Flowers  polygamo-dicecious.  Petals  (crenulate)  and  stamens  5,  inserted  on 
the  margin  of  a  cup-shaped  disk  which  lines  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Pod  glo- 
bose (orange-color  and  berry-like),  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  1-2 
in  each  cell,  erect,  enclosed  by  a  pulpy  scarlet  aril.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Flow- 
ers small,  greenish,  in  raceme-like  clusters  terminating  the  branches.  (An 
ancient  Greek  name  for  some  evergreen,  which  our  plant  is  not.) 

1.  C.  scandens,  L.  (WAX-WORK.  CLIMBING  BITTER-SWEET.) 
Woody,  sarmentose  and  twining  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  finely  serrate,  pointed.— 
Along  streams  and  thickets.  June.  —  The  opening  orange-colored  pods,  dis- 
playing the  scarlet  covering  of  the  seeds,  are  very  ornamental  in  autumn. 

2.    EUONYMUS,    Tourn.         SPINDLE-TREE. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at  the  base,  forming  a  short  and  flat 
salyx.  Petals  4-5,  rounded,  spreading.  Stamens  very  short,  inserted  on  the 
«jdge  or  face  of  a  broad  and  flat  4  -  5-angled  disk,  which  coheres  with  the  calyx 
and  is  stretched  over  the  ovary,  adhering  to  it  more  or  less.  Style  short  or 
none.  Pod  3  -  5-lobed,  3  -  5-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  1  -  3  in  each  cell,  en- 
closed in  a  red  aril.  —  Shrubs,  with  4-sided  branchlcts,  opposite  serrate  leaves, 
and  loose  cymes  of  small  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  (Deriv.  from  tv,  good, 
and  ovofia,  name,  because  it  has  the  bad  reputation  of  poisoning  cattle.  Tourn.) 

1.  E.  atropiirpilrcus,  Jacq.     (BURNING-BUSH.    WAAHOO.)    Shrub 
tall  (6° -14°  high)  and  upright;  leaves  petioled,  oval-oblong,  pointed ;  parts  of 
the  (dark  purple)  flower  commonly  in  fours;  pods  smooth,  deeply  lobed.  —  New 
York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward :  also  cultivated.     June.  —  Ornamental  in 
autumn,  by  its  copious  crimson  fruit,  drooping  on  long  peduncles. 

2.  E.  Americanus,  L.     (STRAAVBERRY  BUSH.)     Shrub  low,  upright 
or  straggling  (2° -5°  high) ;  leaves  almost  sessile,  thickish,  bright  green,  varying 
from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed  ;  parts  of  the  greenish-purple 
flowers  mostly  in  fives ;  pods  rough-warty,  depressed,  crimson  when  ripe,  the  aril 
scarlet.  —  Wooded  river-hanks,  W.  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward.    June. 

Var.  obovatus,  Ton'.  £  Gray.  Trailing,  with  rooting  branches  ;  flower- 
ing stems  l°-2°  high ;  leaves  thin  and  dull,  obovate  or  oblong.  (E.  ^bovatus 
Nutt  \  —  Low  or  wet  places. 


82  8APINDACE<£.       (SOAPBERRY    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  30.     SAPINDACE^E.     (SOAPBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  mostly  wn- 
symmetrical  and  often  irregular  flowers,  the  4-5  sepals  and  petal*  both  im- 
bricated in  (estivation,  the  5-10  stamens  inserted  on  a  fleshy  (perigynou*  or 
lii/poyynous)  dink,  a  2  -  3-celled  and  lobed  ovary,  with  1-2  (or  rarely  more) 
ovules  in  each  cell,  and  the  embryo  (except  Staphylea)  curved  or  convolute, 
without  albumen. —  A  large  order,  the  true  Sapindaceaa  principally  tropi- 
cal, none  of  them  indigenous  in  the  Northern  States,  except  the  Buckeyes : 
—  to  it  may  be  appended  the  Bladder-nut  and  Maple  Families. 

SUBORDER  I.    STAPHYLEACE^E.    THE  BLADDER-NUT  FAMILY 

Flowers  (perfect)  regular;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals.  Ovules  1-8 
in  each  cell.  Seeds  bony,  with  a  straight  embryo  in  scanty  albumen. — 
Shrubs  with  opposite  pinnately  compound  leaves,  stipulate  and  stipellate. 

1.  STAPHYLEA.    Lobes  of  the  colored  calyx  and  petals  5,  erect.    Stamens  5.    Fruit  a  3-cellei 

bladdery-inflated  pod. 

SUBORDER  II.  SAPINDACEJE  proper  (including  HIPPOC  AST  AN  E.E). 
Flowers  (often  polygamous)  mostly  unsymmetrical  and  irregular ;  the 
stamens  commonly  more  numerous  than  the  petals  or  sepals,  but  rarely 
twice  as  many.  Ovules  1-2  in  each  cell.  Albumen  none.  Embryo 
curved  or  convolute,  rarely  straight:  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  —  Leaves 
alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  destitute  of  stipules,  mostly  compound. 

2.  2ESCULUS.     Calyx  5-lobed.    Petals  4  or  5.    Stamens  commonly  7.    Fruit  a  leathery  pod. 

Leaves  opposite,  digitate. 

SUBORDER  III.     ACEHINE^.     THE  MAPLE  FAMILY. 

Flowers  (polygamous  or  dioecious)  regular,  but  usually  unsymmetrical. 
Petals  sometimes  wanting.  Ovary  2-lobed  and  2-celled,  with  a  pair  of 
ovules  in  each  cell.  Winged  fruits  1-seeded.  Albumen  none.  Embryo 
coiled  or  folded  ;  the  cotyledons  long  and  thin.  —  Leaves  opposite,  simple 
or  compound. 

3-   ACKH.    Flowers  polygamous.    Leaves  simple,  or  rarely  digitately  compound. 
4.   NEC  UNDO.    Flowers  dioecious.    Leaves  pinnate,  with  3-5  leaflets. 

SUBORDER  I.    STAPHIHLEACEJE.    THE  BLADDER-NUT  FAMILY. 

1.     STAPHYL.EA,    L.        BLADDER-NUT. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  erect,  whitish.  Petals  5,  erect,  spatulate, 
inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  thick  perigynous  disk  which  lines  the  base  of  the 
calyx.  Stamens  f),  alternate,  with  the  petals.  Pistil  of  3  severnl-ovuled  carpels, 
united  in  the  axis,  their  long  styles  cohering  at  first.  Pod  large,  membnuui- 
oeons,  inflated,  .'3-lohed,  3-celled,  at  length  bursting  at  the  summit;  the  cells 
containing  1  -4  bony  anatropous  seeds.  Aril  none.  Embryo  large  and  straight, 
in  scanty  albumen;  cotyledons  broad  and  thin.  —  Upright  shrubs,  with  opposite 
pinnate  leaves  of  3  or  5  serrate  leaflets,  and  white  flowers  in  drooping  raceme- 


SAPINDACE^E.       (SOAJPBERRY    FAMILF.J  83 

like  clusters,  terminating  the  branchlets.    Stipules  and  stipels  deciduous.    (Name 
from  <rra<j)v\r),  a  cluster.) 

1.  S.  trifolia,  L.  (AMERICAN  BLADDER-NUT.)  Leaflets  3,  ovate, 
pointed.  —  Thickets,  in  moist  soil.  May.  —  Shrub  10°  high,  with  greenish 
striped  Branches. 

SUBORDER  II.     SAPINDACEJE  PROPER. 

2.    .JESCU1<US,  L.        HORSE-CHESTNOT.    BUCKEYE. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-lobed,  often  rather  oblique  or  gibbous  at  the  base.  Petals  4, 
sometimes  5,  more  or  less  unequal,  with  claws,  nearly  hypogynous.  Stamens 
7  (rarely  6  or  8) :  filaments  long  and  slender,  often  unequal.  Style  1 :  ovary 
3-cclled,  with  2  ovules  in  each,  only  one  of  which,  or  one  in  each  cell,  forms 
a  seed.  Seed  very  large,  with  a  thick  and  shining  coat,  and  a  large  and  round 
pale  scar,  without  albumen.  Cotyledons  very  thick  and  fleshy,  their  contiguous 
vaces  more  or  less  united,  remaining  under  ground  in  germination :  plumule 
2-leaved :  radicle  curved.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  digitate :  leaf- 
lets serrate,  straight-veined,  like  a  Chestnut-leaf.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  thyrsus 
or  dense  panicle,  often  polygamous,  the  greater  portion  with  imperfect  pistils 
and  sterile.  Pedicels  jointed.  Seeds  farinaceous,  but  imbued  with  an  intensely 
bitter  and  narcotic  principle.  (The  ancient  name  of  some  Oak  or  other  mast 
bearing  tree.) 

§  1.  ^ESCULUS  PROPER.  — Fruit  covered  with  prickles  when  young. 

1.  JE.    HippocAsTANUM,    L.      (COMMON    HORSE-CHESTNUT.)      Corolla 
spreading,  white  spotted  with  purple  and  yellow,  of  5  petals ;  stamens  declined ; 
leaflets  7.  —  Commonly  planted.     (Adv.  from  Asia  via  Eu.) 

2.  2E.  glabra,  Willd.     (FETID  or  OHIO  BUCKEYE.)     Stamens  curved, 
much  longer  than  the  pale  yellow  corolla  of  4  upright  petals  ;  fruit  prickly  when 
young;  leaflets  5.  —  River-banks,  W.  Penn.    and   Virginia   to   Michigan   an1 
Kentucky.     June.  —  A  large  tree;  the  bark  exhaling  an  unpleasant  odor,  as 
in  the  rest  of  the  genus.     Flowers  small,  not  shcwy. 

$  2.  PA  VIA,  Boerh.  —  Fruit  smooth  :  petals  4,  erect  and  conniving ;  the  2  uppet 
smaller  and  longer  than  the  others,  consisting  of  a  small  and  rounded  blade  on  a 
wry  long  claw. 

3.  JE.  fl&va,  Ait.     ( SWEET   BUCKEYE.)     Stamens  included  in  the  yellow 
corolla ;  calyx  oblong -campanulate ;   leaflets  5,   sometimes   7,  glabrous,  or  often 
minutely   downy  underneath.  —  Rich  woods,  Virginia  to   Ohio,   Indiana,  and 
southward.     May.     A  large  tree,  or  a  shrub. 

Var.  piirpili'asceBiS.  Flowers  (both  calyx  and  corolla)  tinged  with 
flesh-color  or  dull  purple;  leaflets  commonly  downy  beneath.  (JE.  discolor, 
Pursh,  <j~c.) — From  W.  Virginia  southward  and  westward. 

4.  JE.    Pa  via,   L.      (RED  BUCKEYE.)     Stamens   not   longer   than    the 
corolla,  which  is  bright  red,  as  well  as  the  tubular  calyx;  leaflets  glabrous  or 
Boft-downy   beneath.  —  Fertile  valleys,  Virginia,    Kentucky,   and    southward 
Mav.  —  A  s!  rub  or  small  tree 


84  8APINDACEJE.       (SOAPBERRY    FAMILY.) 


SUBORDER  LTL    ACERIWE^E.     THE  MAPLE  FAMILY. 

3.     ACER,    Tourn.        MAPLE. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  colored,  5-  (rarely  4  - 12-)  lobed  or  parted.  Pet- 
als either  none,  or  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  equal,  with  short  claws 
if  any,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  lobed  disk,  which  is  either  perigynous  or 
hypogynous.  Stamens  4-12.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each: 
styles  2,  long  and  slender,  united  only  below,  stigmatie  down  the  inside.  From 
the  back  of  each  ovary  grows  a  wing,  converting  the  fruit  into  two  1 -seeded,  at 
length  separable,  closed  samaras  or  keys.  Seed  without  albumen.  Embryo 
variously  coiled  or  folded,  with  large  and  thin  cotyledons.  —  Trees,  or  some 
times  shrubs,  with  opposite  palmately-lobed  leaves,  and  small  flowers.  Pedi- 
cels not  jointed.  (The  classical  name,  from  the  Celtic  ac,  hard.) 
*  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  greenish,  appearing  after  the  leaves :  stamens  6-8. 

1.  A.   Pcmisylvaiiicum,  L.     (STRIPED  MAPLE.)     Leaves  3-lobcd 
at  the  apex,  finely  and  sharply  doubly  serrate ;  the  short  lobes  taper-pointed, 
and  also  serrate ;  racemes  drooping,  loose ;  petals  obovate ;  fruit  with  large  diverg- 
ing wings.    (A.  striatum,  Lam.)  — Rich  woods,  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  north 
ward  along  the  Alleghanies  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky.     June.  —  A  small  and 
slender  tree,  with  light-green  bark  striped  with  dark  lines,  and  greenish  flowers 
and  fruit.     Also  called  Striped  Dogwood,  and  Moose*  Wood. 

2.  A.    spicatllill,    Lam.     (MOUNTAIN  MAPLE.)     Leaves  downy  under- 
neath,  3-  (or  slightly  5-)  lobed,  coarsely  serrate,  the  lobes  taper-pointed ;  racemes 
upright,  dense,  somewhat  compound ;  petals  linear-spatulate ;  fruit  with  small  very 
divergent  wings.     (A.  montanum,  Ait.)  —  Moist  woods,  with  the  same  range 
as  No.  1 .     June.  —  A  tall  shrub,  forming  clumps. 

#  #  Flowers  umbellate-corymbed,  greenish-yellow,  appearing  with  the  leaves. 

3.  A.   saccharin  inn,    Wang.      (SUGAR   MAPLE.      ROCK    MAPLE.) 
Leaves  3  -  5-lobed,  with  rounded  sinuses  and  pointed  sparingly  sinuate-toothed 
lobes,  either  heart-shaped  or  nearly  truncate  at  the  base,  whitish  and  smooth  or 
a  little  downy  along  the  veins  beneath;  flowers  from  terminal  leaf-bearing  and 
lateral  leafless  buds,  drooping  on  very  slender  hairy  pedicels  ;  calyx  hairy  at  the 
apex  ;  petals  none;  wings  of  the  fruit  broad,  slightly  diverging.  —  Kich  woods, 
especially  northward   and  along  the  mountains  southward.     April,  May.  —  A 
large,  handsome  tree. 

Var.  Iligriim.  (BLACK  SUGAR-MAPLE.)  Leaves  scarcely  paler  beneath, 
but  often  minutely  downy,  the  lobes  wider,  the  sinus  at  the  base  often  closed. 
(A.  nigrum,  Michx.)  —  With  the  ordinary  form. 

#  #  *  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  arising  from  lateral  leojlt-ss  buds,  preceding  (he 
leaves  :  staiiK-ns  3  -  6. 

4.  A.  (lasycarpiiiii,  Ehrhart.     (WHITE  or  SILVER  MAPLE.)     Lai  res 
very  dec i >l ;i  't-loh/d  with  the  sinuses  rather  acute,  silvery-white  (and  when  young 
downy)    underneath,    the    division*    narrow,    cut-lobed    and    toothed  ;    flowers 
(greenish-yellow)   on  short  pedicels  ,  pt-tals  none ;  fruit  u-oo/ly  when  young,  with 
large  divergent  wings.  —  River-banks,  most  common  southwaid  and 

March,  April.  —  A  fine  ornamental  tree. 


POLYGALACE.fi.       (MILKWORT    FAMILY.)  85 

6.  A.  rQYbrmii,  L.  (RED  or  SWAMP  MAPLE.)  Leaves  3  -  5  loled  with 
ihe  sinuses  acute,  whitish  underneath  ;  the  lobes  irregularly  serrate  and  notched, 
acute,  the  middle  one  usually  longest;  petals  linear-oblong ;  flowers  on  very  short 
pedicels  (scarlet,  crimson,  or  sometimes  yellowish) ;  but  th&  fruit  smooth,  on  pro- 
longed drooping  pedicels.  —  Swamps  and  wet  woods  ;  everywhere.  March, 
April.  —  A  small  tree,  with  reddish  twigs  ;  the  leaves  varying  greatly  in  shape, 
turning  bright  crimson  in  early  autumn. 

A.  PSEUDO-PLATANUS,  L.,  the  FALSE  SYCAMORE,  and  A.  PLATANOIDES, 
L,,  called  NORWAY  MAPLE,  are  two  European  species  occasionally  planted. 

4..     NEC»1JNI>O,    Mceneh.        ASH-LEAVED  MAPLE.     BOX-ELDER. 

Flowers  dioecious.     Calyx  minute,  4  -  5-cleft.     Petals  none.     Stamens  4-5, 

—  Sterile  flowers  in  clusters  on  capillary  pedicels ;  the  fertile  in  drooping  ra 
cemes,  from  lateral  buds.     Leaves  pinnate,  with  3  or  5  leaflets.     (Name  ui 
meaning.     The  genus,  apparently  of  only  a  single  species,  is  too  near  Ac  p 
itself.) 

1.  IV.  RCeroides,  Mceneh.  (Acer  Negundo,  L.)  Leaflets  smoothish 
when  old,  very  veiny,  ovate,  pointed,  toothed ;  fruit  smooth,  with  large  rather 
incurved  wings.  —  River-banks.  Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  .April. 

—  A  small  but  handsome  tree,  with  light-green  twigs,  and  very  delicate  droop- 
ing clusters  of  small  greenish  flowers,  rather  preceding  the  leaves. 

ORDER  37.     POLYGALACE^G.     (MILKWORT  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  irregular,  as  if  papilionaceous,  hypogynous  flowers,  4-8  dia- 
delphous  or  monad elplious  stamens,  their  \-celled  anthers  opening  at  the  top 
by  a  pore  or  chink ;  the  fruit  a  ^-celled  and  ^-seeded  pod.  •  —  Represented 
bv  the  typical  genus 

1.     POL.YGAL.A,    Tourn.        MILKWORT. 

Flower  very  irregular.  Calyx  persistent,  of  5  sepals,  of  which  3  (the  uppei 
and  the  2  lower)  are  small  and  often  greenish,  while  the  two  lateral  or  inner 
(called  wings)  are  much  larger,  and  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  3,  hypogy- 
nous,  connected  with  each  other  and  with  the  stamen-tube,  the  middle  (lower) 
one  keel-shaped  and  often  crested  on  the  back.  Stamens  6  or  8  :  their  filaments 
united  below  into  a  split  sheath,  or  into  2  sets,  cohering  more  or  less  with  the 
petals,  free  above  :  anthers  1 -eel led,  often  cup-shaped,  opening  bv  a  hole  or 
broad  chink  at  the  apex.  Ovaiy  2-cclled,  with  a  single  anatropotis  ovule  pen- 
dulous in  each  cell :  style  prolonged  and  curved :  stigma  various.  Fruit  a 
small,  loculicidal  2-sceded  pod,  usually  rounded  and  notched  at  the  apex,  much 
flattened  contrary  to  the  very  narrow  partition.  Seeds  with  a  caruncle,  or  vari- 
ously shaped  appendage,  at  the  hilum.  Embryo  large,  straight,  with  flat  and 
broad  cotyledons,  surrounded  by  a  spai-ing  albumen.  —  Bitter  plants  (low  herbs 
in  temperate  regions),  with  simple  entire  leaves,  often  dotted,  and  no  stipules: 
sometimes  beaiing  concealed  fertile  flowers  also  next  the  ground.  (An  old 


8G  FOLYGALACI-LE.       (MILK WORT    FAMILY.) 

came,  from  TroXvs,  much,  and  -ydXa,  milk,  from  a  fancied  property  of  its  in- 
creasing this  secretion.) 

*  Biennial  (6'-  12'  high) :  flowers  yellow:  crest  of  the  keel  small. 

1.  I*.  liat<'H,  L.     flowers  in  solitary  ovate  or  oblong  heads,  terminating  the 
stem  or  simple  branches  (bright  orange-yellow) ;  leaves  (!'  — 2'  long)  ohovate  or 
spatulate  ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Sandy  swamps,  New 
Jersey  and  southward,  near  the  eoast.     June -Sept.  —  Stems  at  first  simple. 
Head  of  flowers  \'  in  diameter,  showy. 

2.  P.  railiossi,  Ell.      Flowers  (citron-yellow)  in  numerous  short  and  dense 
spike-like  racemes  collected  in  a  flat-topped  compound  cyme  ;  leaves  oblong-linear, 
the  lowest  spatulate  or  obovate ;  seeds  ovoid,  minutely  hairy,  twice  the  length  of 
the  caruncle.     (P.  eyrnosa,  Poir.,  not  of  Walt.     P.  corymbosa,  Nul.t.) — Damp 
pine-barrens,  New  Jersey?  Delaware,  and  southward.  —  Flowers  turning  green 
in  drying.     (The  allied  P.  CYSi6sA,  Walt.,  which  is  P.  graminifolia,  Poir.,  P. 
attenaata,  Nutt.,  P.  aeutifolia,  Torr.  $*  Cray,  —  known   by  its  simpler  cymes, 
etcni  naked  above,  narrower  leaves,  and  globular  seeds  with  no  caruncle, — 
probably  occurs  in  S.  Virginia.) 

#  #  Annual :  flowers  purple  or  while,  in  spikes  ;  no  tubterranean  blossoms :  crest  of 

the  keel  minute,  except  in  Nos.  3,  9,  and  10. 
•»-  Leaves  all  alternate  or  scattered :  floivers  purple  or  flesh-color. 

3.  P.  iilCeiriiata,  L.      Glaucous  ;    stem   slender,    simple   or   sparingly 
branched  (l°high);  leaves  small,  linear-awl-shaped  ;  spike  oblong  or  cylindri- 
cal; wings  much  shorter  than  the  conspicuously  crested  corolla;  claica  of  the  petals 
united  in  a  very  long  and  slender  cleft  tube  ;  caruncle  2-lobed,  longer  than  the  stalk 
of  the  hairy  seed.  —  Dry  soil,  Maryland  and  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
July. 

4.  P.  sailgllinca,  L.     Stem  branched  at  the  top  (&' -  10' high)  ;  leaves 
oblong-linear ;  spikes  roundish  or  oblong,  dense,  very  obtuse  ;  wings  broadly  ovate, 
obtuse;  caruncle  almost  as  long  as  tJie  seed.     (P.  purpurca,  Nutt.)  —  Sandy  and 
inoist  ground;   common.    July- Sept.  —  Spikes  £'  thick,  reddish-purple:  the 
axis,  as  in  Xos.  5  and  6,  beset  with  the  persistent  awl-shaped  scaly  bracts  after 
the  flowers  have  fallen. 

5.  P.  fastigiatSl,  Nutt.     Stem  slender,  at  length  much  branched  above; 
leaves  linear ;  spikes  short;  icings  ovate-oblong,  tapering  at  tlie  Ims'-  into  distinct 
claws;  caruncle  as  long  as,  and  nearly  <->tr</<tpiiii/,  l/ic  stalk-like  bate  of  t/ie  minutely 
hitiry  seal.     (P.  sanguinea,  Torr.  $  6V.,  cxcl.  syn. ;  not  of  Nutt.,  nor  L.)  — 
Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  (Nultall)  to   Kentucky  and   southward.  —  Spikes 
looser,  and  the  rose-purple  flowers  much  smaller,  than  in  No.  4.  brighter-colored 
than  in  the  next,  which  it  most  resembles. 

6.  P.   \nft:illii,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (/•'/.  1,  p.  070,  excl.  syn.,  &  deser.)     Stem 
branched  above  (4' -9'  high)  ;  leaves  linear;  spikes  oblong,  dense ;   it'iii'js  d/ip- 
ticnl,  on  or//  short  rlnirs ;  caruncle  small  and  aj>j>lied  to  one  sidr  of  tin-  stalk-like  base 
of  the  very  hairy  seed,     (P.  sanguinea,  Nutt.,  not  of  L.     P.  Mariana,  &e.,  Pink., 
t.  437.     1*.  amhigua,  '/('//'.  >S'  *'''•>  J''/-,  11(->t  of  Nutl.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  coast  of 
Massaebusetts  to  Penn.  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Spikes  y  in  diameter;  the 
flowers  light  purple  and  greenish,  duller-colored  than  in  the  last,  with  thicker 


POLYGALACE^E.       (MILKWOKT    FAMILY.)  87 

wings  on  shortei  claws ;  and  the  narrow  caruncle  not  longer  than  the  stalk-like 
base  of  the  pear-shaped  seed. 

•«—  •*-  Leaves,  at  least  tJie  lower  ones,  in  whorls. 
++  Flowers  middle-sized,  in  thick  spikes,  rose-color  or  greenish-purple, 

7.  P.    cruciutcft,    L.     Low,   with   spreading   opposite   branches ;   leaves 
nearly  all  in  fours  (rarely  fives),  linear  and  somewhat  spatulate  or  oblanceolate ; 
spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so,  dense,  oblong  becoming  cylindrical ;  bracts  persistent ; 
wings  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  slightly  heart-shaped,  tapering  to  a  bristly  jwint ;  caruncle 
nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Margin  of  swamps,  Maine  to  Virginia  and  south- 
ward near  the  coast,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes.     Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Stems  3'  - 10' 
high,  with  almost  winged  angles.     Spikes  fully  £'  in  diameter. 

8.  1*.  l>revi folia,  Nutt.    Rather  slender,  branched  above ;  leaves  in  fours, 
or  scattered  on  the  branches,  narrowly  spatulate-oblong ;  spikes  peduncled,  ob- 
long, rather  loose  ;  icings  lanceolate-ovate,  pointless  or  barely  mucronate.  —  Margin 
of  sandy  bogs,   Rhode  Island  (Olney),  New  Jersey  and  southward.     Sept. — 
Closely  allied  to  the  last,  probably  only  a  marked  variety  of  it. 

*•*  ++  Flowers  small,  in  slender  elongated  spikes,  greenish-white,  rarely  tinged  with 
purple :  the  crest  rather  large  in  proportion. 

9.  P.  verticillata,    L.     Slender  (6' -10'  high),  much  branched;   stem- 
leaves  in  fours  or  Jives,  those  of  the  branches  scattered,  linear,  acute ,  spikes  pedun- 
cled, dense,  acute;  bracts  falling  with  the  flowers;  wings  round,  clawed:  the 
2-lobcd  caruncle  half  the  length  of  the  seed.  —  Dry  soil ;  common.     June  -  Oct. 

10.  P.  asial>igmi,  Nutt.      Very  slender,  loosely  branched;  lowest  stem- 
leaves  in  fours,  the  rest  scattered,  narrowly  linear ;  spikes  long-pcdnndcd ,  very  slen- 
der, the  flowers  often  scattered ;  wings  oval ;  caruncle  shorter ;  otherwise  nearly 
as  in  No.  9  (of  which  it  is  probably  a  mere  variety).  — Dry  woods,  from  New- 
York  southward. 

*  *  *  Perennial :  flowers  white,  spiked;  no  subterranean  blossoms. 

11.  P.    S£iicga,    L.      (SENECA    SXAKEROOT.)      Stems   several  from  a 
thick  and  hard  knotty  root,  simple  (6'  -12'  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  with  rough  margins,   alternate;  spike  cylindrical,   the   flowers   on 
extremely  short  pedicels ;  wings  round-obovate,  concave ;  crest  short;  caruncle 
nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Rocky  open  woods  or  plains,  W.  New  England 
to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  Virginia.     May,  June. 

Var.  latifoBia,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Taller  (9' -16'  high),  sometimes  branched; 
leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  very  large  (2'  — 4'  long),  tapering  to  each  end. 
Kentucky,  Short. 
*  *  *  *  Biennial  or  perennial:  flowers  rose-purple,  showy,   crested;  also  bearing 

whitish  and  inconspicuous  more  fertile  ones,  with  imperfect  corollas,  on  subterranean 

branches, 

12.  P.    polygama,    Walt.     Stems   numerous   from    the   biennial  root, 
mostly  simple,  ascending,  very  leafy  (G'  to  9'  high) ;  leaves  oblanccohue  or  ol>long, 
alternate;  terminal  raceme  many-Jlowered,  the  broadly  obovate  wings  longer  than 
the  keel;  stamens  8;  radical  flowers  racemed  on  short  runners  on  or  beneath 
the  ground ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  2,  scale-like,  shorter  than  the  seed.     (P. 
rubella,  MM.} — Dry  sand}  soil;  common  eastward. — July. 


88  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

13.  P.  pauci  folia,  Willd.  Perennial;  flowering  stems  short  (3  -V 
high),  and  Icwfy  chiefly  at  the  summit,  rising  from  long  and  slender  prostrate  or 
subterranean  shoots,  which  also  bear  concealed  fertile  llowers ;  lower  leaves 
small  and  scale-like,  scattered;  the  upper  leaves  ovate,  petioled,  crowded ;  Jioice  rs 
1-3,  large,  pcduncled ;  wings  obovatc,  rather  shorter  than  the  conspicuously 
fringe-crested  keel ;  stamens  6;  caruncle  of  2  -  3  awl-shaped  lobes  longer  than 
the  seed.  —  Woods  in  light  soil ;  not  rare  northward,  extending  southward 
along  the  Alleghanies.  May.  —  A  delicate  plant,  with  large  and  very  hand- 
some flowers,  I'  long,  rose-purple,  or  rarely  pure  white.  Sometimes  called 
Flowering  Winteryreen,  but  more  appropriately  FUIXGED  POLYGALA. 


ORDER  38.     LEGUMINOS^.     (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  papilionaceous  or  sometimes  regular  flowers,  10  (rarely  5,  and 
sometimes  many)  monadelplious,  diadelphous,  or  rarely  distinct  stamens,  and 
a  single  simple  free  pistil,  becoming  a  legume  in  fruit.  Seed*  without 
albumen.  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules,  usually  compound.  One  of  the 
sepals  inferior  (i.  e.  next  the  bract) ;  one  of  the  petals  superior  (i.  e. 
next  the  axis  of  the  inflorescence).  —  A  very  large  order  (nearly  free  from 
noxious  qualities),  of  which  the  principal  representatives  in  this  and 
other  northern  temperate  regions  belong  to  the  first  of  the  three  sub- 
orders it  comprises. 

SUBORDER  I.    PAPILIONACE^E.    THE  PROPER  PULSE  FAMILY. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  more  or  less  united,  often  unequally  so.  Corolla  pe- 
rigynous  (inserted  into  the  base  of  the  calyx),  of  5  irregular  petals  (or  very 
rarely  fewer),  imbricated  in  the  bud,  more  or  less  distinctly  papilionaceous^ 
i.  e.  with  the  upper  or  odd  petal,  called  tho  wxilluin  or  skunlurd,  larger 
than  the  others  and  enclosing  them  in  the  bud,  usually  turned  backward  or 
spreading;  the  two  lateral  ones,  called  the  wings,  oblique  and  exterior  to 
the  two  lower  petals,  which  last  are  connivent  and  commonly  more  or  less 
coherent  by  their  anterior  edges,  forming  a  body  named  the  carnui  or  keel, 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  keel  or  prow  of  a  boat,  and  which  usually  en- 
ein<es  the  stamens  and  pistil.  Stamens  10,  very  rarely  5,  inserted  with  the 
corolla,  monaclel|)hous,  diadelphous  (mostly  with  U  united  iu  one  set  in  a 
tube  which  is  cleft  on  the  upper  side,  i.  e.  next  the  standard,  and  the  tenih 
or  upper  one  separate),  or  occasionally  distinct.  Ovary  1-celled.  sometimes 
2-celled  by  an  infolding  of  one  of  the  sutures,  or  transversely  many-colletl 
by  cross-division  into  joints:  style  simple:  ovules  arnphitropous,  very  rare- 
ly anatropous.  Cotyledons  large,  thick  or  thiekish :  radicle,  almost  always 
incurved.  —  Leaves  simple  or  simply  compound,  the  earliest  ones  in  gei mi- 
nation  usually  opposite,  the  rest  alternate  :  leaflets  almost  always  quite  en- 
tire. Flowers  perfect,  solitary  and  axillary,  or  in  spikes,  raceme,  or  pan- 
icles. 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILT.)  89 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.  LOTE.33.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  (9  &  1)  Pod  tOMinuous 
and  1-celled,  or  sometimes  2-celled  lengthwise.  Cotyledons  becoming  green  leaves  in 
germination.  —  Not  twining,  climbing,  nor  tendril-bearing.  (Wistaria  is  an  exception  in 
its  climbing  stems.) 

Subtribe  1.     GENISTE^E.    Stamens  monadelphous  :   anthers  of  2  forms.    Leaves  simple  or 

paliuately  compound. 

I    LUP1NUS.     Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.     Keel  scythe-shaped.    Pod  flattish.     Leaves  palmate 
S    CROTALARIA.    Calyx  5-lobed.    Keel  scythe-shaped.    Pod  inflated. 

8.  GENISTA.     Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped.    Keel  straight.    Pod  flat.    Leaves  simple. 

Subtribe  2.  TRIFOLIE^E.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1) :  anthers  uniform.  Leaves  pahnately 
or  rarely  pinnately  3  -  5-foliolate  ;  the  earliest  ones  in  germination  after  the  cotyledon* 
alternate  !  —  Herbs  or  scarcely  shrubby  plants. 

4.  TRIFOLTUM.    Flowers  capitate.     Pods  membranaceous,  1  -  6-seeded. 

6.  MELILOTUS.    Flowers  racemed.    Pods  coriaceous,  wrinkled,  1  -  2-seeded. 

6.  MEDICAGO.    Flowers  racemed  or  spiked.     Pods  curved  or  coiled. 

Subt'ibe  3.  PSORALE^E.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous.  Pod  1-seeded  and  inde- 
hiscent,  mostly  included  in  the  calyx,  rarely  2-seeded.  Plants  sprinkled  with  dark  dots 
or  glands.  Earliest  true  leaves  opposite. 

7.  PSORALF-A.     Corolla  truly  papilionaceous.     Stamens  10,  more  or  less  diadelphous,  half  of 

the  anthers  often  imperfect. 

V  DALEA.    Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous.    Stamens  9  or  10,  monadelphous  ;  the  cleft 
ti».bo  of  filaments  bearing  4  of  the  petals  about  its  middle. 

9.  PETALOSTEMON.    Corolla  scarcely  at  all  papilionaceous.     Stamens  5,  monadelphous* 

the  cleft  tube  of  filaments  bearing  4  of  the  petals  on  its  summit. 

10.  AMOHPHA.     Corolla  consisting  of  only  one  petal !  the  standard.    Stamens  10,  monadel- 

phous at  the  base. 

Subtribe  4.  GALEGE.S:.  Stamens  mostly  diadelphous.  Pod  several-seeded,  at  length  2-valved., 
1-celled.  Leaves  pinnate. 

11.  ROBINIA.     Wings  of  the  corolla  free  from  the  keel.     Pod  flat  and  thin,  margined  on  one 

edge.     Trees  or  shrubs  :  leaflets  stipellate. 

12.  WISTARIA.    Wings  free  from  the  falcate  keel.    Fod  tumid,  rnarginless.    Woody  twiners . 

leaflets  not  stipellate. 

13.  TEPUKOSTA.    Wings  cohering  with  the  keel.     Pod  flat,  marginless.    Herbs. 

Subtribe  5.  ASTRAOALE^.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  2-celled  lengthwise  by  the  iutro- 
flexiou  of  the  dorsal  suture,  or  1-celled  with  one  or  the  other  suture  somewhat  turned 
inward.  Leaves  pinnate. 

14.  ASTRAGALUS.    Keel  not  pointed.     Herbs,  or  low  scarcely  woody  plants. 

TRIBE  II.  HEOYSARE^E.  Stamens  monadelpnous  or  diadelphous.  Pod  (lomep.t, 
transversely  2 -several-jointed,  the  reticulated  1 -seeded  joints  remaining  closed,  or  some- 
times reduced  to  one  such  joint. 

*  Leaves  pinnate,  with  several  leaflets. 

15.  ^SCHYNOMENE.    Stamens  equally  diadelphous  (5  &  5).    Calyx  2-lipped.    Pod  several- 

jointed. 
16   HEDYSARUM.     Stamens  unequally  diadelphcus  (9  &  1).     Calyx  5-cleft     Pod  several 

jointed. 

*  *  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate. 
17.  DESMODIUM.     Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1)  or  monadelphous  below.     Calyx  2-lipped. 

Pod  several -jointed.     Flowers  all  of  one  sort  and  complete.     Le;i<leli  (stipellate. 


90  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

18.  LESPETEZA.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1) :  anthers  uniform.  Pod  1  -  2-jolnted.  Flow 
era  often  of  2  sorts,  the  more  fertile  ones  apetalous.  Leaflets  not  sti}  ellate. 

fl.  STYLOS  AN  THES.  Stamens  monadolphous  :  anthers  of  2  forms.  Pod  1  -  2-jointed.  Flcit 
ers  of  2  sorts  intermixed,  the  fertile  apetalous.  Leaflets  not  stipellute. 

TRIBE  III.  VICIEJE.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Pod  continuous,  1-celled.  Coty- 
ledons very  thick  and  fleshy  (as  in  a  pea),  not  rising  to  the  surface,  but  remaining  undei 
ground  in  germination.  —  Herbs,  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  the  common  leafstalk 
produced  into  a  tendril  or  bristle.  Peduncles  axillary. 

20.  VTCIA.    Style  filiform,  bearded  round  the  apex,  or  down  the  side  next  the  keel-petals. 

11.  LATHYKUS.    Style  flattened,  bearded  on  the  side  towards  the  standard. 

TRIBE  IV.  PHASEOLE^R.  Stamens  more  or  less  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Pod  contin 
uous,  not  jointed,  nor  more  than  1-celled,  except  by  cellular  matter  sometimes  deposited 
between  the  seeds,  2-valved.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  usually  rising  to  the  surface, 
but  remaining  nearly  unchanged  (as  in  a  bean,  seldom  foliaceous)  in  germination.  — 
Twining  or  trailing  plants,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate,  rarely  5  -  7-foliolate  leaves,  mostly 
stipellate,  destitute  of  tendrils.  Flowers  often  clustered  in  the  racemes. 
*  Keel  spirally  twisted.  Cotyledons  thick,  nearly  unchanged  in  germination. 

22.  PIIASEOLUS.    Keel  spiral.    Leaves  3-foliolate,  stipellate. 

23.  APIOS.     Keel  incurved,  at  length  twisted.     Leaves  5  -  7-foliolate,  not  stipellate. 

*  *  Keel  straight      Cotyledons  not  so  thick 

•i-  Ovary  1  -  2-ovuled.     Leaflets  not  stipellate.     Flowers  yellow. 
34.  RHYNCIIOSIA.     Calyx  4-cleft,  somewhat  2-lipped,  or  4-parted.     Pod  1  -  2-seeded. 

•»-  •(-  Ovary  several  ovuled.     Leaflets  usually  stipellate.     Flowers  not  yellow. 
26    GALACTIA,     Calyx  2-bracteolate,  4-cleft,  the  upper  lobe  broadest  and  entire.     Bracti 

deciduous. 

26.  AMP1HCARP/EA      Calyx    not    bracteolate,  4  -  5-toothed.      Peduncles    many -flowered. 

Bracts  persistent 

27.  CLITORIA     Calyx  2-bracteolate,  tubular,  5-cleft     Peduncles  1  -  3-flowered. 

28.  CENTKOSEMA.     Calyx  2-bracteolate,  short  6-cleft.     Peduncles  lew-flowered     Standard 

with  a  spur  at  its  base. 

TRIBE  V.     SOPHORE/E  and  PODALYRIEjE.     Stamens  10,  distinct. 

29.  RAPTISIA.     Calyx4-5-lobedL    Keel-petals  distinct.     Pod  inflated.     Herbs.     Leaves  pal - 

mately  3-foliolate  or  simple. 

80.  CLADKASTIS.    Calyx  6-toothed. .  Keel-petals  distinct.     Pod  very  flat.     Tree,  with  pin- 

nate leaves. 

SunoKDEK  IT.     C^SALPINIEyE.     THE  BRASILETTO  FAMILY. 

Corolla  imperfectly  or  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  sometimes  nearly  regu- 
lar, imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  upper  or  odd  petal  inside  and  enclosed  by 
be  others.  Stamens  10  or  fewer,  commonly  distinct,  inserted  on  the  .nlyx. 
Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  usually  straight. 

*  Flowers  imperfectly  papilionaceous,  perfect. 

81.  OERCIS.     Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.     Pod  flat,  wing-margined.     Leaves  simple 

*  *  Flowers  not  papilionaceous,  perfect. 

82.  CASSIA.    Calyx  of  6  nearly  distinct  sepals.    Leaves  simply  pinnate. 

*  *  *  Flowers  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  not  perfect. 

83.  QYMXOCLADUS.     Flowers  dioecious.     Petals  6,  regular,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the 

tubular-funnel-form  calyx.     Stamens  10.     Leaves  doubly  pinnate. 

84    QLEDITSCHIA.    Flowers  polygamous.     Petals,  divisions  of  the  opeu  calyx,  and  atamenb 
8-6.     Leaves  1  -  2 -pinnate. 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAUILT.j  91 

SUBORDER  III.    MIMOSEJg.     THE  MIMOSA  FAMILT. 

Corolla  valvate  in  aestivation,  often  united  into  a  4  -  5-lobed  cup,  hypogy- 
nous,  as  are  the  (often  very  numerous)  stamens,  regular.  Embryo  straight 
Leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnate. 

85.  DESMANTHUS.    Petals  distinct.     Stamens  5  - 10.    Pod  smooth. 

86.  SCIIIIANKIA.    Petals  united  below  into  a  cup.    Stamens  8  or  10.     Pod  covered  with 

small  prickles  or  rough  projections. 

SUBORDER  I.    PAPIL.IONACEJE.    THE  PROPER  PULSE  FAMILY. 

1.    i,UPINUS,    Tourn.        LUPINE. 

Calyx  very  deeply  2-lipped.  Sides  of  the  standard  reflexed :  keel  scythe- 
shaped,  pointed.  Sheath  of  the  monadelphous  stamens  entire :  anthers  alter- 
nately oblong  and  roundish.  Pod  oblong,  flattened,  often  knotty  by  constric- 
tions between  the  seeds.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  Herbs,  with  palmately 
1  -  15-foliolate  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  ..terminal  racemes  or  spikes.  (Name 
from  Lupus,  a  wolf,  because  these  plants  were  thought  to  devour  the  fertility  of 
the  soil.) 

1.  1^.  pcrennis,  L.  (WILD  LUPINE.)  Somewhat  hairy;  stem  erect 
(l°-2°);  leaflets  7-11,  oblanceolatc ;  flowers  in  a  long  and  loose  raceme, 
pods  very  hairy.  1J. —  Sandy  soil,  common.  June.  —  Flowers  showy,  purplish- 
blue,  rarely  pale  or  white.  —  Some  S.  European  Lupines  in  gardens,  and  others 
from  Oregon  have  recently  been  introduced,  especially  L.  polyphyllus. 

2.     CROTAL.ARIA,    L.        RATTLE-BOX. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  scarcely  2-lipped.  Standard  large,  heart-shaped :  keel  scythe- 
shaped.  Sheath  of  the  monadelphous  stamens  cleft  on  the  upper  side  :  5  of  the 
anthers  smaller  and  roundish.  Pod  inflated,  oblong,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs 
with  simple  leaves.  Flowers  racemed,  yellow.  (Name  from  /cporaXoi/,  a  rattle  / 
the  loose  seeds  rattling  in  the  coriaceous  inflated  pods.) 

1.  C.  sagittalis,  L.  Annual,  hairy  (3' -6'  high) ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong 
lanceolate,  scarcely  petioled ;  stipules  united  and  decurrent  on  the  stem,  so  as 
to  be  inversely  arrow-shaped ;  peduncles  few-flowered ;  corolla  not  longer  than 
the  calyx.  —  Sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  Illinois  and 
southward.  July. 

3.    GENISTA,    L.        WOAD- WAXEN.    WHIN. 

Calyx  2-lipped.  Standard  oblong-oval,  spreading :  keel  oblong,  straight, 
scarcely  enclosing  the  stamens  and  style.  Stamens  monadelphous,  the  sheath 
entire;  5  alternate  anthers  shorter.  Pod  flat,  several-seeded.  —  Shrubby  plants, 
with  simple  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  (Name  from  the  Celtic  gen,  a  bush.) 

1.  O.  TINCT6RIA.,  L.  (DYER'S  GREEN-WEED.)  Low,  not  thorny,  with 
Btriate-angled  erect  branches ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  flowers  in  spiked  racemes.— 


92  LEGUMINOS.E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

Peekskill,  New  York,  and  E.  Massachusetts,  where  it  is  thoroughly  established 
on  stciile  hills  in  Essex  County.     June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.     TKIF6LIUM,    L.        CLOVER.     TUKFOIL. 

Calyx  persistent,  5-cleft,  the  teeth  bristle-form.  Corolla  withering  or  persist- 
ent: standard  longer  than  the  wings,  these  mostly  longer  than  the  keel,  and 
united  with  it  by  their  slender  claws.  Stamens  more  or  less  united  with  the 
corolla.  Pods  small  and  membranous,  often  included  in  the  calyx,  1  —  6-seeded, 
indehiscent,  or  opening  by  one  of  the  sutures.  —  Tufted  or  diffuse  herbs.  Leaves 
mostly  palmatcly  3-foliolate :  leaflets  often  toothed.  Stipules  united  with  the 
petioles.  Flowers  chiefly  in  heads  or  spikes.  (Name  from  tres,  three,  and 
folium,  a  leaf.) 

#  Flowers  sessile  in  dense  heads :  corolla  purple  or  purplish,  withering  away  after 

flowering,  tubular  below,  the  petals  more  or  less  coherent  with  each  other, 
•»-  Calyx-teeth  silky-plumose,  longer  tJian  the  whitish  corolla. 

1.  T.  ARVENSE,  L.      (RABBIT-FOOT  CLOVER.     STONE  CLOVER.)     Silky, 
branching  (5' -10' high) ;  leaflets  oblanceolatc  ;  heads  becoming  very  soft-silky 
and  grayish,  oblong  or  cylindrical.     ®  —  Old  fields,  &c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

+-  •«-  Calyx  almost  glabrous,  except  a  bearded  ring  in  the  throat,  shorter  than  the  rose- 
red  or  -purple  elongated-tubular  corolla.     (Flowers  sweet-scent  nl. ) 

2.  T.  PRATENSE;  L.     (RED  CLOVER.)     Stems  ascending,  somewhat  hairy; 
leaflets  oval  or  obovate,  often  notched  at  the  end  and  marked  on  the  upper  side 
with  a  pale  spot ;  stipules  broad,  bristle-pointed;  heads  ovate,  sessile.     (£;  It — Ficldf 
and  meadows;  largely  cultivated.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  T.  MEDIUM,  L.     (ZIGZAG  CLOVER.)     Stems  zigzag,  smoothish ;  leaflets 
oblong,  entire,  and  spotless ;  heads  mostly  stalked;  flowers  deeper  purple  and  larger : 
othenvise   like   the   last.     1J. — Dry  hills,  Essex    Co.,   Massachusetts.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

#  #  Flowers  pcdicelled  in  umbel-like  round  heads  on  a  naked  peduncle,  their  short 
pedicels  reflexed  when  old:  corolla  white  or  rose-color,  witlieriny-persistent  and  turn- 
ing brownish  in  fading ;  the  tubular  portion  short. 

4.  T.    rcflexuill,    L.      (BUFFALO  CLOVER.)     Stems  ascending,   downy; 
leaflets  obovate-oMong,  finely  toothed ;    stipules  thin,  ovate  ;    calyx-teeth  hairy  ; 
pods  3-5-secdcd.     ®  @  —  Western  New  York  (rare)  to  Kentucky  and  south- 
ward. —  Heads  and  flowers  larger  than  in  No.  2  :  standard  rose-red ;  wings  and 
keel  whitish. 

5.  T.  stolon ifcrum,  Muhl.   (RUNNING  BUFFALO-CLOVER.)    Smooth, 
steins  with  Ivrifj  runners  from  the  base  ;  leaflets  broadly  obovate  or  obcordate,  minutely 
toothed;   heads   loose;   pods  2-sccdcd.      1|. —  Open   woodlands   and    prairies, 
Ohio  to  Illinois,  Kenturky,  and  westward.  —  Flowers  white,  tinged  with  purple, 
as  large  as  No.  4,  which  this  too  closely  resembles. 

6.  T.    repciis,    L.      (WHITE    CLOVER.)      Smooth;    the    slender  stems 
tpreading  and  creeping  ;  Iwflets  inversely  heart-sluijted  or  merely  notched,  obscurely 
toothed  ;  stipules  scale-like,  narrow ;  petioles  and  especially  the  peduncles  very 
long;  heads  small   and  loose;  poda  about  4-seedcd.      1J.—  Pastures,   wast* 


LEGUMINOS^C.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  93 

places,  and  even  in  woodlands.     Appearing  like  a  naturalized  plant ;  but  mani 

festly  indigenous  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Flowers  skort-peduxUed  in  close  heads,  reflexed  when  old:  corolla  yctlvw, 
persistent,  turning  dry  and  chestnut-brown  with  aye,  the  standard  becomir.y  hood- 
shaped. 

7.  T*  AGRARIUM,  L.     (YELLOW  or  HOP-CLOVER.)     Smoothish,  somewhat 
op  right  (6  -12'  high);  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  all  three  from  the  sama  point   (pal- 
mate) and  nearly  sessile;  stipules  narrow,  cohering  with  the  petiole  for  more  than 
half  its  lencf.h.     (D  —  Sandy  fields,  Massachusetts  to  Penn.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

8.  T.   PROCUMBE^S.   L.     (Low   HOP-CLOVER.)     Stems  spreading  or  as- 
cending, pubescent  (5  -6'  high) ;  leaflets  wedge-obovate,  notched  at  the  end  ;  the, 
lateral  at  a  small  distance  from  the  other  (pinnatcly  3-foliolate) ;  stipules  ovate,  short. 
(D  —  Sandy  fields  and  road-sides,  N.  England  to  Virginia.     Also  var.  MINUS 
(T.  minus,  Rdh.},  with  smaller  heads,  the  standard  not  much  striate  with  age. 
With  the  other,  and  Kentucky,  in  cultivated  grounds.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.     MEL.IL.OTUS,    Tourn.        MELILOT.     SWEET  CLOVER. 

Flowers  much  as  in  Clover,  but  in  spiked  racemes,  small :  corolla  deciduous, 
the  wings  not  united  with  the  keel.  Pod  ovoid,  coriaceous,  wrinkled,  longer 
than  the  calyx,  scarcely  dehiscent,  1-2-seeded.  —  Herbs,  fragrant  in  drying, 
with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves ;  leaflets  toothed.  (Name  from  jxe'At,  honey,  and 
AO>TOS,  some  leguminous  plant.) 

1.  HI.    OFFICINXLIS,   Willd.       (YELLOW    MELILOT.)      Upright    (2° -4° 
high) ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse;  corolla  yellow ;  the  petals  nearly  of  equal 
length.     (2)  —  Waste  or  cultivated  grounds.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  ALBA,  Lam.     (WHITE  MELILOT.)     Leaflets  truncate;  corolla  white, 
the  standard  longer  than  the  other  petals.     (3)  (M.  leucantha,  Koch.)  — In  simi- 
lar places  to  the  last,  and  much  like  it.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.     JttEDICAGO,    L.        MEDICK. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Melilotus.  Pod  1 -several-seeded,  soythe-shaped, 
curved,  or  variously  coiled. — Leaves  pinnatcly  3-foliolate.  Stipules  often  cut. 
(Dcriv.  from  M/jSi/tj),  the  name  applied  to  Lucerne,  because  it  came  to  the  Greeks 
from  Media.) 

1.  Jfl.  SATIVA,  L.     (LUCERNE.)     Upright,  smooth;  leaflets  obovate-oblong, 
toothed  ;  flowers  (purple)  racemed ;  pods   spirally  twisted.      1J. —  Cultivated  for 
green  fodder,  rarely  spontaneous.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  LUPULINA,  L.     (BLACK  MEDICK.    NONESUCH.)     Procumbent,  pu- 
bescent ;  leaflets   wedge-obovate,   toothed  at   the  apex ;  Jlowers  in  short  spike* 
(yellow);  pods  kidney-form,  1-seedcd.     (g)  —  Waste  places;  sparingly.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

3.  M.  MACUL\TA,  Willl.     (SPOTTED  MEDICK.)     Spreading  or  procum- 
bent, somewhat  pubescent;  leaflets  obcordate,  with  a  purple  spot,  minutely 


94  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

toothed;  pcduttcks  3  -  5-Jlowered ;  flowers  yellow;  pods  compactly  sji/al,  of  2  or  3 
uirns,  compressed,  farrowed  on  the  thick  edye,  and  fringed  with  a  double  row  of 
curved  prickles.  (J) — Introduced  with  wool  into  waste  grounds  in  some  places. 
(Auv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  M.  DENTicuiAxA,  Willd.  Nearly  glabrous;  pods  loosely  spiral,  deeply 
reticulated,  and  with  a  t/tin  keeled  c-dye:  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Sparingly  in- 
troduced into  New  England,  £e.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

•7.     PSORAL.EA,    L.        PSORALEA. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  the  lower  lobe  longest.  Stamens  diadelphous  or 
sometimes  monadelphous  :  the  5  alternate  anthers  often  imperfect.  Pod  seldom 
Conger  than  the  calyx,  thick,  often  wrinkled,  indehiscent,  1 -seeded.  —  Perennial 
herbs,  usually  sprinkled  all  over  or  roughened  (especially  the  calyx,  pods,  &c.) 
with  glandular  dots  or  points.  Leaves  mostly  3  -  5-foliolate.  Stipules  cohering 
with  the  petiole.  Flowers  spiked  or  racemcd,  white  or  mostly  blue-purplish. 
Root  sometimes  tuberous  and  farinaceous.  (Name  from  ^copaXeos,  scurfy,  from 
the  glands  or  dots.) 

#  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate. 

1.  P.  OnobrydliS,  Nutt.     Nearly  smooth  and  free  from  glands,  erect 
(3° -5°  high);  leaflets  lana.vlate~ovate,  t&per+pointed  (3'  long);  stipules  and  bracts 
awl-shaped ;  racemes   axillary,  elongated ;    peduncle   shorter  than  the   leaves ; 
pods  roughened  and  wrinkled.  —  River-banks,  Ohio  to  111.  and  southward.  July. 

—  Flowers  very  small. 

2.  P.  Stipulata,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Nearly  smooth  and  glandless  ;  stems  dif- 
fuse ;  leaflets  ovate-elliptical,  reticulated ;  stipules  ovate ;  flowers  in  heads  on  axil- 
lary rather  short  peduncles;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  sharp-pointed.  —  Rocks,  Falls 
of  the  Ohio,  Kentucky.     June. 

3.  P.  mclilotoides,  Michx.     Somewhat  pubescent,  more  or  less  glan- 
dular; stems  erect  (l°-2°high),   slender;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong; 
spilces  oblong,  long-peduncled ;   stipules  a ui-sh ay *d ;  bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
taper-pointed ;  pods  strongly  wrinkled  transversely.     (Also  P.  eglandulosa,  EU.) 

—  Dry  soil,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  Virginia,  and  southward.     June. 

*  *  Leaves  pahnoitdy  3  -  5-foliolate. 

4.  P.  Ho  rift  is  ml  21,   Nutt.     Slender,    erect,    much    branched    and   bushy 
(Sc  -4°  high),  minutdy  hoary-pnbcscent  when  young  ;   leaflets  varying  from  linear 
to  obovate-oblong  (£'-!£'  long),  glandular-dotted;  nu+mts  pa>uc/«l :  lol 

the  calyx  and  bracts  ovate,  acute;  pod  glandular.  —  Prairies  of  Illinois  and 
southwestwanl.  June  -  Sept.  — Flowers  2"  or  3"  long. 

5.  P.  argopliylla,  Pursh.     Silvery  si/ky-ichitc  all  over,  erect,  divergently 
branched   (l°-3°  high);  leaflets  elliptical-lanceolate;  sjn'/ccs  iiitirrn/itid ;  lobes 
of  the  calyx  and  brads  lanceolate.  —  High  plains,  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  Wis- 
consin, and   westward.     June. — Flowers  4"- 5'' long. 

P.  ESCUL£NTA,  Pursh.,  of  the  same  region  as  the  last,  —  the  INDIAN  TUR- 
NIP, POM  ME  BLANCHE,  or  POMMK  DE  PKAIKIE,  used  as  food  by  the  aborigi 
oes,  —  may  possibly  occur  on  the  Wisconsin  side  of  the  Mississippi.  See  add. 


LEGUMLNOSJ3"..       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  95 


§.     »l.EA,    L.        DALEA. 

Calyx  5-clcft  or  toothed.  Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous  :  petals  aU  on 
claws  :  the  standard  heart-shaped,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  :  the  keel 
and  wings  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  monadelphous  sheath  of  filaments,  which 
is  cleft  doTvn  one  side.  Stamens  10,  rarely  9.  Pod  membranaceous,  1  -seeded, 
indehiscent,  enclosed  in  the  persistent  calyx.  —  Mostly  herbs,  more  or  less  dotted 
with  glands,  with  minute  stipules,  the  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  heads. 
(Named  for  Thomas  Dale,  an  English  botanist.) 

1.  D.  alopecuroiclcs,  Willd.  Erect  (l°-2°high),  glabrous,  except 
the  dense  and  cylindrical  silky-villous  spike;  leaves  pinnate,  of  many  linear- 
oblong  leaflets  ;  corolla  small,  whitish.  (J)  —  Alluvial  soil,  Illinois  and  south- 
ward. July.  (Numerous  species  occur  farther  southwest.) 

9.     PETACOSTEMON,    Michx.        PRAIRIE  CLOVER. 

Calyx  5-toothcd.  Corolla  indistinctly  papilionaceous  :  petals  all  on  thread- 
shaped  claws,  4  of  them  nearly  similar  and  spreading,  borne  on  the  top  of  the 
monadelphous  and  cleft  sheath  of  filaments,  alternate  with  the  5  anthers  ;  the 
fifth  (standard)  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  heart-shaped  or  oblong. 
Pod  membranaceous,  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  indehiscent,  1  -seeded.  —  Chiefly- 
perennial  herbs,  upright,  dotted  with  glands,  with  crowded  odd-pinnate  leaves, 
minute  stipules,  and  small  flowers  in  very  dense  terminal  and  peduncled  heads 
or  spikes.  (Name  combined  of  the  two  Greek  words  for  petal  and  stamen, 
alluding  to  the  peculiar  union  of  these  organs  in  this  genus.) 

1.  P.    violuccus,       Michx.      Smoothish;  leaflets    5,   narrowly   linear, 
heads  globose-ovate,  or  oblong-cylindrical  when  old  ;  bracts  pointed,  not  longer 
than  the  silky-hoary  calyx  ;  corolla  rose-purple.  —  Dry  prairies,  Michigan,  Wis- 
consin, and  southward.     July. 

2.  P.  candid  US,      Michx.     Smooth;  leaflets  7-9,  lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong;  heads  oblong,  when  old  cylindrical;  bracts  awned,  longer  than  the 
nearly  glabrous  calyx  ;  corolla  white.  —  Wisconsin  to  Kentucky  and  westward. 
July. 

1O.     AUIORPHA,    L..        FALSE  INDIGO. 

Calyx  inversely  conical,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Standard  concave,  erect  :  the 
other  petals  entirely  wanting!  Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  the  veiy  base, 
otherwise  distinct.  Pod  oblong,  longer  than  the  calyx,  1  -  2-seeded,  roughened, 
tardily  dehiscent.  —  Shrubs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves  ;  the  leaflets  marked  with 
minute  dots,  usually  stipellate.  Flowers  violet,  crowded  in  clustered  terminal 
spikes.  (Name,  a^op^y,  wanting  form,  from  the  absence  of  4  of  the  petals.) 

1.  A.  fruticosa,  L.     (FALSE  INDIGO.)      Rather  pubescent  or  smoothish; 
leaflets  8-12  pairs,  oval,  scattered;  pods  2-seeded.  —  River-banks,  S.  Penn.  to 
Wisconsin  and  southward.     June.  —  A  tall  shrub  :  very  variable. 

2.  A.  canescens,  Nutt.     (.LEAD-PLANT.)     Low  (l°-3°  high),  lohitened 
with  hoary  down;    leaflets   15-25   nairs,  elliptical,  crowded,  small,  the  upper 


96  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

•urface  smoothish  with  age;  pods  1 -seeded.' — Prairies  and  crevices  of  rocks, 
Michigan  to  Wisconsin  and  southwestward.  July. —  Supposed  to  indicate 
the  presence  of  lead-ore. 

11.    ROB  IN  I  A,    L.        LOCUST-TREE. 

Calyx  short,  5-toothcd,  slightly  2-lipped.  Standard  large  and  rounded, 
turned  back,  scarcely  longer  than  the  wings  and  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous. 
Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded,  margined  on  the  seed-bearing  edge,  at  length  2- 
valved.  — Trees  or  shrubs,  often  with  prickly  spines  for  stipules.  Leaves  odd- 
pinnate,  the  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets  stipellate.  Flowers  showy,  in  hanging 
axillary  racemes.  Base  of  the  leaf-stalks  covering  the  buds  of  the  next  year. 
(Named  in  honor  of  John  Robin,  herbalist  to  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  his  sou 
Vespasian  Robin,  who  first  cultivated  the  Locust-tree  in  Europe.) 

1.  K.    Pscudacacia,    L.     (COMMON  LOCUST,   or  FALSE  ACACIA.) 
Branches  naked ;  racemes  slender,  loose  ;  flowers  white,  fragrant ;  pod  smooth.  — 
S.  Pennsylvania  to  S.  Illinois  and  southward.  Commonly  cultivated  as  an  orna- 
mental tree,  and  for  its  invaluable  timber :  naturalized  in  some  places.     June. 

2.  It.  viscosa,  Vent.      (CLAMMY  LOCUST.)      Dranchlets  and  leafstalks 
dammy ;  flowers  crowded  in  oblong  racemes,  tinged  with  rose-color,  nearly  inodor- 
ous ;  pod  glandular-hispid.  —  S.  W.  Virginia  and  southward.     Cultivated,  like 
tte  last,  a  smaller  tree.     June. 

3.  II.  ilispida,  L.     (BRISTLY  or  ROSE  ACACIA.)     BrancUcts  and  stalk* 
bristly ;  flowers  large  and  deep  rose-color,  inodorous ;  pods  glandular-hispid.  — 
Varies  with  less  bristly  or  nearly  naked  branchlets  ;  also  with  smaller  flowers, 
&c.  —  Mountains  of  S.  Virginia  and  southward:  commonly  cultivated.     May, 
June.  —  Shrubs  3°  -  8°  high. 

12      WISTARIA,    Nutt.        WISTARIA. 

Calyx  campanulate,  somewhat  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  of  2  short  teeth,  the  lower 
ot  3  longer  ones.  Standard  roundish,  large,  turned  back,  with  2  callosities  at 
its  base:  keel  scythe-shaped  :  wings  doubly  auriclcd  at  the  base.  Stamens 
diadelphous.  Pod  elongated,  thickish,  nearly  terete,  knobby,  stipitate,  many- 
seeded,  at  length  2-valved.  Seeds  kidney-shaped,  large.  A  twining  shrubby 
plant,  with  minute  stipules,  pinnate  leaves  of  9-13  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets,  not 
stipcllate,  and  dense  racemes  of  large  and  showy  lilac-purple  flowers.  (Dedi- 
cated to  the  late  Professor  Wistar,  of  Philadelphia.) 

1.  AV.  fruteSCCllS,  DC. — Rich  alluvial  soil,  Virginia  to  Illinois  and 
southward.  Sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament.  May. 

13.     TEPIIROSIA,    Pcrs.        HOARY  PEA. 

Calyx  about  equally  5-clcft.  Standard  roundish,  usually  silky  outside, 
turned  back,  scarcely  longer  than  the  coherent  wings  and  keel.  Stamens 
monadelphous  or  diadelphous.  Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded,  2-valvcd. — 
Hoary  perennial  herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  white  or  purplish  raccmed 
flowers.  Leaflets  mucronate,  veiny.  (Name  from  rtdjpos^  ash-cofaral  or  hoary,] 


LEGUMINOS^S.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  97 

1.  T.  Virgimaiia,  Pers.     (GOAT'S  RUE.    CATGUT.)    Silky -villous  with 
whitish  hairs  when  young;  stem  erect  and  simple  (l°-2°  high),  leafy  to  the  top; 
leaflets  17-29,  linear-oblong;  flowers  large  and  numerous,  clustered  in  a  termi- 
nal oblong  dense  raceme  or  panicle,  yellowish-white  marked  with  purple.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil.     June,  July.  —  Roots  long  and  slender,  very  tough.     Flower  almost 
as  large  as  a  pea-blossom. 

2.  T.  spicuSa,   Torr.  £  Gray.     Villous  with  rusty  hairs ;  stems  branched 
below,  straggling  or  ascending  (2°  long),  few-leaved;  leaflets  9-15,  obovate  or 
oblong-wedge-shaped,  often  notched  at  the  end ;  flowers  few,  in  a  loose  inter- 
rupted spike  raised  ou  a  very  long  peduncle,  reddish.  —  Dry  soil,  E.  Virginia  and 
southward.     July. 

3.  X.   tlispidllla,   Pursh.     Hairy  with   some  long   and   rusty  or  only 
minute  and  appressed  pubescence;    stems  slender  (9' -24'  long),  divergently 
branched,  straggling;  leaflets  5-15,  oblong,  varying  to  obovate-wcdge-shaped 
and  oblanceolate  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  2- 4  flowered;  flowers  reddish- 
purple.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 

14.    ASTRAGALUS,    L.        MILK- VETCH. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  usually  long  and  narrow  :  standard  small,  equal- 
ling or  exceeding  the  wings  and  blunt  keel,  its  sides  reflexed  or  spreading. 
Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  several  -  many-seeded,  various,  mostly  turgid,  one 
or  both  sutures  usually  projecting  into  the  cell,  either  slightly  or  to  such  a  de- 
gree as  to  divide  the  cavity  lengthwise  into  two.  Seed-stalks  slender.  —  Chiefly 
herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves  and  spiked  or  racemed  flowers.  (The  ancient 
Greek  name  of  a  leguminous  plant,  as  also  of  the  ankle-bone ;  but  the  connec- 
tion between  the  two  is  past  all  guess.) 

$  1.  Pod  very  thick  and  juicy  when  fresh,  globular,  resembling  a  plum,  2-celled,  hide- 
hiscent,  or  tardily  separable  through  the  partition  into  2  closed  portions. 

1.  A.    caryocarpus,    Ker.      (GROUND  PLUM.)      Pale   and  minutely 
oppressed-pubescent ;   stems  low,  decumbent ;  leaflets  numerous,  narrowly  ob- 
long ;  flowers  in  a  short  spike-like  raceme ;  corolla  violet-purple ;  fruit  glabrous, 
ovate-globular,  more  or  less  pointed,  about  f  in  diameter.      1J. —  Dry  soil,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  at  the  junction  of  the  St.  Peter's,  and  westward  and  south- 
ward.    May. 

2.  A.  McxicailllS,  A.  DC.     Smoother,  or  pubescent  with  looser  hairs, 
larger ;  stems  usually  ascending ;  leaflets  roundish,  obovate,  or  obloug ;  flowers 
larger  (10" -12"  long)  ;  calyx  softly  hairy;  corolla  cream-cohr,  bluish  only  at  tLe 
tip ;  fruit  globular,  very  obtuse  and  pointless,  1    or  more  ia  diameter :  otherwu-e 
like  the  last :  —  the  unripe  fruits  of  both  are  edible,  .and  are  eaten,  raw  or  cooked, 
by  travellers.     (A.  trichocalyx,  Nutt.) — Prairies  and  open  plains,  from  Illinois 
opposite  St.  Louis  westward  and  southward. 

$  2.  Pod  dry  and  dehiscent,  partly  or  completely  ^-celled  by  the  turning  inward  of  the 

dorsal  suture. 

3.  A.  Canadcnsis,  L.     Tall  and  erect  (1°-  4°  high),  somewhat  pubes« 
cent;  leaflets  21  -27,  oblong;  flowers  greenish  cream-color,  very  numemus,  is 


98  IEGUMIXOS4C.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

long  and  close  spikes  (4'- 9');  pods  ovoid-oblong,  coriaceous,,  completely  2- 
celled.     11  —  River-banks,  common  from  N.  New  York  westward      July -Aug. 

4.  A.  distdl'tus,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Low  and  spreading,  branched  from  the 
base,  smoothish ;  leaflets  1 1  -  23,  oblong  or  obovatc  ;  flowers  purplish  or  violet, 
10-20  in  a  short  spike,  the  standard  deeply  notched  at  the  summit;  pods  ob- 
long, turgid,  incurved  (§'  long),  coriaceous,  incompletely  2-cellcd.     1J. — Mason 
Co.,  Illinois,  Dr.  Mead.     May.     (Also  in  Arkansas  and  Texas.) 

$  3.  Pod  dry  and  dehiscent,  l-celled,  or  incompletely  2-cel!ed  by  the  projection  of  the 
ventral  (seed-bearing)  suture.     (Phaca,  L.,  DC.) 

5.  A.  Cooperi.     Nearly  smooth,  erect;  leaflets  11-21,  elliptical  or  ob- 
long, somewhat  notched  at  the  end,  minutely  hoary  underneath  ;  peduncles  atwit 
the  length  of  the  leaves ;  flowers  white ;  }>ods  not  stalked  in  the  calyx,  globose-ovoid, 
inflated,  thinnish  (%'  long),  pointed , grooved  at  the  two  sutures,  which  are  both  turned 
inwards,  but  especially  the  inner,      ty  (Phaca  neglecta,  Torr.  <J*  Gray.)  —  Grav- 
elly banks  of  rivers,  £c.,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin.     June,  July.  —  Plant 
l°-2°  high,  greener  and  less  coarse  than  A.  Canadensis,  with  pure  white  flowers 
in  shorter  and  more  open  spikes :  calyx  shorter.     (Named  for  William  Cooper, 
Esq.,  the  discoverer:  there  being  an  A.  neglectus.) 

6.  A.  Robbilisii.     Nearly  smooth  and  erect  (1°  high)  ;  slender;  leaflets 
7-11,  elliptical,  often  notched;  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves;  raceme 
loose,  nearly  1-sided  in  fruit;  flowers  white  (4"  long) ;  pods  hanging,  stalkf-d  in 
the  calyx,  oblong,  boat-shaped,  obtuse,  the  seed-bearing  suture  convex,  the  other 
nearly  straight.     (Phaca  Robbinsii,  Oakes.)  — Rocky  ledges  of  the  Onion  River, 
near  Burlington,  Vermont,  Dr.  Robbins  (1829).      (Allied  to  Phaca austrntis,  u 
&c.)         June.  —  Pods  6" -7"  long,  l-celled,  papery  and  veiny,  smooth,  the 
outer  suture  often  slightly  turned  inwards.  See  addend. 

15.    JESCHYNOMENE,    L.        SENSITIVE  JOINT  VETCH. 

•Calyx  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  2-,  the  lower  3-clcft.  Standard  roundish  :  keel 
-  Kit-shaped.  Stamens  diadclphous  in  two  sets  of  5  each.  Pod  flattened,  com- 
posed of  several  square  easily  separable  joints.  —  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  sev- 
eral pairs  of  leaflets,  sometimes  sensitive,  as  if  shrinking  from  the  touch  (whence 
the  name,  from  alo~xyvoiJ.€vri,  being  aslianud). 

I.  JE.  Iiispida,  Willd.  Erect,  rough-bristly;  leaflets  37-51,  linear, 
•*eemes  3  -  5-flowcred  ;  pod  stalked,  6-10-jointed.  (i> — Along  rivers,  S. 
»  enn.,  Virginia,  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Flowers  yellow,  reddish  cxtarnally. 

16.    IIEDYSARUM,    Tourn.        HEDYSAKOI. 

•»lyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  awl-shaped  and  nearly  equal.  Keel  nearly  straight, 
.  .iiiquely  truncate,  not  appendaged,  longer  than  the  wings.  Stamens  diade.1- 
phous,  9  &  1.  Pod  flattened,  composed  of  several  equal-sided  separable  round- 
ish joints  connected  in  the  middle.  —  Leaves  odd-pinnate.  (Name  composed  of 
if&vs,  sweet,  and  «pco/ia,  snuU. 

1.  II.  borcale,  Nut*.  Leaflets  13-21,  oblong  or  lane.-olate,  nearly 
glabrous;  stipules  scaly,  united  opposite  the  petiole,  raceme  of  many  drflex-  d 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  99 

purple  flowers ;  standard  shorter  than  the  keel ;  joints  of  the  pod  3  or  4,  smooth, 
reticulated.  1J. —  Mountain  above  Willoughby  Lake,  Vermont,  Woqd;  and  St. 
Johus's  River,  Maine,  G-oodale.  Also  northward. 

17.     DESMODIUJTI,    DC.        TICK-TREFOIL. 

Calyx  usually  more  or  less  2-lipped.  Standard  obovate :  wings  adherent  to 
the  straight  or  straightish  and  usually  truncate  keel,  by  means  of  a  little  trans- 
verse appendage  on  each  side  of  the  hatter.  Stamens  diadelphous,  9  &  1,  or 
monadelphous  below.  Pod  flat,  deeply  lobed  on  the  lower  margin,  separating 
into  few  or  many  flat  reticulated  joints  (mostly  roughened  with  minute  hooked 
hairs  by  which  they  adhere  to  the  fleece  of  animals  or  to  clothing).  —  Perennial 
herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  (rarely  1-foliolate)  leaves,  stipellate.  Flowers  in 
axillary  or  terminal  racemes,  often  panicled,  and  2  or  3  from  each  bract,  purple 
or  purplish,  often  turning  green  in  withering.  Stipules  and  bracts  scale-like, 
often  striate.  (Name  from  Setr/ioy,  a  bond  or  chain,  from  the  connected  joints  of 
the  pods.) 

$  1 .  Pod  raised  on  a  stalk  (stipe)  many  times  longer  than  the  slightly  toothed  calyx 
and  nearly  as  long  as  the  pedicel,  straightish  on  the  upper  margin,  deeply  sinuate  on 
the  lower;  the  1  -4  joints  mostly  ha/f-obovate,  concave  on  the  back  :  stamens  mona- 
delphous below :  plants  nearly  glabrous :  stems  erect  or  ascending :  raceme  terminal, 
panicled:  stipules  bristle-form,  deciduous. 

1.  D.  iilldifloriizii,  DC.     Leaves  all  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  sterile 
stems ;  leaflets  broadly  ovate,  bluntish,  whitish  beneath ;  raceme  elongated,  on  a 

prolonged  ascending  leafless  stalk  or  scape  from  the  root,  2°  long.  —  Dry  woods  ; 
common.     Aug. 

2.  I>.  acil  Illi  II  sktll  111,  DC.     Leaves  all  crowded  at  the  summit  vf  the  stem, 
from  which  arises  the  elongated  naked  raceme  or  panicle ;  leaflets  round-ovate,  taper- 
pointed,  green  both  sides,  the  end  one  round  (4'  -  5'  long).  —  Rich  woods.    July. 

3.  D.  pailCifldrum,  DC.     Leaves  scattered  along  the  low  (81-  15'  high) 
ascending  stems  ;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  bluntish,  pale  beneath ;    raceme  few- 
flowered,  terminal.  —  Woods,  W.  New  York  and  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  south- 
westward.     Aug. 

§  2.  Pod  short-stalked,  of  3-5  joints :  calyx-teeth  longer  than  the  tube :  stipule  i 
ovate,  striate,  pointed,  persistent :  stems  prostrate :  racemes  axillary  and  terminal, 
small,  scarcely  panicled. 

4.  I>.  Immifusum,   Beck.     Smoothish;  leaflets  ovate  or  oval;  stipule* 
ovate-lanceolate ;  pods  slightly  sinuate  along  the  upper  margin,  the  joints  obtusely 
triangular.  —  Woods,  E.  Massachusetts  and  Pennsylvania,  rare.     Aug.  —  Re- 
sembles the  next. 

5.  D.  rotunclifolilim,  DC.     Hairy  all  over;  leaflets  orbicular,  or  the 
odd  one  slightly  rhomboid ;  stipules  large,  broadly  ovate ;  pods  almost  equally 
sinuate  on  both  edges ;  the  joints  rhomboid-oval.  —  Dry  rocky  woods.     Aug. 

4  S.  Pod  slightly  if  at  all  stalked  in  the  calyx ;  the  teeth  of  the  latter  longer  than  tht 
tube :  racemes  panicled. 


100  LEGUMINOSiE.       (PULSE    F AM  FLY.) 

w  Stums  tall  and  erect ;  the  persistent  stipules  ami  (deciduous)  bracts  large  and  con- 
tpicuou8,1tvixte  or  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed:  pods  of  4-  7  unequal-sided  rhom- 
bic joints,  which  are  considerably  longer  than  broad,  about  $'  long.  (Flower* 
ratlier  large.) 

6.  D.  caiiescens,  DC.     Stem  loosely  branched  (3° -5°  high),  hairy; 
leaflets  ovate,  bluntish,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles,  whitish  and  reticulated  beneath, 
both  sides  roughish  with  a  close-pressed  fine  pubescence  ;  joints  of  the  pod  very 
adhesive.  —  Moist  grounds,  Vermont  to   Michigan,   Illinois,   and  southward. 
Aug.  —  Branches  clothed  with  minute  and  hooked,  and  long  spreading  rathei 
glutinous  hairs. 

7.  D.    CUSpidatum,    Ton-.    &    Gray.      Very  smooth  throughout;   stem 
straight ;  leaflets  lanceolate-ovate  and  taper-pointed,  green  both  sides  ;  longer  than 
the  petiole  (3' -5') ;  joints  of  the  pod  rhomboid-oblong,  smoothish.  —  Thickets 
July.  —  The  conspicuous  bracts  and  stipules  |'  long. 

*  #  Stems  (2° -5°  high)  erect:  stipules  as  well  as  the  bracts  mostly  deciduous,  smaR 
and  inconspicuous :  pods  of  3-5  triangular  or  half-rhombic  or  very  unenual-sidea 
rhomboidal  joints,  which  are  longer  than  broad,  £'  or  less  in  length.  (Flowers  mid- 


8.  D.  krviKatiim,  DC.    Smooth  or  nearly  so  throughout ;  stem  straight ; 
leaflets  ovate,  bluntish,  pale  beneath  (2' -3'  long);    panicles  minutuly  rough- 
pubescent. —  Pine  woods,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

9.  D.  Viridiflorilin,  Beck.     Stem  very  downy,  rough  at  the  summit, 
leaflets  broadly  ovate,  very  obtuse,  rough  above,  whitened  with  a  soft  velvty  doum 
underneath  (2' -3'  long). — .S.  New  York  and  southward.     Aug. 

10.  D.  Dilleilii,  Darlingt.     Stem  pubescent;  leaflets  oblong  or  ol>lcng-orafet 
commonly  bluntish,  pale  beneath,  softly  and  finely  pubescent  (mostly  thin,  2' -3 
long).  —  Open  woodlands,  common.     Aug. 

11.  D.  panicillatUHl,  DC.     Nearly  smooth  throughout;  stem  slender , 
leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  blunt  point,  thin  (3'-L 
long) ;  racemes  much  panic-led.  —  Copses,  common.     July. 

12.  I>.  Strictlim,  DC.     Smooth;  stem  very  straight  and  slender,  simple, 
leaflets  linear,  blunt,  strongly  reticulated,  thicki&k   (l'-2'long,  tf  wide) ;  panicle 
wand-like  ;  joints  of  the  pod  1-3,  scmi-obovatc  or  very  gibbous  (only  2"  long) 
—  Pine  woods  of  New  Jersey,  and  southward.     Aug. 

*  *  *  Sti/niles  small  and  inconspicuous,  mostly  deciduous  :  pods  of  few  roundish  or 
oMiqualy  oral  or  sometimes  roundish-rhomboidal  joints,  l$"  to  2£"  lono. 
Stems  erect:  bracts  before  flowering  conspicuous:  racemes  densely  flowered. 

',3.  D.  Caiiadcnse,  DC.  Stem  hairy  (3° -6°  high);  l«ifl<ts  oblong- 
Itincwkite,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  with  numerous  Btraightuh  vrius,  much 
lunger  than  the  petiole  (l£'-3'  long) ;  flowers  sJiowy,  larger  than  in  any  other 
species  (£'  - 1'  long).  — Dry,  rich  woods,  common,  especially  northward.  Aug. 

14.  I),  srssilifoliuiii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  pubescent  (2° -4°  high); 
leaves  n <•< irly  .srW/r  ,•  It-nflrts  lhi«ir  or  linear-oblong,  blunt,  thickish,  reticulated, 
rough  above,  downy  bi-ncath  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  long ,  Jh'trrs  small. — 
Copses  Pcnn.and  Michigan  to  Illinois  and  southward.  Aug. 


LEGtJMINOS^E.       (TULSK    FAMILY.)  101 

••-•*-   Stems  ascending  (l°-3°  high):  bracts  small;  racemes  or  panicles  elongate* 
and  loosely  flowered :  flowers  small. 

15.  D.  rigifllllll,  DC.     Stem  branching,  somewhat  hoary,  like  the  lowei 
surface  of  the  leaves,  with  a  close  roughish  pubescence ;  leaflets  ovate-oblong, 
blunt,  thickish,  reticulated-veiny,  rather  rough  above,  the  lateral  ones  longer  rtan 
the  petiole.  —  Dry  hill-sides,  Mass,  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. 
—  Intermediate,  as  it  were,  between  No.  16  and  No.  10. 

16.  D.  Cilittrc,  DC.     Stem  slender, •  hairy  or  rough-pubescent ;  haves  crowded, 
en  very  short  hairy  petioles ;  leaflets  round-ovate  or  oval,  thickish,  more  or  less  hairy 
on  the  margins  and  underneath   (|-'-l' long).  —  Dry  hills  arid  sandy  fields; 
common,  especially  southward.     Aug. 

17.  D.    Mariliilldicillll,    Boott.     Nearly  smooth  throughout,    slender; 
leaflets  ovate  or  roundish,  very  obtuse,  thin,  the  lateral  ones  about  the  length  of  the 
slender  petiole^:  otherwise  as  No.  16.     (D.  obtusum,  DC.)  —  Copses,  common. 
July  -  Sept. 

-»--i--t-  Steins  reclining  or  prostrate;  racemes  loosely  flowered. 

18.  D.  lincatuin,  DC.    Stem  minutely  pubescent,  striate-angled ;  leaflets 
orbicular,   smoothish    (£'-!' long),   much   longer  than   the   petiole;  pod   not 
stalked.  —  Virginia  and  southward. 

18.     L.ESPEBEZA,    Michx.        BUSH-CLOVER. 

<Jalyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  slender.  Stamens  diadclphous  (9  &  1) : 
anthers  all  alike.  Pods  of  a  single  1 -seeded  joint  (sometimes  2-jointed,  with 
the  lower  joint  empty  and  stalk-like),  oval  or  roundish,  flat,  reticulated.  — 
Perennials  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  not  stipcllate.  Stipules  and  bracts 
minute.  Flowers  often  polygamous  (Dedicated  to  Lespedez,  the  Spanish 
governor  of  Florida  when  Michaux  visited  it.) 
•fc  Flowers  of  two  sorts,  the  larger  (violet-purple)  perfect,  but  seldom  fniitful,  panicled 

or  clustered;  with  smaller  pistillate  and  fertile  but  mostly  apetalous  ones  intermixed} 

or  in  subsessile  little  clusters. 

1.  !<•  procuifilfoeilS,  Michx.     Soft-doivny,  except  the  upper  surface  of 
the  leaves,  trailing,  slender;  leaflets  oval  or  elliptical ;  peduncles  slender,  mostly 
simple,  few-flowered.  —  Sandy  soil,  commonest  southward.     Aug.  —  The  apet- 
alous fertile  flowers,  as  in  the  rest,  have  short  hooked  styles. 

2.  E.  re  peilS,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smooth,  except  minute  close-pressed  scattered 
hairs,  prostrate,  spreading,  very  slender;  leaflets  oval  or  obovate-elliptical  (£' 
long);  peduncles  slender  and  few-flowered;  pods  roundish.  —  Dry  sandy  soil, 
S.  New  York  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Much  like  the  last. 

3.  It.  violiYcea,    Pers.      Stems   upright   or  spreading,    branched ;    leaflets 
varying  from  oval-oblong  to  linear,  whitish-downy  beneath  with  close-pressed 
pubescence;  peduncles  or  clusters  few-flowered ;  pods  ovate.  —  The  principal  vari- 
eties  are,   1.  DIVERGENS,  with  oval  or  oblong  leaflets  and  loosely  panicled 
flowers;  this  runs  into,  2.  SESSILIFLORA,  with  the  flowers  principally  on  pe- 
duncles much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  and  clustered ;  and  a  more  distinct  form 
ie,   3.  ANQDSTiFtiLiA.   with    closely   clustered   flowers   on   straight   branches 


102  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 


crowJcd  leaves,  and  narrowly  oblong  or  linear  leaflets,  which  are  often  silky.  — 
Dry  copses,  common.     Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Pods  ripening  from  both  sorts  of  flowers. 

4.  L,.  Stlkvei,  Nutt.     Stems  upright-spreading,  bushy,  downy ;  leaflets  oval 
or  roundish,  longer  than  the  petiole,  silky  or  white-woolly  beneath  (and  sonu^ 
times  above);  clusters  many -flowered,  crowded;  pods  ovate,  downy.  —  Dry  lulls, 
and  sand,  Plymouth,  Mass,  to  Virginia,  Michigan,  and  southward.  —  Appear- 
ing intermediate  between  No.  3  and  No.  5. 

*  *  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect,  in  close  spikes  or  heads:  corolla  whitish  or  cream- 
color  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  standard,  about  the  length  of  the  downy  calyx:  stems 
upright,  wand-like  (2° -4°  high). 

5.  L.  liil'f  a,  Ell.     Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  petioles  slender  :  leaflets 
roundish  or  oval,  hairy  ;  spikes  cylindrical,  rather  hose ;  pods  nearly  as  long  as 
the  calyx.     (L.  polystachia,  Michx.} — Dry  hill-sides.     Aug.,  Sept. 

6.  L..  capftata,  Michx.      Peduncles  and  petioles  short;  leaflets  elliptical 
or  oblong,  thickish,  reticulated  and  mostly  smooth  above,  silky  beneath ;  sjrike* 
or  heads  short ;  pods  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Varies  greatly,  most  of 
all  in  var.  ANGUSTIF6LIA :  slender;  leaflets  linear ;  peduncles  sometimes  elon- 
gated. —  Dry  and  sandy  soil ;  the  narrow  variety  only  found  near  the  coast  and 
southward.     Sept.  —  Stems  woolly,  rigid. 

19.     STYLOSANTHES,    Swartz.        PENCIL-FLOWER. 

Flowers  of  two  kinds  intermixed  in  the  clusters ;  one  sort  complete  but  un- 
fruitful ;  the  other  fertile,  and  consisting  only  of  a  pistil  between  2  bractlets.  — 
Culyx  with  a  slender  tube  like  a  stalk,  2-lipped  at  the  summit ;  upper  lip  2-,  the 
lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  monadelphous  :  5  of  the  anthers  linear,  the  5  alternate 
ones  ovate.  Fertile  flowers  with  a  hooked  style.  Pod  reticulated,  1  -2-jointed  ; 
the  lower  joint  when  present  empty  and  stalk-like,  the  upper  ovate.  —  Low 
perennials,  branched  from  the  base,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves  ;  the  stipules 
united  with  the  petiole.  (Name  composed  of  orvAos,  a  column,  and  avdos.  a 
flower,  from  the  stalk-like  calyx-tube.) 

1.  S.  Clatior,  Swartz.  Tufted,  low,  often  bristly,  wiry ;  leaflets  lancco 
late,  strongly  straight-veined;  heads  or  clusters  small  and  few-flowered.  —  Pine 
barrens,  Long  Island  to  Virginia  and  southward.  Also  Illinois.  Vasey.  July- 
Oct.  —  Flowers  small,  yellow. 

2O.     YICIA,    Tourn.        VETCH.     TARE. 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed,  the  2  upper  teeth  often  shorter.  Style  threaa- 
ghaped,  hairy  all  round  the  apex  or  down  the  outer  side  (next  the  keel).  Pod 
2-valved,  2  -  several-seeded.  Stamens  diadelphous,  9  &  1.  Seeds  globular. 
Cotyledons  very  thick,  remaining  under  ground  in  germination.  —  Climbing 
herbs.  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  the  petiole  terminating  in  a  tendril.  Stipules 
usually  half  arrow-shaped.  (The  old  Latin  name.) 

*  Annual :  flowers  1  -  2  in  the  axils,  nearly  sessile,  large,  violet-purple. 

\.  V.  SAtlvA,  L.  (COMMON  VETCH  or  TARE.)  Somewhat  pubescent; 
f**nr  Dimple ;  leaflets  5  -7  pairs,  varying  from  obovatc-oblong  to  linear,  notched 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  103 

ftnd  mucronate  at  the  apex ;  pod  linear,  several-seeded.  —  Cultivated  fields  an J 
waste  places;  both  the  common  form,  and  the  var.  ANGUSTIF6LIA,  with  longer 
and  narrow  leaflets.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

#  #  Annual:  peduncles  elongated:  flowers  small.     (Species  of  Ervum,  L.) 

2.  V.   TETRASPERMA,     L.       Peduncles  1  - 2-flowered ;   leaflets  4-6  pairs, 
linear-oblong,  obtuse ;  calyx-teeth  unequal ;  pods  narrowly  oblong,  ^-seeded,  smooth. 

—  Waste  or  open  places,  near  the  coast. — An  insignificant  plant,  6' -12'  high, 
with  whitish  flowers.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  V.  HiRstiTA,     Koch.     Peduncles  3  -  S-flowered ;  leaflets  6-8  pairs,  trun- 
cate ;  calyx-teeth  equal ;  pods  oblong,  2-seeded,  hairy.     (Ervum  hirsutum,  L.)  — 
•Massachusetts  to  Virginia.  —  A  slender  straggling  plant,  with  small  purplish- 
blue  flowers.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  Perennial:  peduncles  elongated;  calyx-teeth  very  unequal:  pod  several-seeded. 

4.  V.  Crtacca,    L.      Downy-pubescent;    leaflets  20-24,  oblong-lanceolate, 
strongly  mucronate;  peduncles  densely  many-flowered;  calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the 
tube.     Borders  of  thickets,  New  England  to  Kentucky  and  northward.     July. 

—  Flowers  blue,  turning  purple,  £'  long,  one-sided  in  the  spike,  reflexed.     (Eu.) 

5.  V.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     Nearly  smooth;  leaflets  8-12,  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, scarcely  mucronate ;  peduncles   loosely  flowei'ed ;   calyx-teeth  very   short.  -  • 
Kiver-banks,  &c.     May. — Flowers  more  scattered  than  in  No.  4,  whitish,  the 
keel  tipped  with  blue. 

6.  V.  AmericilBia,  Muhl.     Glabrous;  leaflets  10-14,  elliptical  or  ovate- 
oblong,   very   obtuse,    many-veined;   peduncles   4  -  8-flowered. — Moist   thickets, 
New  York  to  Kentucky  and  northward.     June.  —  Flowers   purplish-blue,  1' 
long. 

21.     L.  A  THY  KITS,    L.        VETCHLING.     EVERLASTING  PEA. 

Style  flattish,  not  grooved  above,  hairy  along  the  inner  side  (next  the  free  sta- 
men). Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Vicia.  (Aatfvpos,  a  leguminous  plant  of  Theo- 
phrastus.)  —  Our  wild  species  are  perennial  and  mostly  smooth  plants. 

1.  JL.  marifinius,  Bigelow.  (BEACH  PEA.)  Stem  stout  (1°  high); 
leaflets  4-8  pairs,  crowded,  oval  or  obovate ;  stipules  broadly  halberd-shaped, 
noirly  as  large  as  the  leaflets;  peduncles  6 -  10-flowered.  —  Sea-coast,  from  New 
Jersey  northward,  and  shore  of  the  Great  Lakes.  June  -  Aug.  —  Flowers  large, 
purple.  Leaflets  very  veiny,  as  also  are  those  of  the  other  species.  (Eu.) 

2  L..  veildsus,  Muhl.  Stem  climbing  (2°  -5°  high);  leaflets  5  -  7  pairs, 
scattered,  oblong-ovate,  often  downy  beneath  ;  stipules  very  small  and  usually  slen 
der,  half  arroiv-shaped ;  peduncles  many-flowered;  corolla  purple.  —  Shady  banks, 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  June. 

3.  1..  ocliroleucus,  Hook.     Stem  slender  (1°- 3°  high);  leaflets  3-4 
pairs,  ovate  or  oval,  smooth,  glaucous,  thin  ;  stipules  half  heart-shaped,  about  half 
asla.rg-  as  the  leaflets;  peduncles  7 -  10-flowered;  corolla  yellowish-white.  —  Hill- 
sides, W.  Vermont  to  Penn.,  and  westward  and  northward.     July. 

4.  l<.  palttstris,   L.     (MARSH    VETCHLING.)      Stem  slender   (l°-2° 
high),  often  wing-margined  ;  leaflets  2-4  pairs,  lanceolate,  linear,  or  narrowly 

10 


104  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

oblong,  muoronate-pointed ;  stipules  small,  lanceolate,  half  amnv-sh ape  1,  sharp 
pointed  at  both  ends  ;  peduncles  3  -  5-flowered  ;  corolla  blue-purple.  —  Aloisl 
places,  N.  England  to  Perm.,  Illinois,  and  northward.  July.  (Eu.) 

Var.  myrtifoliiis.  Taller,  climbing  2c-4°  high;  leaves  oblong  or 
ovate-elliptical ;  upper  stipules  larger:  corolla  pale  purple.  (L.  myrtifolius, 
3/M/i/.)  —  W.  New  England  to  Penn.,  and  northward. 

L.  LATir6Lius  (EVERLASTING  PEA)  and  L.  ODORATUS  ( SWEET  PEA) 
arc  commonly  cultivated  species. 

PISDM  SATivuji,  the  PEA  ;  FAuA  vuLG\Ris,  the  HORSE-BEAN  ,  and  ClcER 
ARIETINUM,  the  CHICK-PEA,  are  other  cultivated  representatives  of  the  same 
tribe. 

22.     PIIASEOLUS,    L.        KIDNEY  BEAN. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  the  2  upper  teeth  often  higher  united.  Keel  of  the 
corolla,  with  the  included  stamens  and  style,  spirally  coiled  or  twisted,  or  curved 
into  a  ring.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  linear  or  scythe-shaped,  several  - 
many-seeded,  tipped  with  the  hardened  base  of  the  style.  Cotyledons  thick 
and  fleshy,  rising  out  of  the  ground  nearly  unchanged  in  germination.  —  Twin- 
ing or  prostrate  herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  stipellate  leaves.  Flowers 
often  clustered  on  the  knotty  joints  of  the  raceme.  (The  ancient  name  of  the 
Kidney  Bean.) 

#  Pods  scymetar-shaped :  racemes  long  and  loose,  panicled. 

1.  P.  pereiinis,  Walt.     (WILD  BEAN.)     Stem  climbing  high;  leaflets 
roundish-ovate,  short-pointed  ;  pods  drooping,  strongly  curved,  4-5-seedcd.     \\. 

—  Copses,  Connecticut  to  Illinois,   and  southward.     Aug. — Flowers  purple, 
handsome,  but  small. 

*  #  Pods  long  and  straight,  linear,  rather  terete :  flowers  few  in  a  short  clustered  ra- 

ceme like  a  head.     (Strophostyles,  Ell.) 

2.  P.  divci'Sif Olilis,  Pcrs.     Annual ;  stem  prostrate,  spreading,  roagh- 
hairy ;  leaflets  ovate-3-lol>ed,  or  angled  towards  the  base,  or  some  of  them  oblong- 
ovate  and  entire ;  peduncles  at  length  twice  the  length  of  the  leaves.  —  Sandy 
fields  and  banks,  Massachusetts  to  Illinois  and  southward.    July,  Aug.  —  Corol- 
la greenish-white  tinged  with  red  or  purple.     Pod  thickish. 

3.  P.  lie  I  vo  I  US,  L.     Perennial,   hairy  ;    stems   diffuse,   slender  ;    leaflets 
orate  or  ol>long,  entire  or  obscurely  angh-d ;  peduncles  3-6  times  the  length  of  the  leaves 

—  Sandy  fields,  S.  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward.     Aug.  —  More  slender 
than  the  last:  pods  narrower:  flowers  as  large  and  similar. 

*  *  Pods  straight  and  linear,  flat:  peduncles  1  -fnc-flowered  at  (Jte  summit :  flowers 

small :  keel  slight  1 1/  twisted. 

4.  P.  pauciflorus,  Bcnth.     Annual ;  stems  diffuse,  but  twining,  slen- 
der, pubescent;  leaflets  varying  from  oblong-lanceoJate  or  ovate-oblong  to  linear. 
^1'.   lri<»]>ermus,  Torr.  fr  Gr.)  —  River-banks,  Illinois   (^fcad)  and  sonthwoso 
ward.     July -Sept.  —  Flowers  3"  long,  purple.     Pod  1'  long,  pubescent. 

P.  VULOXRIS  is  the  common  KIDNEY  BEAN  or  HARICOT. 
P.  I.UNATOS  is  the  LIMA  BEAN  of  our  gardens. 


LEGUMINOS^.       (PULSE    FAMILY.^  105 

23.     A  P I O  S ,    Boerh.        GROUND-NUT.     WILD  BEAN. 

Calyx  somewhat  2-lippcd,  the  2  lateral  teeth  being  nearly  obsolete,  the  lower 
ime  longest.  Standard  very  broad,  reflexed :  the  incurved  scythe-shaped  keel 
at  length  coiled.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  straight  or  slightly  curved, 
linear,  elongated,  thickish,  many-seeded.  —  A  perennial  herb,  bearing  edible 
tubers  on  underground  shoots,  twining  and  climbing  over  bushes.  Leaflet* 
5-7,  ovate-lanceolate,  not  stipellate.  Flowers  in  dense  and  short,  often  branch- 
ing racemes,  clustered.  (Name  from  ainov,  a  pear,  from  the  shape  of  tho 
tubers.) 

1.  A.  tutoerosa,  Moench.  (Glycine  Apios,  L.) — Moist  thickets,  com- 
mon. Aug.  —  Flowers  brown-purple,  fragrant. 

24.    RIIYNCHOSIA,    Lour.,  DC.        RHYNCHOSIA. 

Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped,  or  deeply  4  -  5-parfed.  Keel  scythe-shaped,  not 
twisted.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Ovules  2.  Pod  1  -  2-seeded,  short  and  flat, 
2-valved.  —  Usually  twining  or  trailing  perennial  herbs,  pinnately  3-foliolate,  or 
with  a  single  leaflet,  not  stipellate.  Flowers  yellow,  racemose  or  clustered. 
(Name  from  pvvxos,  a  beak,  from  the  shape  of  the  keel.) 

1 .  It.  tomciitosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  More  or  less  downy ;  leaflets  round- 
ish ;  racemes  short  or  capitate ;  calyx  about  as  long  as  the  corolla,  4-parted, 
the  upper  lobe  2-cleft ;  pod  oblong.  —  Very  variable. 

Var.  monopliylla,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Dwarf  and  upright  (3' -6'  high); 
leaves  mostly  of  a  single  round  leaflet  (l'-2'  wide).  —  S.  Virginia  and  south- 
ward, in  dry  sandy  soil. 

Var.  volllbilis,  TOIT.  &  Gray.  Trailing  and  twining,  less  downy;  leaf- 
lets 3,  roundish ;  racemes  few-flowered,  almost  sessile  in  the  axils.  —  S.  Virginia 
and  southward. 

Var.  c recta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Upright  (l°-2°  high),  soft-downy;  leaflets 
3.  oval  or  oblong.  —  Maryland  and  southward. 

25.     GAL.ACTIA,    P.Browne.        MILK  PEA. 

Cal/x  4-cleft;  the  lobes  acute,  the  upper  one  broadest.  Keel  scarcely  in- 
curved. Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded  (some  few  of 
them  are  occasionally  partly  subterranean  and  fleshy  or  deformed).  —  Low. 
mostly  prostrate  or  twining  perennial  herbs.  Leaflets  usually  3,  stipellate 
Flowers  in  somewhat  interrupted  or  knotty  racemes,  purplish.  (Name  from 
yaXc,  -OKTOS,  milk ;  some  species  being  said  to  yield  a  milky  juice,  which  is  un- 
likely.) 

1.  O.  glabella,  Michx.     Stems  nearly  smooth,  prostrate  ;  leaflets  elliptical 
or  ovate-oblong,  sometimes  slightly  hairy  beneath ;  racemes  short,  4  -  8-flowered ; 
pods  somewhat  hairy.  —  Sandy  woods,  S.  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to  Virginia 
near  the  coast,  and  southward.     July -Sept. — Flowers  large  for  the  genus, 
rose-purple. 

2.  G.  mtillis,   Michx.     Stems  (decumbent  and  somewhat  twining)  and 


106  LEGUMINOSJE.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

leaves  beneath  soft-downy  and  hoary ;  leaflets  oval;  racemes  mauy-flcweied  ;  pod» 
very  downy.  —  S.  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  southward.    July. 

26.    AOTPIIICARPJEA,    Ell.        HOG  PEA-NUT. 

Flowers  of  2  kinds,  those  of  the  racemes  from  the  upper  branches  perfect,  but 
seldom  ripening  fruit ;  those  near  the  base  and  on  creeping  branches  imperfect, 
with  the  corolla  none  or  rudimentary,  and  few  free  stamens,  but  fruitful.  Calyx 
about  equally  4-  (rarely  5-)  toothed,  with  no  bractlets.  Keel  and  wing-petals 
similar,  nearly  straight ;  the  standard  partly  folded  round  them.  Stamens  dia- 
delphous.  Pods  of  the  upper  flowers,  when  formed,  somewhat  scymctar-shaped, 
3  -  4-seeded ;  of  the  lower,  obovate  or  pear-shaped,  fleshy,  ripening  usually  but 
one  large  seed,  commonly  subterranean,  or  concealed  by  decaying  leaves. — 
Low  and  slender  perennials;  the  twining  stems  clothed  with  brownish  hairs. 
Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate :  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  stipellatc.  Flowers  small, 
hi  clustered  or  compound  racemes,  purplish.  Bracts  persistent,  round,  partly 
clasping,  striatc,  as  well  as  the  stipules.  (Name  from  a/x^>t,  at  both  ends,  and 
<ap7ros,  fruit,  in  allusion  to  the  two  kinds  of  fruit,  one  at  the  summit,  the  other 
at  the  base  of  the  plant.) 

1.  A.  inoiiolca,  Nutt.  Racemes  nodding;  bracts  each  supporting  2  or 
more  flowers,  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  subterranean  pods  hairy.  —  Rich  wood- 
lands. Aug.,  Sept.  —  A  delicate  vine. 

27.     CL-ITORIA,    L.        BUTTERFLY  PEA. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Standard  much  larger  than  the  rest  of  the  flower, 
i«unded,  notched  at  the  top,  not  spurred  on  the  back  :  keel  small,  shorter  than 
the  wings.  Stamens  monadclphous  below.  Pod  linear-oblong,  flattisli,  knotty, 
several-seeded,  pointed  with  the  base  of  the  style,  the  valves  nerveless.  —  Erect 
or  twining  perennials,  with  mostly  pinnately  3-foliolate  stipcllate  leaves,  and 
very  large  flowers.  Peduncles  1  -  3-flowered :  bractlets  opposite,  striate.  (Deri- 
vation obscure.) 

1.  C.  Mtiruma,  L.  Smooth;  leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate ; 
stipules  and  bracts  awl-shaped;  peduncles  short;  1 -3-flowcrcd.  —  Dry  banks, 
Long  Island  to  Virginia  and  southward.  ruly.  —  Low,  ascending  or  twining ; 
the  showy  pale-blue  flowers  2'  long. 

28.     CENTROS^UIA,    DC.        SPURRED  BUTTERFLY  PEA. 

Calyx  short,  5-cleft.  Corolla,  &c.  much  as  in  Criteria,  but  the  standard  with 
a  spur-shaped  projection  on  the  back.  Pod  long  and  linear,  flat,  pointed  with 
the  awl-shaped  style,  many-seeded,  thickened  at  the  edges,  the  valves  marked 
with  a  raised  line  on  each  side  next  the  margin.  —  Twining  perennials,  with  3- 
foliolato  stipellate  leaves  and  large  showy  flowers.  Stipules,  bracts,  and  bract- 
lets  striate,  the  lat*r  longer  than  the  calyx.  (Name  from  Ktvrpov,  a  spur,  and 
i  the  standard.) 

1.  C.  Virgiiimiiiini,  Benth.  Rather  rough  with  minute  hairs  ;   leaflet* 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  107 

varying   from   oblong-ovate   to    lanceolate   and  linear,   very  veiny,   shining 
peduncles   1  -  4-flowered ;  calyx-teeth   liuear-awl-shaped.  —  Sandy   dry  woods, 
Virginia  and  southward.     July.  —  Corolla  1'  long,  violet.     Pods  straight,  nar- 
row, 4' -5'  long. 

29.     BAPTIS1A,    Vent.        FALSE  INDIGO. 

Calyx  4  -  5-toothed.  Standard  not  longer  than  the  wings,  its  sides  reflexed  : 
keel-petals  nearly  separate,  and,  like  the  wings,  straight.  Stamens  10,  distinct. 
Pod  stalked  in  the  persistent  calyx,  roundish  or  oblong,  inflated,  pointed,  many- 
seeded. —  Perennial  herbs,  with  palmately  3-foliolate  (rarely  simple)  leaves, 
which  generally  blacken  in  drying,  and  racemed  flowers.  (Named  from  /3a7rri£a>, 
to  dye,  from  the  economical  use  of  some  species,  which  yield  a  sort  of  indigo.) 

1.  B.  tinctoria,  R.   Brown.     (WILD   INDIGO.)     Smooth   and  slender 
(2° -3°  high),  rather  glaucous;  leaves  almost  sessile;  leaflets  rounded  wedge- 
obovate  (f  long);  stipules  and  bracts  minute  and  deciduous ;  racemes  few-flowered, 
terminating  the  bushy  branches ;  pods  oval-globose,  on  a  stalk  longer  than  the 
calyx.  —  Sandy  dry  soil,  common.     June  -  Aug.  —  Corolla  yellow,  %'  long. 

2.  15.  australis,  R.   Brown.      (BLUE   FALSE-!NDIGO.)      Smooth,   tall 
and  stout  (4° -5°);  leaflets  oblong-wedge-form,  obtuse;   stipules  lanceolate,  as 
fang  as  the  petioles,  rather  persistent ;  raceme  elongated  (l°-2°)  and  many-flowered^ 
erect ;  bracts  deciduous  ;  stalk  of  the  oval-oblong  pods  about  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

—  Alluvial  soil,  from  Penn.  westward  and  southward:  often  cultivated.     June 
—  Flowers  1'  long,  indigo-blue.     Pods  2' -3'  long. 

3.  B.  leilCHlltlm,  Ton*.  &  Gr.     Smooth ;  stems,  leaves,  and  racemes  as 
in  No.  2  ;  stipules  early  deciduous ;  pods  oval-oblong,  raised  on  a  stalk  fully  twice  tht 
length  of  the  calyx.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  south  westward.    July. 

—  Flowers  white;  the  standard  short.     Pods  2'  long. 

4.  B.  ;sla>:i,  R.  Brown.     Smooth  (l°-3°high);  the  branches  slender  and 
widely  spreading ;  petioles  slender,  stipules  and  bracts  minute  and  deciduous;  leaf- 
lets oblong  or  oblanceolate ;  racemes  slender  on  a  long  naked  peduncle ;  pods 
linear-oblong  (!'-!£'  long),  short-stalked.  —  Dry  soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 
May,  June. — Flowers  white,  £'-§'  long. 

5.  B.  lciicopll£ea,  Nutt.     Hairy,  low  (1°  high),  with  divergent  branches, 
leaves  almost  sessile;  leaflets  narrowly  oblong-obovate  or  spatulate ;  stipules  and 
bracts  large  and  leafy,  persistent ;  racemes  long,  reclined ;  flowers  on  elongated  pedicels ; 
pods  ovoid,  ftoary.  —  Michigan  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     April,  May.  — • 
Raceme  often  1°  long:  pedicels  l'-2',  the  cream-colored  corolla  1',  in  length, 

3O.    CJLADRASTIS,    Raf.        YELLOW-WOOD. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Standard  large,  roundish,  reflexed:  the  distinct  keel-petals 
and  wings  straight,  oblong.  Stamens  10,  distinct:  filaments  slender,  incurved 
above.  Pod  short-stalked  above  the  calyx,  linear,  flat,  thin,  marginless,  4-6- 
seeded,  at  length  2-valved.  —  A  small  tree,  with  yellow  wood,  nearly  smooth, 
with  pinnate  leaves  of  7-11  oval  or  ovate  leaflets,  and  ample  panic-led  racemes 
of  show}  white  flowers  droopng  from  the  end  of  the  branches.  Stipules  obso-  . 


108  LEGUMINOS2E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

lete.  Base  of  the  petioles  hollow,  and  enclosing  the  leaf-buds  of  the  next  year. 
Bracts  minute  and  fugacious.  (Name  of  obscure  derivation.) 

1.  C.  tinctoria,  Raf.  (Virgilia  lutea,  Mlclix.  /)  Rich  hill-sides,  E. 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  May.  —  Racemes  10' -20'  long.  Flowers  1' long. 

SUBORDER  II.    C^ESALPINIE^.     THF  BRASILETTO  FAMILY. 

31.     CERCIS,    L.        RED-BUD.    JUDAS-TREE. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous  :  standard  smaller  than 
the  wings,  and  enclosed  by  them  in  the  bud :  the  keel-petals  larger  and  not 
united.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  rather  unequal.  Pod  oblong,  flat,  many-seeded, 
the  upper  suture  wifh  a  winged  margin.  Embryo  straight.  —  Trees,  with 
rounded-heart-shaped  simple  leaves,  deciduous  stipules,  and  red-purple  flowers 
in  little  umbel-like  clusters  along  the  branches,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  nrid 
to  the  taste.  (The  ancient  name  of  the  Oriental  Judas-tree.) 

1.  C.  Canad£nsis,  L.  (RED-BUD.)  Leaves  pointed;  pods  nearly 
sessile  above  the  calyx.  —  Rich  soil,  New  York  to  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  south- 
ward. March -May.  — A  small  ornamental  tree,  often  cultivated  :  the  blossoms 
smaller  than  in  the  European  species. 

32.     CASSIA,    L.        SENNA. 

Sepals  5,  scarcely  united.  Petals  5,  unequal,  not  papilionaceous,  spreading. 
Stamens  5-10,  unequal,  and  some  of  them  often  imperfect,  spreading:  anthers 
opening  by  2  pores  or  chinks  at  the  apex.  Pod  many-seeded,  often  with  cross 
partitions.  —  Herbs  (in  the  United  States),  with  simply  and  abruptly  pinnate 
leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  flowers.  (An  ancient  name,  of  obscure  derivation.) 

*  Leaflets  larye:  stipules  deciduous:  the  3  upper  anthers  deformed  and  imp< rf,ct: 

flowers  crowded  in  short  axillary  racemes,  the  upper  ones  pam'chd. 

1.  C.  UlariltilftdiCa,   L.      (WlLD   SENNA.)      leaflets  6-9  pairs,  lancro- 
tate-oMony,  obtuse ;  petiole  with  a  club-shaped  gland  near  the  base;  pod*  linear, 
slightly  curved,  flat,  at  h'rst  hairy  (2' -4').      U  —  Alluvial  soil,  common.     July. 
•—Stem  3° -4°  high.     Leaves  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  o'licinal  S<  i,,/(t. 

2.  C.  OCCIDENTALS,  L.     Leaflets  4  - 6  pairs,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  point- 
ed; an  ovate  gland  at  the  base  of  the  petiole;  jmds  elongated-linear  (5'  long) 
with   a   tumid    liordcr,   glabrous.      (1)  1J.  ? — Virginia   and    southward.      Auir. 
(Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.)  Se£  addend. 

*  *  Luifli'ts  small,  somewhat  sensitive  to  the  touch :  stipules  stn'ate,  persistent :  a  cup- 
shap'-d  (//and  IK  in  nth  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets :  antlters  all  perfect:  Jhwct*   in 
tiiuill  clusters  above  the  axils  :  pods  flat. 

3.  C.  Cliamsecrista,  L.     (PARTRIDGE  PEA.)    Leaflets  10-15  puirs, 

linear-oblong,  oblique  at  the  base  ;  fluicrrs  (larye)  on  s/ciidt-r  pidirds;  anthers  10, 
elonyatcd,  uuct/ual  (4  of  them  yellow,  the  others  purple.);  style  slender,  (i, — 
Sandy  fields;  common,  especially  southward.  Aug.  —  Stems  spreading,  1° 
lontf  9.  or  3  of  the  showy  yellow  petals  often  with  a  purple  spot  at  the  base. 


LEGUMINOS.E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  109 

4.  C.  nictitans,  L.  (WILD  SENSITIVE-PLANT.)  Leaflets  10-20 
pairs,  oblong-linear;  flowers  (very  small)  on  very  short  pedicels;  anthers  5,  nearly 
equal;  style  very  short.  © — Sandy  fields,  New  England,  near  the  coast,  to 
Illinois  and  southward.  Aug. 

33.    GYM]V6CL,ADUS,    Lam.        KENTUCKY  COFFEE-TREE. 

Flowers  dioecious,  regular.  Calyx  tubular  below,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  oblong, 
equal,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  short, 
inserted  with  the  petals.  Pod  oblong,  flattened,  hard,  pulpy  inside,  several- 
seeded.  Seeds  flattish.  —  A  tall  large  tree,  with  rough  bark,  stout  branchlets, 
not  thorny,  and  very  large  unequally  twice-pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  whitish,  i.n 
axillary  racemes.  (Name  from  ytyxi/oy,  naked,  and  JcXdoor,  a  branch,  alluding 
Jo  the  stout  branches  destitute  of  spray.) 

1.  G.  Canadensis,  Lam.  Rich  woods,  by  rivers,  W.  New  York  and 
Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southwestward.  June.  —  Cultivated  as  an  ornamental 
tree :  timber  valuable.  Leaves  2°  -3°  long,  with  several  large  partial  leafstalks 
bearing  7-13  ovate  stalked  leaflets,  the  lowest  pair  with  single  leaflets.  Pod 
6'-  10'  long,  2'  broad;  the  seeds  over  £'  across. 

34.  GLEDITSCHIA,    L.        HONEY-LOCUST. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  of  3 -5  spreading  sopals,  united  at  the  base. 
Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  and  equalling  them,  the  2  lower  sometimes  united 
Stamens  as  many,  distinct ;  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  base  of  the  calyx. 
Pod  flat,  i  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  flat.  —  Thorny  trees,  with  abruptly  once  or 
twice  pinnate  leaves,  and  inconspicuous  greenish  flowers  in  small  spikes. 
Thorns  above  the  axils.  (Named  in  honor  of  Gleditsch,  a  botanist  contem- 
porary with  Linnaeus.) 

1.  G.  triacsiiitlios,   L.      (THREE-THORNED   AOACIA,  or  HONEY-LO- 
CUST.)    Thorns  stout,  often  triple  or  compound;  leaflets  lanceolate-oblong,  some- 
what serrate;  pods  linear,  elongated  (l°-l£°  long),  oftea  twisted,  filled  with 
*weet  pulp  between  the  seeds.  —  Rich  woods,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southwest- 
•<ard.     June.  —  Common  in  cultivation  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  for  hedges. 

2.  G.    liionosperma,    Walt.      (WATER-LOCUST.)      Thorns   slender; 
uostly  flmple ;  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong;  pods  oval,  \-seedtd,  pulpless.  —  Swamps, 

and  southwestward.     July.  —  A  small  tree. 

SUBORDER  III.    MIMOSEJE.     THE  MIMOSA  FAMILY. 

35,  DESMAN  THUS,    Willd.        DESMANTHUS. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.  Petals  !>, 
distinct.  Stamens  5  or  10.  Pod  flat,  membranaceous  or  somewhat  coriaceous, 
several-seeded,  2-valved,  smooth.  —  Herbs  with  twicc-pinnn^e  leaves  of  numer- 
ous small  leaflets,  and  with  one  or  more  glands  on  the  petiole,  setaceous  stipules, 
and  axillary  pedunc'es  bearing  a  head  of  small  greenish-white  flowero.  (Name 
composed  of  StV/ia  i  bond,  and  avGos,  flower.} 


110  ROSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

1.  1>.  foracliylobus,  Bcnth.  Nearly  glabrous,  erect  (l°-4°  high); 
partial  petioles  6-15  pairs;  leaflets  20-30  pairs;  stamens  5;  pods  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  curved,  scarcely  1  long,  2-6-seedcd.  1|.  (Darlingtonia  brachyloba 
&  glandulosa,  DC.)  — Prairies  and  alluvial  banks,  Illinois  and  southwestward. 

36.     SCHRiNKIA,    Willd.        SENSITIVE  BRIAR. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  minute,  5-toothed.  Petals  united  into  a  funnel- 
form  5-clcft  corolla.  Stamens  10-12,  distinct,  or  the  filaments  united  at  the 
base.  Pods  long  and  narrow,  rough-prickly,  several-seeded,  4-valved,  i.  e.  the 
two  narrow  valves  separating  on  each  side  from  a  thickened  margin.  — Peren- 
nial herbs,  the  procumbent  stems  and  petioles  prickly,  with  twice-pinnate  sensi- 
tive leaves  of  many  small  leaflets,  and  axillary  peduncles  bearing  round  heads 
of  small  rose-colored  flowers.  (Named  for  Schrank,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  S.  1 1  Ji  rin  Til  a,  Willd.     Prickles  hooked;  partial   petioles  4 -6  pairs; 
tea/lets  elliptical,  reticulated  with  strong  veins  beneath ;  pods  oblong-linear,  nearly 
terete,  short-pointed,  densely  prickly  (2'   long).  —  Dry  sandy  soil,   Virginiav 
Illinois  ?  and  southward.    June -Aug. 

2.  S.  angUStflta,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Leaflets  oblong-linear,  scarcely  veined 
pods  slender,  taper-pointed,  sparingly  prickly  (about  4'  lonp;).  —  With  the  pro- 
ceding. 

ORDER  39.     ROSACE^E.     (Ross  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  regular  flowers,  numerous  (rarely  few)  distinct  stamens  insert- 
ed on  the  calyx,  and  1  -  many  pistils,  which  are  quite  distinct,  or  (in  the  Peat 
tribe')  united  and  combined  with  the  calyx-tube.  Seeds  (anatropous)  1  -few 
in  each  ovary,  without  albumen.  Embryo  straight,  with  large  and  thick  coty- 
ledons. Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules.  —  Calyx  of  5  or  rarely  3-4-8 
sepals  (the  odd  one  superior),  united  at  the  base,  often  appearing  double 
by  a  row  of  bractlets  outside.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals  (rarely  want- 
ing), mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  -inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the 
edge  of  a  disk  that  lines  the  calyx-tube.  Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs.  This 
important  family  comprises  three  principal  suborders,  viz. :  — 

SUBORDER  I.    AMYGDALE^E.    THE  ALMOND  FAMILY. 

Calyx  entirely  free  from  the  solitary  ovary,  deciduous.  Style  terminal. 
Fruit  a  drupe  (stone-fruit).  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  the  bark 
exuding  gum,  and  the  bark,  leaves,  and  kernels  yielding  the  peculiar  flavor 
of  prussic  acid.  Stipules  free. 

1.  PRUNUS.    Stone  of  the  drupe  smooth,  or  merely  furrowed  on  the  edges. 

SUBORDER  II.    ROSACES  PROPER. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovaries,  but  sometimes  enclosing  them  in  its  tube. 
Pistils  few  or  many  (occasionally  single).  Stipules  commonly  united  with 
the  petiole. 


KOSACEJL.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  Ill 

Att£  I.     SPIRJIiiEjE.     Pistils  mostly  5,  forming  follicles  in  f  m-t :  styles  terminal. 

2.  SPIRAEA.    Calyx  5-cleft.    Petals  oboyate,  equal,  imbricated  iu  the  bud. 

3.  GILLENIA.    Calyx  elongated,  5-toothed.    Petals  slender,  unequal,  convolute  in  the  bu2 

TRIBE  II.  DRYADEJE.  Pistils  numerous  (rarely  1-2),  forming  seed-like  achenia  oi 
little  drupes  in  fruit.  Calyx-tube  dry  in  fruit ;  the  lobes  commonly  valvate  in  the  bucL 

Subtribe  1.  SANGUISORBEJE.  Calyx-tube  constricted  at  the  throat.  Petals  often  wanting. 
Stamens  4  - 15.  Pistils  1-4,  dry  in  fruit,  enclosed  in  the  calyx. 

4.  AGR1MONIA.    Petals  5.     Stamens  12  - 15.     Pistils  2 :  style  terminal. 
6.  SANGUISORBA.     Petals  none.     Stamens  4.  •  Pistil  1 :  style  terminal. 
6.  ALCHEMILLA.     Petals  none.    Stamens  and  pistils  1  -  4  :  style  lateral. 

Subtribe  2.    CHAM^RHODEJS.    Calyx  open.    Stamens  &  pistils  5  -10:  styles  lateial.    Fruit  dry. 
.  SIBBALDIA.     Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  minute  petals. 

Subtribe  3.    EUDRYADE.E.     Calyx  open.     Stamens  and  pistils  few — many.    Fruit  of  dry 

achenia,  tipped  with  terminal  styles.  Seed  erect.  (Radicle  inferior.) 
8  DRY  AS.  Calyx8-9-parted.  Petals  8 -9.  Styles  persistent,  plumose. 
9.  GEUM.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Achenia  numerous  :  styles  persistent. 

10.  WALDSTEINIA.    Calyx  5-cleft.     Achenia  few :  styles  deciduous  from  the  base. 

Subtribe  4  FRAGARIE.E.  Calyx  open  and  flattish,  bracteolate.  Stamens  and  pistil*  numer- 
ous :  styles  often  lateral,  deciduous  Fruit  of  dry  achenia.  Seed  suspended  or  ascend- 
ing, inserted  next  the  base  of  the  style.  (Radicle  always  superior.) 

11.  POTENTILLA.    Receptacle  dry,  flat,  convex,  or  oblong. 

12.  FRAGARIA.     Receptacle  conical,  enlarged  and  succulent  in  fruit,  edible. 

Subtribe  5.  DALIBARDE^E.  Calyx  open,  not  bracteolate.  Stamens  and  usually  the  pistils 
numerous  :  styles  terminal,  deciduous.  Achenia  mostly  fleshy,  or  becoming  little  drupe* 
Seed  suspended  (oyules  2,  collateral :  radicle  superior). 

13.  DALIBARDA.    Fruit  of  5  - 10  almost  dry  achenia,  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx. 

14   KUBUS.     Fruit  of  numerous  (rarely  few)  pulpy  drupaceous  achenia,  aggregated  on  a  flat- 
tish or  elongated  receptacle. 

TRIBE  III.  ROSE.ZE.  Pistils  numerous,  forming  achenia,  inserted  on  the  hollow  recep- 
tacle which  lines  the  urn-shaped  and  fleshy  calyx-tube.  Calyx-segments  imbricated. 

15.  ROSA.    Leaves  pinnate  :  stipules  cohering  with  the  petiole. 

SUBORDER  III.    POMEJE.    THE  PEAR  FAMILY. 

Calyx-tube  thick  and  fleshy  in  fruit  (forming  a  pome),  including  and  co- 
hering with  the  2-5  ovaries.  Stipules  free. 

16.  CRAT&GUS.     Carpels  bony  in  fruit,  1-seeded. 

17.  PYRUS.     Carpels  papery  or  cartilaginous  in  fruit,  2-seeded. 

18.  AMELANCHIER.     Carpels  cartilaginous,  each  divided  into  2  cells  by  a  partition  :  cell*  I- 

seeded. 

SUBORDER  I.    AMYODAL.E^E.     THE  ALMOND  FAMILY 
1.    P  RUN  US,    L.        PLUM  &  CHERRY. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  15-30.  Ovary  with  2  pen- 
dulous ovules.  Drupe  fleshy;  the  stone  smooth  and  even.  —  Small  trees  or 
shrubs.  Flowers  commonly  white.  (The  ancient  classical  name  of  the 
Plurr  ) 


112  ROSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.") 

»  1.  PlitFNUS,  Tourn.     (PLUM.) — Drupe  usually  with  a  bloom,  the  stone  flab 

tened,  or  at  least  wider  than  thick:  leaves  convolute  in  the  bud,flcwers  more  or  lest 
preceding  the  leaves,  from  lateral  buds  ;  the  pedicels  few  or  several,  in  simple  umbel- 
like  clusters. 

1.  P.  Americana,  Marsh.     (WILD  YELLOW  or  RED  PLUM.)     Leaves 
ovate  or  somewhat  obovate,  conspicuously  pointed,  coarsely  or  doubly  serrate,  very 
veiny,  glabrous  when  mature ;  fruit  nearly  destitute  of  bloom,  roundish-oval,  yel- 
low, orange,  or  red,  £'  - f '  in  diameter,  with  the  turgid  stone  more  or  less  acute 
on  both  margins,  or  fti  cultivated  states  1'  or  more  in  diameter,  having  a  flat- 
tened stone  with  broader  margins  (pleasant-tasted,  but  with  a  tough  and  acerb 
skin).  — Open  ground,common.     May.  —  Tree  or  bush  thorny,  8°  -  20°  high. 

2.  P.  maritima,  Wang.     (BEACH  PLUM.)     Low  and  straggling  (2°- 
5°) ;  leaves  ovate  or  aval,  finely  serrate,  softly  pubescent  underneath  ;  pedicels  short, 
pubescent;  fruit  globular,  purple  or  crimson  with  a  bloom  (£'-!'  in  diameter), 
the  stone  very  turgid,  acute  on  one  edge,  rounded  and  minutely  grooved  on  the 
other.     (P.  littoralis,  Bigelow.)  —  Varies,  when  at  some  distance  from  the  coast, 
with  the  leaves  smoother  and  thinner,  and  the  fruit  smaller.     (P.  pygmaea, 
WiUd.)  —  Sea-beach  and  the  vicinity,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey  and  Vir- 
ginia.    April,  May. 

3.  P.  Chicasa,  Michx.     (CHICKASAW  PLUM.)     Stem  scarcely  thorny 
(8°- 15°  high) ;   leaves  nearly  lanceolate,  finely  serrulate,  glabrous,   little  veiny, 
fruit  globular,  red,  nearly  destitute  of  bloom  (£'-§'  in  diameter^;  the  ovoid 
stone  almost  as  thick  as  wide,  rounded  at  both  sutures,  one  of  them  minutely 
grooved.  —  Kentucky  and  Illinois  (probably  not  indigenous)  and  southwestward : 
naturalized  in  some  places.     April. 

4.  P.   8PIN6SA,  L.     (SLOE.    BLACK   THORN.)     Branches   thorny;  leaves 
obovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  at  length  glabrous ;  pedicels  gla- 
brous ;  fruit  small,  globular,  black  with  a  bloom,  the  stone  turgid,  acute  on 
one  edge.  —  Var.   INSIT^TIA    (BULLACE-PLUM),  is  less  spiny,  the  pedicels 
and  lower  side  of  the  leaves  pubescent.      (P.  insititia,  L.) — Road-sides  and 
waste  places,  E.  New  England,  Penn.,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

$2.  C&RASUS,  Tourn.  (CHERRY.)  —  Drupe  destitute  of  bloom;  the  stone 
globular  and  marginless;  leaves  folded  (conduplicate)  in  the  bud:  inflorescence  at 
in  §  1. 

5.  P.  pumila,  L.     (DWARF  CHERRY.)     Smooth,  depressed  and  trail 
ing  (6'- 18'  high) ;  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  somewhat  toothed 
near  the  apex,  pale  underneath  ;  flowers  2-4  together ;  fruit  ovoid,  dark  red.  — 
Rocks  or  sandy  banks,  Massachusetts  northward  to  Wisconsin,  and  south  to 
Virginia  along  the  mountains.     May. 

6.  P.  Pcillisylvanica,  L.      (WiLD  RED  CHERRY.)      Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  shining,  green  and  smooth  both  sides ; 
flowers  many  in  a  cluster,  on  long  pedicels ;  fruit  globose,  light  red.  —  Rocky 
woods;   common,   especially  northward.      May.  —  Tree  20°-3C°  high,  with 
light  red-brown  bark,  and  very  small  fruit  with  thin  and  sour  flesh. 


ROSACEJE.       (HOSE    FAMILY.)  113 

^8.  PAD  ITS,    Mill.     (CHERRY.) — Drupe,   frc.  as  in  §2:  floivers  in  racemes 
terminating  the  branches,  developed  after  the  leaves. 

7.  P.  Vil giiimira,  L.     (CHOKE-CHERRY.)     Leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  obo- 
vote,  abruptly  pointed,  very  sharply  (often  doubly)  serrate  with  slenaer  teeth,  thin ; 
racemes  short  and  close ;  petals  roundish ;  fruit  red  turning  to  dark  crimson.  — 
River-banks;  common,  especially  northward.     May. — A  tall  shrub,  seldom  a 
tree,  with  grayish  bark ;  the  fruit  very  austere  and  astringent  till  perfectly  ripe. 
(P.  obovata,  Bigelow.     P.  serotina,  of  many  authors.) 

8.  P.  serotina,  Ehrhart.     (WILD  BLACK  CHERRY.)    Leaves  oblong  w 
lanceolate-oblong,  taper-pointed,  serrate  with  incurved  short  and  callous  teeth,  thick  ish, 
shining  above ;   racemes   elongated ;   petals   obovate ;   fruit  purplish-black.  — 
Woods,  common. — A  fine  large  tree,  with  reddish-brown  branches,  furnishing 
valuable  timber  to  the  cabinet-maker.    Fruit  slightly  bitter,  but  with  a  pleasant 
vinous  flavor. 

P.  DOMESTICA,  L.,  the  CULTIVATED  PLUM,  is  now  deemed  by  the  best 
botanists  to  have  sprung  from  the  Sloe. 

P.  ARMENIACA,  L.,  the  APRICOT,  represents  another  subgenus  of  Prunus. 
The  PEACH  belongs  to  a  very  closely  related  genus. 

P.  AVIUM  and  P.  CERASUS,  L.,  of  Europe,  are  the  originals  of  the  cultivated 
Cherries. 

SUBORDER  II.    ROSACE^E  PROPER.    THE  TRUE  ROSE  FAMILY. 

2.    SPIRAEA,    L.        MEADOW-SWEET. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  5,  obovate,  equal,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  10-50.  Pods  (follicles)  3-12,  several-  (2 -15-)  seeded. — Flowers 
white  or  rose-color,  sometimes  dioecious  :  rarely  the  parts  are  4  instead  of  5. 
(Name  probably  from  o-Treipdw,  to  wind,  alluding  to  the  fitness  of  the  plants  to 
be  formed  into  garlands.) 

$  1.  PHYSOCARPOS,  Camb.  —  Shrubs,  with  simple  palmately-lobed  leaves  and 
umbel-like  corymbs :  pods  inflated  and  diverging  when  grown,  2  -  4-seeded. 

1.  S.  opulifolia,  L.      (NINE-BARK.)      Leaves  roundish,  somewhat  S- 
lobed    and   heart-shaped  ;    pods  3-5.  —  Rocky  river-banks.      June.  —  Shrub 
4° -10°  high,  with  recurved  branches  and  white  flowers,  succeeded  by  mem- 
branaccous  purplish  pods :  the  old  Dark  loose  and  separating  hi  thin  layers. 

$2.  SPIRAEA  PROPER.  —  SJirubs,  with  simple  leaves,  the  stipules  obsolete:  pods 
(mostly  5)  not  inflated,  several-seeded. 

2.  S.  corymbdsa,  Raf.     Nearly  smooth  (l°-2°high);  lenves  oval  or 
ovate,  cut-toothed  towards  the  apex ;  corymbs  large,  flat,  several  times  compound. 
—  Allcghanies  of  Penn.,  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky.     June.  —  Flowers  white. 

3.  S.  salicifolia,   L.      (COMMON    MEADOW-SWEET.)      Nearly  smooth 
(2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate;  flowers  in  a 
croicded  panicle;    pods   smooth.  —  Wet   grounds:    also   cultivated.      July   — 
Flowers  white  or  flesh -color.     (Eu.) 


114  ROSACE.^.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

4.  S.  tOllteiitdsa,  L.    (HARDBACK.    STEEPLE-BUSH.)    Stems  a.u/ louxa 
turface  of  the  ovate  or  oblong  serrate  leaves  very  woolly ;  flowers  in  short  racemes 
crowded  in  a  dense  panicle;  pods  woolly.  —  Low  grounds;  commonest  in  New 
England,    July. — Flowers  rose-color. 

$3.  ULMARIA,  Mxench.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  panided 
cymose  flowers :  calyx  reflexed :  pods  5-8  in  number,  1  -  ^-seeded. 

5.  S.  lobata,  Murr.      (QUEEN  OF  THE  PRAIRIE.)      Glabrous   (2° -8° 
high) ;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate ;  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large,  7  -9-parted, 
the  lobes  incised  and  tooihed ;  stipules  kidney-form ;  panicle  compound-clus- 
tered, on  a  long  naked  peduncle.  —  Meadows  and  prairies,  Pcnn.  to  Michigan, 
Illinois,  and  Kentucky.     June.  — Flowers  deep  peach-blossom  color,  handsome, 
the  petals  and  scpnls  often  in  fours  ! 

$4.  ARtJNCUS,  Scringe.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  dioecious  whitish  flowers,  in 
slender  spikes  disposed  in  a  long  compound  panicle;  leases  thrice-pinnate;  the 
stipules  obsolete:  pods  3-5,  several-seeded:  pedicels  reflexed  i*  fruit. 

6.  S.  Aruiicus,    L.      (GOAT'S-BEARD.)      Smooth,   tall  :   leaflets   thin, 
lanceolate-oblong,  or  the  terminal  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sharply 
cut  and  serrate.  —  Rich  woods,  Catskill  and  Alleghany  Mountaw  and  west- 
ward.   June.     (Eu.) 

S.  FILIPENDULA,  the  DROPWORT  ;  S.  ULMXRIA,  the  MEADOW-O'YPFT  t>* 
Europe;  S.  HYPERicir6LiA  (ITALIAN  MAY);  and  S.  soRuirdLiA,  aw  TT- 
mon  in  gardens. 

3.     GILL.ENIA,    Mcench.        INDIAN  PHYSIC. 

Calyx  narrow,  constricted  at  the  throat,  5-toothed ;  teeth  erect.  Petals  ft 
somewhat  unequal,  linear-lanceolate,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx ;  convo 
lute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10-20,  included.  Pods  5,  included,  2-4-sceded.— 
Perennial  herbs,  with  almost  sessile  3-foliolate  leaves,  the  thin  leaflets  doublf 
serrate  and  incised.  Flowers  loosely  paniculate-corymbcd,  pale  rose-color  o> 
white.  (Dedicated  to  an  obscure  botanist  or  gardener,  A.  Gille,  or  Gille.nius.) 

1.  O.  I ri foli fata,  Moench.     (BOWMAN'S  ROOT.)     Leaflets  ovate-oblong 
pointed,  cut-serrate ;  stipules  small,  awl-shaped,  entire.  —  Rich  woods,  fron 
W.  New  York  southward,  and  sparingly  in  the  Western  States.    July. 

2.  O.  stipulacca,  Nutt.     (AMERICAN  IPECAC.)     Leaflets  lanceolate, 
deeply  incised ;  stipules  large  and  leaf-like,  doubly  incised.  —  From  "W.  Penn- 
sylvania and  New  York  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.    June. 

4.    AGRIftlONIA,  *Tourn.        AGRIMONY. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  contracted  at  the  throat,  armed  with  hooked  bristles 
above,  indurated  and  enclosing  the  fruit ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  closed  after  flowering. 
Petals  5.  Stamens  12-15.  Achenia  2  :  styles  terminal.  Seed  suspended.— 
Perennial  herbs,  with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves  and  yellow  flowers  in  slender 
spiked  racemes :  bracts  3-cleft.  (A  corruption  of  Argemonia,  of  the  same  deri 
vation  as  Argemone.) 


ROSACES.     (KOSE  FAMILY.)  115 

L  A.  Eupatdl'ia,  L.  (COMMON  AGRIMONY.)  Leaflets  5-7  with  mi- 
nute ones  intermixedj  oblong-obovate,  coarsely  toothed ;  petals  twice  the  length  of 
the  calyx.  —  Borders  of  woods,  common.  July  -  Sept.  (Eu.) 

2.  A.  parvifldra,  Ait.  Lea/lets  crowded,  11-19,  with  smaller  ones  inter- 
mixed, lanceolate,  acute,  deeply  and  regularly  cut-serrate,  as  well  as  the  stipules ; 
petals  small.  —  Woods  and  glades,  Pennsylvania  and  southwestward.  July. 

5.    SANOU1SORBA,    L.        GREAT  BURNEI. 

Calyx  colored,  3-bracted,  the  tube  4-angled,  constricted ;  the  lobes  4,  spread- 
tag.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4  ;  the  filaments  usually  enlarging  upwards.  Pis- 
tils 1  or  rarely  2  :  style  slender,  terminal :  stigma  pencil-form,  tufted.  Acheniura 
included  in  the  indurated  4-winged  calyx-tube.  Seed  suspended.  —  Herbs,  with 
unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  small  flowers,  sometimes  polygamous,  in  close 
spikes  or  heads.  (Name  from  sanguis,  blood,  and  sorbeo,  to  absorb ;  the  plants 
having  been  esteemed  as  vulneraries.) 

1.  S.  Canadciisis,  L.  (CANADIAN  BURNET.)  Stamens  much  longer 
than  the  calyx;  spikes  cylindrical  and  elongated  in  fruit;  leaflets  numerous, 
ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  obtuse,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  stipellate ; 
stipules  serrate.  1J.  —  Bogs  and  wet  meadows ;  chiefly  northward.  Aug. -Ocu 
—  A  tall  herb :  flowers  white,  sometimes  purple. 

POTERIUM  SANGUISORBA,  the  COMMON  BURNET  of  the  gardens,  has  mo- 
noecious polyandrous  flowers. 

6.    A  L.C  HE  MIL.  Li  A,    Tourn.        LADY'S  MANTLE. 

Calyx-tube  inversely  conical,  contracted  at  the  top ;  limb  4-partcd,  with  as 
many  alternate  bractlcts.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1-4.  Pistils  1  -  4 ;  the  slen- 
der style  arising  from  near  the  base  of  the  ovary ;  the  achenia  included  in  the 
persistent  calyx.  —  Low  herbs,  with  palmately  lobed  or  compound  "eaves,  and 
small  corymbed  greenish  flowers.  (From  Alkemelyeh,  the  Arabic  name.) 

1.  A.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (PARSLEY  PIERT.)  Stems  (3' -8' high)  leafy.;  leaves 
3-parted,  with  the  wedge-shaped  lobes  2  -  3-cleft,  pubescent ;  flowers  sessile  in  the 
axils.  (J) — Eastern  Virginia.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

A.  ALPINA,  L,,  is  said  by  Pursh  to  grow  on  the  Green  and  White  Mountains, 
New  England  :  but  there  is  most  probably  some  mistake  about  it. 

7.    SIBBALDIA,    L.        SIBBALDIA. 

Calyx  flattish,  5-cleft,  with  5  bractlets.  Petals  5,  linear-oblong,  minute.  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  alternate  with  the  petals  into  the  margin  of  the  woolly  disk 
which  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Achenia  5-10;  styles  lateral. — Low  and 
depressed  mountain  perennials.  (Dedicated  to  Dr.  Sibbald,  Prof,  at  Edinburgh 
at  the  close  of  the  17th  century.) 

1.  S.  procumbens,   L.     Leaflets   3,   wedge-shaped,   3-toothed   at   the 
apex;  petals  yellow.     Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New 
ihire,  and  northward.     (Eu  ) 


116  KOSACEJE.       (ROSE    FAMILY.) 

8.    DRY  AS,    L.        DBYAS. 

Calyx  flattish,  8-9-parted.  Petals  8-9,  large.  Otherwise  like  Geum  $  Sie- 
vorsia.  —  Dwarf  and  matted  slightly  shrubby  plants,  with  simple  toothed  leaves, 
and  solitary  large  flowers.  (Name  from  Dryades,  the  nymphs  of  the  Oaks,  the 
foliage  of  some  species  resembling  oak-leaves  in  miniature.) 

1.  I>.  integfrifdlia,  Vahl.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  slightly  heart-shaped, 
with  revolute  margins,  nearly  entire,  white-downy  beneath,  flowers  white. — 
White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  Prof.  Peck,  according  to  Pursh ;  but  not 
since  met  with  :  therefore  very  doubtful.  (Eu.) 

9.    GI^UM,    L.        AVENS. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  flattish,  deeply  Srcleft,  usually  with  5  small  bractlets  at 
the  sinuses.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many.  Achenia  numerous,  heaped  on  a  coni- 
cal or  cylindrical  dry  receptacle,  the  long  persistent  styles  forming  hairy  or 
naked  and  straight  or  jointed  tails.  Seed  erect.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  pin- 
nate or  lyrate  leaves.  (Name  from  ytvo,  to  give  an  agreeable  flavor,  the  roots 
being  rather  aromatic.)  See  addend. 

§  1.  GEUM  PROPER.  —  Styles  jointed  and  bent  near  the  middle,  the  lower  portion 
smooth  and  persistent,  naked,  hooked  at  the  end  after  the  deflexed  and  mostly  hairy 
upper  joint  falls  away :  head  of  fruit  sessile :  calyx-lobes  reflexed.  (Flowers  sdine- 
what  panicled  at  the  summit  of  the  leafy  stem.) 

1.  G.  album,  Gmelin.     Smoothish  or  softly  pubescent  ;  stem   slender 
(2°  high) ;  root-leaves  of  3  -  5  leaflets,  or  simple  and  rounded,  with  a  few  minute 
leaflets  on  the  petiole  below ;  those  of  the  stem  3-divided,  lobed,  or  only  toothed ; 
stipules  small ;  petals  white  (3"  long),  obovate  or  oblong,  fully  as  long  as  the 
calyx ;  receptacle  and  ovaries  bristly-hairy ;  upper  joint  of  the  style  a  little  hairy. 
Borders  of  woods,  common.    May -Aug.  — Near  the  European  G.  urbanum. 

2.  G.   Virginianum,    L.      Bristly-hairy,   especially  the  stout  stem; 
lower  and  root-leaves  pinnate,  very  various,   the  upper  mostly  3-parted  or 
divided,  incised ;  stipules  small ;  petals  greenish-white,  shorter  than  tlie  calyx ;  re- 
ceptacle and  ovaries  glabrous.  —  Woods  and  low  grounds ;  common  northward.  — 
Clearly  different  from  the  last. 

3.  G.    macropliylliiiil,  Willd.     Bristly-hairy,  stout   (l°-3°  high), 
root-leaves  lyratcly  and  interruptedly  pinnate,  with  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large 
and  round-heart-shaped ;  lateral  leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  2-4,  minute,  the  ter- 
minal roundish,  3-cleft,  the  lobes  wedge-form  and  rounded;  petals  yellow,  obovate, 
longer  titan  the  calyx ;  receptacle  of  fruit  nearly  naked;  achenia  bristly  above. — 
Around  the  base  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire  :  also  North  Illinois 
and  northward.     June.     (Eu.) 

4.  G.  Stricttim,  Ait,     Somewhat  hairy  (3° -5°  high)  ;  root-leaves  inter 
ruptcdly  pinnate,    the   leaflets    wedge-obovate ;  leaflets  of  the  stem-hares  3-5, 
rhombic-ovate  or  O!>/U>H/,  acute;  petals  yellow,  roundish,  longer  than  the  calyx ;  recep> 
taclc  downy;  achenia   bristly  abc-e.  —  Moist   meadows;   common,   especially 
northward.     July.     (Eu.) 


§ 


ROSACE^E.       (ROSE    FAMILY.)  117 


2.  STYLIPUS,  Raf. —  Styles  smooth:  head  of  fruit  conspicuously  shdked  in  tht 
calyx :  bracllets  of  Hie  calyx  none :  otherwise  as  §  1 . 

5.  O.  vermim,  Torr.  £  Gr.     Somewhat  pubescent;  steins  ascending, 
few-leaved,  sleuder ;  root-leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  3-5-lobcd,  or  some  of 
them  pinnate,  with  the  lobes  cut;  petals  yellow,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx; 
receptacle  smooth.  —  Thickets,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.     April  -  June. 

§  3.   CARYOPHYLLlTA,    Tourn.  —  Style  jointed  and  bent  in  the  middle,  the 
upper  joint  plumose :  flowers  large :  calyx  erect  or  spreading :  petals  erect. 

6.  O.  rivale,  L.     (WATER  or  PURPLE  AVENS.)     Stems  nearly  simple, 
several-flowered  (2°  high) ;  root-leaves  lyrate  and  interruptedly  pinnate ;  those 
of  the  stem  few,  3-foliolate  or  3-lobed ;  petals  dilated-obovate  retuse,  contracted 
into  a  claw,  purplish-orange  ;  head  of  fruit  stalked.  —  Bogs  and  wet  meadows, 
N.  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.     May.  —  Blossoms  nodding,  but  the 
feathery  fruiting  heads  upright.     Calyx  brown-purple.     (Eu.) 

H-  SIEVERSIA,  Wiild.  —  Style  not  jointed,  wholl y  persistent  and  straight :  head 
of  fruit  sessile :  flowers  large  :  calyx  erect  or  spreading.  ( Flowering  stems  simple, 
and  bearing  only  bracts  or  small  leaves.) 

7.  O.  triflortim,  Pursh.     Low,  softly  hairy;  root-leaves  interruptedly 
pinnate ;  the  kaflets  very  numerous  and  crowded,  oblong- wedge-form,  deeply 
cut-toothed ;  flowers  3  or  more  on  long  peduncles ;  bractlets  linear,  longer  than  the 
purple  calyx,  as  long  as  the  oblong  purplish  erect  petals ;  styles  very  long  (2'),  strongly 
plumose  in  fruit.  —  Rocks,  New  Hampshire  and   N.  New  York  northward  to 
Wisconsin  ;  rare.     April  -  June. 

8.  O.  radiatlim,    Michx.      Hirsutely  hairy   or   smoothish  ;    root-leaves 
rounded-kidney-shaped,  radiate-veined  (2' -5'  broad),  doubly  or  irregularly  cut- 
toothed  and  obscurely  5  -  7-lobcd,  also  a  set  of  minute  leaflets  down  the  long 
petiole ;  stems  (8'  -  18'  high)  1  -  5-flowered ;  bractlets  minute ;  petals  yellow,  round- 
obovate  and  more  or  less  obcordate,  exceeding  the  calyx  (^'  long),  spreading; 
styles  naked  except  the  base.     (High  mountains  of  Carolina.) 

Var.  Peckii.  Nearly  glabrous,  or  the  stalks  and  veins  of  the  leaves 
sparsely  hirsute.  (G.  Peckii,  Pursh.)  — Alpine  tops  of  the  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire.  July  -  Sept. 

1O.     WAL.DSTEINIA,    Willd.        (COMAROPSIS,  DC.) 

Calyx-tube  inversely  conical ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  with  5  often  minute  and  decid- 
uous bractlets.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx. 
Achenia  2-6,  minutely  hairy ;  the  terminal  slender  styles  deciduous  from  the 
base  by  a  joint.  Seed  erect.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  chiefly  radical  3-5- 
lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers  on  bracted  scapes.  (Named 
in  honor  of  Francis  von  Waldstein,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  W.  fragnrioides,  Tratt.  (BARREN  STRAWBERRY.)  Low;  leaf- 
lets  3,  broadly  wedge-form,  cut-toothed ;  scapes  several-flowered ;  petals  longer 
than  the  calyx.  ^Dalibarda  fragarioides,  Michx.)  — Wooded  hill-sides  common 
northward,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies. 


118  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

11.     POTENTlLiLiA,    L.        CINQUE-FOIL.    FIVE- FINGER. 

Calyx  flat,  deeply  5-clcft,  with  as  many  bractlets  at  the  sinuses,  thus  appear- 
ing 10-cleft.  Petals  4  -  5,  usually  roundish.  Stamens  many.  Achenia  many, 
collected  in  a  head  on  the  dry  mostly  pubescent  or  hairy  receptacle :  styles 
lateral  or  terminal,  deciduous.  —  Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  compound  leaves, 
and  solitary  or  cymose  flowers.  (Name  a  kind  of  diminutive  from  patens,  pow 
erful,  alluding  to  the  reputed  medicinal  power,  of  which  in  fact  these  plants 
possess  very  little,  being  merely  mild  astringents,  like  the  rest  of  the  tribe.) 

$  1.  Style  terminal,  or  attached  above  the  middle  of  the  ovary  :  achenia  glabrous. 

*  Annuals  or  biennials :  petals  pale  yellow,  small,  not  exceeding  the  calyx :  receptacle 

globular,  ovoid,  or  even  oblong  in  fruit. 

1.  P.  Norvcgrica,  L.     Hairy,  erect,  branched  above;  leaves  palmately  & 
foliolate ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  cut-toothed.  —  Fields  :    common,   especially 
northward.     A  homely  weed.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  paradoxa,  Nutt.     Somewhat  pubescent,   spreading  or  decumbent, 
branched ;  leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  5-9,  obovate-oblong,  cut-toothed ;   achenia 
with  a  thick  appendage  at  the  base.  —  Banks  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi. 

*  *  Perennial  herbs :  petals  yellow,  commonly  longer  than  the  calyx. 
•<-  Low:  leaves  palmate,  of  3  or  5  leaflets. 

3.  P.  frigicla,  Vill.     Dwarf  (V- 3'   high),  tufted,  villous  when   young, 
stems  or  scapes  mostly  1 -flowered ;  leaflets  3,  broadly  wedge-obouate,  deeply  cut  into 
5-7  oblong  approximate  teeth.     (P.  Robbinsiana,  Oakes.) — Less  villous  with 
age  and  smaller-flowered  than  P.  frigida  of  the  Alps,  but  agreeing  closer  with  it 
than  with  P.  minima,  which  probably  is  only  another  form  of  the  same  species. 
Alpine  summits  of  the  high  mountains  of  New  Hampshire.  (Eu.) 

4.  P.  Canadcnsis,   L.     (COMMON  CINQUE-FOIL  or  FIVE-FINGER.; 
Hairy  or  pubescent,  procumbent  and  ascending,  producing  runners ;  peduncles  axil 
lary,  elongated,  \-flowered;  leaflets  5,  oblong  or  obovate-wedge  form,  cut-toothed 
towards  the  apex.     (P.  sarmentosa,  Muhl.)  —  Var.  1.  PUMILA  is  a  dwarf,  early- 
flowering  state,  in  sterile  soil.     Var.  2.  SIMPLEX  is  a  taller  and  greener  state, 
with  slender  ascending  stems.     (P.  simplex,  MicJix.) — Abounds  among  grass 
in  dry  fields,  &c.     April  -  Oct. 

5.  P.   argentca,    L.     (SILVERY    CINQUE-FOIL.)     Stems  ascending 
cymose  at  the  summit,  many-flowered,  white-woolly;  leaflets  5,  wedgo  oblong,  al- 
mos*t  pinmitifid,  entire  towards  the  base,  with  revolute  margins,  green  above, 
while  with  silvery  wool  beneath.  —  Dry  barren  fields,  &c.     June  -  Sept.     (Eu.) 

•*-  •*-  Taller :  leaves  pinnate,  of  3  —  9  leaflets. 

6.  P.  Pcmisylv:illica,  L.     Stems  erect,  hairy  or  woolly ;  cymose  at 
the  summit,  many-flowered  ;  leaflets  5-9,  oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatifid,  silky-wool- 
ly with  white  hairs,  especially  beneath,  the  upper  ones  larger  and  crowded; 
petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Pennsylvania ?    New  Hampshire  (Isle  of 
Shoals,  Jtolibiinf),  Maine  (Cape  Eli/abeth,  C. ./.  Sprague),  and  northward      July. 

§  2.  Style  defjtfy  lateral,  (illarhnl.  ut  or  beneath  the  middle  of  the  ovary :  petals  yellow 
or  white,  deciduous. 


HGSACEJS.     (HOSE  FAMILY.)  119 

*  Achenia  glabrous :  style  thickened  above:  receptacle  tonical  in  fruit. 

7.  P.  argilta,  Pursh.      Stem   erect  and  stout   (2° -4°  high),   brownish 
hairy,  clammy  above ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  3  -  9  oval  or  ovate  cut-serrate  leaflets, 
downy  underneath ;  flowers  cyrnose-clustered ;  petals  yellowish  or  whitish ;  disk 
thick  and  glandular.  —  Rocky  hills ;  common  northward  and  westward.  July. 

•%  *  Achenia  (at  least  below)  and  the  convex  receptacle  villous. 

8.  P.  AllSCl'ina,  L.'    (SILVER- WEED.)      Herbaceous,  creeping  by  slen* 
der  rooting  runners;  leaves  all  radical,  pinnate;  leaflets  9-19,  with  minute  paira 
interposed,  oblong,  pinnatifid-serrate,  green  and  nearly  smooth  above,  silvery- 
white  with  silky  down  underneath;  stipules  many-cleft;  flowers  solitary  (yellow],  on 
long  scape-like  peduncles.     Brackish  marshes,  river-banks,  &c.,  New  England 
to  Penu.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     June -Sept.     (Eu.) 

9.  P.  JTruticosa,  L.     (SHRUBBY  CINQUE-FOIL.)     Stem  erect,  shrubby 
(2° -4°  high),  very  much  branched;  leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  5-7,  closely  crowd- 
ed,  oblong-lanceolate,    entire,   silky,    especially  beneath  ;   stipules   scale-like; 
Jhivers  numerous  (yellow],  terminating  the  branchlets.  —  Bog-meadows;  same 
range  as  the  last.    June  -  Sept.     (Eu.) 

10.  P.   tridciitata,   Ait.      (MOUNTAIN    CINQUE-FOIL.)      Stems    low 
(4' -6'  high),  rather  woody  at  the  base,  tufted,  ascending,  cymosely  several- 
flowered  ;  leaves  palmate  ;  leaflets  3,  wedge-oblong,  nearly  smooth,  thick,  coarsely 
3-loothed  at  the  apex ;  petals  white ;  achenia  and  receptacle  very  hairy.  —  Rocks, 
on  mountains ;  Cape  Cod,  Cape  Ann,  and  in  Maine  at  the  level  of  the  sea ; 
shore  of  Lake  Superior  and  northward.     June. 

§  3.  Styles  moderately  lateral :  petals  (shorter  than  the  calyx,  ovate-lanceolate]  and 
filaments  more  or  less  persistent :  disk  thick  and  hairy :  achenia  glabrous :  recepta- 
cle hairy,  convex,  at  length  large  and  spongy.  (Comarum,  L.) 

11.  P.   palaistris,    Scop.     (MARSH  FIVE-FINGER.)     Stems  ascending 
from  a  creeping  base  (1°  -  2°  high) ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  5  -  7  lanceolate  or  oblong 
crowded  serrate  leaflets,  whitish  beneath;  flowers  somewhat  cymose;  calyx  (lf 
broad)  dark  purple  inside;  petals  purple.     1J.  (Comarum  palustre,  L.) — Bogs, 
N.England  to    Penn.,    Illinois,   and  northward.    June -Aug.     (Eu.) 

12.     FRAGARIA,    Tourn.        STRAWBERRY. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Potentilla.  Styles  deeply  lateral.  Receptacle  in  fruit 
much  enlarged  and  conical,  becoming  pulpy  and  scarlet,  bearing  the  minute  dry 
achenia  scattered  over  its  surface.  —  Stemless  perennials,  with  runners,  and  with 
white  cymose  flowers  on  scapes.  Leaves  radical :  leaflets  3,  obovate-wedge- 
form,  coarsely  serrate.  Stipules  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  petiole,  which 
with  the  scapes  are  usually  hairy.  (Name  from  the  fragrance  of  the  fruit.)  — 
The  two  species  are  indiscriminately  called  WILD  STRAWBERRY.) 

1.  F.  Virginiaiia,  Ehrhart.  Achenia  embedded  in  the  deeply  pitted  recep- 
tacle.—  Fields  and  rocky  places  ;  common  April  -June.  —  Scapes  commonly 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  which  are  of  a  rather  coriaceous  or  linn  texture  Fruit 
roundish-ovoid 


120  ROSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

2.  1\  VeSCa,  L.  Achenia  superficial  on  the  conical  or  hemispherical  fruiting 
receptacle  (not  sunk  in  pits).  — Fields  and  rocks,  common :  indigenous,  especial- 
ly northward.  —  Leaves  thin;  the  wild  fruit  often  long  and  slender.  (Eu.) 

13.     DAL.IBARDA,    L.        DALIBARDA. 

Calyx  deeply  5  -  6-parted,  3  of  the  divisions  larger  and  toothed.  Petals  5, 
sessile,  deciduous.  Stamens  many.  Ovaries  5-10,  becoming  nearly  dry  seed- 
like  drupes  :  styles  terminal,  deciduous.  —  Low  perennials,  with  creeping  and 
densely  tufted  stems  or  rootstocks,  and  roundish-heart-shaped  crenate  leaves  on 
slender  petioles.  Flpwers  1-2,  white,  on  scape-like  peduncles.  (Named  in 
honor  of  Dalibard,  a  French  botanist.) 

1.  I>.  repeilS,  L.  Downy;  sepals  spreading  in  the  flower,  converging 
and  enclosing  the  fruit.  —  Wooded  banks;  common  northward.  June -Aug. 

—  Leaves  much  like  those  of  a  stemless  Violet. 

14.    RUB  US,    L.        BRAMBLE. 

Calyx  5-parted,  without  bractlets.  Petals  5,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous. 
Achenia  usually  many,  collected  on  a  spongy  or  succulent  receptacle,  becoming 
small  drupes:  styles  nearly  terminal.  —  Perennial  herbs,  or  somewhat  shrubby 
plants,  with  white  (rarely  reddish)  flowers,  and  edible  fruit.  (Name  from  the 
Celtic  rub,  red.) 

§  1.  Fruit,  or  collective  mass  of  drupes,  falling  off  whole  from  the  dry  receptacle,  when. 

ripe,  or  of  few  grains  which  fall  separately.     (RASPBERRY.) 
*  Leaves  simple :  flowers  large  :  prickles  none :  fruit  and  receptacle  flat 
1.  R.  OcloratUS,  L.     (PURPLE  FLOWERING-RASPBERRY.)    Stem  shrub- 
by (3° -5°  high) ;  branches,  stalks,  and  calyx  bristly  with  glandular  clammy  hairs; 
leaves  3-5-lbbed,  the.  lobes  pointed  and  minutely  toothed,  the  middle  one  pro- 
longed ;  peduncles  many-flowered ;  calyx-lobes  tipped  with  a  long  narrow  ap- 
pendage ;  petals  rounded,  purple  rose-color  ;  fruit  ripening  several  reddish  grains. 

—  Rocky  banks,  common  northward.     June- Aug.  —  Flowers  showy,  2'  broad. 
2.   R.    Nutkaiius,     Mo^ino.       (WHITE    FLOWERING-RASPBERRY.) 

Glandular,  scarcely  bristly;  leaves  almost  equally  5-lobcd,  coarsely  toothed; 
peduncles  few-flowered;  petals  oval,  white.  (R.  parviflorus,  Nutt.)  —  Upper 
Michigan,  and  northwestward  along  the  Lakes.  Much  like  No.  1 ;  but  smaller. 

3  R.  Cliamrciliorus,  L.  (CLOUD-BERRY.)  Herbaceous,  low,  dioecious ; 
stem  simple,  2-3-leaved,  1  -flowered ;  leaves  roundish-kidney-form,  somewhat  5- 
lobed,  serrate,  wrinkled  ;  calyx-lobes  pointless ;  petals  obovate,  white ;  fruit  of 
few  grains,  amber-color.  —  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  at  the  limit  of 
trees  :  also  Lubcck,  Maine,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

#  *  Leaflets  (pinnatcly)  3  -  5  :  petals  small,  erect,  white. 
•«-  Stems  annual,  herbaceous,  not  prickly  :  fruit  of  few  sejKirate  grains, 

4.  R.  triflorus,  Richardson.  (])WARF  RASPBERRY.)  Stems  ascending 
(6'- 12' high)  or  trailing;  leaflets  3  (or  pcdately  ;">),  rhombic-ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  thin  smooth ;  peduncle 


ROSACE^E.       (ROSE    FA  \IILY.J  121 

1-3  flowered.  —  Wooded  hill-sides,  Rhode  Island  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and 
northward.  June.  —  Sepals  and  petals  often  6  or  7. 

H--I-  Stems  biennial  and  woody,  prickly :  receptacle  oblong:  fruit  hemispherical. 

5.  R.  StrigosilS,    Michx.     (WILD  RED  RASPBERRY*.)     Stems  upright, 
and  with  the  stalks,  &c.  beset  with  stiff  straight  bristles  (some  of  them  becoming 
weak  hooked  prickles),  glandular  when  young,  somewhat  glaucous  ;  leaflets  3- 
5,  oblong-ovate,  pointed,  cut-serrate,  whitish-downy  underneath ;  the  lateral  ses- 
sile ;  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  fruit  light  red.  —  Thickets  and  hills ;  common, 
especially  northward. — Fruit  ripening  from  June  to  Aug.,  finely  flavored,  but 
more  tender  and  watery  than  the  Garden  or  European  Raspberry  (R.  Idccus), 
which  it  too  closely  resembles. 

6.  R.  occideiitiklis,  L.      (BLACK    RASPBERRY.      THIMBLEBERRY.) 

Glaucous  all  over ;  stems  recurved,  armed  like  the  stalks,  &c.  with  hooked  prickles, 
not  bristly ;  leaflets  3  (rarely  5),  ovate,  pointed,  coarsely  doubly  sen-ate,  whitened- 
downy  underneath ;  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  stalked ;  petals  shorter  than  the 
sepals ;  fruit  purple-black.  —  Thickets  and  fields,  especially  where  the  ground  has 
been  burned  over.  May.  —  Fruit  ripe  early  in  July,  pleasant.  (Some  curious 
forms  are  known,  with  fruit  intermediate  between  this  and  the  last.) 

}  2.  Fruit,  or  collective  drupes,  not  separating  from  the  juicy  receptacle,  mostly  ovals 
or  oblong,  blackish.     (BLACKBERRY.) 

7.  R.  villdsus,  Ait.      (COMMON  or  HIGH  BLACKBERRY.)      Shrubby 
(l°-6°high),  fun-owed,  upright  or  reclining,  armed  with  stout  curved  prickles; 
branchlets,  stalks,  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  hairy  and  glandular ;  leaflets  3 
(or  pedately  5),  ovate,  pointed,  unequally  sen-ate ;  the  terminal  one  somewhat 
heart-shaped,  conspicuously  stalked;  flowers  racemed,  numerous,  bracts  short; 
sepals  linear-pointed,  much  shorter  than  the  obovate-oblong  spreading  petals.  — 
Var.  1.  FRONo6sus  :  smoother  and  much  less  glandular;  flowers  more  corym- 
bose, with  leafy  bracts;  petals  roundish.     Var.  2.  HUMIFTJSUS  :  trailing,  small- 
er ;  peduncles  few-flowered.  —  Borders  of  thickets,  £c.,  common.     May,  June : 
the  pleasant  large  fruit  ripe  in  Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Plant  very  variable  in  size, 
aspect,  and  shape  of  the  fruit. 

8.  R.  Call  side  II  Sis,  L.     (Low  BLACKBERRY.    DEWBERRY.)    Shrubby, 
extensively  trailing,  slightly  prickly;  leaflets  3   (or  pedately  5-7),  oval  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  mostly  pointed,  thin,  nearly  smooth,  sharply  cut-sen-ate ;  flowers  ra- 
cemed, with  leaf-like  bracts.     (R.  trivialis,  Pursh,  Bigel.,  frc. ;  not  of  Michx.)  — 
Rocky  or  gravelly  hills,  common.     May ;  ripening  its  large  and  sweet  fruit 
earlier  than  No.  7. 

9.  R.  liispidllS,  L.    (RUNNING  SWAMP-BLACKBERRY.)    Stems  slender, 
somewhat  shrubby,  extensively  procumbent,  beset  with  small  reflexed  prickles ;  leaflets  3 
(or  rarely  pedately  5),  smooth,  thickish,  mostly  persistent,  obovate,  obtuse,  coarsely 
serrate,  entire  towards  the  base ;  peduncles  leafless,  several-flowered,  often  bristly ; 
floivers  small.     (R.  obovalis,  Michx.     R.  sempervirens  and  R.  sctosus,  Bigelow.) 
—  Low  woods,  common  northward.     June.  —  Flowering  shoots  short,  ascend- 
ing, the  sterile  forming  long  runners.     Fruit  of  a  few  large  grains,  red  or  pur 
pie,  sour 


122  ROSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

10.  R.  Clincifolius,  Pursh.     (SAND  BLACKBERRY.)     Shrubby  (1° -3* 
high),  ii/iright,  ar/nid  with  stout  recurved  prickles  ;  branchlets  and  lower  surface  of 
the  leaves  whitish-woolly;  leaflets  3-5,  wedgc-obovate,  thickish,  seirate  above; 
peduncles  2-4-flowcred  ;  petals  large.  —  Sandy  woods,  S.  New  York  to  Virginia 
and  southward.     May- July  ;  ripening  its  well-flavored  black  fruit  in  August. 

11.  R.  trivia lis,  Michx.    (Low  BUSH-BLACKBKRIIY.)    Shrubby,  pnxum- 
Ix-nt,  bristly  and  prickly  ;  leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  nearly  glabrous  ;  leaflets  3  (or 
pedately  5),  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate;  peduncles  1-3-flow- 
ered ;  petals  large.  —  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.     March  -  May. 

15.     ROSA,    Tourn.        ROSE. 

Calyx -tube  Ttrn-shaped,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit. 
Petals  5,  obovate  or  obcordate,  inserted,  with  the  many  stamens,  into  the  edge 
of  the  hollow  thin  disk  that  lines  the  calyx-tube  and  bears  the  numerous  pistils 
over  its  inner  surface.  Ovaries  hairy,  becoming  bony  achcnia  in  fruit.  —  Shrub- 
by and  prickly,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  stipules  cohering  with  the  petiole: 
stalks,  foliage,  &c.  often  bearing  aromatic  glands.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 
*  Styles  cohering  in  a  column,  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

1.  R.  setigcra,  Michx.     (CLIMBING  or  PRAIRIE  ROSE.)     Stems  climb- 
ing, armed  with  stout  nearly  straight  prickles,  not  bristly ;  leaflets  3  -  5,  orate,  acute, 
sharply  serrate,  smooth  or  downy  beneath ;  stalks  and  calyx  glandular ;  flowers 
corymbed ;  sepals  pointed  ;  petals  deep  rose-color  changing  to  white;  fruit  (hip) 
globular.  —  Borders  of  prairies  and  thickets,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward. 
July.  —  A  fine  species,  the  only  American  climbing  Rose ;  the  strong  shoots 
growing  10° -20°  in  a  season. 

#  *  Styles  separate,  nearly  included  in  the  calyx-tube :  petals  rose-color. 

2.  R.  Carolina,  L.     (SWAMP  ROSE.)     Stems  tall  (4° -7°  high),  armed 
with  stout  hooked  prickles,  not  bristly;  leaflets  5  -9,  elliptical,  often  acute,  dull 
cdtove  and  pale  beneath  ;  stipules  narrow ;  flowers  numerous,  in  corymbs;  calyx  and 
peduncles  glandular-bristly,  the  former  with  leaf-like  appendages;  fruit  (hip) 
depressed-globular,  somewhat  bristly.  —  Low  grounds,  common.     June  -  Sept. 

3.  R.  I  in  ida,  Ehrhart.     (DWARF  WILD-ROSE  )     Stems  (l°-2°  high), 
armed  with  unequal  bristly  prickles,  which  are  mostly  deciduous,  the  stouter  per- 
sistent ones  nearli/  straight,  slender;  leajlets  5  —  9,  elliptical  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
shining  above,  sharply  serrate;  stipules  broad;  peduncles  1  -3-flou~er«l,  and -with 
the  appcndaged  calyx-lobes  glandular-bristly;  fruit  depressed -globular,  smooth 
when  ripe.  —  Common  in  dry  soil,  or  along  the  borders  of  swamps.     May  — 
July.  —  R.  nitida,  \\~illd.,  is  a  smooth  and  narrow-leaved  form. 

4.  R.  bl.iiidii,  Ait.     (EARLY  WILD-ROSE.)     Nearly  un.inned,  or  with 
pcatti-red  straight  deciduous  prickles  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaflets  5-7,  oval  or  oblong, 
olitiw,  [Kile  on  both  sidm  ami  minutely  downy  or  hoary  Ixneath,  son-ate;  stipules 
large;   flowers  1  -3,  the  pulnm-lm  and  caly.r-t.nbe  smooth  and  glaucous;  fruit  glo- 
bose,  crowned  with   the   persistent  erect   and   counivcnt   entire   calyx-lobes.— 
Hocks  and  banks,  Vermont  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin,  chiefly  northward.     May, 
June.  —  Petals  light  rose-color. 


ROSACES.       (ROSE    FAMILY.)  123 

5.  R.  RUBIGIN£SA,  L.  (TRUE  SWEET-BRIER.)  Climbing  high;  prickles 
numerous,  the  larger  ones  strong  and  hooked,  and  the  smaller  aivl-shaped ;  leaflets 
doubly  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base ;  downy  and  clothed  with  fragrant  russet 
glands  beneath ;  fruit  pear-shaped  or  obovate,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes. 
—  Road-sides  and  thickets.  June -Aug.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

b.  R.  MICRANTHA,  Smith.  (SMALLER-FL.  SWEET-BRIER.)  Prickles  uni- 
form and  hooked ;  fruit  elliptical  and  ovate ;  calyx-lobes  deciduous ;  flowers  smaller  : 
otherwise  as  No.  5.  —  E.  New  England.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

SUBORDER  HI.    POI?IEJE.     THE  PEAR  FAMILY. 
16.     CRATJECcUS,    L.        HAWTHORN.    WHITE  THORN. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  the  limb  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  roundish.  Stamens  many, 
or  only  10-5.  Styles  1-5.  Fruit  (calyx-tube)  fleshy,  containing  1  -  5  bony 
1 -seeded  carpels.  —  Thorny  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  and  mostly  lobed 
leaves,  and  white  (rarely  rose-colored)  blossoms.  (Name  from  Kpdros,  strength^ 
on  account  of  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 

#  Corymbs  many-flowered. 
•«-  Fruit  very  smtxll,  depressed-globose  (not  larger  than  peas],  bright  red:  flowers  small: 

calyx-teeth  short  and  broad:  styles  5  :  plants  glabrous  and  (/landless  throughout. 

1.  C.  Spallllllata,  Michx.    Leaves  thickish  and  shining,  spatulateor  oblan- 
ceolate,  with  a  long  tapering  base,  crenate  above,  rarely  cut-lobed,  nearly  sessile.  — 
Virginia  and  southward.     May.  —  Shrub  10°  - 15°  high. 

2.  C.  coi'dftta,  Ait.     (WASHINGTON  THORN.)     Leaves  broadly  ovate  or 
triangular,  mostly  truncate  or  a  little  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  on  a  slender  petiole, 
variously  3  -  5-clefl  or  cui,  and  serrate.  —  Virginia,   Kentucky,  and  southward. 
June.  —  Trunk  1 5°  -  25°  high. 

t-  •<—  Fruit  small  (%'  —  i'  lon'j),  ovoid,  deep  red :  flowers  rather  large :  styles  1—3. 

3.  C.  OXYACANTHA,  L.     (ENGLISH  HAWTHORN.)    Smooth ;  leaves  obovate, 
cut-lobcd  and  toothed,  wedge-form  at  the  base;  calyx  not  glandular.     Mav. — 
More  or  less  spontaneous  as  well  as  cultivated.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  C.  apiif'oli.i,  Michx.     Softly  pubescent  when  young,  becoming  gla- 
brous ;  leaves  roundish,  with  a  broad  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base/  pin- 
nately  5  -  7-cleft,  with  the  crowded   divisions  cut-lobed  and  sharply  serrate ; 
petioles  slender;  calyx-lobes  glandular-toothed,  slender.  —  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.    March,  April. 

•»-•«-•«-  Fruit  large  (^'-f  long),  red;  flowers  large:  styles  and  stones  of  the  fruit 
even  in  the  same  species  1-3  (when  the  fruit  is  ovoid  or  pear-shaped)  or  4-5  (when 
the  fruit  is  globular)  :  stipules,  calyx-teeth,  bracts,  <^c.  often  beset  with  glands. 

5.  C.  coccsnesi,  L.     (SCARLET-FRUITED  THORN.)      Glabrous  through- 
out; leaves  thin,  roundish-ovate,  sharply  toothed  and  cut,  or  somewhat  cut-lobed, 
usually  abrupt  at  the  base,  on  slender  petioles ;  flowers  white,  often  with  a  rosy 
tinge   (§'  broad) ;  fruit  bright  scarlet-red,  ovoid  (£'  broad),  scarcely  edible. — • 
Thickets  and  rockv  banks  ;  common.     May.  —  A  low  tree 


124  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

6.  C.  toui«  lit  >s:i,  L.  (BLACK  or  PEAR  THORN.)  Downy  at  vittous- 
vubescent,  at  least  when  young,  on  the  peduncles,  calyx,  *iul  lower  side  of  the 
leaves  ;  kacf-.s  t/tickis/t,  rather  large,  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  sharply  toothed  and 
often  cut,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  somewhat  margined  petiole,  the  up- 
per surface  more  or  less  furrowed  along  the  veins ;  flowers  large  (often  1'  broad), 
white  ;  fruit  crimson  or  orange-red,  usually  large  (|;-|'  broad),  globular  or  some- 
what pear-shaped,  edible.  —  Thickets  ;  common.  May,  June.  —  A  tall  shrub  or 
low  tree,  of  many  varieties,  of  which  the  following  are  the  most  marked. 

Var.  pyrifolia.  Leaves  sparingly  pubescent  beneath  when  young,  soon 
glabrous,  smooth  and  shining  above,  often  slightly  cut-lobcd  ;  fruit  large,  bright- 
colored,  sparingly  dotted,  of  a  pleasant  flavor.  (C.  pyrifolia,  Ait.) 

Var.  puiictiita..  Leaves  rather  small,  mostly  wedge-obovate,  with  a 
longer  tapering  and  entire  base,  unequally  toothed  above,  rarely  cut,  vilious 
pubescent  when  young,  smooth  but  dull  when  old,  the  numerous  veins  more 
strongly  impressed  on  the  upper  surface  and  prominent  underneath  ;  fruit  glo- 
bose, usually  dull  red  and  yellowish  with  whitish  dots.  (C.  punctata,  Jacq.) 

Var.  Iliollis*  Leaves  rounded,  abrupt  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  soft-downy  both  sides,  or  at  least  beneath,  very  sharply  doubly-toothed  and 
cut;  fruit  often  downy.  (C.  subvillosa,  Schrader.  C.  coccinea,  var.  1  molli**, 
Torr.  Sf  Gray.)  —  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southwcstward. 

7.  C.  CrilS-giulli,  L.      (COCKSPUR    THORN.)      Glabrous  ;   leaves  thick, 
shining  above,  wedge-obovate  and  oblanceolate,  tapering  into  a  very  short  petiole, 
serrate  above  the  middle;  fruit  globular,  bright-red   (£'  broad).  —  Thickets. 
June.  —  Shrub  or  tree  10° -20°  high,  with  firm  dark  green  leaves  very  shining 
above,  and  slender  sharp  thorns  often  2'  long.    This  is  our  best  species  for  hedges. 

*  Corymbs  simple  few-  (1  —  6-)  flowered:  calyx,  bracts,  Sfc.  glandular. 

8.  C.  flava,  Ait.     (SUMMER  HAW.)     Somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrous  ; 
leaves  wedge-obovate  or  rhombic-obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  glandular 
petiole,  unequally  toothed  and  somewliat  cut  above  the  middle,  rather  thin,  the  teeth, 
&c.  glandular;  styles  4- 5;  fruit  somewhat  pear-shaped,  yellowish,  greenish,  or 
reddish   (£'  -§'  broad).  —  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.     May.  —  Tree 
1 5° -20°  high,  with  rather  large  flowers,  2-6  in  a  corymb. 

Var.  pubcscciis.  Downy  or  villous-pubeseent  when  young  ;  leases 
thickish,  usually  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  summit.  (C.  elliptica,  Ait.  C.  glan- 
dulosa,  Michx.  C.  Virginica,  Lodd.)  — Virginia  and  southward. 

9.  C.  parvifolia,  Ait.    (DWARF  THORN.)    Downy ;  leaixx  thick,  obovato 
tpatulate,  crcnate-toothed  ($'  -  l£'  long),  almost  sessile,  the  upper  surface  at  length 
shining;  flowers  solitary  or  2-3  together,  on  very  short  peduncles;  calyx-lolies  as 
long  as  the  petals ;  styles  5;  fruit  globular  or  pear-shaped^  greenish-yellow. — 
Saiuly  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward.    May.  —  Shrub  3°  -  6°  high 

17.     PYRTJS,    L.        PEAR.    APPLE. 

Calyx-to-be  urn-shaped,  the  limb  5-cleft.  Petals  roundish  or  obovate.  Sla 
mens  nuim-rous.  Stvles  2-5.  Fruit  (pome)  fleshy  or  berry-like;  ihe  2-5  car- 
pels of  a  papery  or  cartilaginous  texture,  2-seedi-d.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with 
nandsome  flowers  in  corymbed  cymes.  (The  classical  name  of  the  1'car-tiee.) 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  125 

5  1    JVlALUS,  Tourn.  —  Leaves  simple :  cymes  simple  and  umbel-like :  fruit  fleshy, 
ghibular,  sunk  in  at  the  attachment  of  the  stalk.     ( APPLE.) 

1.  P.  coroiiuria,  L.     (AMERICAN  GRAB-APPLE.)     Leaves  ovate,  often 
rather  heart-shaped,  cut-serrate  or  lobed,  soon  glabrous  ;  styles  woolly  and  united  at 
the  base.  —  Glades,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     May.  —  Tree 
20°  high,  with  few,  but  very  large,  rose-eolored  fragrant  blossoms,  and  translu- 
cent, fragrant,  greenish  fruit. 

2.  P.  aiigiistifolia,  Ait.     (NARROW-LEAVED  CRAB-APPLE.)     Leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  often  acute  at  the  base,  mostly  toothed,  glabrous ;  styles  dis- 
tinct. —  Glades,  from  Pennsylvania  southward.     April. 

P.  MALUS,  the  APPLE-TREE,  is  often  found  in  deserted  fields  and  copses. 
P.  COMMENTS,  the  PEAR-TREE,  represents  the  typical  section  of  the  genus. 

$2.  ADENORACHIS,  DC.  —  Leaves  simple,  the  midrib  beset  with  glands  along 
the  upper  side:  cymes  compound:  sty'es  united  at  the  base:  fruit  berry -like,  small. 

3.  P.  arlmlifolia,  L.     (CHOKE-BERRY.)     Leaves  oblong  or  obovate, 
finely  serrate ;  fruit  pear-shaped,  or  when  ripe  globular.  —  Var.  1.  ERYTHRO- 
CARPA  has  the  cyme  and  leaves  beneath  woolly,  and  red  or  purple  fruit.     Var. 
2.  MELANOCARJ'A  is  nearly  smooth,  with  black  fruit.  —  Damp  thickets,  common. 
May,  June.  —  Shrub  2°  -  10°  high.     Flowers  white,  or  tinged  with  purple. 

§3.  S6RBUS,  Tourn.  —  Leaves  odd-pinnate:  cymes  compound:   styles  separate: 
fruit  berry-like,  small. 

4.  P.    Americana,    DC.      (AMERICAN    MOUNTAIN-ASH.)      Leaflets 
13-15,  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sharply  serrate  with  pointed  teeth,  smooth  ; 
cymes  large  and  flat.  —  Swamps  and  mountain  woods,  N.  England  to  Wiscon- 
sin northward,  and  along  the  Alleghanics  southward.     June.  —  A  slender  shrub 
or  low  tree,  with  white  blossoms  ;  greatly  prized  in  cultivation  for  its  ornamen- 
tal clusters  of  scarlet  fruit  (not  larger  than  large  peas)  in  autumn  and  winter. 

P.  AUCUP\RIA,  Gartn.,  the  cultivated  EUROPEAN  MOUNTAIN-ASH  or  Row 
AN  TREE,  is  known  by  its  paler,  shorter,  and  blunt  leaflets,  and  larger  fruit. 

18.     AHIELANCIIIER,    Medic.        JUNE-BERRY. 

Calyx  5-clcft.  Petals  oblong,  elongated.  Stamens  numerous,  short.  Styles 
5,  united  below.  Fruit  (pome)  berry-like,  the  5  cartilaginous  carpels  each  di- 
vided into  2  cells  by  a  partition  from  the  back;  the  divisions  1-seeded.  —  Small 
trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  sharply  serrated  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  ra- 
cemes. (Amelancier  is  the  popular  name  of  A.  vulgaris  in  Savoy.) 

1.  A.  Canadciisis,  Torr.  &  Gray.     (SHAD-BUSH.     SERVICE-BERRY.) 

Calyx-lobes  triangular-lance-form ;  fruit  globular,  purplish,  edible  (sweet,  ripe 
in  June).  —  Along  streams,  &c. :  common,  especially  northward.  April,  May. 
—  Varias  exceedingly;  the  leading  forms  are, — 

Var.  Bofryapiuili  ;  a  tree  10° -30°  high,  nearly  or  soon  glabrous; 
leaves  ovate-oblong,  sometimes  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  pointed,  very  sharply 
§e«mte ;  flowers  in  long  drooping  racemes ;  the  oblong  petals  4  times  the  length 
of  the  calyx.  (Pyrus  Botryapium,  Wittd.) 


126          CALYCANTIIACEJi.       (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE    FAMILY.; 

Yar.  obloilgifolkl ;  a  smaller  tree  or  shrub ;  leaves  oblong,  beneath,  like 
the  branehlet-s,  white-downy  when  young  ;  racemes  and  petals  shorter. 

Var.  ro til lldi folia;  with  broader  leaves  and  smaller  petals  than  in  the 
first  variety  ;  racemes  6  -  10-flowered. 

Var.  aliiifoliii;  shrub,  with  the  roundish  leaves  blunt  or  notched  at  both 
ends,  serrate  towards  the  summit;  racemes  dense  and  many-flowered.  —  Chiefly 
in  the  Western  States,  and  westward. 

Var.  oligOCcirpu;  shrub,  with  thin  and  smooth  narrowly  oblong  leaves, 
2-4-flowcrcd  racemes,  the  broader  petals  scarcely  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

—  Cold  and  deep  mountain  swamps,  northward. 

CYD&NIA  vuLGAKis,  the  QUINCE,  and  C.  JAI-6NICA,  the  ornamental  JAPAH 
QUINCE,  differ  from  the  order  generally  in  their  many-seeded  carpels. 

ORDER   40.     CALYCANTHACE^E.      (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE 

FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  ivith  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  sepals  and  petals  similar 
and  indefinite,  the  anthers  adnate  and  extrorse,  and  the  cotyledons  convolute  : 

—  otherwise  like  Rosaceae.     Chiefly  represented  by  the  genus 

1.      CA  LY  CAN  THUS,     L.         CAROLINA    ALLSPICE.      SWEET 
SCENTED  SHRUB. 

Calyx  of  many  sepals,  united  below  into  a  fleshy  inversely  conical  cup  (witu 
some  leaf-like  bracelets  growing  from  it)  ;  the  lobes  lanceolate,  mostly  colored 
like  the  petals ;  which  are  similar,  in  many  rows,  thickish,  inserted  on  the  top 
of  the  closed  calyx-tube.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  just  within  the  petals, 
short;  some  of  the  inner  ones  sterile  (destitute  of  anthers).  Pistils  several  or 
many,  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube,  inserted  on  its  base  and  inner  face,  resembling 
those  of  the  Rose.  Fruit  like  a  rose-hip,  but  dry  when  ripe,  and  larger,  en- 
closing the  large  achcnia.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  largo  lurid- 
purple  flowers  terminating  the  leafy  branches.  Bark  and  foliage  aromatic  ;  the 
crushed  flowers  exhaling  more  or  less  the  fragrance  of  strawberries.  (Name 
composed  of  »caXv|,  a  cup  or  calyx,  and  avdos,  jloicer,  from  the  closed  cup  which 
contains  the  pistils.) 

1.  C.   florid  MS,  L.     Lr.nws   oral,  s<>fl-d»iniy   uiithrtiHilh. —  Virginia?  and 
southward,  on  hill-sides  in  rich  soil.     Common  in  gardens.     April -Aug. 

2.  C.  ItfttVigsitllS,  Willd.      Leaves   oblong,    thin,   cither   blunt   or   taper 
pointed,  brit/lit  (/m-n  <nnl  i/lal>rnns  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides,  or  rather  pale  be- 
neath; flowers    .smaller.  —  Mountains   of   Franklin  Co.,   Penn.   (/V»/".   1'ortcr)^ 
and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.     May -Aug. 

3.  C»  glailCUS,   Willd.     Loaves  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  ;  rons/ric- 
uously  tapcr-jHiintcil,  >//<n«-<>ux-ir/<itr  h-ncath,  roughish  above,  glabrous,  larger  than 
in  the  others  (4'-  7'  long) ;  the  flowers  also  larger. —Virginia  ?  near  the  moun- 
tains and  southward.     May  -  Aug. 


MELASTOMACJSE.       (MELASTOMA    FAMILY.)  127 

ORDER   41.     MELASTOMACE^E.     (MELASTOMA    FAMILY.) 

Myrtle-like  plants,  with  opposite  ribbed  leaves,  and  anthers  opening  by 
pores  at  the  apex  ;  otherwise  much  as  in  the  Evening-Primrose  Family.  — 
All  tropical,  except  the  genus 

1.    RUE XI A,    L.        DEER-GRASS.    MEADOW-BEAUTY. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary  below,  and  continued  above 
it,  persistent,  4-cleft  at  the  apex.  Petals  4,  convolute  in  the  bud,  oblique,  in- 
serted, along  with  the  8  stamens,  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.  Anthers 
long,  1-celled,  inverted  in  the  bud.  Style  1  :  stigma  1.  Pod  invested  by  the 
permanent  calyx,  4-celled,  with  4  many-seeded  placentae  projecting  from  the 
central  axis.  Seeds  coiled  like  a  snail-shell,  without  albumen.  —  Low  perennial 
herbs,  often  bristly,  with  sessile  3  -  5-nerved  and  bristle-edged  leaves,  and  large 
showy  cymose  flowers  ;  the  petals  falling  early.  (Name  from  pf)£is,  a  rupture. 
applied  to  this  genus  for  no  obvious  reason.) 

*  Anthers  linear,  curved,  with  a  minute  spur  on  the  back  at  the  attachment  of  tht 
Jilament  above  its  base :  Jloicers  cymose,  peduncled. 

1 .  B.  Virgilftica,  L.     Stem  square,  with  wing-like  angles ;  leaves  oval- 
lanceolate,  acute ;  petals  bright  purple.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Massachusetts  along 
the  coast,  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward.    July. 

2.  K.    Ularifilia,    L.      Stems  cylindrical;    leaves  linear-oblong,   narrowed 
below ;  petals  paler.  —  Sandy  swamps,  N.  Jersey,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

*  *  Anthers  oblong,  straight,  without  any  spur:  Jlowers  few,  sessile. 

3.  R.  ciliosa,  Michx.     Stem  square,   glabrous  ;    leaves   broadly   ovate, 
ciliate  with  long  bristles ;  calyx  glabrous.  —  Maryland  and  southward. 


ORDER  42.     LYTHRACE^E.     (LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  ivith  mostly  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  calyx  enclosing, 
out  free  from,  the  1  -  1-celled  many-seeded  ovary  and  membranous  pod.  and 
bearing  the  4-7  deciduous  petals  and  4-14  stamens  on  its  throat;  the  latter 
lower  down.  Style  1 :  stigma  capitate,  or  rarely  2-lobed.  —  Flowers  axillary 
or  whorled,  rarely  irregular.  Petals  sometimes  wanting.  Pod  often  1- 
celled  by  the  early  breaking  away  of  the  thin  partitions :  placentae  in  the 
axis.  Seeds  anatropous,  without  albumen.  —  Branches  usually  4-sided. 

Synopsis. 

*  Flowers  regular,  or  very  nearly  so. 

1.  AMMANNIA     Calyx  short,  4-angled,  not  striate.     Petals  1,  ox  none.     Stamens  4. 
3.  LYTHRUM.     Calyx  tubular-cylindrical,  striate.    Petals  4 -7.     Stamens  5  - 14. 
3.  NES2EA     Calyx  short-campanulate.     Stamens  10  -  14,  exserted,  mostly  unequal. 

*  *  Flowers  irregular  :  petals  unequal. 
i,  CUPHEA.     Calyx  spurred  or  enlarged  on  one  side  at  the  base.     Stamens  1'2. 

11  See  addend 


128  LYTHRACE^E.       (LOOSESTRIFE    FAMILY.) 

1.    AMMANNIA,    Houston.        AMMANNI  A. 

Calyx  globular  or  bell-shaped,  4-angled,  4-toothed,  with  a  little  hern-shaped 
appendage  at  each  sinus.  Petals  4  (purplish),  small  and  deciduous,  sometimes 
wanting.  Stamens  4,  short.  Pod  globular,  4-celled. — Low  and  inconspicuous 
smooth  herbs,  with  opposite  narrow  leaves,  and  small  greenish  flowers  in  their 
axils.  (Named  after  Ammann,  a  Russian  botanist  anterior  to  Linnaeus.) 

1.  A.  Ii II  ill  ills,  Michx.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  tapering  into  a 
slit/lit  petiole,  or  the  base  somewhat  arrow-shaped  ;  flowers  solitary  or  3  together 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  sessile;  style  very  short.     (I)  —  Low  and  wet  places, 
from  Massachusetts  and  Michigan  southward.    July  -  Sept. 

2.  A.  latifolii*,  L.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate  (2' -3'   long),  with   a   broad 
aurickd  sessile  base;  style  mostly  slender.     ©  —  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

2.     LY THRUM,    L.        LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  4-7-toothcd,  with  as  many  little  processes  in  the 
sinuses.  Petals  4-7.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  twice  the  number,  in- 
serted low  down  on  the  calyx,  commonly  nearly  equal.  Pod  oblong,  2-celled. 
—  Slender  herbs,  with  opposite  or  scattered  mostly  sessile  leaves,  and  purple 
(rarely  white)  flowers.  (Name  from  Av0poi/,  blood ;  perhaps  from  the  crimson 
blossoms  of  some  species.) 

*  Stamens  and  petals  5-7  :  flowers  small,  solitary  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of 
the  mostly  scattered  tipper  leaves :  proper  calyx-teeth  off  en  shorter  than  the  interme- 
diate processes  :  plants  smooth. 

1.  L<.  HYSSOPIF6LIA,  L.     Low  (6' -10' high),  pale;  leaves  oblong-linear,  ob- 
tuse,  longer   than   the   inconspicuous  flowers;  petals    (pale  purple)  5-6.     ©  — 
Marshes,  coast  of  Massachusetts,  £c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.  ?) 

2.  JL,  aliVtlim,  Pursh.      Tall   and    wand-like  ;    branches   with   marginfd 
angles ;  leaves  varying  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  the  upper  not  longer  than  the 
flowers  ;  petals  (deep  purple)  6.      1J. —  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 

3.  L..  lineare,  L.     Stem  slender  and  tall,  bushy  at  the  top,  tiro  of  the 
angles  margined ;  leaves  linear,  short,  chiefly  opposite,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  acute 
and  scarcely  exceeding  the  flowers;  calyx  obscurely  striate ;  petals  (whitish)  6. 
1|.  —  Brackish  marshes,  N.  Jersey  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Stem  3° -4°  high. 

#  #  Stamens  12-14,  twice  the  number  of  the  petals,  half  of  them  sometimes  much 

shorter:  flowers  large,  crowded  and  ivhorled  in  an  interrupted  wand-like  spike. 

4.  l<.  Salicni'ia,  L.      (SPIKED    LOOSESTRIFE.)       Leaves    lanceolate, 
heart-shaped  at  tin-  lose,  sometimes  whorled  in  threes.  —  Wet  meadows,  Eastern 
New  England,  and  Orange  County,  New  York  :  also  cultivated.     July.  —  Plant 
more  or  less  downy,  tall :  flowers  large,  purple.     (Eu.) 

3.     MES^EA,    Commorson,  Juss.         SWAMP  LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx  short,  broadly  bell-shaped  or  hemispherical,  with  5-7  er  ct  tetth  and 
AS  many  longer  and  spreading  horn-like  processes  at  the  sinuses.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  10-14,  exserted.  Pod  globose,  3-5-celled.  —  Perennial  herbs  or 
slightly  shrubby  plants,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  and  axillary  flowers. 


ONAGRACE^E        (EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.)  129 

1 .  W.  verticillata,  H.  B.  K.     Smooth  or  downy ;  stems  recurved  (2° 
8°  long),  4  -  6-sided  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  opposite  or  whorl ed,  the 
Upper  with  clustered  flowers  in  their  axils  on  short  pedicels ;  petals  5,  wedge- 
lanceolate,  rose-purple  (^  long) ;  stamens  10,  half  of  them  shorter.     (Decodon 
verticillatum,  Gmdin.)  —  Swampy  grounds,  common  eastward.     July-Sept. 

4.     CUP  HE  A,    Jacq.        CCPHEA. 

Calyx  tubular,  12-ribbed,  somewhat  inflated  below,  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the 
base  on  the  upper  side,  6-toothcd  at  the  apex,  and  usually  with  as  many  little 
processes  in  the  sinuses.  Petals  6,  very  unequal.  Stamens  mostly  12,  approxi- 
mate in  2  sets,  included,  unequal.  Ovary  with  a  curved  gland  at  the  base  next 
the  spur  of  the  calyx,  1  -  2-celled  :  style  slender :  stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  oblong, 
few-seeded,  early  ruptured  through  one  side.  —  Flowers  solitary,  stalked.  (Namo 
from  KiK^oy,  gibbous,  from  the  shape  of  the  calyx,  &c.) 

1.  C.  viscosissima,  Jacq.  (CLAMMY  CUPHEA.)  Annual,  very  vis- 
cid-hairy, branching ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate ;  petals  ovate,  short-clawed,  purple. 
—  Dry  fields,  from  Connecticut  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Seeds 
flat,  borne  on  one  side  of  the  placenta,  which  is  early  forced  out  the  pod. 

ORDER  43.    ONAGRACE^E.     (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

Hej'bs,  with  ^-merous  (sometimes  2  -3-mmms)  flowers;  the  tube  of  the 
calyx  cohering  with  the  2  -  4-celled  ovary,  its  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  or  obso- 
lete, the  petals  convolute  in  the  bud,  and  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals  or  calyx-lobes.  —  There  are  two  suborders,  viz. :  — 

SUBORDER  I.     ONAGRACE^E  PROPER. 

Calyx-tube  often  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary  ;  the  petals  (rarely  want- 
ing) and  stamens  inserted  on  its  summit.  Pollen-grains  connected  by  cob- 
webby threads.  Style  single,  slender:  stigma  2  -4-lobed  or  capitate.  Pod 
loculicidally  4-celled  and  4-valved,  or  indehiscent :  placentae  in  the  axis. 
Seeds  anatropous,  no  albumen. 

1    EPILOBIUM.     Stamens  8.    Petals  4.     Seeds  with  a  large  downy  tuft  at  the  apex. 

2.  OENOTIIERA      Stamens  8.    Petals  4.     Calyx-tube  prolonged.     Seeds  naked,  numerous. 

3.  G AURA      Stamens  8.    Petals  4     Calyx-tube  prolonged.     Pod  1  -  4-seeded,  indehiscent. 

4.  JUSSIJEA      Stamens  8    12.    Petals  4  -  6.     Calyx-tube  not  prolonged.    Pod  many-seeded. 
6    LUDWIGIA.     Stamens  4      Petals  4,  or  none.     Calyx  and  pod  as  in  No  4. 

6    CIRC2EA.    Stamens  2     Petals  2.     Calyx  slightly  prolonged.    Pod  1  -  2-celled.  1  -  2  seeded . 

SUBORDER  II.     HALORAGE^E. 

Calyx-tube  not  at  all  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  the  lobes  obsolete. 
Petals  often  none.  Stamens  1-8.  Fruit  indehiscent,  1- 4-celled,  with  a 
solitary  suspended  seed  in  each  cell.  Albumen  thin.  —  Aquatic  plants, 
with  very  small  axillary  sessile  flowers,  often  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

7.  PROSERPINACA.     Stamens  3.     Fruit  3-sided,  3-celled.     Flowers  perfect. 

8.  MYRIOPHYLLUM.     Stamens  4    8.    Fruit  4-augled,  4-celled.    Flowers  monoecious. 
9    &IPPURIS.    Stamen  1.     Fruh  1- celled.     Style  slender.     Flowers  perfect 


180  ONAttRACE.fi.     (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

SUIIORDER  I.     OIVAGRACEvE   PROPER. 

1.    EP1L.6BIUM,    L.        WILLOW-HERB. 

Cal}  x-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  limb  4-cleft,  deciduous.  Petali 
4.  Stamens  8  :  anthers  short.  Pod  linear,  many-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  tuft  of 
long  hairs  at  the  end. — Perennials,  with  nearly  sessile  leaves,  and  violet,  j  urple, 
or  white  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  cVi  Ao/3o{)  iW,  viz.  a  violet  on  a  pod.) 

*  Flowers  large  in  a  long  spike  or  raceme :  petals  widely  spreading,  on  claws :  sta- 

mens c,f)d  style  turned  to  one  side:  stir/ma  ivith  4  long  lobes:  b.arts  scattered, 
1.  E.  Uilgustifolium,   L.     GREAT  WILLOW-HERB.)      Stem  simple, 
tall(4°-7e);  leaves  lanceolate.  —  Low  grounds,  especially  in  newly  cleared 
land;  common  northward.     July.  —  Flowers  pink-purple,  very  showy.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  small,  corymbed  or  panicled:  petals,  stamens,  and  style  erect:  stigma 

club-shaped:  lower  leaves  opposite,  entire  or  denticulate. 

•2.  E.  alpinum,  L.  Low  (2' -6' high);  nearly  glabrous;  stems  ascmdirg 
from  a  stoloniferous  base,  simple;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse, 
nearly  entire,  on  short  petioles ;  flowers  few  or  solitary,  drooping  in  the  bud ; 
petals  purple;  pods  long,  glabrous.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains 
of  New  Hampshire,  and  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York.  (Eu.) 

Var.  ilia  jus,  Wahl.  Taller ;  upper  leaves  more  or  less  acute  and  toothed  ; 
pod  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent.  (E.  alsinifolium,  Vill.  E.  origan ifoli- 
um,  Lam.)  —  With  the  typical  form.  (Eu.) 

3.  E.  paliiStre,  L.,  var.  lineare.     Erect  and  slender  (l°-2°  high), 
branched  above,  minutely  hoary-pubescent;  stem  roundish;  leaves  narrowly-lanceo- 
late or  linear,  nearly  entire ;  flower-buds  somewhat  nodding ;  petals  purplish  or 
white;  pods  hoary.     (E.  lineare,  Muld.    E.  squamatum,  Nutt.) — Bogs,  N.Eng- 
land to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     There  is  also  a  small  and  simple 
1  -  few-flowered  form  (4' -9'  high),  less  hoary  or  nearly  glabrous,  with  shorter 
leaves  (E.  oliganthum,  Michx.),  found  in  N.  New  York,  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire  and  northward.    This  is  E.  nutans,  .Sommerf.  &  E.  lineare,  /'>/<.«?, 
but  the  pods  are  usually  a  little  hoary.     (Eu.) 

4.  E.  HioEIc,  Torr.     Soft-downy  al(  over,  strictly  erect  (l°-2j°  high),  at 
length  branching;  leaves  crowded;  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  blunt,  mostly  pcti- 
oled ;  petals  rose-color,  notched  (2" -3"  long).  —  Bogs,  Rhode  Island  and  Penn, 
to  Michigan,  and  northward.     Sept. 

5.  E.  coloratlim,  Muhl.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so;   stem  roundish,  not 
angled,  much  branched  (l°-3°  high),  nany-flowered  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
vblong,  acute,  denticulate,  often  petioled,  *ot  at  all  decurrent,  thin,  usm.'ly  purple- 
veined ;  flower-buds  erect;  petals  purplish,  2-cleft  at  the  summit  (!£'     2"  long), 

Wet  places ;  common.    July -Sept.  See  addend. 

2.     <E  NO  Til  ERA,    L.        EVENING  PRIMROSE. 

Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous ;  the  lobes  4,  reflexed, 
Petals  4.  Stamens  8  :  anthers  mostly  linear.  Pod  4-valvcd,  many-seeded. 


ONAGltAOEJfi        (EVENING-PRIMROSE     FAMILY.)  131 

Seeds  naked. — Leaves  alternate.     (Name  from  oii/os,  ivine,  and  (%xx,  a  cnase: 
xthe  application  uncertain.) 

t  1.  Annuals  or  biennials :  floicers  nocturnal,  odorous,  withering  the  next  day:  pcxh 
cylindrical,  closely  sessile. 

1.  CE.  biennis,   L.      (COMMON    EVENING-PRIMROSE.)      Erect,   mostly 
hairy  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  obscurely  toothed ;  flowers  in  a  terminal 
rather  leafy  spike  ;    calyx-tube  much  prolonged  ;  petals   inversely   heart-shaped 
(light  yellow)  ;  pods  oblong,  somewhat  tapering  above.  —  Varies   greatly;   as 
Var.  1.  MURICATA,  with  rough-bristly  stem  and  pods,  and  petals  rather  longer 
than  the  stamens.     Var.  2.  GRANDIFLORA,  with  larger  and  more  showy  petals 
Var.  3.  PARVIFLORA,  with  petals  about  the  length  of  the  stamens.     Var.  4 
CRUCIATA,  with  singularly  small  and  narrow  linear-oblong  petals,  shorter  than 
the  stamens,  and  smooth  pods.  —  Common  everywhere.     June  -  Sept. 

2.  CE.  rllOIIlbipetala,    Nutt.     Petals  rhombic-ovate,   acute;  calyx-tube 
very  slender  ;  pods  short,  cylindrical :  otherwise  resembling  a  smoothish  and 
narrow-leaved  state  of  No.  1.  —  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  southwestward. 

3.  CE.  Simiata,  L.     Hairy,   low,  ascending,   or  at  length   procumbent; 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sinuate-toothed,  often  pinnatifid,  the  lower  petioled  ; 
flowers  (small)  axillary;  petals  not  longer  than  the  stamens  (pale  yellow,  rose- 
color  in  fading) ;  pods  cylindrical,  elongated.  —  Sandy   fields,   New  Jersey  and 
southward,  principally  a  dwarf  state.     June. 

$  2.  Biennials  or  perennials :  flowers  diurnal  (opening  in  sunshine],  yellow :  pods 
club-shaped,  with  4  strong  or  winged  angles  and  4  inteiinediate  ribs. 

4.  CE.  glaiica,  Michx.     Very  glabrous,  glaucous;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate;   pods  obovoid-oblong,  4-winged,  almost  sessile.     1J.  —  Mountains  of 
Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May  -  July.  —  Leaves  broader  and  flow- 
ers larger  than  in  the  next. 

5.  CE.   fruticosa,  L.     (SUNDROPS.)      Hairy   or  nearly   smooth;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong ;  raceme  corymbed,  naked  beloAV ;  petals  broadly  obcordate, 
longer  than  the  calyx-lobes  and  stamens ;  pods  oblong-club-shaped,  4-winged,  longer 
than  the  pedicels.     1J.  — Open  places,  from  New  York  southward  and  westward. 
June- Aug.  —  Plant  l°-3°  high,  with  several  varieties.     Corolla  1^  broad. 

6.  CE.  riparia,  Nutt.      Scarcely  pubescent;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  ekn- 
yated,  tapering  below  and  somewhat  stalked;  flowers  (large)  in  a  rather  leafy  at 
length  elongated  raceme ;  petals  slightly  obcordate  ;  pods  oblong-club-shaped,  slcn- 
der-pedicelled,  scarcely  ^-winged.    @  —  Kiver-banks  and  swamps;  Quaker  Bridge, 
New  Jersey,  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

7.  CE.    linearis,    Michx.       Slender,    minutely    hoary -pubescent ;    leaves 
^inear ;  flowers  (rather  large)  somewhat  corymbed  at  the  end  of  the  branches, 
pods  obovate,  hoary,  scarcely  4-winged  at  the  summit,  tapering  into  a  slender  pedicel 
—  Montauk  Point,  Long  Island,  to  Virginia  and  southward.     June.  —  Plant  1° 
high,  bushy-branched?  flowers  1'  wide. 

8.  CE.  clirysailtlia,  Michx.     Slender,  smooth  or  pubescent;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, rather  blunt ;  flowers  crowded  or  at  first  corymbed  ;  petals  obovate,  notched 
at  the  end  (ora^e-yelloiv],  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  pods  all  pedi  celled,  oblong  club- 


132  ONAGRACEJC.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE 

tliaped,  scarcely  wing-angled.  (2,? —  Banks,  Oswego,  New  York,  to  Michigan 
and  northward.  July.  —  Stem  12' -15'  high;  flowers  larger  than  in  No.  9, 
from  which  it  may  not  be  distinct. 

9.  CK.  puillila,  L.  Almost  smooth,  small ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceohtit:, 
mostly  obtuse ;  flowers  in  a  loose  and  prolonged  leafy  raceme ;  petals  obcordate 
(pule  yellow),  scarcely  longer  than  the  stamens ;  pods  almost  sessile,  oblong-club- 
shaped,  strongly  wing-angled.  @  or  1J.  ? — Dry  fields,  common  northward, 
and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.  June.  —  Stems  mostly  simple,  5' -12 
high  :  the  corolla  i'  broad. 

3.    GAtlRA,    L.        GAURA. 

Calyx-tube  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous ;  the  lobes  4  (rarely 
3),  reflexed.  Petals  clawed,  unequal  or  turned  to  the  upper  side.  Stamens 
mostly  8,  often  turned  down,  as  also  the  long  style.  Stigma  4-lobed.  Emit 
hard  and  nut-like,  3  -  4-ribbed  or  angled,  indehiscent  or  nearly  so,  usually  be- 
coming 1-celled  and  1-4-seeded.  Seeds  naked.  —  Leaves  alternate,  sessile. 
'Flowers  rose-color  or  white,  changing  to  reddish  in  fading,  in  wand-like  spikes 
or  racemes ;  in  our  species  quite  small  (so  that  the  name,  from  -yavpos,  superb, 
does  not  appear  very  appropriate). 

1.  G.  bieiiniS,  L.     SoJI-Iiairy  or  downy  (3° -8°  high);  leaves  oblonrj-lance- 
)late,  acute,  denticulate ;  fruit  oval  or  oblong,  nearly  sessile,  ribbed.      @  —  Dry 
banks,  from  New  York  westward  and  southward;  common.     Aug. 

2.  G.  filipes,  Spach.     Nearly  smooth ;  stem  slender  (2° -4°  high) ;  leave* 
linear,  mostly  toothed,  tapering  at  the  base ;  branches  of  the  panicle  very  slen- 
der, naked ;  fruit  obovate-club-shaped,  4-angled  at  the  summit,  slender-pedicelled. 

—  Open  places,  from  Ohio  westward  and  southward.     Aug. 

4.    JUSSIJEA,    L.        JUSSI^A. 

Calyx-tube  elongated,  not  at  all  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  lobes  4-6, 
herbaceous  and  persistent.  Petals  4-6.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Pod  4-6-celled,  usually  long,  opening  between  the  ribs.  Seeds  very  numerous. 

—  Herbs  with  mostly  entire  and  alternate  leaves,  and  axillary  yellow  flowers. 
(Dedicated  to  Bernard  de  Jussieu,  the  founder  of  the  Natural  System  of  Botany 
as  further  developed  by  his  illustrious  nephew.) 

1.  J.  decurrens,  DC.  Glabrous;  stem  erect  (1°- 2°  high),  branching, 
winged  by  the  decurrent  lanceolate  leaves;  calyx -lobes  4,  as  long  as  the  petals ; 
stamens  8;  pod  oblong-club-shaped,  wing-angled.  1J.  —  Wet  places,  Virginia, 
Illinois,  and 'southward.  June -Aug.  See  addend. 

5.     LTJDWIGIA,    L.        FALSE  LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx-tube  not  at  all  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  lobes  4,  usually  per 
sistcnt.  Petals  4,  often  small  or  wanting.  Stamens  4.  Pod  short  or  cylindri- 
cal, many-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  naked.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  axillary 
(rarely  capitate)  flowers.  (Named  in  honor  of  Ludwig,  Professor  of  Botany  at 
Leipsic,  contemporary  with  Linnaeus.) 


ONAGRACE^E.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.)  133 

«  Leaves  alternate,  sessile :  flowers  peduncled :  petals  yellow,  about  equalling  the  calyx 

1.  Li.  alternifolia,  L.     (SEED-BOX.)     Smooth  or  nearly  so,  branched 
(3°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed  at  both  ends;  pods  cubical,  rounded 
at  the  base,  wing-angied.  —  Swamps ;  common  southward  and  near  the  coast. 
Aug.  —  Pods  opening  first  by  a  hole  at  the  end  where  the  style  falls  off,  after- 
wards splitting  in  pieces. 

2.  L,.  liirt£Ila,  Raf.     Hairy  all  over ;  stems  nearly  simple  (1°- 2°  high) ; 
leaves  ovate-oblong,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  blunt  at  both  ends ;  pods  nearly  as  in 
the  last,  but  scarcely  wing-angled.  —  Moist  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia, 
and  southward.     June  -  Sept. 

*  *  Leaves  alternate,  sessile  :  flowers  sessile :  petals  minute  or  none. 

3.  L,.  spliserocarpa,  Ell.      Nearly   smooth,   much  branched    (l°-3° 
high);  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  tapering  at  the  base;  flowers  solitary,  ivithout 
bractlets  ;  petals  mostly  wanting ;  pods  globular,  not  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  very 
small.  —  Wet  swamps,  Massachusetts  (Tewksbury,  Greene),  New  York  (Peeks- 
kill,  R.  L  Browne),  New  Jersey,  and  thence  southward:  also  Illinois. 

4.  L<.  polycarpa,   Short  &  Peter.      Smooth,   much   branched  ;    leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends  ;  flowers  oflen  clustered  in  the  axils,  with- 
out petals ;  bractlets  on  the  base  of  the  4-sided  top-shaped  pod,  which  is  longer  than 
the  calyx-lobes.  —  Swamps,  Michigan  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.     Aug. —  Stem 
!  °  -  3°  high,  sometimes  with  runners. 

5.  L<.  lincaris,  Walt.     Smooth,  slender  (1°  high),  often  branched,  with 
narrow  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves ;  bearing  short  runners  with  obovate  leaves ; 
flowers  solitary,  usually  with  (greenish-yellow)  petals ;  bractlets  minute ;  pods  elon- 
gated top-shaped,  4-sided,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Bogs,  pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey  and  southward.     Aug. 

*  *  *  L  eaves  opposite,  petioled:  flowei's  sessile :  petals  none  or  small.     (Isnardia,  L.) 

6.  It.  paluslris,  Eli.     (WATER  PURSLANE.)     Smooth,  low ;  stems  pro- 
cumbent, rooting  or  floating ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  tapering  into  a  slender  peti- 
ole ;  calyx-lobes  very  short ;   pods  oblong,  4-sided,  not  tapering  at  the  base. 
(Isnardia  palustris,  L.) — Ditches,  common.     July- Oct. — Petals  rarely  pres 
ent,  small  and  reddish  when  the  plant  grows  out  of  water.     (Eu.) 

*  ^  ^  -*  Leaves  opposite,  sessile  :  flowers  long-peduncled :  petals  exceeding  the  calyx. 

7.  Li.  arciu\ta,  Walt.     Smooth,  small  and  creeping ;  leaves  oblanceo- 
vat-e ;  flowers  solitary,  yellow  (^'  broad);  peduncles  2'-!'  long;  pods  oblong- 
club-shaped  somewhat  curved  (£'  long).  —  Swamps,  Eastern  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.    May. 

6.     CIRCLE  A,    Toura.        ENCHANTER'S  NIGHTSHADE. 

Calyx-tube  slightly  prolonged,  the  end  filled  by  a  cup-shaped  disk,  deciduous ; 
lobes  2,  reflexed.  Petals  2,  inversely  heart-shaped.  Stamens  2.  Pod  obovate, 
.  -2-celled,  bristly  with  hooked  hairs  :  cells  1-seeded.  —  Low  and  inconspicuous 
perennials,  with  opposite  thin  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  ami  smaU  wmtish 
flowers  in  racemes.  (Named  from  Circe,  the  enchantress. \ 


134  oNACiUACE^.     (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

1.  C.   LiUtctiiina,  L.     Stem  mostly  pubescent  (lc-2°  high);  leaves  ovate^ 
pointed,  shindy  toothed  ;  bracts  none;  hairs  of  the  roundish  2-celltd  fruit  bristly. 
• — Mois:  woodlands.     July.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  :il  |>Itia,  L.     Low  (3'  -  8'  high),  smooth  and  weak  ;  leaves  heart-shape^ 
tliin,  shining,  coarsely  toothed;  bracts  minute;  hairs  of  the  obovate-oblong  l-tW/&i 
fruit  soft  and  slender.  —  Cold  woods;  common  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

SUJIORDER  II.    1IAL.ORACEJC.    THE  WATER-MILFOIL  FAMILY. 

7.     PKOSERPINACA,    L.        MERMAID-WEED. 

Calyx-tube  3-sided,  the  limb  3-parted.  Petals  none.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas 
3,  cylindrical.  Fruit  bony,  3-angled,  3-celled,  3-seeded,  nut-like.  —  Low,  peren- 
nial herbs,  with  the  stems  creeping  at  the  base  (whence  the  name,  from  proserpo, 
to  creep),  alternate  leaves,  and  small  perfect  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils,  solitary 
or  3  -  4  together. 

1.  P.  paliisfriS,  L.     Leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  the  lower  pecti- 
nate when  under  water;  fruit  sharply  angled.  —  Wet  swamps.     June -Aug. 

2.  P.  pectiliacca,  Lam.     Leaves  all  pectinate,  the  divisions  linear-awl- 
shaped  ;  fruit  rather  obtusely  angled.  —  Sandy  swamps,  near  the  coast. 

8.     NIYRIOPIIYL,LUM,    Vaill.        WATER-MILFOIL. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  4-parted,  of 
the  fertile  4-toothed.  Petals  4,  or  none.  Stamens  4-8.  Fruit  nut-like,  4- 
celled,  deeply  4-lobed :  stigmas  4,  recurved.  —  Perennial  aquatics.  Leaves 
crowded,  often  whorled;  those  under  water  pinnately  parted  into  capillary 
divisions.  Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  produced  above 
water;  the  uppermost  staminate.  (Name  from  fiupi'os,  a  thousand,  and<£vXAoi/, 
a  leaf,  i.  e.  Milfoil.) 
*  Stamens  8:  petals  deciduous :  carpels  even  :  leaves  whorled  i:i  threes  orfourt. 

1.  HI.  Spicatlllli,  L.     Leaves  all  pinnately  parted  and  capillary,  except 
the  floral  ones  or  bracts;  these  are  ovate,  entire  or  toothed,  and  chiefly  shorter  than 
the  flowers,  which  thus  appear  to  form  an  interrupted  leafless  spike.  —  Deep 
water,  common.    July,  Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  M.  VCrticilliitUIIl,  L.     Floral  leaves  much  lon/jtr  than  the  flou'ers.  r-e;- 
tinate-pinnatifld:  otherwise  nearly  as  No.  1.  —  Ponds,  &c.  northward.     (Eu.) 

#  *  Stamens  4 :  petals  rather  persistent :  carpels  1  -  2-ridyed  and  roughened  on  the 
back :  leaves  whorled  in  fours  and  Jives,  the  lower  with  capillary  divisions. 

3.  HI.  tietcropliylllim,  Michx.     Stem   stout ;  floral  l«ir<s  orate  ana 
lanceolate,  thick,  crowded,  sharply  serrate,  the  lowest  pinnatifid  ;  fruit  obscurely 
roughened.  —  Lakes  and  rivers,  from  N.  New  York  westward  and  southward. 

4.  HI.  SCabra turn,  Michx.    Stem  rather  slender ;  lower  leaves  pinnately 
parted  with  few  capillary  divisions  ;  floral  leaves  linear  (rarely  scattered),  pectinate 
toothed  or  cut-serralc :  carpels  strongly  Z-ridgcd  and  roughened  on  the  back.  —  Shal 
low  ponds,  from  Rhode  Island  and  Ohio  southward. 


LOASACE^E.       {JLOASA    FAMILY.)  135 

#  *  *  Stamens  4:  petals  rather  persistent :  carpels  even  on  the  lack:  leaves  chiefly 
scattered,  or  wanting  on  the  flowering  stems. 

5.  in.  mtlhi^lllim,  Nutt.     Immersed  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  about 
10  very  delicate  capillary  divisions;  the  emerging  ones  pectinate,  or  the  upper  floral 
linear  and  sparingly  toothed  or  entire ;  flowers  mostly  perfect;  fruit   (minute) 
smooth.  —  Var.   1.   NATANS :   stems   floating,   prolonged.      Var.    2.  CAPILL\ 
CEUM:  stems  floating,  long  and  very  slender ;  leaves  all  immersed  and  capil- 
lary.    Var.  3.  LIMOSUM:  small,  rooting  in  the  mud ;  leaves  all  linear,  incise«|| 
toothed,  or  entire.  —  Ponds  and  ditches,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey,  Penu., 
and  southward,  near  the  coast.     July  -  Sept. 

6.  M.  tClielluill,  Bigelow.     Flowering  stems  nearly  leafless  and  scape-like, 
(3' -10'  high),  erect,  simple;  the  sterile  shoots  creeping  and  tufted;  bracts 
small,  entire;  flowers  alternate,  monoecious;  fruit  smooth.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  N. 
Now  York,  New  England,  and  northward.     July. 

9.     IIIPPIJRIS,    L.        MARE'S-TAIL. 

Calyx  entire.  Petals  none.  Stamen  1,  inserted  on  the  edge  of  the  calyx. 
Style  single,  thread-shaped,  stigmatic  down  one  side,  received  in  the  groove  be- 
tween the  lobes  of  the  large  anther.  Fruit  nut-like,  1-celle.d,  1-sceded.  —  Peren- 
nial aquatics,  with  simple  entire  leaves  in  whorls,  and  minute  flowers  sessile  in 
the  axils,  perfect  or  polygamous.  (Name  from  ITTTTOS,  a  horse,  and  ovpd,  a  tail.) 

I.  Iff.  Vlilg&ris,  L.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  8  or  12,  linear,  acute.  —  Por.ds 
and  springs,  New  York  to  Kentucky  and  northward:  rare.  Stems  simple,  1°  — 
2°  high.  Flowers  very  inconspicuous.  (Eu.) 

ORDER   44.     L,OASACE^E.      (LOASA   FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  a  rough  or  stinging  pubescence,  no  stipules,  the  calyx-tube  ad- 
}..ff'°nt  to  a  \-cellcd  ovary  with  2  or  3  parietal  placentas: —  represented  only 
by  the  genus 

1.     9IENTZEL.IA,    Plum.         (BARTOXIA,  Nutt.) 

Calyx-tube  cylindrical  or  club-shaped ;  the  limb  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals 
5  or  10,  regular,  spreading,  flat,  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  m- 
detinitc,  rarely  few,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  .throat  of  the  calyx.  Styk'S 
3,  more  or  less  united  into  one  :  stigmas  terminal,  minute.  Pod  at  length  dry 
and  opening  irregularly,  few  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  anatropous,  with  little 
albumen.  —  Stems  erect.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  terminal,  solitary  or 
C}  mose-clustcred.  (Dedicated  to  C.  Mentzel,  an  early  German  botanist.) 

1  RI.  OljgO$p£riaBH,  Nutt.  Rough  and  adhesive  (1° -3°  high),  much 
branched,  the  brittle  branches  spreading;  leaves  ovate  and  oblong,  cut-toothed 
or  angled  ;  flowers  yellow  (7M-  10"  broad),  opening  in  sunshine  ;  petals  wed  go- 
oblong,  pointed  ;  stamens  20  or  more:  filaments  filiform:  pod  small,  about  9- 
seeded.  (J)  U  —Prairies  and  plains,  Illinois  and  southwestward. 


136  CACTACE^E.     (CACTUS   FAMILY.) 

ORDER  45.     CACTACE^E.     (CACTUS  FAMILY.; 

Fleshy  and  thickened  mostly  leafless  plants,  of  peculiar  aspect,  ylo*  ular, 
or  columnar  and  many-anylcd,  or  flattened  and  jointed,  wutiUy  with.  )>rickies. 
Flowers  solitary,  sessile  ;  the  sepals  and  petals  numerous,  imbricated  in  sev- 
eral rows,  adherent  to  the  1-celled  ovary.  —  Stamens  numerous,  •with  long 
and  slender  filaments,  inserted  on  the  inside  of  the  tube  or  cup  formed  by 
he  union  of  the  sepals  and  petals.  Style  1  :  stigmas  numerous.  Fruit  a 
1-celled  berry,  with  numerous  campylotropous  seeds  on  several  parietal 
placentae.  Albumen  little  or  none.  —  Represented  east  of  the  Mississippi 
only  by 

1.     OPtJNTIA,    Tourn.        PRICKLY  PEAR.     INDIAN  TIG. 

Sepals  and  petals  not  united  into  a  prolonged  tube,  spreading,  regular,  the  inner 
roundish.  Berry  often  prickly.  Seeds  with  albumen.  Cotyledons  large,  folia- 
ceous  in  germination.  —  Stem  composed  of  joints,  bearing  very  small  awl-shaped 
and  usually  deciduous  leaves  arranged  in  a  spiral  order,  with  clusters  of  barbed 
bristles  and  often  spines  also  in  their  axils.  Flowers  yellow,  opening  in  sun- 
shine for  more  than  one  day.  (A  name  of  Theophrastus,  originally  belonging 
to  some  different  plant.) 

1.  O.  VlllgariS,  Mill.  (Cactus  Opuntia,  L.)  Low,  prostrate-spreading, 
pale,  with  flat  and  broadly  obovate  joints  ;  the  minute  leaves  ovate-subulate  and 
oppressed ;  the  axils  bristly,  rarely  with  a  few  small  spines ;  flowers  sulphur- 
yellow  ;  berry  nearly  smooth,  eatable.  —  Sandy  fields  and  dry  rocks,  from  Nan 
tucket,  Mass,  southward,  usually  near  the  coast.  June. 

Var.  ?  Rclfiiiesqilii.  Larger,  dark  green,  mostly  spiny,  with  spreading 
and  awl-shaped  leaves.  0.  Rafinesquii,  Engelm.  —  Wisconsin  to  Kentucky, 
and  westward.  See  Addend. 


ORDER  46.     GROSSUL,ACE-flE.      (CURRANT  FAMILY.) 

Lt)w  *Jirnlst  sometimes  prickly,  with  alternate  and  puhnutdti-lHwl  leaver, 
a  5-lobed  calyx  cohering  with  the  l-celled  ovary,  and  Jtrariiir/  f>  stamens  alter- 
rmtiiif/  trit/t  us  /mint/  xmall  petals.  Fruit  a  \-c<ll<d  l><.rr>i,  trilh  '2  parietal 
p!.acen tee,  crowned  with  the  shrivelled  remains  of  the  calyx.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, anatropous,  with  a  gelatinous  outer  coat,  and  a  minute  embryo  at  the 
base  of  hard  albumen.  Styles  2,  distinct  or  united.  —  Leaves  mostly 
plaited  in  the  bud,  often  clustered  in  the  axils,  the  small  flowers  from  the 
same  clusters,  or  from  separate  lateral  buds.  —  Comprises  only  the  genus 

1.    RIB  128,    L.         CURRANT.     GOOSI.BEHUY. 
Character  same  as  of  the  order.     (Name  of  Arabic  origin.) 

f  1.  GROSSULAlMA,  Tourn.  (GOOSEBERRY.)  —  Stews  mas////  b-arhuj  thonu 
at  the  base  of  the  btifxtalks  or  clusters  of  lewcs,  and  ojt<-n  with  m-afared  bristly 
prickles :  berries  prickly  or  smooth. 


GROSSULACE^.       (CURRANT    FAMILY.)  13? 

#  Peduncles  1  -  3-flowered ':  leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  3  -  5-/o?;<  d 

1.  R»  Cyiioslmti,  L.     (WILD  GOOSEBERRY.)     Leaves  pubescent;  po- 
dunchs  slender,  2  -  3-flowered  ;  stamens  and  undivided  style  not  longer  than  the  broad 
calyx.  —  Rocky  woods ;  common,  especially  northward.    May.  —  Spines  slender 
Berry  large,  armed  with  long  prickles  like  a  burr,  or  rarely  smooth. 

2.  K.  liirtelluiii*  Michx.      (SMOOTH  WILD  GOOSEBERRY.)      Leaves 
somewhat  pubescent  beneath  ;  peduncles  very  short,  1  —  2-flowered,  deflexed  ;  s/a- 
wie-is   and  2-cleft  style  scarcely  longer  than   the  bell-shaped  (purplish)  calyx.;  fruit 
smooth,  small,  purple,  sweet.  —  Moist  grounds,  N.  England  to  Wisconsin,  com- 
mon.    May.  —  Stems  either  smooth  or  prickly,  and  with  very  short  thorns,  cr 
none.  —  This  yields  the  commonest  smooth  gooseberry  of  New  England,  &c., 
and  usually  passes  for  R.  triflorum,  Willd.,  which  name  belongs  to  the  next. 

3.  R.    rotuaulifolimn,    Michx.      (SMOOTH    WILD    GOOSEBERRY.) 
Leaves   nearly  smooth ;  peduncles  slender,  1  -  3-flowered ;  stamens  and  2-parted 
style  slender ,  longer  than  the  narrow  cylindrical  calyx;  fruit  smooth,  pleasant. — 
Rocks,  W.  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward  along  the  mountains  to 
Virginia,  £c.     June. — Leaves  rounded,  with  very  short  and  blunt  lobes. 

*  %  Racemes  5  -  9-flowered,  loose,  slender,  nodding, 

4.  R.  I  Sic  list  re,  Poir.     (SWAMP  GOOSEBERRY.)     Young  stems  clothed 
with  bristly  prickles,  and  with  weak  thorns;  leaves  heart-shaped,  3 - 5-parted, 
•\\ith  the  lobes  deeply  cut;  calyx  broad  and  flat;  stamens  and  style  not  longer 
than  the  petals ;  fruit  bristly  (small,  unpleasant).  —  Cold  woods  and  swamps, 
N.  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.     June. 

$2.  R1BESIA,  Bcrl.    (CURRANT.)  —  Stems  neither  prickly  nor  thorny :  flowers 
(greenish]  in  racemes:  berries  never  prickly . 

5.  R.    prostratum,    L'Her.      (FETID    CURRANT.)      Stems   reclined; 
leaves  deeply  heart-shaped,  5  -  7-lobed,  smooth ;  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  doubly 
serrate ;  racemes  erect,  slender ;  calyx  flattish ;   pedicels  and  the   (pale-red)  fruit 
tfltindular-b  istly.  —  Cold  damp  woods  and  rocks,  from  N.  England  and  Penn. 
northward.     May.  —  The  bruised  plant  and  berries  exhale  an  unpleasant  odor. 

6.  R.  floriflum,  L.     (WILD  BLACK  CURRANT.)    Leaves  sprinkled  with 
resinous  dots,  slightly  heart-shaped,  sharply  3-  5-lobed,  doubly  serrate ;  racemes 
drooping,   downy  ;    bracts   longer   than    the    pedicels  ;    calyx    tubulur-bell-sbnped, 
smooth  ;  fruit   round-ovoid,  black,  smooth.  —  Woods  ;  common.      May.  —  Much 
like  the  Black  Currant  of  the  gardens,  which  the  berries  resemble  in  smdl  and 
flavor.     Flowers  large. 

7.  R.  riibriuii,  L.      (RED  CURRANT.)     Stems  straggling  or  reclined; 
leaves  somewhat  heart-shaped,  obtusely  3 -5-lobed,  sen-ate,  downy  beneath  when 
young  ;  racemes  from  lateral  buds  distinct  from  the  leaf-buds,  drooping  ;   calyx   flat 
(green  or  purplish)  ;  fruit  globose,  smooth,  red.  —  Cold  damp  woods  and  bogs, 
New  Hampshire  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.     Same  as  the  Red  Currant  of  the 
gardens.     (Eu.) 

R.  ATJREUM,  Pursh,  the  BUFFALO  or  MISSOURI  CURRANT,  remarkable  for 
the  spicy  fragrance  of  its  early  yellow  blossoms,  is  cultivated  for  ornament.  Its 
•eaves  are  convolute  (instead  of  plaited)  in  the  bud. 


138  PASSIFLORACE^E.       (PASSION-FLOWER    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  47.    PASSIFLORACE^E.     (PASSION-FLOWER 

Vines,  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  perfect  /lowers,  5  monadelphous  stamen*, 
and  a  stalked  1-celled  ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  with  3  or  4  parietal  placen- 
ta, and  as  many  club-shaped  styles  ;  —  represented  by  the  typical  genus 

1.     PASSIFtORA,    L.        PASSION-FLOWER. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals  united  at  the  base,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  throat  crowned 
with  a  double  or  triple  fringe.  Petals  5,  arising  from  the  throat  of  the  calyx. 
Stamens  5  :  filaments  united  in  a  tube  which  sheathes  the  long  stalk  of  the  ovary, 
separate  above:  anthers  large,  fixed  by  the  middle.  Berry  (often  edible)  many- 
seeded;  the  anatropous  albuminous  seeds  invested  by  a  pulpy  covering.  Seed- 
coat  brittle,  grooved.  —  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobcd,  generally  with  stip- 
ules. Peduncles  axillary,  jointed.  (Name,  from  pasm'o,  passion,  and  flos,  a 
flower,  given  by  the  early  missionaries  in  South  America  to  these  flowers,  in 
which  they  fancied  a  representation  of  the  implements  of  the  crucifixion.) 

1.  P.  liitca,  L.     Smooth,  slender;  leaces  obtusely  3-lobed  at  the  summit,  the 
lobes  entire;  petioles  glandless;  flowers  greenish-yellow  (!'  broad).      U — Damp 
thickets,  S.  Penn.  to  111.,  and  southward.     July -Sept.  —  Fruit  £'  in  diameter. 

2.  P.  ilicai'llflta,  L.     Nearly   smooth;  leaces  3-cl^Jl ;   tli<>  MHS  m-rrate , 
petiole  bearing  2  glands  ;  flower  large  (2'  broad),  nearly  white,  with  a  triple  pur- 
ple and  flesh-colored  crown  ;  involucre  3-leaved.  —  Dry  soil,  Virginia,  Kentucky, 
and  southward.     May -July.  —  Fruit  of  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg,  oval,  called 
Maypops. 

ORDER  48.     CUCURBITACE^E.     (GOURD  FAMILY.) 

Herbaceous  mostly  succulent  vines,  with  tendrils,  diiccious  or  monceciowt 
(often  monopetalous)  Jlowers,  the  calyx-tube  cohering  with  the  1  -  3-ceUed 
ovary,  and  the  3-5  stamens  commonly  more  or  less  untied  by  their  often  tor- 
tuous anthers  as  well  an  by  the  filaments.  Fruit  (pepo)  fleshy,  or  sometime* 
niembranaceous.  — Limb  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  usually  more  or  less  com- 
bined. Stigmas  2-3.  Seeds  large,  usually  flat,  anatropous,  with  no  albu- 
men. Cotyledons  leaf-like.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed  or  veined 
(Mostly  tropical  or  subtropical.) 

Synopsis. 

1.  SICYOS.    Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  flat  and  spreading,  5-lobed.     Fruit  prickly,  inde 

hiscent,  1-ceUed,  1  redded. 

2.  EC-Ill  XOCYSTIS.     Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  flat  and  spreading,  G-p:irted.    1'od  prickly 

2-celled,  4 -seeded,  bursting  at  the  top. 

8.  MELOTHUIA.     Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  somewhat   campamilatc,  5-cleft.      Berrj 
smooth,  many-seeded. 

1.     S1CVOS,    L.        ONE-SEEDED  STAR-CUCUMBER. 

Flowers  monucl  ms.  Petals  5,  united  below  into  a  bell-shaped  or  flauish 
corolla.  Stamens  3-5  all  cohering  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single  suspended 


CUCURBITACEJE.       (GOURD    FAMILY.)  139 

ovule :  style  slender :  stigmas  3.  Fruit  ovate,  dry  and  indehiscent,  filled  by 
the  single  seed,  covered  with  barbed  prickly  bristles  which  are  readily  detached. 

—  Climbing  annuals,  with  small  whitish  flowers ;  the  sterile  and  fertile  mostly 
from  the  same  axils,  the  former  corymbed,  the  latter  in  a  capitate  cluster,  long- 
peduncled.     (The  Greek  name  for  the  Cucumber.) 

1  S.  angulatilS,  L.  Leaves  roundish-heart-shaped  and  5-angled  or 
lobed,  the  lobes  pointed ;  plant  beset  with  clammy  hairs.  —  River-banks.  July  - 
Sept. 

2.    ECHIIVOCirSTIS,    Torr.  &  Gray.        Wi LD  B ALS AM-APPLJS. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Petals  6,  lanceolate,  united  at  the  base  into  an  open 
spreading  corolla.  Stamens  3,  separable  into  2  sets.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  2 
erect  ovules  in  each  cell :  stigma  broad.  Fruit  large,  ovoid,  fleshy,  at  length 
dry,  clothed  with  weak  prickles,  bursting  at  the  summit,  2-celled,  4-seeded,  the 
inner  part  fibrous-netted.  Seeds  large,  obovate-oblong.  —  An  annual,  rank,  and 
tall-climbing  plant,  nearly  smooth,  with  deeply  and  sharply  5-lobcd  thin  leaves, 
and  very  numerous  small  greenish-white  flowers ;  the  sterile  in  compound  ra- 
cemes often  1°  long,  the  fruitful  in  small  clusters  or  solitary,  from  the  same 
axils.  (Name  composed  of  fxLVOSi  a  hedgehog,  and  KV<TTLS,  a  bladder,  from  the 
prickly  covering  of  the  at  length  bladdery  fruit.) 

1.  E.  lofoata,  Torr.  &  Gr.     (Sicyos,  Michx.     Momdrdica  cchinata,  Muhl.) 

—  Rich  soil  along  rivers,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.    July  - 
Oct. —  Fruit  2'  long. 

3.     MEI^OTHRIA,    L.        MBLOTHRIA. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  monoecious ;  the  sterile  campanulate,  the  corolla  5- 
lobcd ;  the  fertile  with  the  calyx-tube  constricted  above  the  ovary,  then  campan- 
ulate. Anthers  3  or  5,  more  or  less  united.  Berry  fleshy,  filled  with  many  flat 
and  horizontal  seeds.  —  Tendrils  simple.  Flowers  very  small.  (Altered  from 
M^Acd^poy,  an  ancient  name  for  a  sort  of  white  grape.) 

1.  M.  pe  Bid  u  la,  L.  Slender,  climbing  ;  leaves  small,  roundish  and 
heart-shaped,  5-angled  or  lobed,  roughish;  sterile  flowers  few  in  small  racemes; 
the  fertile  solitary,  greenish,  or  yellowish;  berry  oval  {£  -1'  long),  green.  \ 

—  Copses,  Virginia  and  southward.     June  -Aug. 

CfrCUMIS   SATIVUS,    the    CUCUMBER J    C.    MELO     the    MuSKMELON,    C.    Cl- 

TRULLUS,  the  WATERMELON;  CUCURBITA  PEPO,  the  PUMPKIN,  C.  MELO- 
PEPO,  the  ROUND  SQUASH;  C.  VERRUC6SA,  the  LONG  SQUASH;  C.  AURAN- 
TIA,  the  ORANGE  GOURD;  and  LAGENARIA  VULGARIS,  the  BOTTLE  GOURD, 
are  the  most  familiar  cultivated  representatives  of  this  family. 

ORDER  49.     CRASSUlACE^E.     (ORPINE  FAMILY.) 

Succulent  herbs,  with  perfectly  symmetrical  flowers  ;  viz.  tJie  petals  and 
pistils  equalling  the  sepals  in  number  (3-20),  and  the  stamens  \Jie  same  or 
double  their  numltr. —  Sepals  persistent,  more  or  less  united  at  tho  base 


140  CRASSULACEJS.       (ORPINE    FAMILY.) 

Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud  (rarely  wanting),  inserted,  with  the  distinct 
stamens,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Pistils  distinct  (united  r.<elow  in  Pen- 
thorum),  usually  with  a  little  scale  at  the  base  of  each,  forming  pods  (folli- 
cles) whu  h  open  along  the  inner  suture.  Seeds  anatropous :  the  straight 
embryo  surrounded  by  thin  albumen.  Flowers  usually  cymose,  small. 
Leaves  chiefly  sessile. 

Synopsis. 

*  Pistils  entirely  separate.    (True  Crassulacese.) 

1.  TILL^EA.    Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  3  or  4,  distinct. 

2.  SEDUM.    Sepals,  petals,  and  pistils  4  or  6,  distinct.    Stamens  10-8. 

*  *  Pistils  united  below  into  a  5-celled  many-seeded  pod. 
8   PENTIIORUM.     Sepals  5.     Petals  commonly  none.     Stamens  10.    Pod  5-beaked. 

1.    TILI^A,    L.        TILL^A. 

Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  3  or  4.  Pods  2  -  many-seeded.  —  Very 
small  tuft.xl  annuals,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.  (Named 
in  honor  of  Tilli,  an  early  Italian  botanist.) 

1.  T.  Simplex,  Nutt.  Rooting  at  the  base  (l'-2'  high);  leaves  linear 
oblong ;  flowers  solitary,  nearly  sessile  ;  calyx  half  the  length  of  the  (greenish- 
white)  petals  and  the  narrow  8-10-seedcd  pods,  the  latter  with  a  scale  at  the 
base  of  each.  (T.  ascendens,  Eaton.) — Muddy  river-banks,  Nun  tucket  to  E. 
Penn.  July  -  Sept. 

2.    SEDUm,    L.        STONE-CROP.        ORPINE. 

Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5.     Stamens  8  or  10.     Pods  many-seeded ;  a  little 
scale  at  the  base  of  each.  —  Chiefly  perennial,  smooth,  and  thick-leaved  herbs, 
with  the  flowers  cymose  or  one-sided.     (Name  from  sedeo,  to  sit,  alluding  to  the 
manner  in  which  these  plants  fix  themselves  upon  rocks  and  walls.) 
It  Flowers  one-sided  on  the  spreading  brandies  of  the  cyme,  forming  a  sort  of  spike, 

mostly  with  4  petals,  frc.  and  8  stamens,  ichile  the  central  flwer  commonly  Itas  5 

petals,  $-c.  ami  10  stamens. 

1.  S.  plllcliclllllll,  Michx.     Stems  ascending  (4' -12'  high)  ;  leaves  lin- 
ear, nearly  terete,  scattered;  spikes  of  the  cyme  several,  densely  flowered;  pt-tais 
rose-purple,  lanceolate. —  Virgina  to  S.  Illinois,  ^Kentucky,  and  southward. 

2.  S.  tcrilfitlllll.      (TIIHEE-LEAVED   STONE-CROP.)      Stems   spreading 
(3' -6    high);  leaves  jlat,  the  lower  whorled  in  threes,  wedyc-obocute.,  the  upper 
scattered,  oblong;  cyme  3-spiked,  leafy ;  petals  u-hite,  linear-lanceolate.     Rocky 
woods,  Penn.,  to  Illinois  and  southward.     May,  June.     Also  in  gardens. 

#  *  Flowers  in  close  cymes,  uniformly  IQ-androus:  leaves  flat. 

3.  S.   tclcpliioldcs,    Michx.      (WILD    ORPINE   or  LIVE-FOR-RVEK.; 
Stems  ascending  (6' -12'  high),  stout,  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves  oblong  or  oval, 
entire  or  sparingly  toothed,  scattered;  cyme  small;  j&tab  Jtesh-cotor,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, taper-pointed  ;  ;wx/s  tapering  into  a  slender  style,  — Dry  rocks,  Alleghany 
Mountains,  from  Maryland  southward,  and  sparingly  in  New  Jersey  1  W.  New 
Vork  1  and  Indiana.    June. 


SAXIFRAGACE^E.       (SAXIFRAUE    FAMILY.)  141 

4.  S.  TELEPHIUM,  L.      (GAKDEN   OUPINE   or  LIVB-FOR-EVUB.)      Stems 
erect  (2C  high),  stout;  leaves  oval,  serrate,  obtuse,  toothed;  cymes  compound ; 
petals  purple,  oblong-lanceolate ;  pods  abruptly  iwintud  with  a  short  style..  —  Rocks 
and  banks,  escaped  from  cultivation,  and  spontaneous  in  some  r.  laces.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

5.  ACRE,  L.,  the  MOSSY  STONE-CROP  or  WALL-PEPPER,  of  Europe, — cul- 
tivated for  edgings,  —  has  become  spontaneous  in  a  few  places  near  Boston. 

S.  RHODIOLA,  a  dioecious  species,  is  indigenous  in  New  Brunswick  and 
northward  ;  and  therefore  may  grow  in  Maine. 

3.     Pt  NT  HO  RUM,    Gronov.        DITCH   STONE-CROP. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  rare,  if  any.  Stamens  10.  Pistils  5,  united  below,  forming 
a  5-angled,  5-horncd,  and  5-celled  pod,  which  opens  by  the  falling  off  of  the 
beaks,  many-seeded.  —  Upright  weed-like  perennials  {not  fleshy  like  the  rest  of 
the  family),  with  scattered  leaves,  and  yellowish-green  flowers  loosely  spiked 
along  the  upper  side  of  the  naked  branches  of  the  cyme.  (Name  from  TrtVre, 
five,  and  opoy,  a  rule  or  mode,  probably  from  the  quinary  order  of  the  flower.) 

1.  P.  sctloides,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends.  —  Wet  places, 
everywhere.  July -Oct.  —  About  1°  high,  homely. 

SEMPEKVIVUM  TECTORUM,  L.,  is  the  cultivated  HOUSE-LEEK. 


ORDER  50.     SAXIFRAGACE.E.     (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  uith  the  pistils  mostly  fewer  than  the  petals  or  divisions  of 
the  calyx  (usually  2,  united  below  and  separate  or  separating  at  the  top)  ; 
and  the  petals  with  the  (mostly  4-10)  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx,  which  it 
either  free  or  more  or  less  adherent  to  'he  1  -^-celled  ovary.  —  Calyx  witlv- 
ering-persistent.  Petals  rarely  none.  Stamens  sometimes  indefinitely 
numerous.  Pods  several  -many-seeded.  Seeds  small,  anatropous,  with  a 
slender  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  A  large  family,  of  which  we  have 
three  of  the  suborders. 

SUBORDER  I.     SAXIFRAGES.    THE  TRUE  SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY. 

Herbs ;  the  petals  imbricated  or  rarely  convolute  in  the  bud.  Calyx 
free  or  partly  adherent.  Stipules  none  or  adherent  to  the  petiole. 

*  Pod  2-celled,  2-beaked,  rarely  3- 4-cellec",.  and  beaked  or  pods  2  or  3. 
•*-  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  sepals.  10,  rarely  8. 

1.  ASTTLBE.     Flowers  polygamous.     Seeds  few,  and  with  a  loose  coat      Leaves  decompound. 

2.  SAXIFUAGA.     Flowers  perfect.     Pod  or  follicles  many -seeded      Soed-coat  close. 

•i-  H-  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  sepals,  namely  5. 

8.  BOYK1NIA.     Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary.     Seed-coat  close,  rough. 

4.  SULL1VANTIA.    Calyx  bell-shaped,  nearly  free  from  the  avary.    Seeds  wing-inargiued 

*  *  Pod  one-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae. 

t-  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  namely  5. 
ft.  HEUCHERA.    Calyx  bell-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary  below.    Petals  small,  entire. 


142  SAXIFRAGACK.i:.       (SAXIFKAGK    FAMILY.) 

<-  •*-  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  namely  8  or  10. 
8.  M1TELLA.     Calyx  partly  cohering  with  the  depressed  ovary.     Petals  small,  pim^atifid. 

7.  TIAKELLA.     Calyx  nearly  free  from  the  slender  ovary.     Petals  entire. 

8.  CIlKYSOisPLKXIUM.     Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary.     Petal*  none. 

SUDORDKR  II.     ESCALLONIE^E.     THE  ESCALLONIA  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules.  Petals  usually 
valvate  in  the  bud. 

9.  ITEA.  Calyx  free  from  the  2-celled  ovary.     Pod  many-seeded.     Stamens  5 

SUBORDER  III.     HYDRANGIE^E.     THE  HYDRANGEA  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  with  opposite  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

1C  HYDRANGEA.  Calyx  4-5-toothed,  the  tube  adherent  to  the  imperfectly  2-celled  ovary 
Petals  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8  or  10.  Styles  2,  diverging 

11.  PHILADELPHIA  Calyx  4-5-parted;  the  tube  adhering  to  the  3  -  5-celled  ovary.  Pet- 
als convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  20-40.  Styles  united  below. 

SUBORDER  I.    SAXIFRAGACE^E.     TRUE  SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY. 

1.     AST  If,  BE,    Don.        FALSE  GOATSREARD. 

Flowers  diouciously  polygamous.  Calyx  4-5-parted,  small.  Petals  4-5, 
spatulate,  small,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  8  or  10.  Ovary  2-eellcd,  almost 
free,  many  ovttled  :  styles  2,  short.  Pod  2-celled,  separating  into  2  follicles, 
each  ripening  few  seeds.  Seed-coat  loose  and  thin,  tapering  at  each  end. — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  twice  or  thrice  tcmately  compound  ample  leaves,  cut-lohed 
and  toothed  leaflets,  and  small  white  or  yellowish  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes, 
which  are  disposed  in  a  compound  panicle.  (Name  composed  of  d  privative  and 
OT&firji  a  briyht  surface,  because  the  foliage  is  not  shining.) 

1.  A.  decdndra,  Don.  Somewhat  pubescent;  leaflets  mostly  heart- 
shaped;  petals  minute  or  wanting  in  the  fertile  flowers;  stamens  10.  —  Ktch 
woods,  Alleghanics  of  S.  W.  Virginia  and  southward.  July.  —  Plant  imitating 
Spiraea  Aruncus,  but  coarser,  3° -5°  high. 

2.     S  AX  1  FRAG  A,    L.         SAXIFRAGE. 

Calyx  free  from,  or  cohering  with,  the  base  of  the  ovary.  5 -cleft  cr  parted 
IVtuls  5,  entire,  commonly  deciduous.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  l'.>d  2-h:-;.ked. 
2-cellod,  opening  down  or  between  the  beaks ;  or  sometimes  2  almost  separate 
follicles.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a  close  coat. —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with 
tiic  root-leaves  clustered,  those  of  the  stem  mostly  alternate.  (Name  from 
vaxiiiH,'  a  rock,  and  fratign,  to  break  ;  many  species  rooting  in  the  clefts  of  rocks.) 
#  Stems  jjrostrate,  leafy*  haves  opposite :  calyx  free  from  the  pod. 

1.  S.  oppositifolia,  L.  (MOUNTAIN  SAXIFKAGK.)  Leaves  thick 
and  fleshy,  ovate,  keeled,  ciliate,  imbricated  on  the  sterile  branches  (l"-2' 
long);  flowers  solitary,  large;  petals  purple,  obovate,  much  lonjjor  than  tho 
5-cleft  free  calyx.  —  Rocks,  Willoughby  Mountain,  Vermont  (  Wood),  and  north- 
ward. (Eu.) 


SAXIFRAGACE<E.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILi.)  143 

*  if  StcT.s  ascending,  leafy :  stem-leaves  alternate:  calyx  coherent  below  with  the  pod. 
'2.  S.  I'ivuliil'is,  L.  (ALPINE  BROOK  SAXIFRAGE.)  Small  ;  stems 
weak,  8  -  5-flowered ;  lower  leaves  rounded,  3  -  5-lobed,  on  slender  petioles,  the 
upper  lanceolate;  petals  white,  ovate. — Alpine  region  of  Mount  Washington, 
New  Hampshire,  Oakes.  Very  rare.  (Eu.) 

3.  S.  aizoicles,  L.     (YELLOW  MOUNTAIN  SAXIFRAGE.)     Low  (3'- 5' 
high),  in  tufts,  with  few  or  several  corymhose  flowers;  leaves  linear-lanceolate* 
satire,  fiesliy,    spinulose-ciliate  ;     petals  yellow,  spotted  with  orange,  oblong.  —  Wil- 
loughby  Mountain,  Vermont;  near  Oneida  Lake,  New  York;  N.   Michigan; 
and  northward.     June.     (Eu.) 

4.  S.  tl'icuspidata,  Retz.     Stems  tufted   (4' -8'  high),  naked  above; 
flowers  corymbose ;  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  with  3  rigid  pointed  teeth  at  the  sum- 
mit; petals  obovate-oblong ,  yellow.  —  Shore  of  L.  Superior  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  clustered  at  the  root :  scape  many -flowered,  erect,  clammy-pubescent. 

5.  S.  AlZOOIl,  Jacq.     Leaves  persistent,  thick,  spatulate,  with  white  cartilagi- 
nous toothed  margins ;  calyx  partly  adherent ;  petals  obovate,  cream-color,  often 
spotted   at   the   base. —  Moist   rocks,   Upper  Michigan  and  Wisconsin;  Wil- 
loughby  Mountain  (A/r.  Blake],  and  northward.  —  Scape  5'  — 10'  high.     (Eu.) 

6.  S.    Virgiiiicnsis,    Michx.      (EARLY    SAXIFRAGE.)      Low    (4' -9 
high)  ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval-spatulate,  narrowed  into  a  broad  petiole,  crenate- 
toothed,  thickish  ;  flowers  in  a  clustered  cyme,  which  is  at  length  open  and  loose- 
ly panicled  ;  lobes  of  the  nearly  free  calyx  erect,  not  half  the  length  of  the  ohlony 
obtuse  (white)  petals ;  pods  2,  united  merely  at  the  base,  divergent,  purplish. — 
Exposed  rocks  ;  common,  especially  northward.     April- June. 

7.  S.  Peiinsylvanica,    L.     (SWAMP    SAXIFRAGE.)     Large    (l°-2° 
high);  leaves  oblanceolate,  obscurely  toothed  (4' -8'  long),  narrowed  at  the  base 
into  a  short  and  broad  petiole;  cymes  in  a  large  oblong  panicle,  at  first  clus- 
tered ;  lobes  of  the  nearly  free  calyx  recurved,  about  the  length  of  the  linear-lanceo- 
late  (greenish)  s>»fdl  petals;  filaments  aid-shaped:   pods  at  length  divergent. — 
Bogs,  common,  especially  northward.     May,  June.  —  A  homely  species. 

8.  S.  erosa,  Pin-sh.     (LETTUCE  SAXIFRAGE.)     Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceo- 
late,  obtuse,  sharply  toothed,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  (8' -12'  long)  ;  scape 
slender  (l°-3°  high);    pani'-le  elongated,  loosely  flowered,  pedicels  slender; 
calyx  reflexed,  entirely  free,  nearly  as  long  as  the  oval  d>tuse  (white)  petals;  filaments 
club-shaped;  pods  2,  nearly  separate,  diverging.  —  Cold  mountain  brooks,  Penn. 
(jylvania  (near  Bethlehem,  Mr.   \Volle),  and  throughout  the  Alleghanies  south- 
ward.    June.  See  Addend. 

S.  LEUCANTHEMIFOLIA,  Michx.,  S.  CAREY\NA,  Gray,  and  S.  CAROLIM- 
ANA,  Gray,  of  the  mountains  of  Carolina,  may  occur  in  those  of  Virginia. 

3.     BOYKINIA,    Nutt.        BOYKINIA. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  coherent  with  the  2-cellcd  and  2-beaked  pod.  Sta,- 
mcns  5,  as  many  as  the  deciduous  petals.  Otherwise  as  in  Saxifraga.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs,  with  alternate  palmately  5-7-lobed  or  cut  petiolcd  leaves,  and  wbivc 
flowers  in  cymes.  (Dedicated  to  the  late  Dr.  Boy/cm  of  Georgia.) 


144  SAXIFRAGACE.E.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 

1.  15.  ilCOiaitifolia,  Nutt.  Stem  glandular  (6' -20'  high) ;  leaves  deep- 
ly 3  -  7-lobed.  —  Mountains  of  S.  W.  Virginia,  and  southward.  July. 

4.     SUL.L.IVANTIA,    Torr.  &  Gray.         SULUVANTIA. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  cohering  below  only  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5 -cleft 
Petals  5,  entire,  acutish,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  5,  shorter  than  the  pet- 
als. Pod  2-celled,  2-beaked,  many-seeded,  opening  between  the  beaks :  th/» 
seeds  wing-margined,  imbricated  upwards. — A  low  and  reclincd-spreadjp^,  pe- 
rennial herb,  with  rounded  and  cut-toothed,  or  slightly  lobed,  smooth  leaves,  on 
slender  petioles,  and  small  white  flowers  in  a  branched  loosely  cymose  panicle, 
raised  on  a  nearly  leafless  slender  scape  (6' -12'  long).  Peduncles  and  calyx 
glandular :  pedicels  recurved  in  fruit.  (Dedicated  to  the  distinguished  botanist 
who  discovered  the  only  species. 

1.  S.  OhioiliS,  Torr.  &  Gr.     (Gray,  ChknsBor.-Am.,  pi.  6.)— Limestone 
cliffs,  Highland  County,  Ohio,  Sullivant  ;  Wisconsin  River,  Lapham.     June. 

5.    HCIJCIIERA,    L.        ALL-M-ROOT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped ;  the  tube  cohering  at  the  base  with  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Pet- 
als  5,  spatulate,  small,  entire.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2,  slender.  Pod  1 -celled, 
with  2  parietal  many-seeded  placenta;,  2-bcaked,  opening  between  the  beaks. 
Seeds  oval,  with  a  rough  and  close  seed-coat.  —  Perennials,  with  the  round 
heart-shaped  leaves  principally  from  the  rootstock  ;  tlio.se  on  the  scapes,  if  any, 
alternate.  Petioles  with  dilated  margins  or  adherent  stipules  at  their  base. 
Flowers  in  small  clusters  disposed  in  a  prolonged  and  narrow  panicle,  greenish 
or  purplish.  (Named  in  honor  of  Heucher,  an  early  German  botanist.) 

*  Flowers  small,  loosely  panicled:  stamens  and  styles  exserted :  calyx  regular. 

\.  II.  villoNSi,  Michx.  Scapes  (1°- 3°  high),  petioles,  and  veins  of  the 
acutely  7-9-lobcd  leaves  beneath  villoits  with  rusty  hairs;  calyx  l£"  long;  petals 
s/Hitnlate-linear,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens,  soon  twisted.  —  Rocks,  Maryland, 
Kentucky,  and  southward,  in  and  near  the  mountains.  July,  Aug. 

2.  H.  Americana,  L.    (COMMON  ALUM-HOOT.)    Scapes  (2° -3°  high) 
&c.  glandular  and  more  or  less  hirsute  with  short  hairs;  leaves  roundish,  with 
short  rounded  lobes  and  crcnatc  teeth  ;  calyx  broad,  2"  long,  the  spatulate  petals 
not  longer  than  its  lobes.  —  Rocky  woodlands,   Connecticut  to  Wisconsin   and 
southward.     June. 

*  *  Flowers  larger:  calyx  (3" -4"  long)  more  or  less  oblique:  stamen*  short :  panidt 
very  narroiv :  leaves  rounded,  slightly  5  -  S-loljcd. 

3.  II.  llispida,  Pursh.     Hispid  or  hirsute  with  long  spreading  hairs  (oc 
casionally  almost  glabrous),  scarcely  glandular ;  stamens  soon  exseited,  longer  than 
the  $}KLtulate  petals.     (H.  Richardsonii,  72.  Dr.]  —  Mountains  of  Virginia.     Also 
Illinois  (Dr.  Mead)  and  northwestward.     May -July.  —  Scapes  2°  -4°  high. 

4.  Iff.  pllbeSCCItS,  Pursh.     Scape  (l°-3°  high),  &c.  granular-pubescent 
yr  glandular  above,  not  hairy,  below  often  glabrous,  as  are  usually  the  rounded 
leaves ;  stann-.ns  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the  caly.c  and   the   spatulatc  petals.  — 
Mountains  of  Penn.  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky.     June,  July. 


SAXiFliAGACEJC.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.)  145 

6.     JU  I  TELL  A,    Tourn.        MITRE-WOKT.     BISHOP'S-CAP. 

Calyx  short,  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  slender, 
pinnatifid.  Stamens  10,  included.  Styles  2,  very  short.  Pod  short,  2-heaked, 
l-cellcd,  with  2  parietal  or  rather  basal  several-seeded  placentas,  2-valved  at  the 
summit.  Seeds  smooth  and  shining.  —  Low  and  slender  perennials,  with  round 
heart-shaped  alternate  leaves  on  the  rootstock  or  nmners,  on  slender  petioles ; 
those  on  the  scapes  opposite,  if  any.  Flowers  small,  in  a  simple  slender  raceme 
or  spike.  (Name  a  diminutive  from  /*iYpa,  a  mitre,  or  cap,  alluding  to  the  form 
of  the  young  pod.) 

1.  I?I»  di;>i&yllll,  L.     Hairy,  leaves  heart-si 'taped,   acute,   somewhat  3-5 
lobcd,  toothed,  those  on  the  many -flowered-scape  2,  opposite,  nearly  sessile.  —  Hill 
sides  in  rich  woods,  W.  N.  England  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     May.  — 
Flowers  white,  in  a  raceme  6'  -  8'  long. 

2.  JJI.  maila,  L.     Small  and  slender;  leaves  rounded  or  kidney-form,  deeply 
and  doubly  crenate;  scape  usually  leafless,  few-flowered,  very  slender  (4' -6'  high). 
(M.  cordifolia,  Lam.     M.  prostrata,  Michx.)  —  Deep  moist  woods  with  mosses, 
Maine   to  Wisconsin  and   northward.     May -July. — A  delicate  little  plant, 
shooting  forth  runners  in  summer.     Blossoms  greenish. 

7.     TIARELL.A,    L.        FALSE  MITRE-WORT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  nearly  free  from  the  ovary,  5-partcd.  Petals  5,  with  claws, 
entire.  Stamens  10,  long  and  slender.  Styles  2.  Pod  mernbranaceous,  1- 
celled,  2-valved,  the  valves  unequal.  Seeds  few,  at  the  base  of  each  parietal 
placenta,  globular,  smooth.  —  Perennials:  flowers  white.  (Name  a  diminutive 
from  Ttapn,  a  tiara,  or  turban,  from  the  form  of  the  pod,  or  rather  pistil,  which 
is  like  that  of  Mitella,  to  which  the  name  of  Mitre-wort  properly  belongs.) 

1.  T.  cordifolia,  L.  Leaves  from  the  rootstock  or  summer  runners 
heart-shaped,  sharply  lobed  and  toothed,  sparsely  hairy  above,  downy  beneath  ; 
scape  leafless  (5' -  12'  high) ;  raceme  simple;  petals  oblong.  —  Rich  rocky  woods  ; 
common  from  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  northward,  and  southward  along  the  moun 
tains.  April,  May. 

8.     CttRYSOSPL^NIUM,    Tourn.        GOLDEN  SAX i FRAG h 

Calyx -tube  coherent  with  the  ovary ;  the  blunt  lobes  4  -  5,  yellow  within 
Petals  none.  Stamens  8-10,  very  short,  inserted  on  a  conspicuous  disk. 
Styles  2.  Pod  inversely  heart  shaped  or  2-lobed,  flattened,  vcrv  short,  1 -celled, 
with  2  parietal  placenta;,  2-valved  at  the  top,  many-seeded.  —  Low  and  small 
smooth  herbs,  with  tender  succulent  leaves,  and  small  solitary  or  leafy-cymed 
flowers.  (Name  compounded  of  xpvcroy,  golden,  and  O-TT\T]V.  the  spleen,  probabl . 
from  some  reputed  medicinal  qualities.) 

1.  C.  Americanum,  Schwein.  Stems  slender,  diffusely  spreading, 
lorking ;  leaves  principally  opposite,  roundish  or  somewhat  heart-shaped,  ob- 
scurely crenatc-lobed ;  flowers  distant,  inconspicuous,  nearly  sessile  (greenish 
tinged  with  yellow  or  purple).  1J. —  Cold  wet  places  ;  common,  especially  north- 
ward. April,  May. 


H6  SAXIFRAGACE^E.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 

SUBORDER  II.     ESCAJLLONIEJE.     THE  ESCALLOXIA  FAMILY. 

9.    I  TEA,    L.        ITEA. 

Oalyx  5-clcft,  free  from  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  lanceolate,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx  and  longer  than  the  5  stamens.  Pod  oblong,  2-grooved,  2-celled, 
tipped  with  the  2  united  styles,  2-parted  (septieidal)  when  mature,  several-seeded 

—  A  shrub,  with  simple  alternate  and  minutely  serrate  oblong  pointed  leaves, 
*-:thout  stipules,  and  white  flowers  in  simple  dense  racemes.     (The  Greek  name 
^i*the  Willow.) 

1.  I.  Virgioftica,  L.  —  Wet  places,  New  Jersey  and  southward,  near  the 
coast.  June.  —  Shrub  3°  -  8°  high. 

SUBORDER  III.    IIYDRAIVGI^^E.     THE  HYDRANGEA  FAMILY. 

IO.     HYDRANGEA,    Gronov.        HYDRANGEA. 

Calyx-tube  hemispherical,  8-10-ribbed,  coherent  with  the  ovary;  the  limb 
4-5-toothed.  Petals  ovate,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8-10,  slender.  Pod 
crowned  with  the  2  diverging  styles,  2-celled  below,  many-seeded,  opening  by  a 
he le  between  the  styles.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  no  stipules, 
nnd  numerous  flowers  in  compound  cymes.  The  marginal  flowers  are  usually 
sterile  and  radiant,  consisting  merely  of  a  membranaeeous  and  colored  flat  an  1 
dilated  calyx,  and  showy.  (Name  from  vScop,  water,  and  dyyoff,  a  vase.) 

1.  H.'lirborescens,  L.  (WILD  HYDRANGEA.)  Glabrous  or  nearly 
so  ;  leaves  ovate,  rarely  heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  green  both  sides  ;  cynics 
flat.  —  Rocky  banks,  N.  Penn.,  to  1)1.  and  southward,  chiefly  along  the  moun- 
tains. July.  —  Flowers  often  all  fertile,  rarely  all  radiant,  like  the  Garden 
Hydrangea. 

li.     PHBLADELPHJJS,    L.        MOCK  ORANGE  or  SYRINGA 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary;  the  limb  4  -5-partcd,  spread- 
ing, persistent,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  rounded  or  obovate,  large,  convolute 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  20-40.  Styles  3-5,  united  below  or  nearly  to  the  top. 
S'l-rmas  oblong  or  linear.  Pod  3-5-ccllcd,  splitting  at  length  into  as  man) 
pi'-cps.  Seeds  very  numerous,  on  thick  placenta  projecting  from  the  axis,  j.en- 
dHous,  with  a  loose  membranaeeous  coat  prolonged  at  both  ends.  —  Shrubs, 
with  opposite  often  toothed  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  solitary  or  eyniose-elusn-ivd 
showy  white  flowers.  (An  ancient  name  applied  by  Limucus  to  this  genus  i'oi 
no  particular  reason.) 

1.  P.  inoclorilS,  L.  Glabrous;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pointed, 
entire  or  with  some  spreading  teeth;  flowers  single  or  few  at  the  ends  of  the 
diverging  branches,  scentless;  calyx-lobes  acute,  scarcely  longer  than  the  tube, 

—  Mountains  of  Virginia  and  southward. 

Var.  frrsiiUliflorilS.  Somewhat  pubescent;  flowers  buyer ;  fsilyx-iobus 
longer  and  tap'-r  pointed  —Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  mountains 


HAMAMELACEJ3.       (WITCH-HAZEL    FAMILY).  147 

May-July. — A  tall  shrub,  with  long  and  recurved  branches  :  often  cultivated. 
P.  COKONARIUS,  L.,  the  common  MOCK  OB.ANGE  or  SYRINOA  of  the  gardens, 
has  cream-coloreJ,  odoroua  flowers  in  full  clusters:  the  crushed  leaves  have 
the  odor  and  taste  of  cucumbers. 

ORDER  51.    HAMAMELACE^E.     (WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules ;  flowers 
in  heads  or  spikes,  often  polygamous  or  monoecious  ;  the  calyx  cohering  with 
the  base  of  the  ovary ;  which  consists  of  2  pistils  united  below,  and  jorini;  a 
%-beaked  2-cetted  woody  pod  opening  at  the  summit,  with  a  single  bony  seed 
in  each  cell,  or  several,  only  one  or  two  of  them  ripening,  —  Petals  inserted 
on  the  calyx,  narrow,  valvate  or  involute  in  the  bud,  or  often  none  at  all. 
Stamens  twice  as  jnany  as  the  petals,  and  half  of  them  sterile  and  changed 
into  scales,  or  numerous  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  large  and  straight, 
in  sparing  albumen :  cotyledons  broad  and  flat.  —  We  have  a  single  repre- 
wentative  of  the  3  tribes,  two  of  them  apetalous. 

Synopsis. 

TKIBE  I.     HAMAMEL.EJE.     Flowers  with  a  manifest  calyx  and  corolla,  and  a  single 

ovule  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell. 
1    IIAMAMELIS.    Petals  4,  strap-shaped.     Stamens  and  scales  each  4,  short. 

TRIBE  II.    FOTHERGrlLLE^E.     Flowers  with  a  manifest  calyx  and  no  corolla.    Fruit 
and  seed  as  in  Tribe  I. 

2.  FOTIIEKGILLA.    Stamens  about  24,  long :  filaments  thickened  upwards.    Flowers  spiked. 

TRIBE  III.     BAL.SAMIFL.UJE.     Flowers  naked,  with  barely  rudiments  of  a  calyx,  and 
no  corolla,  crowded  in  catkin-like  heads.     Ovules  several  or  many  in  each  cell. 

3.  LIQUIDAMBAll.    Monoecious  or  polygamous.     Stamens  very  numerous.     Pods  consoli- 

dated by  their  bases  in  a  dense  head. 

1.     HAUIAMEL.IS,    L.        WITCH-HAZEL. 

Flowers  in  little  axillaiy  clusters  or  heads,  usually  surrounded  by  a  scale-like 
j-lcaved  involucre.  Calyx  4-parted,  and  with  2  or  3  bractlets  at  its  base.  Pet- 
als 4,  strap-shaped,  long  and  narrow,  spirally  involute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8, 
very  short ;  the  4  alternate  with  the  petals  anther-bearing,  the  others  imperfect 
and  scale-like.  Styles  2,  short.  Pod  opening  loculicidally  from  the  top  ;  the 
outer  coat  separating  from  the  inner,  which  encloses  the  single  large  and  bony 
seed  in  each  cell,  but  soon  bursts  elastically  into  two  pieces.  —  Tall  shrubs,  with 
straight-veined  leaves,  and  yellow,  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers.  (From  ap.a, 
like  to,  and  pr/Xt's,  an  apple-tree ;  a  name  anciently  applied  to  the  Medlar,  or 
some  other  tree  resembling  the  Appb,  which  the  Witch-Hazel  does  not.) 

1.  H.  Vii'giiiica,  L.  Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  wavy-toothed,  somewhat 
downy  when  young.  —  Damp  woods  :  blossoming  late  in  autumn,  when  the 
leaves  are  falling,  and  maturing  its  seeds  the  next  summer. 


'48  UAIBKJ  LIFEU^E.        (PARSLEY     FAMILY.) 

2.     FOTIIERG  JI.L.A,    L.  f.        FOTIIERGILLA. 

Flowers  in  a  terminal  catl:«r -like  spike,  mostly  perfect.  Calyx  bell  shaped, 
rhe  summit  truncate,  slightly  5-7-toothed.  Petals  none.  Stamens  about  24, 
borne  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx  in  one  row,  all  alike  :  filaments  very  long, 
thickened  at  the  top  (white).  Styles  2,  slender.  Pod  cohering  with  the  base 
of  the  calyx,  2-lobcd,  2-ccllcd,  with  a  single  bony  seed  in  each  cell.  —  A  low 
shrub ;  the  oval  or  obovate  leaves  smooth,  or  hoary  underneath,  toothed  at  the 
summit ;  the  flowers  appearing  rather  before  the  leaves,  each  partly  covered  by 
a  scale-like  bract.  (Dedicated  to  the  distinguished  Dr.  Fothergill.) 

1.  F.  alfllifolia,  L.  f. — Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward.     April 

3.     L.IQ9JIDAIVIBAR,    L.        SWEET-GUM  TREE. 

Flowers  usually  monoecious,  in  globular  heads  or  catkins ;  the  sterile  arranged 
in  a  conical  cluster,  naked :  stamens  very  numerous,  intermixed  with  minute 
scales :  filaments  short.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  many  2-celled  2-beaked 
ovaries,  subtended  by  minute  scales  in  place  of  a  calyx,  all  more  or  less  coher- 
ing and  hardening  in  fruit,  forming  a  spherical  catkin  or  head ;  the  pods  open- 
ing between  the  2  awl-shaped  beaks.  Styles  2,  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side. 
Ovules  many,  but  only  one  or  two  perfecting.  Seeds  with  a  wing-angled  seed- 
coat.  —  Catkins  racemcd,  nodding,  in  the  bud  enclosed  by  a  4-leaved  deciduous 
involucre.  (A  mongrel  name,  from  lii/nidtis,  fluid,  and  the  Arabic  uinbar,  am- 
ber; in  allusion  to  the  fragrant  terebinthinc  juice  which  exudes  from  the  tree.) 

1.  L.  Styracifllia,  L.  (SWEET  GUM.  BILSTED.)  Leaves  rounded, 
deeply  5  -  7-lobed,  smooth  and  shining,  glandular-serrate,  the  lobes  pointed.  — 
Moist  woods,  Connecticut  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  April.  —  A  large  and 
beautiful  tree,  with  fine-grained  wood,  the  gray  bark  with  corky  ridges  on  the 
branchlcts.  Leaves  fragrant  when  bruised,  turning  deep  crimson  in  autumn. 
The  woody  pods  filled  mostly  with  abortive  seeds,  resembling  sawdust. 


ORDER  52.     UMBELLIFER^K.     (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 


x,  m'rh  the  jlowers  in  umbels,  the  calyx  entirely  adhering  fo  (fie  ovary, 
the  5  petals  and  5  stamens  inserted  on  the  disk  that  crowns  lite  ovary  and  sur- 
rounds the  base  of  the  2  styles.  Fruit  consisting  of  2  seed-like  dr//  carpels. 
Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete,  or  a  mere  o-toothed  border.  Petals  mostly 
with  the  point  inflexed.  Fruit  of  2  carpels  (called  mtricarp*)  cohering  by 
their  inner  face  (the  commissure),  when  ripe  separating  from  each  other 
and  usually  suspended  from  the  summit  of  a  slender  prolongation  of  the 
axis  (carpophore}  :  each  carpel  marked  lengthwise  with  5  primary  ribs, 
and  often  with  5  intermediate  (secondary)  ones  ;  in  the  interstices  or  inter- 
vals between  them  are  commonly  lodged  the  oil-tubes  (r///<7>),  which  are 
longitudinal  canals  in  the  substance  of  the  fruit,  containing  aromatic  oil 
(These  are  best  seen  in  slices  made  across  the  fruit.)  Seeds  solitary  siwl 
suspended  from  the  summit  of  ea'-h  cell,  unatropous,  with  a  minute  embrvo 


UMBELLIFER^E.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  149 

in  hard,  horn-like  albumen.  —  Stems  usually  hollow.  Leaves  alternate, 
mostly  compound,  the  petioles  expanded  or  sheathing  at  the  base.  Um- 
bels usually  compound;  when  the  secondary  ones  are  termed  umhcttcts : 
each  often  subtended  by  a  whorl  of  bracts  (involucre  and  involucels).  — 
A  large  family,  some  of  the  plants  innocent  and  aromatic,  others  with 
very  poisonous  (acrid-narcotic)  properties ;  the  flowers  much  alike  in  all, 
—  therefore  to  be  studied  by  their  fruits,  inflorescence,  £c.,  which  like- 
wise exhibit  comparatively  small  diversity.  The  family  is  therefore  a 
diflicult  one  for  the  young  student.  See  Addend. 

Synopsis. 

I.   Inner  face  of  each  seed  flat  or  nearly  so  (not  hollowed  out). 

*  Umbels  simple  or  imperfect,  sometimes  one  growing  from  the  summit  of  another. 
\.  HYDJtOCOTYLE.    Fruit  orbicular,  flat.     Leaves  orbicular  or  rounded. 
2.  CRANTZIA.    Fruit  globular.    Leaves  thread-shaped,  fleshy  and  hollow. 

*  *  Umbels  or  umbellets  capitate,  imperfect :  i.  e.  the  flowers  sessile  in  heads. 
a  SANICULA.     Fruit  clothed  with  hooked  prickles.    Flowers  polygamous. 
4.  ERYNGIUM.     Fruit  clothed  with  scales.     Flowers  in  thick  heads,  perfect. 

#  *  *  Umbels  compound  and  perfect ;  i.  e.  its  rays  bearing  umbellets. 

t-  Fruit  beset  with  bristly  prickles,  not  flat. 

.».  DAUCUS.     Fruit  beset  with  weak  prickles  in  single  rows  on  the  ribs. 
«-  «-  Fruit  smooth,  strongly  flattened  on  the  back,  and  single-winged  or  margined  at  the  June, 
tion  of  the  2  carpels  (next  to  the  commissure). 

6.  POLYTJKNIA.    Fruit  surrounded  with  a  broad  and  tumid  corky  margin  thicker  th;tn  th« 

fruit  itself,  which  is  nearly  ribless  on  the  back. 

7.  IIERACLEUM.     Fruit  broadly  wing-margined :  the  carpels  minutely  5-ribbed  on  the  back : 

lateral  ribs  close  to  the  margin.     Flowers  white,  the  marginal  ones  radiant. 

8.  PASTINACA.     Fruit  wing-margined  :  ribs  of  the  carpels  as  in  No.  7.     Flowers  yellow,  the 

marginal  ones  perfect,  not  radiant 

9.  ARCHEMORA.     Fruit  broadly  winged  :  the  5  ribs  on  the  back  equidistant ;  the  2  lateral 

ones  close  to  the  wing.    Flowers  white.     Leaves  pinnate  or  3-foliolate 

10.  TIEDEMANNIA.     Fruit  winged,  much  as  in  No.  9.     Leaves  simple,  long  and  cylindrical, 

hollow,  with  some  cross  partitions 

+•«-•«-  Fruit  smooth,  flat  or  flattish  on  the  back,  and  double-winged  or  margined  at  the  edge, 
each  carpel  also  3-ribbed  or  sometimes  3-winged  on  the  back. 

11.  ANGELICA.     Carpels  with  3  slender  ribs  on  the  back  ;  a  single  oil-tube  in  each  interval 

Seed  not  loose. 

12.  ARCIIANGELICA.     Carpels  with  3  rather  stout  jibs  on  the  back,  and  2-3  or  more  oil- 

tubes  in  each  interval,  adhering  to  the  loose  seed. 

13.  CONIOSELINUM.     Carpels  with  3  wings  on  the  lack  narrower  than  those  of  the  margins 
•»-  •»-  -i-  •«-  Fruit  smooth,  not  flattened  either  way,  or  slightly  so,  the  cross-section  nearly  orbic 

ular  or  quadrate ;  the  carpels  each  with  5  wings  or  strong  ribs. 

14.  JETHUSA.    Fruit  ovate-globose  :  carpels  with  5  sharply  keeled  ridges  and  with  single  oil- 

tubes  in  the  intervals. 

16.  LIGUSTICUM.    Fruit  elliptical :  carpels  with  5  sharp  almost  winged  ridges,  and  with 

several  oil-tubes  in  each  interval. 

16   THASPIUM.    Fruit  elliptical  or  ovoid  :  carpels  5-winged  or  5-ribbed,  and  with  single  oil- 
tubes  in  each  interval.    Flowers  yellow  or  dark  purple. 
•»-  «-  •*-  «-  •»-  Fruit  smooth,  flattened  laterally  or  contracted  at  the  sides,  wingless. 

17.  ZIZIA.     Flowers  yellow.     Fruit  oval,  somewhat  twin  :  the  carpels  narrowly  5-ribbed  :  oil 

tubes  ft  in  each  interval.    Leaves  compound. 


150  UMBELLIFER^E.       (PARSLEY     FAMILY.) 

18. 'BOTLEURUM.    Flowers  yellow.     Fruit  oroid-oblong  :    the  carpels  somewhat 
Leaves  all  simple. 

19.  D1SCOPLEURA.    Flowers  white.    Fruit  ovoid  :  the  lateral  ribs  united  with  a  thick  corkj 

margin.     Leaves  cut  into  capillary  divisions. 

20.  CICUTA.     Flowers  white.     Fruit  subglobose,  twin  :  the  carpels  strongly  and  equally  6- 

ribbed.     Leaves  twice  or  thrice  ternate. 

21.  SIUM.     Flowers  white.     Fruit  ovate-globose:  the  carpels  5-ribbed.      Leaves  all  simply 

pinnate.  ^ 

22.  CRYl'TOT^ENIA.    Flowers  white.     Fruit  oblong.    Leaves  3-parted.     Umbel  irregular 

IL  Inner  face  of  the  seed  hollowed  out  lengthwise,  or  the  margins  involute, 
so  that  the  cross-section  is  semilunar.     (Umbels  compound.) 

28.  CH2EROPIIYLLUM.    Fruit  linear-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  apex  :  ribs  broad. 

24.  OSMORR1I1ZA.     Fruit  li near-club-shaped,  tapering  below  :  ribs  bristly. 

25.  CONIUM.    Fruit  ovate,  flattened  at  the  sides  :  ribs  prominent,  wavy. 
20.  EULOPUUS.     Fruit  ovoid,  somewhat  twin,  nearly  destitute  of  ribs. 

III.   Inner  face  of  the  seed  hollowed  in  the  middle,  or  curved  inwards  at 
the  top  and  bottom,  so  that  the  section  lengthwise  is  semilunar. 

27.  BRIOENIA.     Fruit  twin  ;  carpels  nearly  kidney-form.    Umbellets  few-flowered. 

1.     HYDKOCOTYLE,    Tuurn.         WATER  PENNYWORT. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened  laterally,  orbicular  or  shield-shaped  , 
the  carpels  5-ribbcd,  two  of  the  ribs  enlarged  and  often  forming  n  thickened 
margin:  oil-tubes  none. — Low  and  smooth  marsh  perennials,  with  slender 
Btcins  creeping  or  rooting  in  the  mud,  and  round  shield-shaped  or  kidney-form 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  simple  umbels  or  clusters,  which  are  either 
single  or  proliferous,  appearing  all  summer.  (Name  from  v8<i>p,  water,  and 
KoriXq,  a  flat  cup,  the  peltate  leaves  of  several  species  being  somewlm  cup- 
shaped.) 

*  Stems  procumbent  and  branching  :  flowers  3-5  in  a  sessile  cluster. 

1.  II.  Americana,  L.     Leaves  rounded  kidney-form,  doubly  eremite, 
somewhat  lobed,  short-pctiolcd ;  fruit  orbicular.  —  Shady  springy  places ;  com- 
mon northward. 

w  *  Umbels  on  scape-like  naked  peduncles,  arising,  with  the  long-petioled  lea  res,  from 
the  joints  of  creeping  and  rooting  stems. 

2.  II.  ranuilCllIoides,  L,     Leaves  round-renifonn,  3  -  5-rlrft,  the  lobes 
crenate;  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles;  umbel  5-  10-flowered;  ped- 
icels very  short;  fruit  orbicular,  scarcely  ril^bcd. —  Petm.  and  southward. 

3.  II.  iiltcrriipta,  Muhl.     Leaves  peltate  in  the  middle,  orbicular  cre- 
nate ;  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  leaves,  bearing  clusters  of  few  and  .sv.w'/e 
flowers  interruptedly  along  its  length ;  fruit  broader  than  long,  notched  at  the 
base.  —  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts,  and  southward  along  the  coast. 

4.  II.  lllllbellftta,  L.     Leaves  peltate  in  the  middle,  orbicular,  notched 
at  the  base,  doubly  crenate;  peduncle  elongated  (3'  -9'  hi<;h),  bearing  a  many- 
flowered  umbel  (sometimes  proliferous  with  2  or  3  umbels);  pedicels  slender; 
*ruit  notched  at  the  base  and  apex.     Massachusetts  and  southward  near  the 
coast 


UMBELLIFEB^E.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.)  151 

2.     CRlNTZIA,    Nutt.        CRANTZIA. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  globose ;  the  carpels  corky,  5-ribbed :  an  oil-tube 
in  each  interval.  —  Minute  plants,  creeping  and  rooting  in  the  mud,  like  Hydro- 
cotyle,  but  with  fleshy  and  hollow  cylindrical  or  awl-shaped  petioles,  in  place  of 
leaves,  marked  with  cross  divisions.  Umbels  few-flowered,  simple.  Flowers 
white.  (Named  for  Prof.  Crantz,  an  Austrian  botanist  of  the  18th  century.) 

1.  C.  Siaiciita,  Nutt.  (Hydrocotyle  lineata,  Michx.}  Leaves  somewhat 
club-shaped,  very  obtuse  (l'-2*  long) ;  lateral  ribs  of  the  fruit  projecting,  form- 
ing a  corky  margin.  1|. — Brackish  marshes,  from  Massachusetts  southward 
along  the  coast.  July. 

3.     SAN1CUL.A,    Tourn.         SANICLE.    BLACK  SNAKEROOT. 

Calyx-teeth  manifest,  persistent.  Fruit  globular ;  the  carpels  not  separating 
spontaneously,  ribless,  thickly  clothed  with  hooked  prickles,  each  with  5  oil- 
tubes.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  palmately-lobed  or  parted  leaves,  those  from  the 
root  long-petioled.  Umbels  irregular  or  compound,  the  flowers  (greenish  or 
yellowish)  capitate  in  the  umbellets,  perfect,  and  with  staminate  ones  intermixed. 
Involucre  and  involucels  few-leaved.  (Name  from  sano,  to  heal.) 

1.  S.  Caiiadensis,  L.     Leaves  3 -5-  (the  upper  only  3-)  parted;  star 8* 
flowers  few,  scarcely  pedicelled,  shorter  than  the  fertile  ones ;  styles  shorter  than  the 
prickles  of  the  fruit.  —  Copses.      June -Aug.  —  Plant   l°-2°  high,    with   thin 
leaves ;  their  divisions  wedge-obovate  or  oblong,  sharply  cut  and  serrate,  the 
lateral  mostly  2-lobed.     Fruits  few  in  each  umbellct. 

2.  S.  Mart  lei  ndica,  L.     Leaves  all  5  -  7-partcd  ;  sterile  flowers  numerous, 
vn  slender  pedicels,  about  the  length  of  the  fertile ;  styles  elongated  and  conspicuous, 
recurred.  —  Woods  and  copses,  common.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high;  the  leaves  more 
rigid  and  with  narrower  divisions  than  in  the  former,  with  almost  cartilaginous 
teeth.     Fruits  several  in  each  umbellet. 

4.     ERYNGIUM,    Tourn.        BUTTON  SNAKEROOT. 

Calyx-teeth  manifest,  persistent.  Styles  slender.  Fruit  top-shaped,  covered 
with  little  scales  or  tubercles,  with  no  ribs,  and  scarcely  any  oil-tubes.  —  Chiefly 
perennials,  with  coriaceous,  toothed,  cut,  or  prickly  leaves,  and  blue  or  white 
bracted  flowers  closely  sessile  in  dense  heads.  (A  name  used  by  Dioscorides, 
of  uncertain  origin.) 

1.  E.    yuccsjc folium,    Michx.      (RATTLESNAKE-MASTER.      BUTTON 
SNAKEROOT.)      Leaves  linear,   taper-pointed,   rigid,  grass-like,   nerved,  bristlu- 
fringed ;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  mostly  entire  and  shorter  than  the  heads.     1J. 
(E.  aquaticum,  L.  in  part;  but  it  never  grows  in  water.) — Drv  or  damp  pine- 
barrens  or  prairies,  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     July. 

2.  E.  Virgilimmim,  Lam.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sen-ate  with  hooked 
or  somewhat  spiny  teeth,  veiny  ;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  cleft  or  spiny-toothed, 
longer  than  the  cymose  whitish  or  bluish  heads,     (g)  —  Swamps,  New  Jersey 
and  southward  near  the  coast.     July. 

12 


152  UMHELLIFER.E.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY  ) 

5.    DA tlC US,    Tourn.        CARROT. 

Calyx  5-toothcd.  Corolla  irregular.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong;  the  carpels 
scarcely  flattened  on  the  back,  with  5  primary  slender  bristly  ribs,  two  of  tin  m 
on  the  inner  face,  also  with  4  equal  and  more  or  less  winged  secondary  ones, 
each  bearing  a  single  row  of  slender  bristly  prickles  :  an  oil-tube  under  each  of 
these  ribs.  —  Biennials,  with  finely  2-3-pinnatc  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  cleft  invo- 
lucres, and  concave  umbels,  dense  in  fruit.  (The  ancient  Greek  name.) 

1.  I>.  CAR&TA,  L.  (COMMON  CARROT.)  Stem  bristly ;  involucre  pinimti- 
fid,  nearly  the  length  of  the  umbel.  —  Spontaneous  in  old  fields  in  certain  places. 
July -Sept. — Flowers  white  or  cream-color,  the  central  one  of  each  umbellet 
abortive  and  dark  purple.  Umbel  in  fruit  dense  and  concave,  resembling  a 
bird's  nest.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.     POLYT^ENIA,    DC.        POLYTASNIA. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  oval,  very  flat,  with  an  entire  broad  and  thick  corky 
margin,  the  impressed  back  very  obscurely  ribbed :  oil-tubes  2  in  each  inter- 
val,  and  many  in  the  corky  margin.  —  A  smooth  herb,  resembling  a  Parsnip, 
with  twice-pinnate  leaves,  the  uppermost  opposite  and  3-cleft,  no  involucres, 
bristly  involuccls,  and  bright  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  TroXvs,  many,  and 
raivia,  a  Jillet,  alluding  to  the  numerous  oil-tubes.) 

1.  P.  NiitUillii,  DC.  —  Barrens,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  southwest- 
ward.  May.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

7.     IIEK  ACI.EUM,    L.        COW-PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  as  in  Pastinaca,  but  the  oil-tubes  shorter  than  the 
carpels  (reaching  from  the  summit  to  the  middle).  Petals  (white)  inversely 
neart-shapcd,  those  of  the  outer  flowers  commonly  larger  and  radiant,  appearing 
2-clcft.  —  Stout  perennials,  with  broad  sheathing  petioles  and  large  flat  umbels. 
Involucre  deciduous  :  involucels  many-leaved.  (Dedicated  to  Hercules.) 

1.  H.  Imintlim,  Michx.  Woolly;  stem  grooved ;  leaves  1  -2-tcrnatoly 
compound;  leaflets  somewhat  heart-shaped;  fruit  obovatc  or  orbicular.  —  Moist 
rich  ground ;  most  common  northward.  June. — A  very  large,  strong-scented 
plant,  4° -8°  high,  in  some  places  wrongly  called  Master icort. 

8.     PASTINACA,    Tourn.        PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oval,  flat,  with  a  thin  single-winged  margin  ;  the 
carpels  minutely  5-ribbcd ;  three  of  the  ribs  equidistant  on  the  back,  the  lateral 
ones  distant  from  them  and  contiguous  to  the  margin  :  an  oil-tube  in  each  inter- 
val running  the  whole  length  of  the  fruit.  Petals  yellow,  roundish,  entire;  none 
of  the  flowers  radiant.  —  Chiefly  biennials,  with  spindle-shaped  roots,  and  pin- 
na tdv-coinpound  leaves.  Involucre  and  involucels  small  or  none.  (The  Latin 
name,  from  pastus,  food.) 

1.  P.  SAT!VA,  L.  (COMMON  PARSNIP.)  Stenr.  grooved,  smooth;  leaflets 
ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  cut-toothed,  somewhat  shining  above.  —  Fields,  &c 
July.  (Adv  fromEu.) 


TMBELLIFEILfi.       (PARSLEY     FAMILY.)  155 

9.    ARCI1EMORA,    DC.        COWBANE. 

Calyx  5-tootlicd.  Fruit  with  a  broad  single-winged  margin,  oval,  flattish; 
die  carpels  with  5  obtuse  and  approximated  equidistant  ribs  on  the  convex 
buck:  oil-tubes  one  in  each  interval,  and  4-6  on  the  inner  face.  —  Smooth 
perennials,  with  rather  rigid  leaves  of  3  —  9  lanceolate  or  linear  leaflets.  Invo- 
lucre nearly  none  :  involucels  of  numerous  small  leaflets.  Flowers  white. 
(Name  applied  to  this  poisonous  umbelliferous  plant  in  fanciful  allusion  to 
Archemorus,  who  is  said  to  have  died  from  eating  parsley.  DC.) 

1.  A.  rigid  a,  DC.  Leaves  simply  pinnate;  leaflets  3-9,  varying  from 
lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  entire  or  remotely  toothed,  or,  in  Var.  AMnfauA, 
linear,  long  and  narrow.  —  Sandy  swamps,  N.  Jersey  and  W.  New  York  to 
Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Stem  2° -5°  high. 

10.     TIEDEITCASnVIA,    DC.        FALSE  WATER-DKOPWORT. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  with  a  single  winged  margin,  obovatc,  flattish ;  the 
carpels  with  5  equidistant  slender  ribs  on  the  convex  back  :  oil-tubes  one  in  each 
interval,  and  2  on  the  inner  face. — A  smooth  and  erect  aquatic  herb,  with  a 
hollow  stem  (2° -6°  high),  and  cylindrical  pointed  and  hollow  petioles  (the 
cavity  divided  by  cross  partitions)  in  place  of  leaves.  Involucre  and  involucels 
of  few  subulate  leaflets.  Flowers  white.  (Dedicated  to  the  anatomist,  Prof. 
Tiedemann,  of  Heidelberg.) 

1    T.  tcrctifolia,  DC. — Virginia  (Harper's  Ferry)  and  southward.    Aug. 

11.    ANGELICA,    L.        ANGELICA. 

Calyx -teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened,  with  a  double-winged  margin  at  the 
commissure ;  i.  e.  the  lateral  rib  of  each  oval  carpel  expanded  into  a  wing,  their 
flattish  backs  each  strongly  3-ribbed  :  an  oil-tube  in  each  interval,  and  2-4  on 
the  inner  face.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.  —  Stout  herbs,  more  or  less  aro- 
matic, with  first  tcmatcly,  then  once  or  twice  pinnately  or  ternately  divided 
leaves,  toothed  and  cut  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets,  large  terminal  umbels,  scanty 
or  no  involucre,  and  small  many-leaved  involucels.  Flowers  white  or  greenish. 
Petioles  membranaceous  at  the  base.  (Named  angelic,  from  its  cordial  ana 
medicinal  properties.) 

1.  A.  Curtisii,  Buckley.  Nearly  glabrous;  leaves  twice  ternate  or  the 
divisions  quinate ;  leaflets  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  cut 
and  toothed ;  involucels  of  small  subulate  leaflets ;  wings  of  the  fruit  broad. 
2{ — Mountains  of  Perm.  (Prof.  Porter),  Virginia,  and  southward  in  the  Alle- 
ghanies.  Aug. 

12.     ARCHANCtEL-ICA,    Hoffm.        ARCHANGELICA. 

Calyx-teeth  short.  Seed  becoming  loose  in  the  pericarp,  coated  with  numer- 
ous oil-tubes  which  adhere  to  its  surface.  Otherwise  as  in  Angelica,  from  which 
the  species  have  been  separated. 

1.  A.  llirsufa,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Woolly  or  downy  at  the  top  (2° -5°  high), 
rather  slender;  leaves  twice  pinnately  or  ternately  divided;  leaflets  tluckisU. 


154  UMBELLIFER.E.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

ovate-oblong,  often  blunt,  serrate;  involucels  as  long  as  the  umbellets;  pedun- 
cles and  fruit  downy,  broadly  winged.  1|.  (Angelica  triquinata,  Null.) — Dry 
open  woods,  New  York  to  Michigan,  and  southward.  July.  —  Flowers  white. 

2.  A.  atropiirpurca,  Hoffin.      (GREAT  ANGELICA.)     Smooth;  stem 
dark  purple,  very  stout  (4°-G°  high),  hollow;  leaves  2-3-ternately  compound; 
the  leaflets  pinnate,  5-7,  sharply  cut  sermte,  acute,  pale  beneath  ;  petioles  much 
inflated ;  involucels   very   short ;  fruit  smooth,  winged.      1J.  (Angelica  triquinata, 
Michx.)  —  Low  river-banks,  N.  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward- 
June. —  Flowers  greenish-white.     Plant  strong-scented;  a  popular  aromatic. 

3.  A.  peregrina,  Nutt.     Stem  a  little  downy  at  the  summit  (1°- 3° 
high)  ;    leaves   2-3-ternately   divided,   the    leaflets   ovate,   acute,   cut-serrate, 
glabrous;  involucels  about  as  long  as  the  umbellets ;  fruit  oblcng  with  5  thick 
and  corky  winy-tike  ribs  to  each  carpel,  the  marginal  ones  little  broader  than  the 
others.      1J. —  Rocky   coast  of  Massachusetts   Bay  and   northward.      July. — 
Flowers  greenish-white.     Plant  little  aromatic.     Fruit  so  thick  and  so  equally 
ribbed,  rather  than  winged,  that  it  might  be  taken  for  a  Ligusticuui.      It  is  A. 
Gmelini,  of  N.  W.  America. 

13.     CONIOSELTtlVUM,    Fischer.        HEMLOCK  PARSLEY 

Calyx-f/jeth  obsolete^  Fruit  oval ;  the  carpels  convex-flattish  and  narrowly 
8-winged  on  the  back,  and  each  more  broadly  winged  at  the  margins  :  oil-tubes 
in  the  substance  of  the  pericarp,  1  -3  in  each  of  the  intervals,  and  several  on  the 
inner  face.  —  Smooth  herbs,  with  finely  2- 3-pinnately  compound  thin  leaves, 
inflated  petioles,  and  white  flowers.  Involucre  scarcely  any :  leaflets  of  the 
involucels  awl-shaped.  (Name  compounded  of  Conium,  the  Hemlock,  and 
Selimun,  Milk-Parsley,  from  its  resemblance  to  these  two  genera.) 

1 .  C.  Canadciise,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Leaflets  pinnatifid ;  fruit  longer  than 
the  pedicels.  1J. —  Swamps,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  northward,  and  southward 
in  the  Allcghanies.  Aug.  —  Herbage  resembling  the  Poison  Hemlock 

14.  JETIITtiSA,    L.        FOOL'S  PARSLEY. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate-globose  ;  the  carpels  each  with  5  thick 
iharply-keeled  ridges  :  intervals  with  single  oil-tubes.  —  Annual,  poisonous 
-lerbs,  with  2  -  3-tematcly  compound  and  many-cleft  leaves,  the  divisions  pin- 
oate,  and  white  flowers.  (Name  from  cu0a>,  to  burn,  from  the  acrid  taste.) 

i.  JE»  CYNAPICM,  L.  Divisions  of  the  leaves  wcdge-larccolate ;  involucre 
none  ;  involucels  3-leaved,  long  and  narrow.  —  About  cultivated  grounds,  New 
Finland,  &c.  July.  —  A  fetid,  poisonous  herb,  with  much  the  aspect  of  Poison 
Hemlock,  but  with  dark-green  foliage,  long  hanging  involucels,  and  unspotted 
<*tcm.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

15.  LICIISTICUUI,    L.        LOVAGB. 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  minute.  Fruit  elliptical,  round  on  the  cro>s-section,  or 
slightly  flattened  on  the  sides;  the  carpels  each  with  5  sharp  and  projecting  or 
narrowly  winged  ridges :  intervals  and  inner  face  with  many  oil-fubes.  —  Peren- 


UMBELLIFER^E.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY,)  155 

nials,  with  aromatic  roots  and  fruit,  2  -  3-ternately  compound  leaves,  and  white 
flowers.  (Named  from  the  country  Liguria,  where  the  officinal  Lovage  of  the 
gardens,  L.  Levisticurn,  abounds.) 

1  L.,  Scoticum,  L.  (SCOTCH  LOVAGE.)  Very  smooth;  stem  (V* 
high)  nearly  simple;  leaves  2-ternate;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  coarsely  toothed 
or  cut;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  and  involucels  linear;  calyx-teeth  distinct; 
fruit  narrowly  oblong.  —  Salt  marshes,  from  Rhode  Island  northward.  Aug. — 
Root  acrid  but  aromatic.  (Eu.) 

2.  JL.  actueifdliiiin,  Michx.  (NOXDO.  ANGELICO.)  Smooth;  stem 
(3° -6°  high)  branched  above;  the  numerous  umbels  forming  a  loose  ami  naked 
somewhat  whorled  panicle,  the  lateral  ones  mostly  barren ;  leaves  3-ternate ;  leaf- 
lets broadly  ovate,  equally  serrate,  the  end  ones  often  3-partcd;  calyx-teeth 
minute;  ribs  of  the  sfiort  fruit  wing-like.  —  Rich  woods,  Virginia,  Kentucky, 
and  southward  along  the  mountains.  July,  Aug.  —  Root  large,  with  the  strong 
aromatic  odor  and  taste  of  Angelica.  (Michaux's  habitat,  "  Banks  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,"  is  probably  a  mistake.) 

16.     THASPIUM,    Nutt.        MEADOW-PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  short.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong,  somewhat  flattish  or 
contracted  at  tho  sides  (the  cross-section  of  each  seed  orbicular  and  somewhat 
angled  or  5-angular) ;  the  carpels  each  with  5  strong  and  equal  ribs  or  wings, 
the  lateral  ones  marginal :  oil-tubes  single  in  each  interval.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  1  -  2-temately  divided  leaves  (or  the  root  leaves  simple),  umbels  with  no 
involucre,  minute  few-leaved  involucels,  and  yellow  or  sometimes  dark -purple 
flowers.  (Name  a  play  upon  Thapsia,  a  genus  so  called  from  the  island  of 
Thapsus.)  — I  include  in  this  genus  Zizia,  Koch,  —  because  what  is  apparently 
the  same  species  has  the  fruit  either  ribbed  or  winged,  —  and  retain  the  name 
of  Zizia  for  Z.  intcgerrima,  DC. 

*  Stems  loosely  branched,  2° -5°  high,  mostly  pubescent  on  the  joints:  calyx  short  but 
manifest :  corolla  liglit  yellow :  leaves  all  tcrnately  compound. 

1.  Tf.  l>ai*l>iiiodc,  Nutt.     Leaves    1- 3-ternate;    leaflets  ovate  or  lance- 
ovate  and  acute,  mostli/  with  a  wedge-shaped  base,  above  deeply  cut-serrate,  often 
2-3-cleft  or  parted,  the  terminal  one  long-stalked  (l'-2'  long) ;  fruit  oblong, 
6-lQ-winged  (3"  long),  some  of  the  dorsal  wings  often  narrow  or  obsolete. - 
River-banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     July. 

2.  T.    pimiatiifidlim.      Branchlets,    umbels,    &c.   roughish-pubcrufent ; 
leaves  1  -  3-ternate  ;  leaflets  1  -  2-pinnatifid,  the  lobes  linear  or  oblong  ;  fruit  oblong, 
narrowly  8-  10-winged  (1^'  long),  the  intervals  minutely  scabrous.     (Zi/ia  pin- 
natifida,  Buckley.     Thaspium  Walteri,  Shuttlew.,  excl.  syn.   Walt.)  —  Barrens 
of  Kentucky  (Short),  and  southward  in  the  mountains. 

*  if  Steins  somewhat  branched;  the  whole  plant  glabrous :  cahjx-teeth  obscure. 

3.  TL\  aurcillll,  Nutt.     Leaves  all  \  -2-ternately  divided  or  parted  (or  rarely 
gome  of  the  root-leaves  simple  and  heart-shaped) ;  the  divisions  or  leaflet?  oblorg- 
lanceolate,  v<ry  sharply  cut-serrate,  witli  a  wedge-shaped  entire  base  ;  flowers  deep 
yellow ;  fruit  oblong-oval,  with  10  winged  ridges.     Moist  rivei  -banks,  &e.,  not 
rare.     June.  —  Leaves  of  a  rather  fin  \  texture. 


156  CMBELLIFEHJE.       (PARSLEY     FAMILY.) 

Var.  tfpteriim.  Fruit  with  strong  and  sharp  ribs  in  place  of  wings. 
{Smyrnium  auream,  L.  Zizia  aurca,  Koch.}  —  With  the  winged  form. 

4.  T.  frifoliatllltl.  Root-leaves  or  some  of  them  round  and  heart-shaped ; 
stein-leaves  simply  ternate  or  quinate,  or  ^-parted ;  the  divisions  or  leaflets  ova  'e-lance- 
otate  or  roundish,  mostly  abrupt  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  crenately  toothed ; 
flowers  deep  yellow ;  fruit  glolwse-ovoid,  with  1 )  winged  ridges.  Rocky  thickets, 
Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward  ;  rare  eastward.  June. 

Var.  atropurpiireiini,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Petals  deep  dark-purple.  (Thap- 
sia  trifoliata,  L.  Smyrnium  cordatum,  Walt.  Thaspium  atropurpureum,  Nuft. ) 
—  From  New  York  westward  and  southward. 

Var.  siptcrillll.  Petals  yellow  :  fruit  with  sharp  ribs  in  place  of  wings. 
(Zizia  cordata,  Koch,  Torr.)  With  the  preceding  form. 

17.     ZIZIA,    DC.  partly.     (ZiziA  §  T.BNIDIA,  Torr.  &  Gr.) 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovoid-oblong,  contracted  at  the  junction  of  the 
carpels  so  as  to  become  twin,  the  cross-section  of  each  seed  nearly  orbicular : 
carpels  somewhat  fleshy  when  fresh,  with  5  slender  ribs  (which  are  more  con- 
spicuous  when  dry) :  oil-tubes  3  in  each  interval  and  4  on  the  inner  face.  —  A 
perennial  smooth  and  glaucous  slender  herb  (2° -3°  high),  with  2-3-ternafly 
compound  leaves,  the  leaflets  with  entire  margins ;  umbels  with  long  and  slen- 
der rays,  no  involucre,  and  hardly  any  involuccls.  Flowers  yellow.  (Named 
for  /.  B.  Ziz,  a  Khenish  botanist.) 

1.  Z.  integerrima,  DC.  —  Rocky  hill-sides  ;  not  rare.     May,  June. 

18.     BUPJLE1JRUM,    Toum.        THOKOUGII-WAX 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate-oblong,  flattened  laterally  or  somewh/u 
twin,  the  carpels  5-ribbed,  with  or  without  oil-tubes.  Plants  with  simple  entire 
leaves  and  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  fiovs ,  an  ox,  and  TrXeupoi/,  a  rib  ;  it  i& 
uncertain  why  so  called.) 

1.  B.  ROTUNDir6LiUM,  L.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  pcrfoliatc  ;  involucre, 
none;  involuccls  of  5  large  ovate  leaflets.  —  Fields,  New  York,  Perm.,  and  Vir- 
ginia; rare.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

19.     I>ISCOPL,EUKA,    DC.        MOCK  BISIIOI'-WKKD. 

Calyx-toeth  awl-shaped.  Fruit  ovoid  ;  the  carpels  each  with  3  strong  ribs  on 
the  back,  and  2  broad  lateral  ones  united  with  a  thickened  corky  margin  :  inter- 
vals with  single  oil-tubes.  —  Smooth  and  slender  branched  annuals,  with  the 
leaves  finely  dissected  into  bristle-form  divisions,  and  white  flowers.  Involucre 
and  involucels  conspicuous.  (Name  from  SiWos-,  a  disk,  and  n\fvpov,  a  rid.) 

1.  D.  Capillficra,  DC.      Umbel    few-rayed;  leaf.ets   of  the   involucre 
3-5-cleft;    iuvolnccls   longer   than    the    umhellets  ;    fruit    ovate    in    outline. — 
Brackish  swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     July -Oct. 

2.  1>.    \llll;cl!ii.   DC.      Umbel    many-rayed  ;    leaflets    of  the    involucre 
mostly  entire  and  shorter;  fruit  globular.  —  Wet  prairies,  Kentucky  am'  south 
muni. 


TJMBELLIFERJE.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  157 

20.    CICUTA,   L.        WATER  HEMLOCK. 

Calyx  minutely  5 -toothed.  Fruit  subglobose,  a  little  contracted  at  the  s'deg, 
the  carpels  with  5  flattish  and  strong  ribs :  intervals  with  single  oil-tubes.  — 
Marsh  perennials,  very  poisonous,  smooth,  with  thrice  pinnately  or  ternately 
compound  leaves,  the  veins  of  the  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaflets  terminating  in 
the  notches.  Involucre  few-leaved :  involuccls  many-leaved.  Flowers  white. 
(T.'ie  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Hemlock.) 

1.  C.  iiiaculala,  L.     (SPOTTED  COWBANE.     MUSQUASH-ROOT.     BEA- 
VER-POISON.)      Stem   streaked   with   purple,   stout  ;    leaflets   oblong-lanceolate, 
coarsely  serrate,  sometimes  lobed,  pointed.  —  Swamps,  common.     Aug. — Plant 
3°  -  6°  high,  coarse ;  the  root  a  deadly  poison. 

2.  C.  bulbst'cra.,  L.    Leaflets  linear,  remotely  toothed  or  cut-lobed ;  upper 
axils  bearing  clusters  of  bulblets.  —  Swamps ;  common  northward  :  seldom  ripen 
ing  fruit. 

21.     SiUM,    L.        WATER  PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate  or  globular,  flattish  or  contracted 
at  the  sides;  the  carpels  with  5  rather  obtuse  ribs:  intervals  with  1- several 
oil-tubes.  —  Marsh  or  aquatic  perennials,  smooth,  poisonous,  with  grooved 
stems,  simply  pinnate  leaves,  and  lanceolate  serrate  leaflets,  or  the  immersed 
ones  cut  into  capillary  divisions.  Involucre  several-leaved.  Flowers  white. 
(Name  supposed  to  be  from  the  Celtic  siu,  water,  from  their  habitation.) 
*  Pericarp  thin  between  the  strong  projecting  ribs  :  lateral  ribs  marginal. 

1.  S.  liiicare,  Michx.     Leaflets  linear,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
tapering  gradually  to  a  sharp  point,  closely  and  very  sharply  serrate;  calyx- 
teeth  scarcely  any ;  fruit  globular,  with  corky  and  very  salient  ribs,  or  rather 
wings;  oil-tubes  1  - 3  in  each  interval.  —  Swamps  and  brooks;  common.     July 

-  Sept. 

S.  LATIFOLIUM,  L.,  of  Europe,  I  have  never  seen  in  this  region. 

*  Pericarp  of  a  thick  texture,  concealing  the  oil -tubes  :  ribs  not  strong,  the  lateral  no! 

quite  marginal.     (Berula,  Koch.} 

2.  S.  angaiStifolilllll,  L.     Low  (9' -20'  high);  leaflets  varying  from 
oblong  to  linear,  mostly  cut-toothed  and  cleft;  fruit  somewhat  twin.  — Michigan 
and  westward.     (Eu.) 

22.     CRYPTOTJSfeNIA,    DC.         HONE  WORT. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong,  contracted  at  the  sides ;  the  carpels 
equally  and  obtusely  5-ribbed :  oil-tubes  very  slender,  one  in  each  interval  and 
one  under  each  rib.  Seed  slightly  concave  on  the  inner  face.  —  A  perennial 
smooth  herb,  with  thin  3-foliolate  leaves,  the  umbels  and  umbellcts  with  very 
unequal  rays,  no  involucre,  arid  few-leaved  involucels.  Flowers  white.  (Name 
composed  of  KpvTrros,  hidden,  and  ram'a,  a  Jiliet,  from  the  concealed  oil-tubes.) 

1.  C.  Caimdeiisis,  DC.  —  Rich  woods,  common.  June -Sept.  —  Plant 
2°  high.  Leaflets  large,  ovate,  pointed,  doubly  serrate,  the  lower  ones  lobed. 


158  TJMBELLIFER^E.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

23      CH^KOPIIYr,L,U]TI,    L.        CHERVIL. 

Culyx-tceth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear  or  oblong,  pointed  but  not  beaked,  con- 
tracted at  the  sides ;  tbc  carpels  5-ribbcd :  inner  face  of  the  seed  deeply  furrowed 
lengthwise:  intervals  with  single  oil-tubes.  —  Leaves  ternatcly  decompound, 
the  leaflets  lobed  or  toothed :  involucre  scarcely  any :  involucels  many-leaved. 
Flowers  chiefly  white.  (Name  from  x^P^i  to  gludden,  and  (frvXXov,  a  leaf, 
alluding  to  the  agreeable  aromatic  odor  of  the  foliage.) 

1.  C.  proctinibCBiS,  Lam.  Stems  slender  (6' -18'),  spreading,  a  little 
hairy ;  lobes  of  the  pinnatih'd  leaflets  obtuse,  oblong ;  umbels  few-rayed  (sessile 
or  peduncled);  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  with  narrow  ribs.  —  Moist  copses,  New 
Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward.  May,  June. 

24.     OSIHORRIltZA,    Raf.        SWEET  CICELY. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear-oblong,  angled,  tapering  downwards  kito 
a  stalk-like  base,  contracted  at  the  sides,  crowned  with  the  styles ;  the  carpels 
with  sharp  upwardly  bristly  ribs  :  inner  face  of  the  nearly  terete  seed  with  a  deep 
longitudinal  channel:  oil-tubes  none.  —  Perennials,  with  thick  very  aromatic 
roots,  and  large  2  -  3-ternatcly  compound  leaves;  the  leaflets  ovate,  pinnatifid- 
toothed.  Involucre  and  involucels  few-leaved.  Flowers  white.  (Name  from 
007x17,  a  scent,  and  pi'£a,  a  root,  in  allusion  to  the  anise-like  flavor  of  the  latter.; 

1.  O.  longistylis,  DC.     (SMOOTHER  SWEET  CICELY.)     Styles  slender, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  ovary ;  leaflets  qxarmgfif  pubescent  or  smooth  when  old,  short- 
pointed,  cut-toothed,  sometimes  lobed. — Rich  moist  woods,  commonest  north- 
ward.    Msir ,  June.  —  Plant  3°  high,  branching :  stein  red. 

2.  O.  brevistylis,  DC.     (HAIRY  SWEET  CICELY.)     Styles  conical,  «of 
lonyer  than  the  breadth  of  the  ovary ;  fruit  somewhat  tapering  at  the  summit ;  leaf- 
let?  downy-hairy t  taper-pointed,  pinnatijid-cui.  —  Common.  Root  less  sweet. 

25.  CONilTJtt,    L.        POISON  HKMLOCK. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate,  flattened  at  the  sides,  the  carpels  with  5 
prominent  wavy  ribs,  and  no  oil-tubes  :  inner  face  of  the  seed  with  a  deep  nar- 
row longitudinal  groove. — Biennial  poisonous  herb?,  with  large  decompound 
leaves.  Involucre  and  involucels  3-5-lcavcd,  the  latter  1 -sided.  Flowers 
white.  (Kooi/eioj/,  the  Greek  name  of  the  Hemlock,  by  which  criminals  and 
philosophers  were  put  to  death  at  Athens.) 

1.  C.  MACUL\TUM,  L.  Smooth;  stem  spotted;  leaflets  lanceolate,  pinnati- 
fid;  involucels  shorter  than  the  umbcllets.  —  Waste  places.  July.  —  A  large 
branch 'nig  herb  :  the  pule  green  leaves  exhale  a  disagreeable  odor  when  bruised 
A  virulent  narcotico-acrid  poison,  used  in  medicine.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

26.  E  IT  L,  OP  II  US,    Nutt.        EULOI-HUS. 

Calyx-teeth  small.  Fruit  ovoid,  contracted  at  the  sides  and  somewhat  twin , 
the  carpels  smooth,  indistinctly  ribbed,  and  with  a  close  row  of  oil-tubes :  innei 
face  of  the  seed  longitudinally  channelled,  the  cross-section  scmilunar.  —  A 


ARALIACE.E.     (GINSENG  FAMILY.)  159 

Blender  and  smooth  tall  perennial,  with  the  leaves  2-tcrnately  divide!  into  nar- 
row linear  leaflets  or  lobes.  Involucre  scarcely  any :  involucels  short  and  bristle- 
form.  Flowers  white.  (Name  from  eu,  well,  and  Xo$oy,  a  crut,  not  well 
applied  to  a  plant  which  has  no  crest  at  all.) 

1.  E.  ABU  eric  aims,  Nutt.  —  Darby  Plains,  near  Columbus,  Ohio  (Sut, 
livant],  Illinois,  and  southwestward.  July.  —  Root  a  cluster  of  small  tubers. 

27.     ERIGfcWIA,.  Nutt.        HARBIXGER-OF-SFRING. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  obovate  or  spatulate,  flat,  entire.  Fruit  twin; 
the  carpels  incurved  at  top  and  bottom,  nearly  kidney-form,  with  5  very  slender 
ribs,  and  several  small  oil-tubes  in  the  interstices :  inner  face  of  the  seed  hol- 
lowed into  a  broad  deep  cavity. — A  small  and  smooth  vernal  plant,  producing 
from  a  deep  round  tuber  a  simple  stem,  bearing  one  or  two  2  -  3-tcrnately  divided 
leaves,  and  a  somewhat  imperfect  and  leafy  bracted  compound  umbel.  Flowers 
few,  white.  (Name  from  rjpiyfvfjs,  born  in  the  spring.) 

1.  E.  Imlbosa,  Nutt.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Western  New  York  and  Penn.,  to 
Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  £c.  March,  April.  —  Stem  3' -9'  high. 

The  cultivated  representatives  of  this  family  are  chiefly  the  PARSLEY  (Jlpium 
Petroselinuui] ,  CELERY  (A.  graveolens),  DILL  (Anethum  graveolens},  FENNEL  ( A. 
Fwniculum),  CARAWAY  (Carum  Cdrui),  and  CORIANDER  (Coridndrum  satwum). 

ORDER  53.     ARALIACE7E.     (GINSENG  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees ;  with,  much  the  same  characters  as  Umbelliferae,  but 
with  usually  more  than  2  styles,  and  the  fruit  a  3  -  several-celled  drupe. 
(Albumen  mostly  fleshy.  Petals  flat.)  —  Represented  only  by  the  genus. 

1.    ARAL.IA,    Tourn.        GINSENG.    WILD  SARSAPARILLA. 

Flowers  more  or  less  polygamous.  Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary,  tha 
teeth  very  short  or  almost  obsolete.  Petals  5,  epigynous,  oblong  or  obovate, 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  5,  epigynous,  alternate  with  the 
petals.  Styles  2-5,  mostly  distinct  and  slender,  or  in  the  sterile  flowers  short 
and  united.  Ovary  2  -  5-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  suspended  from 
the  top  of  each  cell,  ripening  into  a  berry-like  drupe,  with  as  many  seeds  as 
cells.  Embryo  minute.  —  Leaves  compound  or  decompound.  Flowers  white 
or  greenish,  in  umbels.  Roots  (perennial),  bark,  fruit,  &c.  warm  and  aromatic. 
(!>rivation  obscure.) 

4  1 .  ARALIA,  L.  —  Flowers  monaxiously  polygamous  or  perfect,  the  umbels  usually 
in  corymbs  or  panicles:  styles  and  cells  of  the  (black  or  dark  purple)  fruit  5  :  stems 
herbaceous  or  woody :  ultimate  divisions  of  the  leaves  pinnate. 

*  Umbels  very  numerous  in  a  large  compound  panicle:  leaves  very  large,  quinatdy  or 

pinnately  decompound. 
1.  A.  spill  osa,  L.     (ANGELICA-TREE.     HERCULES'  CLUB  )     SJirub,  or 

a  low  tree;  the  stout  stem  and  stalks  prickly ;  leaflets  ovate,  pointed,  serrate,  pale 


160  CORNACE.fi.       (DOGWOOD    FAMILY.) 

Heneath.  —  River-banks,  Pennsylvania  to  Kentucky  and  southward :  common  in 
cultivation.     July,  August. 

2.  A.  racemosa,  L.    (SPIKENARD.)    Herbaceous;  stem  widely  branched; 
leaflets  heart-ovate,  pointed,  doubly  serrate,  slightly  downy ;  umbels  racemose* 
panicled;  styles  united  below.  —  Rich  woodlands.     July.  —  Well  known  for  its 
spicy-aromatic  large  roots.     There  are  traces  of  stipules  at  the  dilated  base  of 
the  leafstalks. 

•Hf  *  Umbels  2  —  7,  corymbed :  stem  short,  somewhat  woody. 

3.  A.  liispida,  Michx.     (BRISTLY    SARSAPARILLA.     WILD    ELDER.) 
/Stew  (l°-2°  high)  bristly,  leafy,  terminating  in  a  peduncle  bearing  several  um- 
bels; leaves  twice  pinnate;    leaflets  oblong-ovate,  acute,  cut-serrate.  —  Rocky 
places ;  common  northward,  arid  southward  along  the  mountains.     June. 

4.  A.  nudi<  aiilis,    L.     (WiLD  SARSAPARILLA.)     Stem   scarcely  rising 
out  of  the  (/round,  smooth,  bearing  a  single  long-stalked  leaf  and  a  shorter  naked  scape, 
with  2-7  umbels ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  pointed,  serrate,  5  on  each  of 
the  3  divisions.  —  Moist  woodlands ;  with  the  same  range  as  No.  3.    May,  June. 
—  The  aromatic  horizontal  roots,  which  arc  several  feet  long,  are  employed  as 
a  substitute  for  the  officinal  Sarsaparilla.     Leafstalks  1°  high. 

$2.  GtNSENG,  Decaisne  &  Planchon.  (Panax,  L.) — Flowers  diceciffttsly  po- 
lygamous :  styles  and  cells  oft/ie  (red  or  reddish)  fruit  2  or  3  :  stern  herbaceous,  low, 
simple,  bearing  at  its  summit  a  whorl  of  3  palmately  3  -  7-foliolafe  leaves  (or  per' 
flaps  rather  a  single  and  sessile  twice-compound  leaf),  and  a  single  umbel  on  a  slen- 
der naked  peduncle. 

5.  A.  qilinquefolia.     (GINSENG.)     Root  large  and  tpinJle-shaped,  often 
forked  (4'  -  9'  long,  aromatic) ;  stem  1°  high ;  leaflets  long-stalked,  mostly  5,  large 
and  thin,  obovate-oblong,  pointed ;  styles  mostly  2 ;  fruit  bright  red.     (Pnnax 
quinquefolium,  L.) — Rich  and  cool  woods;  becoming  rare.     July. 

6.  A.  tri folia.     (DWARF  GINSENG.     GROUND-NUT.)     Root  or  tuber  glob- 
ular, deep  in  the  ground  (pungent  to  the  taste, not  aromatic) ;  stems  4-8'  high; 
leaflets  3-5,  sessile  at  the  summit  of  the  leafstalk,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse  ;  styles 
usually  3 ;  fruit  yellowish. — Rich  woods,  common  northward,  April,  May. 


HEDERA  HELIX,  the  European  IVY,  is  almost  the  only  other  representative 
of  this  family  in  the  northern  temj  erate  zone. 

ORDER   54.     CORN^  CE7E.      (DOGWOOD    FAMILY.; 

Shrubs  or  trees  (rarely  herbaceous),  irith  opposite  or  alternate  simple  leaves, 
the  calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  1  -  2-cellcd  ovary  its  limb  minute,  the  petal* 
(valvate  in  the  bud)  and  as  many  stamens  borne  on  the  margin  of  an  ep'njn- 
nous  disk  in  the  perfect  flowers  ;  style  one;  a  sinnle  antttropous  ornle  hang- 
ing from  Hie  top  of  the  cell;  the  fruit  a  1  -  1-seeded  drupe ;  embryo  nearly 
the  length  of  the  albvmen,  with  large  and  foliaceous  cotyletfans.  —  A  small 
family,  represented  by  Comus,  and  by  a  partly  apetalous  genus,  Nyssa 
(Bark  bitter  and  tonic.) 


CORNACEJC.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.)  161 

].     C6RJVUS,    Tourn.        CORNEL.    DOGWOOD. 

Flowers  perfect  (or  in  some  foreign  species  dioecious).  Calyx  minutely  4- 
toothed.  Petals  4,  oblong,  spreading.  Stamens  4 :  filaments  slender.  .Style 
slender :  stigma  terminal,  flat  or  capitate.  Drupe  small,  Avith  a  2-cclled  and  2 
seeded  stone.  — Leaves  opposite  (except  in  one  species),  entire.  Flowers  small, 
in  open  naked  cymes,  or  in  close  heads  which  are  surrounded  by  a  corolla-like 
involucre.  (Name  from  cornu,  a  horn;  alluding  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 

§  1 .  Flowers  greenish,  collected  in  a  head  or  close  cluster,  ivhich  is  surrounded  by  a 
large  and  showy,  ^-leaved,  corolla-like,  white  involucre  :  fruit  bright  red. 

1.  C.  CanadensiS,  L.      (DWARF  CORNEL.    BUNCH-BERRY.)      Stems 
low  and  simple  (5' -7' high)   from  a  slender  creeping  and  subterranean  rather 
woody  trunk ;  leaves  scarcely  petioled,  the  lower  scale-like,  the  upper  crowded 
into  an  apparent  whorl  in  sixes  or  fours,  ovate  or  oval,  pointed ;  leaves  of  the 
involucre  ovate:  fruit  globuiar. —  Damp  cold  woods,  common  northward.    June. 

2.  C,  florida,  L.      (FLOWERING  DOGWOOD.)     Leaves  ovate,  pointed, 
acutish  at  the  base;  leaves  of  the  involucre  inversely  heart-shaped  or  notched  (1^' 
long) ;  fruit  oval.  —  Rocky  woods  ;  more  common  southward.     May,  June.  — 
Tree  12° -30°  high,  very  showy  in  flower,  scarcely  less  so  in  fruit. 

{  2.  Flowers  white,  in  open  and  fiat  spreading  cymes :  involucre  none:  fruit  spherical. 
*  Leaves  all  opposite :  shrubs. 

3.  C.   circiiiata,   L'Her.      (ROUND-LEAVED  CORNEL  or  DOGWOOD.) 

Branches  greenish,  warty-dotted ;  leaves  round-oval,  abruptly  pointed,  woolly  under- 
neath  (4' -5'  broad) ;  cymes  flat ;  fruit  light  blue.  —  Copses;  in  rich  soil.  June. 
—  Shrub  6°-  10°  high.  Leaves  larger  than  in  any  other  species. 

4.  C.  SCi'icea,  L.      (SILKY  CORNEL.     KINNIKINNIK.)      Branches  pur- 
vlish ;  the  branchlets,  stalks,  and  lower  surface  of  the  narrowly  ovate  or  elliptical 
pointed  leaves  silky -downy  (often  rusty),  pale  and  dull ;  cymes  flat,  close ;  calyx- 
teeth  lanceolate ;  fruit  pale  blue.  —  Wet  places ;  common.     June.  —  Shrub  3°  - 
10°  high.     Flowers  yellowish- white. 

5.  C.  Stolonefcra,  Michx.     (RED-OSIER  DOGWOOD.)     Brandies,  espe- 
cially tlie  osier-like  annual  shoots,  bright  red-purple,  smooth ;  leaves  ovate,  rounded  at 
the  base,  abruptly  short-pointed,  roughish  with  a  minute  close  pubescence  on 
both  sides,  whitish  underneath ;  cymes  small  and  flat,  rather  few-flowered,  nearly 
smooth  ;  fruit  white  or  lead-color.  —  Wet  banks  of  streams  ;  common,  especially 
northward.     It  multiplies  by  prostrate  or  subterranean  suckers,  and  forms  large 
dense  clumps,  3°  -  6°  high.     June. 

6.  C.  aspcri  folia,    Michx.     (ROUGH-LEAVED    DOGWOOD.)     Branche* 
brownish;  the  branchlets,  $°c.  rough-pubescent;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  on  very  short 
petioles,  pointed,  rough  with  a  harsh  pubescence  above,  and    owny  beneath ;  calyx- 
teeth  minute.  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  Illinois  and  southward.     May,  June. 

7.  C.  strict  a,    Lam.     (STIFF  CORNEL.)     Branches  brownish  or  reddish, 
smooth ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  acutish  at  the  base,  glabrous^ 
of  nearly  the  same  hue  both  sides ;  cymes  loose,  fiatf.ish ;  anthers  and  fruit  pale  blue. 

Swamps,  &c.  Virginia  and  southward.     April,  May.  —  Shrub  8°  -  15°  high 


1G2  CORN  A.CE.-E.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.) 

8.  C.  paiiiculuta,    L'Her.      (PANICLED    CORNEL.)      Branches 
Smooth  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  acute  at  the  base,  whitish  beneath  but 
not  downy ;  cymes  convex,  loose,  often  panicled ;  fruit  white,  depressed-globose.  — 
Thickets  and  river-banks.     June.  —  Shrub  4°  -  8°  high,  very  much  branched, 
bearing  a  profusion  of  pure  white  blossoms. 

#  *=  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

9.  C.    alterilifolia,    L.     (ALTERNATE-LEAVED    CORNEL.)      Branches 
greenish  streaked  with  white,  alternate  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  long-pointed,  acute  at 
the  base,  whitish  and  minutely  pubescent  underneath ;  fruit  deep  blue.  —  Hill- 
sides in  copses.     May,  June.  —  Shrub  or  tree  8°  -  20°  high,  generally  throwing 
its  branches  to  one  side  in  a  flattish  top,  and  with  broad,  very  open  cymes. 

2-    NYSSA,    L.        TUPELO.    PEPPERIDGK.     SOUR  GUM-TREE. 

Flowers  diceciausly  polygamous,  clustered  or  rarely  solitary  at  the  summit 
of  axillary  peduncles.  Stam.  FL  numerous  in  a  simple  or  compound  dense 
cluster  of  fascicles.  Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Stamens  5-12,  oftener  10,  inserted 
on  the  outside  of  a  convex  disk  :  filaments  slender :  anthers  short.  No  pistil. 
Pist.  FL  solitary  or  2-8,  sessile  in  a  bracted  cluster,  much  larger  than  the  stam- 
inate  flowers.  Calyx  with  a  very  short  repand-truncate  or  minutely  5-toothed 
limb.  Petals  very  small  and  fleshy,  deciduous,  or  often  wanting.  Stamens  5  - 
10,  with  perfect  anthers,  or  imperfect.  Style  elongated,  revolute,  stigmatic 
down  one  side.  Ovary  one-celled.  Drupe  ovoid  or  oblong,  with  a  bony  and 
grooved  or  striate  1-celled  and  1-seedcd  stone.  —  Trees,  with  entire  or  some- 
times angulate-toothed  leaves,  which  are  alternate,  but  mostly  crowded  at  the  end 
of  the  branchlets,  and  greenish  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves.  (The  name 
of  a  Nymph:  "so  called  because  it  [the  original  species]  grows  in  the  water.") 

1.  N.  multiflora,  Wang.     (TUPELO.    PEPPERIDGE.    BLACK  or  SOUR 
GUM.)    Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  commonly  acuminate,  glabrous  or  villous-pubes- 
cent  when  young,  at  least  on  the  margins  and  midrib,  shining  above  when  old 
(2' -5'  long) ;  fertile  flowers  3  -  8,  at  the  summit  of  a  slender  peduncle ;  fruit 
9void,  bluish-black  (about  £'  long).    (N.  aquatica,  L.,  at  least  in  part;  but  tho 
tree  is  not  aquatic.     N.  sylvatica,  Marsh.     N.  villosa,  Willd,  £c.,  &c.)  —  Rich 
soil,  either  moist  or  nearly  dry,  Massachusetts  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    April, 
May.  —  A  middle-sized  tree,  with  horizontal  branches  and  a  light  Hat  spray, 
like  the  Beech :  the  wood  firm,  close-grained,  and  very  unwedgeable,  on  account 
of  the  oblique  direction  and  crossing  of  the  fibre  of  different  layers.     Leaves 
turning  bright  crimson  in  autumn. 

2.  N.  imiflora,  Walt.      (LARGE  TUPELO.)     Leaves  oblong  or  ovate, 
sometimes  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  long-petioled,  entire  or  aogulate-tootbed, 
pale  and  downj-puhefeent  beneath,  at  least  when  young   (4' -12'  long)  ;  fertile 
flower  solitary  on  a  slender  peduncle;  fruit  oldong,  blae  (!'  or  more  in  length). 
'N.  dcntieuKita,  Ait.     N.  tomcntosa  and  angulisans,  Michx.    N".  grandidentata, 
Michx.  f.) — In  water  or  wet  swamps,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward 
April.  —  Wood  soft :  that  of  the  roots  verj  light  and  spongy,  used  foi  corks 


CAPRIFOLIACE.fi.       (HONETSUCKLE    FAMILY.)  168 


DIVISION  II.    MONOPETALOUS  EX6GENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  lattet 
composed  of  more  or  less  united  petals,  that  is,  monopetalous.* 


ORDER  55.    CAPRIFOLJACEJE.    (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  no  (genuine)  stipules,  the 
calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  2  -  5-celled  ovary,  the  stamens  as  many  as 
for  one  feiver  than)  the  lobes  of  the  tubular  or  wheel-shaped  corolla,  and 
inserted  on  its  tube.  —  Fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or  pod,  1  -  several-seeded. 
Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  small  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

TKIBB  I.     L.ONICERE.E.    Corolla  tubular,  often  irregular,  sometimes  2-lipped.    Style 
slender :  stigma  capitate. 

1.  LINN.EA.    Stamens  4,  one  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.    Fruit  dry,  3-celled,  but 

only  1-seeded. 

2.  SYMPIIORICARPUS.    Stamens  4  or  5,  aa  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  bell-shaped  regular 

corolla.     Berry  4-celled,  but  only  2-seeded. 
8.  LONICERA.     Stamens  5.  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  tubular  and  more  or  less  irregular 

corolla     Berry  several-seeded. 
i.  DIERVILLA.     Stamens  5.    Corolla  funnel-form,  nearly  regular.    Pod  2-celled,  2-valved, 

many-seeded. 
6.  TRIOSTEUM.    Stamens  5.    Corolla  gibbous  at  the  base.    Fruit  a  3  -  5-celled  bony  drupe. 

TBIUE  II.     SAMBUCE.ZE.     Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  urn-shaped,  regular,  deeply  5-lobed. 

Stigmas  1-3,  rarely  5,  sessile.     Flowers  in  broad  cymes. 

6.  SAMBUCUS.     Fruit  berry-like,  containing  3  seed-like  nutlets.     Leaves  pinnate. 
7    VIBURNUM.     Fruit  a  1-celled  1-seeded  drupe,  with  a  c  impressed  stone.  Leaves  simple. 

1.     LJ I NTV  JE  A  ,    Gronov.        LINN^EA.     TWIN-FLOWER. 

Calyx-teeth  5,  awl-shaped,  deciduous.  Corolla  narrow  bell-shaped,  almost 
equally  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  two  of  them  shorter,  inserted  toward  the  base  of 
tha  corolla.  Ovary  and  the  small  dry  pod  3-cclled,  but  only  1-seedcd,  two  of 
the  cells  being  empty.  —  A  slender  creeping  and  trailing  little  evergreen,  some- 
what hairy,  with  rounded-oval  sparingly  crenate  leaves  contracted  at  the  base 
into  short  petioles,  and  thread-like  upright  peduncles  forking  into  2  pedicels  at 
the  top,  each  bearing  a  delicate  and  fragrant  nodding  flower.  Corolla  purple 
and  whitish,  hairy  inside.  (Dedicated  to  the  immortal  Linnaeus,  who  first  point- 

*  In  certain  families,  such  as  Ericaceae,  &c.  the  petals  in  some  genera  are  nearly  or  quite 
separate.  In  Compositse  and  some  others,  the  calyx  is  mostly  reduced  to  a  pappus,  or  to  scales, 
or  a  mere  border,  or  even  to  nothing  more  than  a  covering  of  the  surface  of  the  ovary.  Th« 
itudent  might  look  for  these  in  the  first  or  the  third  division.  But  the  artificial  analysis  DTO- 
fixed  to  the  volume  provides  for  all  these  anomalies,  and  will  lead  the  student  to  the  0-4*1 
where  they  belong. 


164  CAPR1FOL1ACEJC.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY » 

ed  out  its  characters,  and  with  whom  this  humble  but  charming  plant  war  an 
especial  favorite.) 

1.  lt»  toorealis,  Gronov.  —  Moist  mossy  woods  and  cold  bogs;  common 
northward,  but  towards  the  south  of  rare  occurrence  as  far  as  New  Jersey,  and 
along  the  mountains  to  Maryland.  June  (Eu.) 

2.     SYMPHORICARPUS,    Dill.        SNOWBERRY. 

Calyx-teeth  short,  persistent  on  the  fruit.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  regularly  4-5 
lobcd,  with  as  many  short  stamens  inserted  into  its  throat.  Ovary  4-cclIed,  only 
2  of  the  cells  with  a  fertile  ovule ;  the  berry  therefore  4-cellcd  but  only  2-seeded. 
Seeds  bony.  —  Low  and  branching  upright  shrubs,  with  oval  short-petioled 
leaves,  which  are  downy  underneath  and  entire,  or  wavy-toothed  or  lobed  on  the 
young  shoots.  Flowers  white,  tinged  with  rose-color,  in  -close  short  spikes  or 
clusters.  (Name  composed  of  tn>/i</>ope'<»,  to  bear  together,  and  Kaprros,  fruit ; 
from  the  clustered  berries.) 

1.  S.   OCCidenta lis,  R.  Brown.      (WOLFBERRY.)      Flowers  in  denso 
terminal  and  axillary  spikes ;  corolla  much  bearded  within  ;  the  stamens  and  styia 
protruded;  berries  white,  —  Northern  Michigan  to  Wisconsin  and  westward.— 
Flowers  larger  and  more  funnel-form,  and  stamens  longer,  than  in  the  next, 
which  it  too  closely  resembles. 

2.  S.    raceillOSUS,    Michx.      (SNOWBERRY.)      Flowers  in  a  loose  and 
somewhat  leafy  interrupted  spike  at  the  end  of  the  branches ;  corolla  bearded  in« 
side ;   berries  large,  bright  white.  —  Rocky  banks,  from  W.  Vermont  to  Penn 
sylvania  and  Wisconsin  :   common  in  cultivation.    June  -  Sept.    Berries  re- 
maining until  winter. 

3.  §•  Vlllgaris,  Michx.     (INDIAN  CURRANT.    CORAL-BERRY.)    Flowers 
in  small  close  clusters  in  the  axils  of  nearly  all  the  leaves ;  corolla  sparingly 
bearded ;  berries  small,  dark  red.  —  Rocky  banks,  W.  New  York  and  Penn.  to 
Illinois,  and  southward :  also  cultivated.    July. 

3.    LONICERA,    L.        HONEYSUCKLE.    WOODBINE. 

Calyx-teeth  very  short.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  often  gibbous  at  the 
base,  irregularly  or  almost  regularly  5-lobcd.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled. 
Berry  several-seeded.  —  Leaves  entire.  Flowers  often  showy  and  fragrant. 
(Named  in  honor  of  Lonicer,  a  German  botanist  of  the  16th  century.) 

§  1.  CAPRIFOLIUM,  Juss.  —  Twining  shrubs,  with  the  flowers  in  sessile  whorled 
dusters  from  the  axils  of  the  (often  connate]  upper  leaves,  and  forming  interrupted 
terminal  spikes :  calyx-teeth  persistent  on  tfie  (red  or  orange]  berry. 

#  Corolla  trumpet-sJiaped,  almost  regularly  and  equally  5-lobcd. 
1.  I*,  scmpervircns,  Ait.  (TRUMPET  HONEYSUCKLE.)  Flowers  in 
somewhat  distant  whorls ;  leaves  oblong,  smooth ;  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper- 
most pairs  united  round  the  stem.  —  Copses,  New  York  (near  the  city)  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  southward:  common  also  in  cultivation.  May -Oct.  —  Leaves 
deciduous  at  the  Noith.  Corolla  scentless,  nearly  2'  long,  scarlet  or  deep  red 


CAPRiFOLIACE^K.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.J  165 

outside,  yellowish  within :  a  cultivated  and  less  showy  variety  has  pale  yellow 
blossoms. 

*  *    Corolla  ringent :  the  lower  lip  narrow,  the  upper  broad  and  4-lobed. 

2.  L..  grr&ta,  -Aik      (AMERICAN  WOODBINE.)      Leaves  smooth,  glaucous 
beneath,  obovate,  the  2  or  3  upper  pairs  united;  flowers  whorl ed  in  the  axils  of 
the  uppermost  leaves  or  leaf-like  connate  bracts ;  corolla  smooth  (ivhitish  with  a 
purple  tube,  fading  yellowish),  not  gihbous  at  the  base,  fragrant.  —  Rocky  wood 
lands.  New  York,  Penn.,  and  westward:  also  cultivated.     May. 

3.  L..  fliiva,  Sims.     (YELLOW  HONEYSUCKLE.)     Leaves  smooth,  vety  jmle 
and  glaucous  botli  sides,  thickish,  obovate  or  oval,  the  2-4  upper  pairs  united  into 
a  round  cup-like  disk ;   flowers  in  closely  approximate  whorls ;  tube  of  the 
smooth  (light  yellow)  corolla  slender,  somewhat  gibbous ;  filaments  almost  or 
quite  smooth. — Rocky  banks.     Catskill  Mountains  (Pursh\  Ohio  to  Wisconsin 
(a  variety  with  rather  short  flowers),  and   southward  along  the  Alleghany 
Mountains.     June. 

4.  Li.  piarvi  flora,  Lam.     (SMALL  HONEYSUCKLE.)     Leaves  smooth,  ob- 
\3$g,ffreen  above,  very  glaucous  beneath,  the  upper  pairs  united,  all  closely  sessile; 
flowers  in  2  or  3  closely  approximate  whorls  raised  on  a  peduncle ;  corolla  gib- 
bous at  the  base,  smooth  outside  (greenish-yelloiv  tinged  with  dull  purple),  short  (f 
long) ;  filaments  rather  hairy  below.  —  Rocky  banks,  mostly  northward.     May, 
June.  —  Stem  commonly  bushy,  only  2°  -4°  high. 

Var.  DoilgScisii.  Leaves  greener,  more  or  less  downy  underneath  when 
young;  corolla  crimson  or  deep  dull  purple.  (L.  Douglasii,  DC.)  —  Ohio  to 
Wisconsin  northward. 

5.  L..  Ilirsilta,  Eaton.     (HAIRY  HONEYSUCKLE.)     Leaves  not  glaucous, 
downy-hairy  beneath,  as  well  as  the  branches,  and  slightly  so  above,  veiny,  dull, 
broadly  oval;  the  uppermost  united,  the  lower  short-petioled ;  flowers  in  ap- 
proximate whorls ;  tube  of  the  (orange-yellow)  clammy-pubescent  corolla  gibbous  at 
the  base,  slender.  —  Damp  copses  and  rocks,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  northward. 
July.  —  A  coarse,  large-leaved  species. 

$  2.  XYL6STEON,  Juss.  —  Upright  bushy  shrubs :  leaves  all  distinct  at  tJie  base : 
peduncles  axillary,  single,  2-bracted  and  ^-flowered  at  the  summit ;  the  tico  beriie* 
sometimes  united  into  one :  calyx-teeth  not  persistent. 

6.  L«.  cili;\ta,  Muhl.     (FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.)     Branches  straggling  (3° 
5°  high);  leaves  oblong-ovate,  often  heart-shaped,  petioled,  thin,  downy  beneath; 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  bracts  minute ;  corolla  funnel-form,  gibbous  at 
the  base  (greenish-yellow,  f '  long),  the  lobes   almost  equal ;   berries  separate 
(red). — Rocky  woods;  New  England  to  Pennsylvania  and  Wisconsin,  north- 
ward.    May. 

7.  JL..  caerulca,  L.     (MOUNTAIN   FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.)     Low  (l°-2° 
high);  branches  upright;  leaves  oval,  downy  when  young;  peduncles  very  short', 
bracts  awl-shaped,  longer  than  the  ovaries  of  the  tico  flowers,  which  are  united  into  one 
(blue)  berry.     (Xylosteum  villqsum,  Michx.) — Mountain  woods  and  bogs,  Mas 
sachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  New  York,  and  northward :  also  Wisconsin      May 
—  Flowers  yellowish,  smaller  than  in  No.  8.     (Eu.) 


166  CAPRIFOLIACEJE.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.) 

8.  Li.  oblongifolia,  Muhl.  (SWAMP  FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.)  Branches 
upright ;  l&ives  oblony,  downy  when  young,  smooth  when  old ;  peduncles  long  and 
slender;  bracts  almost  none;  corolla  deeply  2-lipped ;  berries  (purple)  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  two  ovaries.  —  Bogs,  N.  New  York  to  Wisconsin.  June.  —  Shrub 
2° -4°  high.  Leaves  2' -3'  long.  Corolla  |'  long,  yellowish-white. 

L.  TATARICA,  the  TARTARIAN  HONEYSUCKLE  ;  L.  CArRiF6LiuM,  tLe 
COMMON  HONEYSUCKLE;  and  L.  PERICLYMENUM,  the  true  WOODBINE,  are 
the  commonly  cultivated  species. 

4.     DIERVIL,L,A,    Tourn.        BUSH  HONEYSUCKLE. 

Calyx-tube  tapering  at  the  summit ;  the  lobes  slender,  awl-shaped,  persistent 
Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  almost  regular.  Stamens  5.  Pod  ovoid-oblong, 
pointed,  2-celled,  2-valved,  septicidal,  many-seeded. — Low,  upright  shrubs,  with 
ovate  or  oblong  pointed  serrate  leaves,  and  cymosely  3  -  several-flowered  pedun- 
cles, from  the  upper  axils,  or  terminal.  (Named  in  compliment  to  M.  Dierville, 
who  sent  it  from  Canada  to  Tournefort.) 

1.  D.  trifida,  Mcench.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  pctioled ; 
peduncles  mostly  3-flowercd ;  pod  long-beaked.  (D.  Canadensis,  Muhl.)  — 
Rocks  ;  common,  especially  northward.  June  -  Aug.  —  Flowers  honey-color, 
not  showy. 

D.  SESSILIF6LIA,  Buckley,  of  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  may  occur 
in  those  of  S.  W.  Virginia. 

5.    TRIOSTJEUM,    L.        FEVER-WORT.     HORSE-GENTIAN. 

Calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  leaf-like,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular,  gibbous 
at  the  base,  somewhat  equally  5-lobed,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens 
5.  Ovary  mostly  3-celled,  in  fruit  forming  a  rather  dry  drupe,  containing  aa 
many  angled  and  ribbed  1-sceded  bony  nutlets.  —  Coarse,  hairy,  perennial  herbs, 
leafy  to  the  top ;  with  the  ample  entire  pointed  leaves  tapering  to  the  base,  but 
connate  round  the  simple  stem.  Flowers  sessile,  and  solitary  or  clustered  in 
the  axils.  (Name  from  rpets,  three,  and  ooWof,  a  bone,  alluding  to  three  bony 
seeds,  or  rather  nutlets.) 

1.  T.  perfoliatUIBI,  L.     Softly  hairy  (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves  oval,  abruptly 
narrowed  below,  downy  beneath ;  flowers  dull  brownish-purple,  mostly  dustm-d. 
—  Rich  woodlands;  not  rare.     June.  —  Fruit  orange-color,  £'  long. 

2.  T.    ailgllSti folium,    L.      Smaller;    bristly-hairy;    leaves   lanceolate, 
tapering  to  the  base ;  flowers  grecnish-cream-color,  mostly  single  in  the  axils.  — 
8.  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    May. 

6.     SAMBtlCUS,    Tourn.        ELDER. 

Calyx-lobes  minute  or  obsolete.  Corolla  urn-shaped,  with  a  broadly  spread- 
ing 5-cleft  limb.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  a  berry-like  juicy  drupe,  con 
taining  3  small  seed-like  nutlets.  —  Shrubby  plants,  with  a  rank  smell  when 
oruJscd,  pinnate  leaves,  serrate  pointed  leaflets,  and  numerous  small  and  white 


CAPRIFOLIACE.fi.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.)  167 

flowers  in  compound  cymes.     (Name  from  (rap.[3vKr),  an  ancient  musical  instru- 
ment, supposed  to  have  been  made  of  Elder-wood.) 

1.  S.  CaimdcilSis,  L.      (COMMON  ELDER.)      Stems   scarcely  woody 
(5° -10°  high) ;  leaflets  7-11,  oblong,  smooth,  the  lower  often  3-parted ;  cymes 
flat ;  fruit  black-purple.  —  Rich  soil,  in  open  places.     June.  —  Pith  white. 

2.  S.  pubeiis,  Michx.     (RED-BERRIED  ELDER.)      Stems   woody    (2°  - 
18°  high),  the  bark  warty;  lea/lets  5-7,  ovate-lanceolate,  doicny  underneath;  cyme* 
panided,  convex  or  pyramidal ;  fruit  bright  red  (rarely  white).  —  Rocky  woods  ; 
chiefly  northward,  and  southward  in  the  mountains.     May :  the  fruit  ripening 
in  June.  —  Pith  brown. 

7.    VIBURNUM,    L.        ARROW-WOOD.    LADRESTINUS. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  spreading,  deeply  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas 
1  '-S.  Fruit  a  1 -celled,  1 -seeded  drupe,  with  soft  pulp  and  a  crustaceous  flat- 
tened stone.  —  Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  flat  compound 
cymes.  Petioles  sometimes  bearing  little  appendages  like  stipules.  Leaf-budfi 
naked,  or  in  No.  9  scaly.  (The  classical  Latin  name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

§  1.  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect.     (Fruit  blue  or  black,  glaucous.) 
*  Leaves  entire,  or  toothed,  not  lobed. 

1.  V.  liudinn,  L.      (WITHE-ROD.)      Leaves  thickish,   oval,   oblong  or 
lanceolate,  dotted  beneath,  like  the  short  petioles  and  cymes,  irith  small  brownish  scales, 
smooth  above,  not  shining,  the  margins  entire  or  wavy-crenate ;  cyme  short-peduncled ; 
fruit  round-ovoid.  —  Var.  1.  CLAYTONI  has  the  leaves  nearly  entire,  the  veins 
somewhat  prominent  underneath,  and  grows  in  swamps  from  Massachusetts 
near  the  coast  to  Virginia  and  southward.     Var.  2.  CASSINOIDES  (V.  pyrifo- 
lium,  Pursh,  frc. )  has  more  opaque  and  often  toothed  leaves ;  and  grows  in  cold 
swamps  from  Pennsylvania  northward.     May,  June.  —  Shrub  6°  -  10°  high. 

2.  V.  pruiiifoliuni,  L.     (BLACK    HAW.)      Leaves  broadly  oval,  obtuse 
at  both  ends,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  shining  above,  smooth ;  petioles  naked ; 
cymes  sessile;  fruit  ovoid-oblong. — Dry  copses,   S.  New  York  to  Ohio,  and 
southward.     May.  —  A  tree-like  shrub,  very  handsome  in  flower  and  foliage. 

3.  V.  IjCiitskg'O,   L.      (SWEET   VIBURNUM.     SHEEP-BERRY.)      Leaves 
ovate,  strongly  pointed,  closely  and  very  sharply  serrate,  smooth,  the  long  margined 
petioles  with  the  midrib  and  branches  of  the  sessile  cyme  sprinkled  with  rusty 
glands   when   young  ;    fruit   oval.  —  Copses,   common.      May,   June.  —  Tree 
15° -20°  high,  handsome;  the  fruit  £'  long,  turning  from  red  to  blue-black, 
and  edible  in  autumn. 

4.  V.  obovatlim,  Walt.     Leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  entire  or  denticulate,  gla- 
brous, thickish,  small  (1    -1^'  long),  shining;  cymes  sessile,  small. — River-banks, 
Virginia  and  southward.     May.  —  Shrub  2°  -  8°  high. 

5.  V.  dfiltatum,  L.     (ARROW-WOOD.)      Smooth;   leaves  broadly  ovate, 
coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  strongly  straight-veined,  on  slender  petioles  ;  cymes  pe- 
duncled  ;  fruit  (small)  ovoid-globose,  blue.  —  Wet  places;  common.    June. — 
Shrub  5°  - 10°  high,  with  ash-colored  bark;  the  pale  leaves  often  with  hairy  tufts 
in  the  axils  of  the  strong  veins. 


68  RUBIACE^E.       ^MADDER    FAMILY.) 

ft.  V.  piilM'sccns,  Pursh.  (DOWNY  ARROW-WOOD.)  Leaves  ovate  or 
ri>long-orate,  acute  or  pointed,  coarsely  toothed,  rather  strongly  straight-veined, 
the  lower  surface  and  the  very  short  petioles  velvety -dou-ny ;  cymes  pcduncled  ;  fruit 
ovoid.  —  Rocks,  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  June.  —  Shrub 
straggling,  2°  -4°  high.  (V.  molle,,  Miclix.  is  probably  a  form  of  this.) 
*  *  Leaves  3-lobed,  roundish  ;  the  lobes  pointed. 

7.  V.    acerifoliiiiil,    L.      (MAPLE-LEAVED    ARROW-WOOD.      DOCK- 
MAC  K IE.  j     Lenses  3-ribbed  and  roundish  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  downy  under- 
neath, coarsely  and  unequally  toothed,  the  veins  and  stalks  hairy  ;  cymes  long- 
pcduncled,  many-flowered ;  fruit  oval ;  Jllaments  long.  —  Rocky  woods,  common. 
May,  June.  —  Shrub  3°  -  5°  high. 

8.  V.  pmiciflorimi,  Pylaie.     Smooth,  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  mostly  trun- 
cate and  5-ribbed  at  the  base,  with  3  short  lobes  at  the  summit,  unequally  serrate 
throughout ;  cymes  small  and  simple,  pedunclcd  ;  Jilaments  shorter  titan  the  corolla.  — 
Cold  woods,  mountains  of  N.  Hampshire  and  New  York ;  Wisconsin  and  north- 
ward.    (V.  Oxycoccus,  var.  eradiatum,  Oakes.)  —  A  low  straggling  shrub,  with 
larger  leaves  than  No.  7,  serrate  all  round,  and  less  deeply  Inbed  than  in  No.  9. 

$2.  6PULUS,  Toum.  —  Marginal  Jlowers  of  the  cyme  destitute  of  stamens  and 
pistils,  and  with  corollas  many  times  larger  than  the  others,  forming  a  kind  of 
ray,  as  in  Hydrangea. 

9.  V.  OpulllS,  L.     (CRANBERRY-TREE.)     Nearly  smooth,  upright;  leaves 
strongly  3-lobcd,  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  truncate  at  the  base,  the  spreading  lobes 
pointed,  toothed  on  the  sides,  entire  in  the  sinuses ;  petioles  bearing  stalked 
glands  at  the  base;  cymes  peduncled;  fruit  ovoid,  red.     (V.  Oxycoccus  and  V 
edule,  Pursh.)  —  Shrub  5° -10°  high,  showy  in  flower.     The  acid  fruit  is  used 
as  a  (poor)  substitute  for  cranberries,  whence  the  name  High  Cranberry-bush,  &c. 

—  The  well-known  SNOW-BALL  TREE,  or  GUELDER-ROSE,  is  a  cultivated  state, 
with  the  whole  cyme  turned  into  large  sterile  flowers.     (Eu.) 

10.  V.  Itintanoides,  Michx.     (HOBBLE-BUSH.    AMERICAN  WATFAR- 
ING-TREE.)     Leaves  round-ovate,  abruptly  pointed,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  closely 
serrate,  many-veined ;  the  veins  and  veinlets  underneath,  along  with  the  stalks 
and  branchlets,  very  scurfy  with  rusty-colored  tujls  of  minute  down;  cymes  sessile, 
very  broad  and  flat ;  fruit  ovoid,  crimson  turning  blackish.  —  Cold  moist  woods, 
New  England  to  Penn.  and  northward,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.    May. 

—  A  sti aggling  shrub ;  the  long,  procumbent  branches  often  taking  root.    Flow- 
ers handsome.     Leaves  4'  -  8'  across. 


ORDER  56.     RUBIACEvE.     (MADDER  FAMILY.; 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  connected  by  interposed  stipules, 
or  rarely  in  irliorls  without  apparent  stipules,  the  calyx  coherent  with  the  2-4- 
celled  ovary,  the  stamens  c/.s1  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  reyular  corolla  (3-5), 
and  inserted  on  its  tube.  —  Fruit  various.  Seeds  anatropous  or  amphitro- 
pous.  Emliryo  commonly  pretty  large,  in  copious  hard  albumen.  —  A  very 
large  family,  *he  greater  part,  and  all  its  most  important  plants  (such  as 


RUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.)  169 

the  Coffee  and  Peruvian-Bark  trees),  tropical,  divided  into  two  suborders. 
To  these,  in  our  Flora,  it  is  convenient  to  append  a  third  for  a  few  plants 
which  are  exactly  Kubiacese  except  that  the  calyx  is  free  from  the  ovary. 

SUBORDER  I.     STELLAT^E.     THE  TRUE  MADDER  FAMILY. 

Leaves  whorled,  with  no  apparent  stipules.  Ovary  entirely  coherent 
with  the  calyx-tube.  Coralla  valvate  in  the  bud.  —  Chiefly  herbs. 

1.  GALIUM.     Corolla  wheel -shaped,  4-  (or  rarely  3-)  parted.    Fruit  twin,  2  seeded,  separating 

into  2  iudehiseeut  carpels. 

SUBORDER  II.     CINCH ONE.E.     THE  CINCHONA  FAMILY. 

Leaves  opposite,  or  sometimes  in  whorls,  with  stipules  between  them. 
Ovary  coherent  with  the  calyx-tube,  or  its  summit  rarely  free. 

*  Ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  each  cell. 
•i-  Flowers  axillary,  separate.     Fruit  dry  when  ripe.     Herbs. 

2.  SPERMACOCE.     Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form  :  lobes  4.    Fruit  separating  when  ripe 

into  2  carpels,  one  of  them  closed,  the  other  open. 
8.  DIODIA.    Fruit  separating  into  2  or  3  closed  and  indehiscent  carpels. 

•»-  -t-  Flowers  in  a  close  and  round  long-peduncled  head.     Fruit  dry.    Shrubs. 
4.  CEPUALANTIIUS.     Corolla  tubular  :  lobes  4.    Fruit  inversely  pyramidal,  2-4-eeeded. 

•*-•!-•»-  Flowers  twin  ;  their  ovaries  united  into  one.    Fruit  a  berry. 
6   MITCIIELLA.     Corolla  funnel-form  ;  its  lobes  4.  — A  creeping  herb. 

*  *  Ovules  and  seeds  many  or  several  in  each  cell  of  the  pod. 

6.  OLDENLANDIA.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  and  stamens  4,  or  rarely  5.     Pod  loculicidal. 

SUBORDER  III.    LOGANIE^.    THE  LOGANIA  FAMILY. 

Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules  between  them.  Ovary  free  from  the  ca- 
lyx. Corolla  valvate  or  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

7.  MITREOLA.    Corolla  short.    Ovary  and  pod  mitre-shaped  or  2-beaked  ;  the  2  short  stylei 

separate  below,  but  at  first  united  at  the  top.    Seeds  many. 

8.  SP1GELIA.    Corolla  tubular-funnel-form.     Style  1.     Pod  twin,  the  2  cells  few-seeded. 

9.  POLYPKEMUM.    See  Addend. 

SUBORDER  I.     STELlJlTJE.     THE  TRUE  MADDER  FAMILY 

1.     GAL.IUUI,    L.        BEDSTRAW.         CLEAVERS. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Corolla  4-parted,  rarely  3-parted,  wheel-shaped.  Sta- 
mens 4,  rarely  3,  short.  Styles  2.  Fruit  diy  or  fleshy,  globular,  twin,  separat- 
ing when  ripe  into  the  2  seed -like,  indehiscent,  1-sceded  carpels.  —  Slender 
herbs,  with  small  cymose  flowers,  square  stems,  and  whorled  leaves  :  the  roots 
often  containing  a  red  coloring  matter.  (Name  from  yd\a,  milk,  which  some 
species  are  used  to  curdle.) 

*  Annual :  leaves  about  8  in  a  ivhorl :  peduncles  1  -  2-JIowered,  axillary. 
1.  O.  Aparifie,  L.      (CLEAVERS.      GOOSE-GRASS.)      Stem   weak  and 
reclining,  bristle-prickly  backwards,  hairy  at  the  joints  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  taper- 
ing to  the  base,  short-ooiuted,  rough  on  the  margins  and  midrib  (l'-2'  long  I  • 


170  RUBIACE^K.       ^MADDER    FAMILY.) 

flowers  white ;  fruit  (large)  bristly  with  hooked  prickles.  —  Moist  thickets.     Doubt- 
ful if  truly  indigenous  in  our  district.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Perennial:  leaves  4-6  (in  the  last  species  8)  in  a  wliorl. 
*-  Peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  few-flowered:  flowers  white  or  greenish. 

2.  O.  asprcIIiiiH,  Michx.     (ROUGH  BKDSTKAW.)     Stem  weak,  much 
branched,  rough  buck  wards  with  hooked  prickles,  leaning  on  bushes  (3° -5° 
high)  ;  leaves  in  whorls  of  6,  or  4  -  5  on  the  brancldets,  oval-lanceolate,  pointed,  with 
almost  prickly  margins  and  midrib;  peduncles  many,  short,  2-3  times  forked; 
fivit  usually  smooth. — Low  thickets,  common  northward.     July.  —  Branchlets 
covered  with  numerous  but  verv  small  white  flowers. 

3.  O.  COnciliillllll,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stems   low,   diffuse,   with   minutely 
roughened  angles ;  leaves  all  in  whorls  of  6,  linear,  sliy/ttly  pointed,  veinless,  the 
margins  upwardly  roughened ;  peduncles  slender,   2-3  times  forked,   somewhat 
panic-led  at  the  summit;  pedicels  short;  fruit  smooth. — Penn.  and  Michigan  to 
Kentucky.     June.  —  Plant  6' -12'  high,  slender,  but  rather  rigid,  not  turning 
blackish  in  drying,  like  the  rest. 

4.  O.  trifiduin,  L.      (SMALL   BEDSTRAW.)      Stems   weak,  ascending 
(5' -20'  high),  branching,  roughened  backwards  on  the  angles;  leaves  in  whorls 
of  4  to  6,  linear  or  nb/anccolate,  obtuse,  the  margins  and  midrib  rough ;  peduncles 
I  - 3-floivered ;  pedicels  slender;  corolla-lobes  and  stamens  often  3;  fruit  smooth. 
—  Var.  I.  TINCTORIUM  :  stem  stouter,  with  nearly  smooth  angles,  and  the  parts 
of  the  flower  usually  in  fours.     Var.  2.  LATIF6LIUM  (G.  obtusum,  Biyel.} : 
stem  smooth,  widely  branched ;  leaves  oblong,  quite  rough  on  the  midrib  and 
margins.  —  Swamps;  common,  and  very  variable.     June -Aug.     (Eu.) 

5.  G.  triilorum,  Michx.     (SWEET-SCENTED  BEDSTRAW.)     Stem  weak, 
reclining  or  prostrate  (l°-3°  long),  bristly-roughened  backwards  on  the  angles, 
shining  ;    leaves   6  in  a   whorl,  elliptical-lanceolate,  bristle-pointed,   with   slightly 
roughened  margins  (l'-2'  long) ;  peduncles  3-Jlowered,thQ  flowers  all  pcdicelled; 
fntit  bristly  with  hooked  hair?.  —  Rich  woodlands,  common.     July.  —  Lobes  of 
the  greenish  corolla  pointed.     (Eu.) 

•*-  •»-  Peduncles  several-flowered :  flowers  dull  purple  or  brownish  {rarely  cream-color) ; 
petal*  jiiucronate  or  bristle-pointed :  fruit  densely  hooked-bristly. 

6.  G.  I»il6sillll,  Ait.     Stem  ascending,  somewhat  simple,  hairy  ;  leaves  in 
fours,  oval,  dotted,  hairy  (1'long),  scarcely  3-nenvd ;  p«hun'l<<s  twice  or  thrice 
2-3-forked,  the  flowers  all  pedicelled.  —  Dry  copses,  Rhode  Island  and  Vermont 
to  Illinois  and  southward.     Juno -Aug.  —  Var.  PIINCTICULOSUM  is  a  nearly 
smooth  form  (G.  puncticulosum,  Michx.)  :   Virginia  and  southward. 

7.  G.  circrczans,  Michx.     (WILD  LIQUORICE.)     Smooth  or  downy, 
erect  or   ascending   (1°  high)  ;  leaves  in  fours,  oval,  varying   to  ovate-oblong, 
mostly   ohtnsc,   3-iicrrcd,   ciliate   (!'-!£'  long);   peduncles  usually  once  forked,  the 
branches  //oi/i/n/tt!  and  widely  diverging  in   fruit,  b-arin;/  teooral  ninote  floivers 
on  nn/  short  lati ral  petKoeU,  reflcxed  in  fruit;  lobes  of  the  corolla  hairy  outside 
above  the  middle.  —  Rich  woods;  common.     June- Aug. —  The  var.  MOXT\ 
MUM  is  a  dwarf,  broad-leaved  form,  from  mountain  woods. 

8.  G.    laaiccolfttlllfl,    Torr.      (WiLD  LIQUORICE.)     Leaves  in  fmirf 


KUBIACE.fi.       (MADDER    FAMILY.)  171 

o?  ovate  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  apex  (2'  long);  corolla  glabrous: 
otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Woodlands;  common  northward. 
•»-••--*-  Peduncles  many-flowered :  flowers  in  open  cymes,  dull  purple :  fruit  smooth. 
9.  O.  latifolimn,  Michx.  Stems  erect  (l°-2°  high),  smooth;  leaves 
in  fours,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  the  midrib  and  margins  rough ; 
flowers  all  on  long  and  slender  spreading  pedicels ;  corolla-lobes  bristle -pointed 
— Dry  woodlands,  Alleghany  Mountains  from  Maryland  southward,  July. 
S.  Penn. 

•»-•*-•«-  -i-  Peduncles  many-flowered,  in  close  terminal  panicles. 

10.  O.  boreale,  L.     (NORTHERN  BEDSTRAW.)     Stem  upright  (l°-2° 
high),  smooth ;  leaves  in  fours,  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved  ;  panicle   elongated ; 
flowers   white  ;  fruit   minutely   bristly,   sometimes    smooth.  —  Rocky   banks   of 
streams  ;  common,  especially  northward.     June -Aug.     (Eu.) 

11.  O.  VERUM,  L.     (YELLOW  BEDSTRAW.)     Stem  upright,  slender;  leave* 
in  eights,  linear,  grooved  above,  roughish,  deflexed ;  flowers  yellow,  crowded;  fruit 
smooth.  —  Dry  fields,  E.  Massachusetts.     July.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


TINCTORIA,  L.,  the  cultivated  MADDER,  —  from  which  the  order  is 
named,  —  has  a  berry-like  fruit;  the  parts  of  the  flower  5. 

SUBORDER  II.     CmCHONEJE.     THE  CINCHONA  FAMILY.* 

2.     SPERMAC6CE,    L.        BUTTON-AVEED. 

Calyx-tube  short ;  the  limb  parted  into  4  teeth.  Corolla  funnel-form  or 
salver-form ;  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  or  style  2-cleft. 
Fruit  small  and  dry,  2-celled,  2-seedcd,  splitting  when  ripe  into  2  carpels,  one 
of  them  carrying  with  it  the  partition,  and  therefore  closed,  the  other  open  on 
the  inner  face.  —  Small  herbs,  the  bases  of  the  leaves  or  petioles  connected  by  a 
bristle-bearing  stipular  membrane.  Flowers  small,  crowded  into  sessile  axillary 
whorled  clusters  or  heads.  Corolla  whitish.  (Name  compounded  of  o-rrep/ia, 
seed  find  UKCOK^,  a  point,  probably  from  the  pointed  calyx-teeth  on  the  fruit.) 

1.  S.  glabra,  Michx.  Glabrous;  stems  spreading  (9' -20' long) ;  leaves 
oblong -lanceolate ;  whorled  heads  many-flowered;  corolla  little  exceeding  the 
calyx,  bearded  in  the  throat,  bearing  the  anthers  at  its  base ;  filaments  and  style 
hardly  any.  1J.  —  River-banks,  S.  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward.  Aug 

3.     DIODIA,    L.        BUTTON-WEED. 

Calyx-teeth  2-5,  often  unequal.  Fruit  2-  (rarely  3-)  celled ;  the  cmstaceous 
ca»  pels  into  which  it  splits  all  closed  and  indehiscent.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in 
Spermacoce.  (Name  from  SioSos,  a  thoroughfare;  the  species  often  growing  by 
the  way -side.) 


*  In  several  genera,  such  as  Mitchella,  Oldenlandia,  &c.,  the  flowers,  although  perfect,  are  of 
two  sorts  in  different  individuals  ;  —  one  sort  having  exserted  stamens,  borne  in  the  throat  of 
foe  corolla,  and  short  included  styles  ;  the  other  having  included  stamens  inserted  low  iown  IB 
the  corolla,  and  lung,  usually  exserted  styles.  Such  we  call  dicuifouHy  dimorphous. 


172  RUBIACE^E.     (MADDEI.  FAMILY.) 

1.  I>.   Virgiiiica,  L.     Either  smooth  or  hairy;  stemr  spreading  (l°-2° 
long)  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile;  flowers  1  -3  in  each  axil; 
corolla  white  (£'  long),  the  slender  tube  abruptly  expanded  into  the  large  limb;  style 
'2-parted ;  fruit  obhny,  strongly  furrowed,  crowned  mostly  with  2  slender  calyx- 
teeth.      1]. —  River-hanks,  Virginia  and  southward.     May- Oct. 

2.  I>.  teres,  Walt.     Hairy  or  minutely  pubescent ;  stem  spreading  (3' -9' 
long),  nearly  terete ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  closely  sessile,  rigid;  flowers  1-3 
in  each  axil;  corolla  funnel-form  (2" -3"  long,  whitish),  with  short  lobes,  not 
exceeding  the  long  bristles  of  the  stipules ;  style  undivided ;  fruit  obovate-turb; 
nate,  not  fun  owed,  crowned  with  4  short  calyx-teeth.     ©  — Sandv  fields,  from 
New  Jersey  and  Illinois  southward.     Aug. 

4.     CJEP II  ACANTHUS,    L.        BUTTON-BUSH. 

Calyx-tube  inversely  pyramidal,  the  limb  4-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  4- 
loothed ;  the  tcetli  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  thread-form,  much  protruded. 
Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  dry  and  hard,  small,  inversely  pyramidal,  2-4-cellcd, 
separating  from  the  base  upward  into  2-4  closed  1 -seeded  portions.  —  Shrubs, 
With  the  flowers  densely  aggregated  in  spherical  pedunded  heads.  Flowers 
white.  (Name  composed  of  <cd)a\r),  a  head,  and  avflos,  a  jftower.) 

1.  C.  occideiitalis,  L.  Smooth  or  pubescent;  leaves  petioled,  ovate- 
oblong,  pointed,  opposite  or  whorlcd  in  threes,  with  short  intervening  stipaeg. 
—  Wet  places;  common.  July -Aug. 

5.    MITCHELL. A,    L.        PARTRIDGE-HEHRY. 

Flowers  in  pairs,  with  their  ovaries  united.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  fun- 
nel-form, 4-lobed ;  the  lobes  spreading,  densely  bearded  inside,  valvate  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  4.  Style  1  :  stigmas  4.  Fruit  a  berry-like  double  drupe, 
crowned  with  the  calyx-teeth  of  the  two  flowers,  each  containing  4  small  and 
seed-like  bony  nutlets.  —  A  smooth  and  trailing  small  evergreen  herb,  with 
round-ovate  and  shining  petioled  leaves,  minute  stipules,  white  fragrant  flowers 
often  tinged  with  purple,  and  scarlet  edible  (but  nearlv  tasteless)  dry  berries, 
which  remain  over  winter.  Parts  of  the  flower  occasionally  in  threes,  fives,  or 
sixes.  (This  very  pretty  plant  commemorates  Dr.  John  Mitchell,  an  early  cor- 
respondent of  Linnreus,  and  an  excellent  botanist,  who  resided  in  Virginia.) 

1.  I?I.  repciis,  L.  —  Dry  woods,  creeping  about  the  foot  of  trees:  com 
mon.  June,  July.  —  Leaves  often  variegated  with  whitish  lines. 

6.    OL.DENL.ANDIA,    Plum.,  L.       BLUETS. 

Calyx  4-  (rarely  5-)lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  funnel-form,  salver-form- 
or  nearly  wheel-shaped ;  the  limb  4-  (rarely  5-)  parted,  valvate  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  4  (rarely  5).  Style  1  or  none:  stigmas  2.  Pod  globular,  ovoid,  or 
obcordate,  above  often  free  and  rising  above  the  calyx,  2-cclled,  many-seeded, 
opening  loeulieidally  across  the  summit.  Seeds  concave  on  the  inner  face. — 
Low  herbs,  with  small  stipules  united  to  the  petioles.  Flowers  white,  inirplc,  oi 
blue.  (J)edicated,  In  1703,  to  the  memory  of  Oldcnland,  a  German  physician 


RI3BIACEJE      (MADDER  FAMILY.)  173 

and  botanist,  who  died  early  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  HOUSTONIA.,  made 
a  section  of  this  genus,  was  much  later  dedicated  to  Dr.  Houston,  an  English 
botanist  of  the  days  of  Linnaeus  who  collected  in  Central  America.) 

$  1.  OLDENLANDIA,  L.  Corolla  whed-shaped  (or  funnel-form) ,  shorter  or 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes:  anthers  short :  pod  wholly  enclosed,  in  and  co- 
herent with  the  calyx-tube  :  seeds  very  numerous,  minute  and  angular.  (Flowers 
lateral  or  terminal.} 

\.  O.  glomcrata,  Michx.  Pubescent  or  smoothish ;  stems  branched 
and  spreading  (2' -12'  high);  leaves  oblong  (£'-§'  long);  flowers  in  sessile 
clusters  in  the  axils;  corolla  nearly  wheel-shaped  (white),  much  shorter  than 
the  calyx.  (J)  (0.  uniflora,  L.  Hedyotis  glomerata,  Ell.} — Wet  places,  S. 
New  York  to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  southward. 

§  2.  HOUST6NIA,  L.  Corolla  salver-form  or  funnel-form,  with  the  tube  longer 
than  the  calyx-lobes:  anthers  linear:  upper  half  or  the  summit  of  the  pod  free  and 
projecting  beyond  the  tube  of  the  calyx :  the  teeth  of  the  latter  distant :  seeds  rather 
Jew  (4  -  20)  in  each  cell,  saucer-shaped,  with  a  ridge  doicn  the  middle  of  the  hol- 
lowed inner  face.  (Flowers  of  two  forms,  diceciously  dimorphous  ;  p.  171,  note.i 

*  Corolla  funnel-form,  often  hairy  inside:  stems  erect:  stem-leaves  sessile:  flowers 
mostly  in  terminal  small  cymes  or  hose  clusters,  publish.     (Connects  Houstonia 
and  Oldenlandia.) 

2.  O.  purpitrca.     Pubescent  or  smooth  (8' -15'  high);  leaves  varying 
from  roundish-ovate  to  lanceolate,  3  -  5-ribbed ;  calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  half  free 
globular  pod.    1J.    (Houstonia  purpurea,  L.     H.  varians,  Michx.}  —  Woodlands, 
W.  Penn.  to  Illinois  and   southward.     May  -  July.  —  Varying  wonderfully, 
into :  — 

Var.  loiigiiolia.  Leaves  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  1 -ribbed ;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  as  long  as  the  pod  :  stems  5'- 
12'  high.  (Houstonia  longifolia,  Willd.)  —  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
—  A  narrow-leaved,  slender  form  is  II.  tenuifolia,  Nutt. 

Var.  ciliolata.  More  tufted  stems  3' -6' high;  root-leaves  in  rosettes, 
thickish  and  ciliate;  calyx-lobes  as  long  as  the  pod.  (Houstonia  ciliolata, 
Torr. )  —  Along  the  Great  Lakes  and  rivers,  from  N.  New  York  to  Wisconsin. 

3.  O.  angllStifolia,  Gray.     Stems  tufted  from  a  hard  or  woody  root 
(6' -20'  high);  leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute,  1 -ribbed,  many  of  them  fascicled; 
flowers  crowded,  short-pedicclled ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  densely  bearded  inside  j 
pod  obovoid  and  acute  at  the  base,  only  its  summit  free  from  the  calyx,  opening  first 
across  the  top,  at  length  splitting  through  the  partition.     1J.   (Houstonia  angus- 
tifolia,  Michx.     Hedyotis  stenophylla,  Torr.  fr  Gray.)  — Plains  and  banks,  from 
Illinois  southward.     June -Aug. 

*  *  Corolla  salver-form,  mostly  blue :  pod  flatfish  laterally  and  notched  at  the  broaA 

summit,  or  somewhat  twin  :  plants  commonly  small  and  slender. 

4.  O.  minima.     Scabrous,   at  length   branched   and   spreading    (£'-3' 
high ) ;  peduncles  not  longer  than  the  linear-spatulate  leaves  ;  jjod  barely  J  free ;  seeds 
•moothish.       (i)  (2)  (Houstonia    minima,   Beck.) — Dry  hills,  <fcc.  Illinois   and 
louth  ward .     March  -  May . 


174  VALERIANACE.fi.       (VALERIAN    FAMILY.) 

5.  O.  crerillea.  (BLUETS.)  Glabrous;  stems  erect,  slender,  sparingly 
branched  (3r-5'  high);  leaves  oblong-spatulate  (3" -4"  long) ;  peduncles  Jili- 
form,  l'-2$'  long;  pod  free  to  the  middle;  seeds  rough-dotted.  @  (Ilousto- 
niu  can-ulea,  L.  Hcdyotis,  Hook.) — Moist  and  grassy  places;  common.  May  - 
Aug. — A  delicate  little  herb,  producing  in  spring  a  profusion  of  light-blue 
flowers  fading  to  white,  with  a  yellowish  eye. 

0.  SERPYLLIFOLIA  (Iloustonia  scrpyllifoHa,  Michx.)  may  probably  be  found 
in  the  high  mountains  of  Virginia;  and  0.  ROTUNDiF6LiA  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  same  State. 

SUBORDER  III.    L-OGANIE^E.     THE  LOGANIA  FAMILY. 

7.     HI  I  Til  KOLA,    L.        MITRE-WORT. 

Calyx  5-partcd.  Corolla  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  somewhat  funnel-form, 
5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  included.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx, 
except  at  the  base,  2-celled :  styles  2,  short,  converging  and  united  above ;  the 
stigmas  also  united.  Pod  projecting  beyond  the  calyx,  strongly  2-horned  or 
mitre-shaped,  opening  down  the  inner  side  of  each  horn,  many-seeded.  — Annual 
smooth  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  small  stipules  between  the  leaves,  and  small 
white  flowers  spiked  along  one  side  of  the  branches  of  a  terminal  petioled  cyme. 
(Name,  a  little  mitre,  from  the  shape  of  the  pod.) 

1.  HI.  petiolata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Leaves  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  peti- 
oled.—  Damp  soil,  from  Eastern  Virginia  southward.  —  Plant  l°-2°  high. 

8.    S  PIG  I]  LI  A,    L.        PINK-ROOT.     WORM-GRASS. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent;  the  lobes  slender.  Corolla  tubular-funncl-form, 
5-lobcd  at  the  summit,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5  :  anthers  linear.  Style 
slender,  hairy  above,  jointed  near  the  middle.  Pod  short,  twin,  laterally  flat- 
tened, separating  at  maturity  from  the  base  into  2  carpels,  which  open  loculici- 
dally,  few-seeded.  —  Chiefly  herbs,  with  the  opposite  leaves  united  by  means  of 
the  stipules,  and  the  (lowers  spiked  in  one-sided  cymes.  (Named  for  Prof. 
Sfiiydius,  who  wrote  on  botany  at  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century.) 

1.  S.  IVfarilandica,  L.  Stems  upright,  simple  (6'- 15' high);  leaves 
Rcssilc,  ovate-lanceoliite,  acute;  spike  3-8-flowcred;  tube  of  the  corolla  4  times 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  lobes  lanceolate  ;  anthers  and  style  oxserted.  1|  — 
Kich  woods,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  June,  July. —  Corolla 
1^'  long,  crimson  outside,  yellowish  within.  —  A  well-known  officinal  antliel- 
mintic,  and  a  showy  plant. 

ODER  57.     VALERIAN  AC  EvE.     (VALERIAN  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  ojtposite  leaves  awl  t/o  stipule* ;  ihe  calyx-tube  coherent  with 
the  ovary,  which  has  one  fertile  1-ovulcd  cell  and  tiro  nhor/ice.  or  empty  ones  ; 
the  stamens  distinct,  1-3,  fewer  than  irte  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted 
»n  it*  '<ube.  —  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-forra}  often  irregular,  mostly  5- 


VALERIANACE.E.       (VAXERIAN    FAMIl  T.)  175 

lobed,  the  lobes  Imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  slender :  stigmas  1  -  o.  Fruit ' 
indehiscent,  1-celled  (the  two  empty  cells  of  the  ovary  disappearing), 
or  3-celled,  two  of  them  empty,  the  other  1-seeded.  Seed  suspended, 
anatropous,  with  a  large  embryo  and  no  albumen.  —  Flowers  in  panicled 
or  clustered  cymes.  (Roots  often  odorous  and  antispasmodic.)  —  Repre- 
sented by  only  two  genera. 

1.     VAL.ERIANA,    Tourn.        VALERIAN. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  of  several  plumose  bristles  (like  a  pappus)  which  are  rolled 
up  inwards  in  flower,  but  unroll  and  spread  as  the  seed-like  1-celled  fruit  ma- 
tures. Corolla  commonly  gibbous  at  or  above  the  base,  the  5-lobed  limb  nearlj 
regular.  Stamens  3. — Perennial  herbs,  with  thickened  strong-scented  roots, 
and  simple  or  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  in  many  species  imperfectly  dioacious, 
or  dimorphous.  (Name  from  valere,  to  have  efficacy,  alluding  to  the  medicinal 
qualities.) 

*  Root  fibrous  :  leaves  thin.     (Stems  l°-3°  high.) 

1.  V.  i>«ii£€i  flora,    Michx.      Smooth,   slender  ;   root-leaves  ovate,   heart- 
shaped,  toothed,  pointed,  sometimes  with  2  small  lateral  divisions ;  stem-leaves 
pinnate,  with  3-7  ovate  toothed  leaflets ;  branches  &f  the  panicled  cyme  few- 
flowered  ;  tube  of  the  (pale  pink)  corolla  long  and  slender  (^'  long).  —  Woodlands, 
Ohio  and  W.  Virginia,  Kentucky,  S.  Illinois,  (fee.     June. 

2.  V.  sylv:ttica,  Richards.     Smooth   or  minutely  pubescent;  root-leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  entire,  rarely  with  2  small  lobes  ;  stem-leaves  pinnate,  with  5-11 
oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate  nearly  entire  leaflets;  cyme  at  first  close,  many' 
flowered;  corolla  inversely  conical  (3"  long,  rose-color).  —  Cedar  swamps,  W. 
Vermont  and  New  York  to  Michigan,  and  northward.     June. 

*  Root  spindle-shaped,  large  and  deep  (6'- 12'  long)  :  leaves  thickish. 

3.  V.  ecluliS,  Nutt.     Smooth,  or  minutely  downy  when  very  young;  stem 
straight   (l°-4°  high),  few-leaved;  leaves   commonly   minutely   and  densely 
ciliate,  those  of  the  root  mostly  spatulate  and  lanceolate,  of  the  stem  pinnately 
parted  into  3-7  long  and  narrow  divisions ;  flowers  in  a  long  and  narrow  in- 
terrupted panicle,  nearly  dioecious;  corolla,  whitish,  obconical  (2"  long).     (V. 
ciliata,    Ton:  fr  Gr. )  —  Alluvial  ground,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and  westward. 
June.  —  Root  with  the  strong  smell  and  taste  of  Valerian :  it  is  cooked  and 
eaten  by  the  Oregon  Indians. 

2.     FEI>IA,    Gaertn.         CORN  SALAD.     LAMB-LETTUCE. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  merely  toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  equally 
or  unequally  5-lobed.  Stamens  3,  rarely  2.  Fruit  3-celled,  two  of  the  cells 
empty  and  sometimes  confluent  into  one,  the  other  1  seeded. — Annuals  and 
biennials,  usually  smooth,  with  forking  stems,  tender  and  rather  succulent  leavea 
(entire  or  cut-lobed  towards  the  base),  and  white  or  whitish  cymose-clustered 
and  bracted  small  flowers.  (Name  of  uncertain  derivation.)  —  Our  species  all 
have  the  limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete,  and  are  so  much  alike  in  aspect,  flowers, 
&c.,  that  good  characters  are  only  to  be  taken  from  the  fruit.  They 'all  have 

13 


176  DIPSACEJC.     (TEASEL  FAMILY.) 


*>  rather  short  tube  to  the  corolla,  the  limb  of  wk'ch  is  nejj-ly  regular, 
and  therefore  belong  to  the  section  (by  many  botanists  taken  as  a  genus) 
VALERIANELLA.  * 

1.  F.  OLIT6RIA,  Vahl.     Fruit  compressed,  oblique,  at  length  broader  than 
long,  with  a  corky  or  spongy  mass  at  the  back  of  the  fertile  cell  nearly  as  large  as  the 
(often  confluent)  empty  cells ;  flowers  bluish.  —  Fields,  Penu.  to  Virginia :  rare. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  F.  Fagopyrillll,  Torr.  &  Gr.    Fruit  ovate-triangular,  smooth,  not  grooved 
between  the  (at  length  confluent)  empty  cells,  which  form  the  anterior  angle,  and  are. 
<nuch  smaller  than  the  broad  and  flat  fertile  one;  flowers  white.  —  Low  grounds, 
from  Western  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     May,  June. — Plant 
l°-2°high. 

3.  F.  radi&tcl,  Mi<-hx.     Fruit  ovoid,  downy  (rarely  smooth),  obtusely  and 
unequally  somewhat  4-angled;  the  empty  cells  parallel  and  contiguous,  but  with  a 
deep  groove  between  them,  rather  narrower  than  the  flatfish  fertile  cell.  —  Low 
grounds,  Penn.  to  Michigan,  and  southward.  —  Plant  6' -15'  high. 

4.  F.  limbilicuta,  Sulliv.     Fruit  globular-ovate,  smooth  ;  the  much  inflated 
sterile  cells  wider  and  many  times  thicker  than  the  flatfish  fertile  one,  contiguous,  and 
when  young  with  a  common  partition,  when  grown,  indented  with  a  deep  circulai 
depression  in  the  middle,  opening  into  the  confluent  sterile  cells ;  bracts  not  cili- 
ate.  —  Moist  grounds,  Columbus,  Ohio,  SulUvant.     (Sill.  Jour.,  Jan.  1842.) 

5.  F»  patcllaria,  Sulliv.     Fruit  smooth,  circular,  platter-shaped  or  disk- 
like,  slightly  notched  at  both  ends,  the  flattened-concave  sterile  cells  widely  diver- 
gent, much  broader  than  the  fertile  one,  and  forming  a  kind  of  wing  around  it 
when  ripe. — Low  grounds,  Columbus,  Ohio,  SulUvant.  —  Plant  l°-2°  high, 
resembling  the  last,  but  with  a  very  different  fruit. 

ORDER  58.     DIPSACE^S.     (TEASEL   FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  the  flowers  in 
dense  heads,  surrounded  by  an  involucre,  as  in  the  Composite  Family ;  but 
the  stamens  are  distinct,  and  the  suspended  seed  has  albumen.  —  Represented 
by  the  Scabious  (cultivated)  and  the  genus 

1.     DIPSACUS,    Tonrn.        TEASEL. 

Involucre  many-leaved,  longer  than  the  chaffy  leafy-tipped  and  pointed  bract* 
among  the  densely  capitate  flowers:  each  flower  with  a  4-leavcd  calyx-like  in- 
volucel  investing  the  ovary  and  fruit  (achenium).  Calyx-tube  coherent  with 
the  ovary,  the  limb  cup-shaped,  without  a  pappus.  Corolla  nearly  regular, 
4-clcft.  Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla.  Style  slender.  —  Stout  and  coarse 
biennials,  hairy  or  prickly,  with  large  oblong  heads.  (Name  from  5t\^da>, 
to  thirst,  probably  because  the  united  cup-shaped  bases  of  the  leaves  in  some 
species  hold  water.) 

1.  D.  SYLVESTRIS,  Mill.  (WILD  TEASEL.)  Prickly ;  loiivs  lance-oblong; 
leaves  of -the  involucre  slender,  longer  than  the  head;  bracts  (chaff)  tapering 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  177 

into  a  long  flexible  awn  with  a  straight  point.  —  Road-sides :  rathtr  rare.     (Nafr 
from  Eu.)     Suspected  to  be  the  original  of 

D.  FULLONUM,  the  cultivated  FULLER'S  TEASEL,  which  has  a  shorter  invo- 
lucre, and  stiff  chaff  to  the  heads,  with  hooked  points,  —  used  for  raising  a  nap 
upon  woollen  cloth. 

ORDER  59.     COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.) 

Flowers  in  a  close  head  (the  compound  flower  of  the  older  botanists),  upon 
a  common  receptacle,  surrounded  by  an  involucre,  with  5  (rarely  4)  stamens 
inserted  on  the  corolla,  their  anthers  united  in  a  tube  (syngenesious).  —  Calyx- 
tube  united  with  the  1 -celled  ovary,  the  limb  (called  a  pappus}  crowning 
its  summit  in  the  form  of  bristles,  awns,  scales,  teeth,  &c.,  or  cup-shaped,  or 
else  entirely  absent.  Corolla  either  strap-shaped  or  tubular ;  in  the  latter 
chiefly  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  veins  bordering  the  margins  of  the 
lobes.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Fruit  seed-like  (acheniuni),  dry,  con- 
taining a  single  erect  anatropous  seed,  with  no  albumen.  —  An  immense 
family,  chiefly  herbs  in  temperate  regions,  without  stipules,  with  perfect, 
polygamous,  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers.  The  flowers  with  a  strap- 
shaped  (ligulate)  corolla  are  called  rays  or  ray-Jlowers :  the  head  which 
presents  such  flowers,  either  throughout  or  at  the  margin,  is  radiate.  The 
tubular  flowers  compose  the  disk ;  and  a  head  which  has  no  ray-flowers  ia 
said  to  be  discoid.  The  leaves  of  the  involucre,  of  whatever  form  or  tex- 
ture, are  termed  scales.  The  bracts  or  scales,  which  often  grow  on  the  re- 
ceptacle among  the  flowers,  are  called  the  chaff:  when  these  are  wanting, 
the  receptacle  is  naked.  —  The  largest  order  of  Phaenogarnous  plants, 
divided  by  the  corolla  into  three  suborders,  only  two  of  which  are  repre- 
sented in  the  Northern  United  States. 

SUBORDER  I.    TUBULIFLOR^. 

Corolla  tubulfr  in  all  the  perfect  flowers,  regularly  5-  (rarely  3  -  4-) 
lobed,  ligulate  only  in  the  marginal  or  ray-flowers,  which  when  present  are 
either  pistillate  only,  or  neutral  (with  neither  stamens  nor  pistil) . 

The  technical  characters  of  the  five  tribes  of  the  vast  suborder  Tubuliftonr, 
taken  from  the  styles,  require  a  magnify  ing-glass  to  make  them  out,  and  will 
not  always  be  clear  to  the  student.  The  following  artificial  analysis,  founded 
upon  other  and  more  obvious  distinctions,  will  be  useful  to  the  beginner.  (The 
numbers  are  those  of  the  genera.) 

Artificial  Key  to  the  Genera  of  this  Suborder. 

§  1.  Rays  or  ligulate  flowers  none:  corollas  all  tubular. 
*  Flowers  of  the  head  all  perfect  and  alike. 

•»-  Pappus  composed  of  bristles. 

Pappus  double ;  the  outer  composed  of  very  short,  the  inner  of  longer  bristles.        .        Ho.  1 
Pappus  simple  ;  the  bristles  all  rf  the  same  sor* 


178  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


few-flowered,  themselves  aggregated  Into  a  compound  or  dense  c.u&ter.       .        No   2. 
Heads  separate,  few-flowered  or  many-flowered. 

Receptacle  (when  the  flowers  are  pulled  off)  bristly  hairy 67,68,70. 

Receptacle  deeply  honeycomb-like.        .  69. 

Receptacle  naked. 

Pappus  of  plumose  or  bearded  stiff  bristles.    Flowers  purple 4. 

Pappus  of  very  plumose  bristles.    Flowers  whitish. 6. 

Pappus  of  slender  but  rather  stiff  rough  bristles.  .        .        .        .      6, 7, 8, 20. 

Pappus  of  very  soft  and  weak  naked  bristles.  .        .        .        .        .        .        62, 63. 

i-  t-  Pappus  composed  of  scales  or  chaff. 

Receptacle  naked.     Leaves  in  whorls.  .  3. 

Receptacle  naked.    Leaves  alternate.        .  .  45. 

Receptacle  bearing  chaff  among  the  flowers 49. 

•»-•(-•«-  Pappus  of  2  or  few  barbed  awns  or  teeth,      .         .        -41,  42. 
«    •»-•«- i-  Pappus  none,  or  a  mere  crown-like  margin  to  the  fruit.      .  6£. 

*  *  Flowers  of  two  kinds  in  the  same  head. 

Marginal  flowers  neutral  and  sterile,  either  conspicuous  or  inconspicuous.        .        .         66,  66. 
Marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  fertile. 

Receptacle  elongated  and  bearing  broad  chaff  among  the  flowers.  .        .        .        .60. 

Receptacle  naked  or  bearing  no  conspicuous  chaff. 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.    Involucre  imbricated 23,  58,  59. 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristks.    Involucre  merely  one  row  of  scales.  .    14,  61. 

Pappus  obsolete  or  none. 

Achenia  becoming  much  longer  than  the  involucre 11. 

Achenia  not  exceeding  the  involucre 29,  56,  57. 

*  *  *  Flowers  of  two  kinds  in  separate  heads  ;  one  pistillate,  the  other  staminate. 

Heads  dioecious  ;  both  kinds  many-flowered.     Pappus  capillary 24,  59. 

Heads  monoecious ;  the  fertile  1  -  2-flowered  and  closed.    Pappus  none.        .        .        .    30,  3L 

$  2.  Rays  present ;  i.  e.  the  marginal  flowers  or  some  of  them  with  ligulate  corollas. 
*  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.    (Rays  all  pistillate.) 

Rays  occupying  several  rows,    ...  9,  10, 14 

Rays  in  one  marginal  row,  and 

White,  purple  or  blue,  never  yellow.  12-15. 

Yellow,  of  the  same  color  as  the  disk. 

Pappus  double,  the  outer  short  and  minute. 21. 

Pappus  simple.  • 

Scales  of  the  involucre  equal  and  all  in  one  row.    Leaves  alternate.       .        .          63. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  rows.    Leaves  opposite 64. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated.    Leaves  alternate 19,  22. 

*  *  Pappus  a  circle  of  chaffy  scales,  dissected  into  bristles.    ...     44. 
*  *  »  Pappus  a  circle  of  thin  chaffy  scales  or  short  chaffy  bristles. 

Ueedfl  several-flowered.    Receptacle  chaffy 50. 

Heads  8  -  10-flowered.     Receptacle  naked 13. 

Heads  many-flowered.    Receptacle  deeply  honeycombed.  ..*...       48. 

Heads  many -flowrrnl.     Un  .-ptuclc  naked.  .  46,47. 

*  *  *  Pappus  none,  or  a  cup  or  crown,  or  of  2  or  3  awns,  teeth,  or  chaffy  scales  corresponding 
with  the  edges  or  angles  of  the  achenium,  often  with  intervening  minute  bristles  or  scales. 

•«-  Receptacle  naked. 
Achenia  flat,  wing  margined.     Pappus  of  separate  little  bristles  or  awns.  16 

Achenia  flat,  margiulcss.     Pappus  none.    Receptacle  conicaL 17. 

Acheuia  terete  or  angled.     Pappus  none.     Receptacle  flattish.          .  64. 

Achenia  angled      Pappus  a  little  cup  or  crown.     Receptacle  conicaL  .  66. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  1*79 

•«-  -i-  Receptacle  chaffy. 

Bays  neutral  (rarely  pistillate  but  sterile) ;  the  disk -flowers  perfect  and  fartile. 
Receptacle  elevated  (varying  from  strongly  convex  to  columnar),  and 

Chaffy  only  aj;  the  summit ;  the  chaff  deciduous.     Pappus  none.       .  No.  61. 

Chaffy  throughout.    Achenia  flattened  laterally  if  at  all.  .  .36-40. 

Receptacle  flat.     Achenia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  or  chaff.          .  41,  42. 

Rays  pistillate  and  fertile  ;  the  disk-flowers  also  perfect  and  fertile. 

Achenia  much  flattened  laterally,  1  -  2-awned. 48. 

Achenia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  and  chaff.     Pappus  none.     ...  58. 

Achenia  3  -  4-angular,  terete  or  laterally  flattish,  awnless. 

Receptacle  convex  or  conical.     Leaves  alternate,  dissected 62. 

Receptacle  conical.     Leaves  opposite,  simple. 

Achenia  obovoid.     Involucre  a  leafy  cup.  32. 

Achenia  4-angular.     Involucre  of  separate  scales 86. 

Receptacle  flat.     Leaves  opposite  and  simple. 83,  34. 

Roys  pistillate  and  fertile  :  the  disk-flowers  staminate  and  sterile  (pistil  imperfect). 

Receptacle  chaffy 25-28. 


Systematic  Synopsis. 

TEIBK  I.  VERZVONIACE.3E.  Heads  discoid ;  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tubu- 
lar. Branches  of  the  style  long  and  slender,  terete,  thread-shaped,  minutely  bristly- 
hairy  all  over.  —  Leaves  alternate  or  scattered. 

1.  VERNONIA.     Heads  several  -  many -flowered,  separate.    Involucre  of  many  scales.     Pap- 

pus of  many  capillary  bristles. 

2.  ELEPHANTOPUS.    Heads  3-5-flowered,  crowded  into  a  compound  head.    Involucre  of 

8  scales.     Pappus  of  several  chaffy  bristles. 

TaiBB  II.  ETJP  ATORIACEJE.  Heads  discoid,  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tu- 
bular ;  or  in  a  few  cases  dissimilar,  and  the  outer  ones  ligulate.  Branches  of  the  style 
thickened  upwards  or  club-shaped,  obtuse,  flattish,  uniformly  minutely  pubescent ;  the 
Btigmatic  lines  indistinct. 

Subtribe  1.    EUPATORIE.E.    Flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular,  never  truly  yellow. 

*  Pappus  a  row  of  hard  scales. 

8.  SCLEROLEPIS.    Head  many-flowered.    Scales  of  the  involucre  equal.    Leaves  whorled. 

*  *  Pappus  of  slender  bristles. 

4.  LIATRIS.  Achenia  many-ribbed.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  plumose  or  barbellate.  Cord- 
las'  red-pnrple,  5-lobed. 

6.  KUHNIA.  Achenia  many-ribbed.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  very  strongly  plumose.  Corollas 
whitish,  5-toothed. 

6.  EUPATORIUM.     Achenia  5-angled.    Bristles  of  the  pappus  roughish.     Scales  of  the  invo 

lucre  many  or  several.    Receptacle  of  the  flowers  flat. 

7.  MIKANIA     Achenia  and  pappus  as  No.  6.    Scales  of  the  involucre  and  flowers  only  4. 

8.  CONOCLINIUM.    Achenia,  pappus,  &c.  as  No.  6.     Receptacle  conical. 

" 


zbtribe  2.     TUSSILAGINE^B.     Flowers  (sometimes  yellow)  more  or  less  monoecious  or  dioecious 
at  least  of  2  sorts  in  the  same  head. 


*  Outer  flowers  of  each  (many-flowered)  head  pistillate  and  ligulate.     Scape  leafless. 
9.  NARDOSMIA.     Heads  corymbed.     Flowers  somewhat  dioecious.     Pappus  capillary. 
10   TUSS1LAGO.     Head  single  ;  the  outer  pistillate  flowers  in  many  rows.     Pappus  capillary. 

*  *  Flowers  all  tubular.     Stem  leafy. 
11.  ADENOCAULON.    Head  few-flowered  ;  the  outer  flowers  pistillate.     Pappus  none. 

TRIBK  III.    A STEROIDE^E.    Heads  discoid,  with  the  flowers  all  alike  and  tubuiar ;  or 
radiate,  the  outer  ones  ligulate  and  pistillate      Branches  of  the  style  in  the  peitect  flow^ 


180  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

era  flat,  smooth  up  to  where  the  conspicuous  marginal  stigmatic  lines  abruptly  termi- 
nate, and  prolonged  above  this  into  a  flattened  lance-shaped  or  triangular  appendagt 
which  is  evenly  hairy  or  pubescent  outside.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Receptacle  naked  (des- 
titute of  chaff)  in  all  our  species. 

Bubtribe  1.  ASTERINE.B.  Flowers  of  the  head  all  alike  and  perfect,  or  the  marginal  ones 
ligulate  and  pistillate.  Anthers  without  tails  at  the  base. 

*  Kay-flowers  white,  blue,  or  purple,  never  yellow. 

•<-  Pappus  of  numerous  long  and  capillary  bristles  :  receptacle  flat. 

12.  SERICOCARPUS.     Ileads  12  -  15-flowered :  rays  4  or  5.     Involucre  oblong  or  club-shaped, 

imbricated,  cartilaginous.     Acheuia  short,  narrowed  downwards,  silky. 
18   ASTER.     I  loads  many  flowered.    Involucre  loosely  or  closely  imbricated.    Achenia  flattish. 

Pappus  simple. 
14.  ERIGERON.    Heads  many-flowered.    Involucre  of  nearly  equal  narrow  scales,  almost  in 

one  row.    Achenia  flattened.     Pappus  simple,  or  with  an  outer  set  of  minute  scales. 
16.  DIPLOPAPPUS.     Heads  many-flowered.     Involucre  imbricated.     Pappus  double  ;    the 

outer  obscure,  of  minute  stiff  bristles. 
«-  «-  Pappus  of  very  short  rigid  bristles,  or  none  :  receptacle  conical  or  hemispherical. 

16.  BOLTONIA.     Achenia  flat  and  wing-margined.    Pappus  very  short. 

17.  BELLIS.    Achenia  marginless.    Pappus  none.    Receptacle  conical. 

*  *  Ray-flowers  yellow  (in  one  species  of  Solidago  whitish),  or  sometimes  none  at  all 

18.  BRACHYCHJETA.    Heads  8  -  10-liowered,  clustered:  rays  4  or  5.    Pappus  a  row  of  minute 

bristles  shorter  than  the  achenium. 

19.  SOLIDAGO.    Heads  few  -  many-flowered :  rays  1-16.     Pappus  simple,  of  numerous  slen- 

der and  equal  capillary  bristles. 

20.  BIGELO VIA.    Ileads  3  -  4-flowered :  rays  none.    Receptacle  awl-shaped.    Pappus  simple, 

a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles. 

21.  CIIRYSOPS1S.    Heads  many -flowered  :   rays  numerous.      Pappus  double ;   the  outer  of 

very  small  chaffy  bristles,  much  shorter  than  the  inner  of  capillary  bristles. 

Subtribe  2.    INULEJB.    Anthers  with  tails  at  their  base :  otherwise  as  Subtfibe  1. 

22.  INULA.    Ileads  many-flowered.    Rays  many.    Pappus  capillary. 

Subtribe  3.  BACCHARIDEJE  &  TARCHONANTHEJB.  Flowers  of  the  head  all  tubular,  either 
dioecious  or  monoecious,  namely,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  either  in  different 
heads  on  distinct  plants,  or  in  the  same  head.  Corolla  of  the  pistillate  fertile  flowers  a 
very  slender  tube  sheathing  the  style,  and  truncate  at  the  summit. 

23.  PLUCIIEA.     Ileads  containing  a  few  perfect  but  sterile  flowers  in  the  centre,  and  many 

pistillate  fertile  ones  around  them.    Anthers  tailed  at  the  base.     Pappus  capillary. 
24    BACCHAR1S.    Ileads  dioecious,  some  all  pistillate,  others  all  stamrlate,  on  different  plants. 
Anthers  tailless.     Pappus  capillary. 

TRIBE  IV.  SEIVECIOXIDEjE.  Heads  various.  Branches  of  the  style  in  the  fertile 
flowers  linear,  thickish  or  convex  externally,  flat  internally,  hairy  or  pencil-tufted  at  the 
apex  (where  the  stigmatic  lines  terminate  abruptly),  and  either  truncate,  or  continued 
beyond  into  a  bristly -hairy  appendage.  —  Leaves  either  opposite  or  alternate. 

Subtribe  1  MELAMPODINE^E.  Flowers  none  of  them  perfect,  but  cither  staminate  or  pistil- 
late ;  the  two  sorts  either  in  the  same  or  in  different  heads.  Anthers  tailless.  PappuA, 
if  any.  never  of  bristles. 

'  Heads  containing  two  kinds  of  flowers,  radiate  ;  the  ray-flowers  pistillate,  the  central  and 
tubular  stamina!*-  llo\v<>rs  having  a  pistil,  but  always  sterile.     Receptacle  chaffy. 

25.  POLYMN1A.     AHicnia  thi.-k  and  turp.l,  roundish.     Pappus  none. 

26.  CHRYSOGONU.M.     Achonia  flattened.     Pappus  a  one-sided  2  -  3-toothed  chaffy  crown. 

27.  SILPHIUM      Achenia  very  flat,  wing-margined,  numerous  in  several  rows  :  rays  deciduous 
«a  PARTHEN1UM.     Achenia  flat,  slightly  margined,  bearing  a  pappus  of  2  chaffy  scales  and 

the  vory  short  persistent  ray -corolla. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  181 

*  *  Heads  with  two  kinds  of  flowers,  discoid  ;  pistillate  flowers  with  a  small  tubular  lorolla. 
29    IV A.     Pistillate  flowers  1  -  5  iu  the  margin.    Achenia  thickish.     Pappus  none. 

*  *  *  Heads  of  two  sorts,  one  containing  staminate,  the  other  pistillate  flowers,  both  borne  on 
the  same  plant ;  the  pistillate  only  1-2,  in  a  closed  involucre  resembling  an  achenium  oi 
a  bur  ;  the  staminate  several,  in  an  open  cup-shaped  involucre. 

80.  AMBROSIA.    Fertile  involucre  (fruit)  small,  1-flowered,  pointed  and  often  tubercled. 

81.  XANTIUUM.     fertile  involucre  (fruit)  an  oblong  prickly  bur,  2 -celled,  2-flowered. 

Subtribe  2.  HELIANTHE*.  Heads  radiate,  or  rarely  discoid ;  the  ray*  ligulate,  the  disk- 
flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile.  Receptacle  chaffy .  Anthers  blackish,  tailless.  Pappui 
none,  or  a  cfown  or  cup,  or  of  one  or  two  chaffy  awns,  never  capillary,  nor  of  several 
uniform  chaffy  scales.  —  Leaves  more  commonly  opposite. 

*  Rays  pistillate  and  fertile  :  achenia  3  -  4-sided,  slightly  if  at  all  flattened. 
•«-  Involucre  double  ;  the  outer  forming  a  cup. 

82.  TETRAGONOTHECA.    Outer  involucre  4- leaved.     Achenia  obovoid.    Pappus  none. 

••-  -i-  Involucre  of  one  or  more  rows  of  separate  scales. 

83.  ECLIPTA.     Receptacle  flat ;  its  chaff  bristle-shaped.     Pappus  obsolete  or  none. 

84    BORR1CHIA.    Receptacle  flat,  its  chaff  scale-like  and  rigid.     Pappus  an  obscure  crown. 
35.  HEL10PSIS      Receptacle  conical ;  its  chaff  linear.     Pappus  none  or  a  mere  border. 

*  *  Rays  sterile  (either  entirely  neutral  or  with  an  imperfect  style),  or  occasionally  none; 
achenia  4-angular  or  flattened  laterally,  i.  e.  their  edges  directed  inwards  and  outwards,  the 
chaff  of  the  receptacle  embracing  their  outer  edge. 

t-  Receptacle  elevated,  conical  or  columnar.     Pappus  none  or  a  short  crown. 
86    ECIIINACEA.     Rays  (very  long)  pistillate,  but  sterile.     Achenia  short,  4-sided. 

87.  RUDBECKIA.     Rays  neutral.     Achenia  4-sided,  flat  at  the  top,  marginless. 

88.  LEPAC1IYS.     Rays  few,  neutral.     Achenia  flattened  laterally  and  margined. 

••-  •*-  Receptacle  flattish  or  conical      Pappus  chaffy  or  awned. 

89.  HELIANTIIUS     Rays  neutral.     Achenia  flattened,  marginless.     Pappus  of  2  very  decid- 

uous chaffy  scales. 

40.  ACTINOMERIS.    Rays  neutral,  or  sometimes  none.    Achenia  flat,  wing-margined,  bearing 

2  persistent  awns. 

*  *  *  Rays  sterile,  neutral :  achenia  obcompressed,  i  e  flattened  paralj^l  with  the  scales  of  the 
involucre,  the  faces  looking  inwards  and  outwards.    Involucre  double  ;  the  outer  spreading 
and  often  foliaceous.     Receptacle  flat. 

41.  COREOPSIS.    Pappus  of  2  (or  rarely  more)  scales,  teeth,  or  awns,  which  are  naked  or 

barbed  upwards,  sometimes  obsolete  or  a  crown. 

42.  BILENS.     Pappus  of  2  or  more  rigid  and  persistent  downwardly  barbed  awns. 

*  *  *  *  Rays  pistillate  or  fertile  (rarely  none) :  achenia  laterally  flattened,  2-awned. 

43.  VERBESINA.     Rays  few  and  small.     Receptacle  convex.     Achenia  sometimes  winged. 

Subtribe  3.  TAGETINILE.  Heads  commonly  radiate  ;  the  rays  ligulate  ;  the  disk-flowers  all 
perfect  and  fertile  Receptacle  naked,  flat.  Scales  of  the  involucre  united  into  a  cup 
Pappus  various'  —  Herbage  strong-scented  (as  in  Tagetes  of  the  gardens),  being  dotted 
•with  large  pellucid  glands  containing  a  volatile  oil. 

44  DYSODIA.     Pappus  a  row  of  chaffy  scales  dissected  into  many  bristles. 

Subtribe  4.  HELEN-IE,*:.  Heads  radiate  or  sometimes  discoid  ;  the  disk-flowers  perf«v,t 
Pappus  of  several  chaffy  scales.  Anthers  tailless. 

*  Receptacle  naked  (not  chaffy  nor  honeycombed). 

45  IIYMENOPAPPUS.     Rays  none.    Receptacle  flat.     Scales  of  the  involucre  colored 

46.  HELENIUM.     Rays  pistillate,  3-6-cleft.     Receptacle  elevated.    Involucre  small,  toflexed 

47.  LEPTOPODA.     Rays  neutral  or  sterile  :  otherwise  as  No  46. 

*  *  Receptacle  deeply  pitted,  like  honeycomb. 
18.  BALDW1NIA      Rays  numerous,  neutral.     Involucre  imbricated. 


182  COMPOSITE,       (COMPOSITE     FAMILY.) 

*  *  *  Receptacle  chaffy. 

49.  MARSHALIJA.     Rays  none.     Involucre  of  many  narrow  chaffy  scales. 
£0.  GALINSOGA.    Rays  4  or  6,  short,  pistillate.    Involucre  of  4  or  5  ovate  chaffy  scales. 

Subtribe  5.  ANTHEMIDHLE.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid  ;  the  perfect  flowers  sometime*  infes- 
tile,  and  the  pistillate  flowers  rarely  tubular.  Pappus  a  short  crown  or  none.  Other- 
wise nearly  as  Subtribe  4. 

*  Receptacle  chaffy,  at  least  in  part :  rays  ligulate. 

61.  MARUTA.     Rays  neutral.     Achenia  obovoid,  ribbed.     Pappus  none. 

62.  ANTIIKMIS.    Rays  pistillate.    Achenia  terete  or  4-angular.    Pappus  minute  or  none. 
6a  ACIIILLEA.     Rays  pistillate,  short.     Acheuia  flattened  and  margined, 

*  *  Receptacle  naked. 

54.  LEUCANTHEMUM.     Rays  numerous,  pistillate.     Receptacle  flattish.     Achenia  striate  01 
ribbed      Pappus  none. 

65.  MATRICARIA.    Rays  pistillate  or  none  ;  then  all  the  flowers  perfect.     Receptacle  conical 

Pappus  crown-like  or  none. 

66.  TANACETUM.    Rays  none,  but  the  marginal  flowers  pistiUate.    Achenia  broad  at  the  top. 

Pappus  a  short  crown. 

B7.  ARTEMISIA.     Rays  none  ;  some  of  the  outer  flowers  often  pistillate     Achenia  narrow  at 
the  top.     Pappus  none. 

Subtribe  6.  GNAPHALINE.JE.  Heads  all  discoid,  with  tubular  corollas;  those  of  the  fertile 
flowers  filiform.  Anthers  with  tails  at  their  base  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.  Floc- 
culent-woolly  herbs  :  leaves  alternate. 

68.  GNAPHALIUM.     Receptacle  naked,  flat.    Heads  containing  both  perfect  and  pistillate 

flowers     Bristles  of  the  pappus  all  slender. 
69   ANTENNARIA.     Receptacle  naked,  flat.     Heads  dioecious,  or  nearly  so.    Pappus  of  the 

staminate  flowers  thickened  or  club-shaped  at  the  summit. 

60.  FILAGO.    Receptacle  columnar  or  top-shaped,  chaffy.    Pappus  of  the  inner  flowers  capil- 

lary, of  the  outer  often  none. 

Subtribe  7.    SENECIONE.S.    Heads  radiate  or  discoid  ;  the  central  flowers  perfect.    Anthers 
tailless.     Pappus  capillary.     Receptacle  naked     (Scales  of  the  involucre  commonly  in  a 
single  row.)       ^ 
*  Heads  discoid,  with  two  kinds  of  flowers,  the  outer  pistillate  and  with  filiform  corollas. 

61.  EREOIITIIITES.     Pappus  copious,  very  fine  and  soft.    Flowers  whitish. 

*  *  Heads  radiate,  or  discoid  and  then  with  perfect  flowers  only. 
••-  Leaves  alternate. 

62.  CACALIA.     Heads  5  -  many-flowered.    Rays  none.     Flowers  white  or  cream-color. 

03.  SENEC10.    Heads  many-flowered,  with  or  without  rays.     Flowers  yellow.     Pappus  soft 

•»-  -i-  Leaves  opposite. 
64.  ARNICA.    Heads  many-flowered,  radiate.     Pappus  of  rough  denticulate  bristles. 

TRIBE  V.  CYNARE^E.  Heads  (in  our  species)  discoid,  with  the  flowers  tubular,  or 
Borne  of  the  outer  corollas  enlarged  and  appearing  like  rays,  but  not  ligulate.  Style 
thickened  or  thickish  near  the  summit ;  the  branches  stigmatic  to  the  apex,  without 
any  appendage,  often  united  below.  (Heads  large.) 

*  Marginal  flowers  mostly  neutral  or  sterile     Pappus  not  plumose. 

66.  CENTAUREA.     Achenia  flat.     Pappus  of  short  naked  bristles,  or  none.     Marginal  neutnu 
flowers  commonly  enlarged. 

66.  CNICUS.    Achenia  terete,  bearing  10  horny  teeth  and  a  pappus  of  10  long  and  10  shortei 

rigid  naked  bristles.     Marginal  flowers  inconspicuous. 

*  *  Flowers  all  alike  in  the  ovoid  or  globular  head. 

67.  CIRSIUM.    Achenia  smooth.      Pappus  of  plumose   bristles.      Receptacle  clothed  wno 

long  and  soft  bristles. 

68.  CARDUUS.     Pappus  of  naked  bristles  :  otherwise  aa  No  67. 


(COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  183 

89.  ONOPORDOX.     Achenia  wrinkled  transversely,  4-angled.    Pappus  not  pli'.mose.     Rcoep- 

tacle  honeycombed 
70.  LAPPA.      Achenia  wrinkled,  flattened.     Pappus  of  short  and.  rough  bristles,     llecep- 

tarle  bristly. 

SUBORDER  II.    LIGULIFLOR^E. 

Corolla  ligulate  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head,  and  all  the  flowers  per- 
fect. —  Herbs  with  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate. 

*  Pappus  none. 
71    LAM  PS  AN  A.     Involucre  cylindrical,  of  8  scales  in  a  single  row,  8  -  12-flowered. 

*  *  Pappus  chaffy,  or  of  both  chaff  and  bristles. 

72.  CICIIORIUM.     Pappus  a  small  crown  of  little  bristle-form  scales.    Involucre  double. 
78.  KRIQIA.     Pappus  of  5  broad  chaffy  scales,  and  5  bristles. 

74-  CYNTHIA.     Pappus  double  ;  the  outer  short,  of  many  minute  chaffy  scales,  the  inner  of 
numerous  long  capillary  bristles. 

*  *  *  Pappus  plumose. 
76.  LEONTODON.    Bristles  of  the  pappus  several,  chaffy-dilated  at  the  base. 

*  *  *  *  Pappus  composed  entirely  of  capillary  bristles^  not  plumose. 
•<-  Pappus  tawny  or  dirty  white  :  achenia  not  flattened  or  beaked. 

76.  IIIERACIUM.     Acheuia  oblong :  pappus  a  single  series.     Flowers  yellow.     Scales  of  the 

involucre  unequal. 

77.  NABALUS.     Achenia  cylindrical :  pappus  copious.     Flowers  whitish  or  purplish.     Scales 

of  the  involucre  equal.  See  Addend. 

•t-  •*-  Pappus  bright  white,  except  in  No.  80  and  in  one  Mulgedium. 

78.  TROXIMON.     Achenia  linear-oblong,  not  beaked.    Pappus  of  copious  and  unequal  bris- 

tles, some  of  them  rigid. 

79.  TARAXACUM.     Achenia  long-beaked,  terete,  ribbed.     Pappus  soft  and  white. 

80.  PYRUIIOPAPPUS.    Achenia  long-beaked,  nearly  terete.     Pappus  soft,  reddish  or  tawny 

81.  LACTUCA      Acheuia  abruptly  long-beaked,  flat.     Pappus  soft  and  white. 

8&  MULGEDIUM.    Achenia  flattish,  with  a  short  thick  beak.    Pappus  soft     Flowers  blue. 
83    SOXC1IUS.     Achenia  flattisli,  beakless.    Pappus  very  soft  and  fine.    Flowers  yellow. 

1.     VERNONIA,    Schreb.        IRON-WEED. 

Heads  15 -many-flowered,  in  corymbose  cymes;  flowers  all  perfect.  Invo- 
lucre shorter  than  the  flowers,  of  many  appressed  closely  imbricated  scales. 
Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  cylindrical,  ribbed.  Pappus  double ;  tho  outer 
of  minute  scale-like  bristles;  the  inner  of  copious  capillary  bristles. — Peren- 
nial herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  mostly  purple  flowers.  (Named  in  honor 
of  Mr.  Vei'non,  an  early  English  botanist  who  travelled  in  this  country.) 

1.  V.  NovelM>raceilsis,  Willd.      Scales  of  the  involucre  tipped  with  a 
long  bristle-form  or  awl-shaped  spreading  appendaf/e  or  awn ;  in  some  varieties 
•merely  pointed.  —  Low  grounds  near  the  coast,  Maine  to  Virginia;  and  river- 
banks   in   the  Western    States,   from   Wisconsin   southward.      Aug.  —  A  tall 
coarse  weed  with  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves. 

2.  V.  fasciClllata,  Michx.     Scales  of  the  involucre  (all  but  the  lowest) 
rounded  and  obtuse,  without  appendage. — Prairies  aud  river-banks,  Ohio  to  Wis- 
consin and  southward.     Aug.  —  Leaves  narrowly  or  broadly  lanceolate  :  heads 
mostly  crowded.     Very  variable,  and  passing  into  No.  1. 


184  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.) 

2.    EEEPHANTOPUS,    L.        ELEPHANT VFOOT. 

Heads  3  -  5-flowcred,  clustered  into  a  compound  head  :  flowers  perfect.  Invo- 
lucre narrow,  flattened,  of  8  oblong  dry  scales.  Achenia  many-ribbed.  Pappus 
of  stout  bristles,  chaffy-dilated  at  the  base.  —  Perennials,  with  alternate  leaves 
and  purplish  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  eAe<£ar,  tb-phant,  and  Trots,  foot.) 

1.  E.  Carolinianus,  Wiild.  Somewhat  hairy,  corymbose,  leafy ; 
leaves  ovate-oblong,  thin.  —  Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

3.     SCLEROLEPIS,    Cass.        SCLEROLKI-IS. 

Head  many-flowered:  flowers  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  equal, 
in  1-2  rows.  Corolla  5-toothcd.  Achenia  5-angled.  Pappus  a  single  row  of 
almost  horny  oval  and  obtuse  scales.  —  A  smooth  aquatic  perennial,  with  simple 
etcms,  rooting  at  the  base,  bearing  linear  entire  leaves  in  whorls  of  5  or  6,  and 
terminated  by  a  head  of  flesh-colored  flowers.  (Name  from  oxX^pos,  hard,  and 
XfTTiSi  a  scale,  alluding  to  the  pappus.) 

1.  S.  verticillata,  Cass.  —  Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 
Aug. 

4.    HAT  R  IS,    Schreb.        BUTTON  SNAKEROOT.     BLAZING-STAR. 

Head  several  -  many-flowered :  flowers  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  im- 
bricated, appressed.  Ileceptacle  naked.  Corolla  5-lobed.  Achenia  slender, 
tapering  to  the  base,  about  10-ribbed.  Pappus  of  15-40  capillary  bristles, 
which  are  manifestly  plumose,  or  only  barbellate.  —  Perennial  herbs,  often 
resinous-dotted,  with  rigid  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  heads  of  handsome  rose- 
purplc  flowers,  spicatc,  racemose,  or  paniclcd-cymosc,  appearing  late  in  summer 
or  in  autumn.  (Derivation  of  the  name  unknown.) 

§  1 .  Stem  usually  wand-like  and  simple,  from  a  globular  or  roundish  corm  or  tuber 
(which  is  impregnated  with  resinous  matter),  very  leafy :  leans  narrow  or  grass-like 
\-5-nervcd:  heads  spicate  or  racemed:  involucre  well  iinl>rical<d:  lobes  of  the 
corolla  long  and  slender. 

*  Pappus  very  plumose ;  scales  of  the  5-Jlowered  involucre  with  ovate  or  lanceolate 

spread  in;  i  jietal-like  (purple  or  sometimes  white)  tips,  e.ranUng  tin  jlmcirs. 

1.  L..  clematis,  Willd.     Stem  (3° -5°  high)  and  involuore  hairy;  leaves 
short  and  spreading;  spike  or  raceme  compact  (1°  long).  —  Barren  soil,  Vir- 
ginia and  southward. 

#  #  Pappus  very  plumose :  scales  of  the.  cylindrical  niamj-floirerfd  iiirolnnv.  imbri- 

cated in  many  rows,  the  tips  rigid,  not  petal-like:  corolla  hairy  within. 

2.  L.  squarrosa,  Willd.     (BLAZING-STAR,  &c.)     Often  hairy  (l°-3u 
high) ;  leaves  linear,  elongated  ;  heads  few  (!'  long) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  mostly 
with  elongated  and  leaf-like  spreading  tips. — Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois 
and  southward. 

3.  L.  cylindracea,  Michx.     Commonly  smooth  (6'- 18' high)  ;  leaves 
linear;  heads  few  (£'-§'  long) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  all  with  short  and  rounded 
ap]Yressedtip$. — Dry  open  places,  Niagara  Falls  to  Wisconsin,  and  southeastward. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  185 

#  *  #  Pappus  not  plumose  to  the  naked  eye :  corolla  smooth  inside. 

4.  It.  scai'iosa,  Willd.     Stem  stout  (2° -5°  high)    pubescent  or  hoary ; 
leaves  (smooth,  rough,  or  pubescent)  lanceolate;  the  lowest  oblong -lanceolate  or 
obovate-oblong ,  tapering  into  a  petiole;  heads  few  or  many,  large,  30 - 40-flowered ; 
scales  of  the  broad  or  depressed  involucre  obovate  or  spatulate,  very  numerous,  with  dry 
and  scarious  often  colored  tips  or  margins.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  New  England  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.  —  A  widely  variable  species :  heads  1 '  or  less  in 
diameter. 

5.  JL.  pilosa,  Willd.     Beset  with  long  scattered  hairs  ;  stem  stout;  leaver 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  elongated;  heads  few,  10-15-flowcred;  scales  of  tht 
top-shaped  or  bell-shaped  involucre  slightly  margined,  Hie  outer  narrowly  oblong,  very 
obtuse,  the  innermost  linear.  —  Mountains  of  Virginia  and  southward.    Rare  and 
obscure.     Perhaps  a  remarkable  state  of  L.  spicata;  but  the  Mowers  themselves 
as  large  as  in  No.  4. 

6.  Ii.  spicfita,  Willd.     Smooth  or   somewhat  hairy;  stems  very  leafx 
(2° -5°  high) ;  leaves  linear,  the  lower  3  -  5-nerved  ;  heads  8-12  flowered  (£'- 
£'  long),  crowded  in  a  long   spike;  scales  of  the  cylindrical-bell-shaped  involucrf 
oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  appressed,  with  slight  margins ;  achenia  pubescent  or  smoothish 

—  Moist  grounds,  common  from  S.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  - 
Involucre  somewhat  resinous,  very  smooth. 

7.  L,.  grauiiilifolia,  Willd.     Hairy  or  smoothish;  stem  (l°-3°high; 
slender,  leafy;  leaves  linear,  elongated,  1 -nerved;  heads  several  or  numerous, 
in  a  spike  or  raceme,  7  - 1 2-flowered ;  scales  of  the  obconical  or  obovoid  involucre 
spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  somewhat  pointed,  rigid,  appressed ;  achenia  hair//.  — 
Virginia  and  southward.  —  Inflorescence  sometimes  panicled,  especially  in 

Var.  diibia.  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrower  and  less  rigid,  oblong,  often 
ciliate.  (L.  dubia,  Barton.)  — Wet  pine  ban-ens,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

8.  L-.  pyciiost;\diya,  Michx.     Hairy  or  smoothish  :  stem  stout  (3° -5° 
high),  very  leafy;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  very  narrowly  linear;  spike 
very  thick  and  dense  (6' -20'  long) ;  heads  about  5-flowered  (^'  long) ;  scales  of  the 
cylindrical  involucre  oblong  or  lanceolate,  with  recurved  or  spreading  colored  tips.  — 
Prairies,  from  Indiana  southward  and  westward. 

4  2.  Stem  simple  or  branched  above,  not  from  a  tuber :  heads  small,  corymbed  or  jian- 
icled,  4  -  IQ-flouiered :  involucre  little  imbricated:  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate:  papput 
n?t  plumose. 

9  L.  odoratissima,  Willd.  (VANILLA-PLANT.)  Very  smooth;  leaves 
pale,  thickish,  obovate-spatulate,  or  the  upper  oval  and  clasping ;  heads  corymbed. 

—  Low  pine  barrens,  Virginia  and  southward. — Leaves  exhaling  the  odor  of 
Vanilla  when  bruised. 

10.  li.  patlicillata,  Willd.  Viscid-hairy;  leaves  narrowly  oblong  ci 
lanceolate,  smoothish,  those  of  the  stem  partly  clasping,  heads  panicled. —  Vir- 
ginia and  southward. 


3,  Oass.,  differs  from  Liatris  in  having  some  chaff  among  the 

flowers ;  and  0.  TOMENT6sus  perhaps  grows  in  S.  Virginia. 


186  COMPOSITE.       (CO3IPOSITE    FAMILY.) 

5.     KIJIIIVIA,    L.        KUHNIA. 

Heads  10~25-flowcred  :  flowers  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  few  and 
loosely  imbricated,  lanceolate.  Corolla  slender,  5-toothcd.  Achenia  cylindrical, 
manj-striate.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  very  plumose  (white)  bristles.  —  A  peren- 
nial herb,  resinous-dotted,  with  mostly  alternate  lanceolate  leaves,  and  panicu- 
late-corymbose heads  of  cream-colored  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Dr.  Kuhn,  of 
Pennsylvania,  who  brought  the  living  plant  to  Linnaeus.) 

1.  K..  eupatorioides,  L.  Leaves  varying  from  broadly  lanceolate  and 
toothed,  to  linear  and  entire.  —  Dry  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward. Sept. 

6.     EUPATORIUUI,    Tourn.        TIIOUOCOIIWORT. 

Heads  3  -  many-flowered :  flowers  perfect.  Involucre  cylindrical  or  bell- 
shapcd.  Receptacle  flat.  Corolla  5-toothcd.  Achenia  5-angIed.  Pappus  a 
single  row  of  slender  capillary  barely  roughish  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  often 
sprinkled  with  bitter  resinous  dots,  with  generally  corymbose  heads  of  white, 
bluish,  or  purple  blossoms,  appearing  near  the  close  of  summer.  (Dedicated  to 
Eupator  Mithridates,  who  is  said  to  have  used  a  species  of  the  genus  in  medicine.) 

*  Heads  cylindrical,  5-  \Q-flowered;  the  purplish  scales  numerous,  closely  imbricated 
in  several  roics,  of  vnerjual  length,  slightly  striate :  stoat  herbs,  with  ample  mostly 
whorled  leaves,  and  Jlesh-colored  flowers. 

1.  E.  purpiireum,  L.    (JoE-PvE  WEED.    TRUMPET-WEED.)    Stems 
tall  and  stout,  simple  ;  leaves  3-6  in  a  whorl,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  point- 
ed, very  veiny,  roughish,  toothed;  corymbs  very  dense  and  compound. — Varies 
greatly  in  siza  (2°-  12°  high),  &c.,  and  with  spotted  or  unspotted,  often  dotted 
stems,  £c.,  —  including  many  nominal  species.  —  Low  grounds,  common. 

*  *  [leads  3  -  2Q-Jlowered :  involucre  of  8-  15  more  or  few  imbricated  and  unequal 

scales,  the  outer  ones  shorter:  flowers  u-hite. 
•*-  leaves  all  alternate,  mostly  dissected:  heads  panicled,  very  small,  3  -  5-Jlutiwed. 

2.  E.  fCRnicillftceillll,  Willd.      Smooth    or    nearly   so,    paniculately 
much-branched  (3° -10°  high);  leaves  1 -2-pinnatcly  parted,  filiform.  —  Vir- 
ginia, near  the  coast,  and  southward. 

•»-  •»-  Leaves  mostly  opposite  and  sessile:  heads  5-8-jloicerai,  coryrnbecf. 

3.  E.  liyssopifolillin,  L.     Minutely  pubescent   (l°-2°  high);  It-urn 
narrow,  lin&ir  or  lanceolate,  elongated,  obtuse,  1-3-nerved,  entire,  or  the  lower 
sparingly  toothed,  often  crowded  in  the  axils  or  whorled,  acute  at  the  base ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  obtuse.  —  Sterile  soil,   Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  E.  Kentucky 
and  southward. 

4.  E.  Iciicdlepis,  Torr.    &  Gr.      Minutely   pubescent,   simple    (l°-2° 
high)  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  closely  sessile,  l-nemcd,  obtuse,  serrate,  nritffk  both 
siilcs  ;  corymb  hoary  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with  while  and  scarious  acute  tips. — 
Sandy  bogs,  Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  southward. 

•r>    E.  parviflorum,  Ell.     Minutely  velvety-pubescent,  branching  (2° 
8°  hiu-h) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,   triple-ribbed  and  veiny,   serrate  above    tlie 


COMPOSURE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.;  187 

middle,  tapering  to  the  base,  the  lower  slightly  petioled  ;  scales  of  the  short  invo- 
lucre obtuse.  (Leaves  sometimes  3  in  a  whorl,  or  the  upper  alternate  )  —  Damp 
soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 

6.  E.  ailissisimm,  L.     Stem  stout  and  tall  (3° -7°  high),  downy;  leaves 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  conspicuously  3-nerved,  entire,  or  toothed  above  the 
middle,  the  uppermost  alternate;  corymbs  dense;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse, 
shorter  than  the  flowers.  —  Dry  soil,  Penn.    to    Illinois,    and    Kentucky. — 
Leaves  3'  -4'  long,  somewhat  like  those  of  a  Solidago. 

7.  E.  ;ilf>U&ll,  L.     Roitghish-hairy  (2°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  coarse- 
ly-toothed, veiny ;  heads  clustered  in  the  corymb ;  scales  of  the  involucre  closely 
imbricated,  rigid,  narrowly  lanceolate,  pointed,  white  and  scarious  above,  longer 
than  the /lowers.  — Sandy  and  barren  places,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Vir- 
ginia and  southward. 

8.  E.  tciicrifdlium,  Willd.     Roughish-pubescent  (2° -3°  high);  leaves 
ovate-oblong  and  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  base,  slightly  triple- 
nerved,  veiny,  coarsely  toothed  towards  the  base,  the  upper  ones  alternate ;  branches 
of  the  corymb  few,  unequal ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong -lanceolate,  rather  obtuse, 
at  length  shorter  than  the  flowers.     (E.  verbenxfolium,  Michx.} — Low  grounds, 
Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  coast.  —  Leaves  sometimes 
cut  into  a  few  veiy  deep  teeth. 

9.  E.  rotuildifolium,  L.     Downy-pubescent  (2°  high);  leaves  round- 
ish-ovate, obtuse,  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  deeply  crenate- 
toothed,  triple-nerved,  veiny,  roughish  (I'- 2' long);  corymb  large  and  dense; 
scales  of  the  (5 flowered)  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  pointed. — Dry  soil, 
Rhode  Island  to  Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward. 

10.  E.  pubesccns,  Muhl.     Pubescent;  leaves  ovate,  mostly  acute,  slightly 
truncate  at  the  base,  serrate-toothed,  somewhat  triple-nerved,  veiny;  scales  of  the 
7  -  8 flowered  involucre  lanceolate,  acute.     (E.  ovatum,  BigeL)  —  Massachusetts  to 
New  Jersey,  near  the  coast,  and  Kentucky.  —  Like  the  last,  but  larger. 

11.  E.  scssilifolillin,   L.      (UPLAND  BONESET.)     Stem  tall  (4° -6° 
high),  smooth,  branching;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  from  near  the 
rounded  sessile  base  to  the  sharp  point,  serrate,  veiny,  smooth  (3' -6'  long) ;  corymb 
very  compound,  pubescent;  scales  of  the  5-  (or  5 -12-?)  flowered  involucre  oval 
and  oblong,  obtuse.  —  Copses  and  banks,  Massachusetts  to    111.,    and  southward 
along  the  mountains. 

*-«-•*--  Leaves  opposite,  clasping  or  united  at  the  base,  long  and  widely  spreading : 
heads  10 -15 flowered:  corymbs  very  compound  and  large. 

12.  E.  resin osnm,  Torr.     Minutely  velvety-downy   (2° -3°  high);  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  serrate,  partly  clasping  at  the  base,  tapering  to  the 
point,  slightly  veiny  beneath  (4' -6'  long)  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oval,  obtuse. 
—  Wet  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey.  —  Name  from  the  copious  resinous  globules 
of  the  leaves. 

13.  E.  perfoliatuin,  L.    (THOROUGHWORT.   BONESET.)     Stem  stout 
(2° -4°  high),  hairy ;  leaves  lanceolate,  united  at  the  base  wound  the  stem  (connate- 
perfoliate),  tapering  to  a  slender  point,  serrate,  very  veiny,  wrinkled,  downy 


188  COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.) 

beneath  (5'-  8'  long) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate.  —  Low  grounds , 
common,  and  well  known.  —  Varies  with  the  heads  30  -  40-flowered. 
«-•*-•»-  •»-  Leaves  opposite,  the  upper  alternate,  long-pedaled :  heads  \2-\5-Jlowered, 
in  compound  corymbs. 

14.  E.  scr6tiillilil,  Michx.    Stem  pulverulent-pubescent,  bushy-branched 
(3° -6°  high);  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  point,  triple-nerved  and 
veiny,  coarsely  serrate    (5' -6'   long);   involucre   very  pubescent.  —  Alluvial 
ground,  Illinois  and  southward. 

#  #  *  Heads  8  -  30-Jlowered ;  the  scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal  and  in  on« 
row:  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  petioled,  triple-nerved  and  veiny,  not  resinous-dotted: 
Jlowcrs  white. 

15.  E.  agcratoitlcs,  L.     (WHITE  SNA^E-ROOT.)     Smooth,  branching 
(3°  high) ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  pointed,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  long-pelioled, 
thin  (4' -5'  long);  corymbs  compound.  —  Rich  woods  and  copses;  common, 
especially  northward. 

16.  E.  aromaticum,  L.      Smooth  or  slightly  downy;  stems   nearly 
simple ;  leaves  on  short  petioles,  ovate,  rather  obtusely  toothed,  not  pointed,  thickish. 
—  Copses,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  coast.     Lower 
and  more  slender  than  No.  15,  with  fewer,  but  usually  larger  heads. 

7.    HI  IRANI  A,    Willd.        CLIMBING  HEMP-WEED. 

Heads  4-flowered.  Involucre  of  4  scales.  Receptacle  small.  Flowers  and 
achcnia,  &c.,  as  in  Eupatorium.  —  Climbing  perennials,  with  opposite  com- 
monly heart-shaped  and  petioled  leaves,  and  corymbose-panieled  flesh-colored 
flowers.  (Named  for  Prof.  Mikan,  of  Prague.) 

1.  M.  SCaildens,  L.  Nearly  smooth,  twining;  leaves  somewhat  trian 
gular-heart-shapcd  or  halberd-form,  pointed,  toothed  at  the  base.  —  Copses  along 
streams,  Massachusetts  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  July  -  Sept. 

8.     CONDOMINIUM,    DC.        MIST-FLOW*!*. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  bell-shaped,  the  nearly  oqtiul  linear-awl- 
ghapcd  scales  somewhat  imbricated.  Receptacle  conical !  Otherwise  as  in 
Eupatorium.  —  Perennial  erect  herbs,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  and  violet- 
purple  or  blue  flowers  in  crowded  terminal  corymbs.  (Name  formed  of  KCOJ/OS, 
a  cone,  and  K\II»;,  a  bed,  from  the  conical  receptacle.) 

1.  C.  Ctt1  lost i  mi  III,  DC.  Somewhat  pubescent  (l°-2°  high);  leaves 
triangular-ovate  and  slightly  heart-shaped,  coarsely  and  bluntly  toothed.  —  Rich 
soil,  Penn.  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.  Sept. 

9.     NARDCS1HIA,    Cass.        SWEET  COLTSFOOT. 

Heads  many-flowered,  somewhat  dioecious :  in  the  sterile  plant  with  a  single 
row  of  ligulatc  pistillate  ray-flowers,  and  many  tubular  ones  in  the  disk ;  in  the 
fertile  plant  with  many  rows  of  minutely  ligulate  ray-flowers,  and  a  few  tubular 
perfect  ones  in  the  centre.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  one  row.  Receptacle  flat. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  189 

terete.  Pappus  of  soft  capillary  bristles,  longer  anc  copious  in  the 
fertile  flowers.  —  Perennial  woolly  herbs,  with  the  leaves  all  fro .21  the  rootstock, 
the  scape  with  sheathing  scaly  bracts,  bearing  heads  of  purplish  or  whitish 
Vagrant  flowers  in  a  corymb.  (Name  from  vapdos,  spikenard,  and  oo/xjj,  odor.) 

1.  IV.  p.ilBSifata,  Hook.  Leaves  rounded,  somewhat  kidney-form,  white- 
woolly  beneath,  palmately  and  deeply  5  -  7-lobed,  the  lobes  toothed  and  cut. 
(Tuasilago  palmata,  Ait.  T.  frigida,  Bicjd.}  —  Swamps,  Maine  and  Mass,  to 
Michigan  and  northward:  rare.  May.  —  Full-grown  leaves  6' -10'  broad. 

1O.     TUSS11-AGO,    Tourn.        COLTSFOOT. 

Head  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  narrowly  ligulate,  pistillate,  fertile,  in 
many  rows  ;  the  tubular  disk-flowers  few,  staminate.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
nearly  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  flat.  Fertile  achenia  cylindrical-oblong. 
Pappus  capillary,  copious  in  the  fertile  flowers.  —  A  low  perennial,  with  hori- 
zontal creeping  rootstocks,  sending  up  scaly  simple  scapes  in  early  spring, 
bearing  a  single  head,  and  producing  rounded-heart-shaped  angled  or  toothed 
leaves  later  in  the  season,  woolly  when  young.  Flowers  }'ellow.  (Name  from 
tussis,  a  cough,  for  which  the  plant  is  a  reputed  remedy.) 

1.  T.  FARFARA,  L.  —  Wet  places,  and  along  brooks,  northern  parts  of  New 
England  and  New  York.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

11.     ABEIVOCAtlLOW,    Hook.        ADENOCADI.ON. 

Heads  5-10-fiowered;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  with  similar  corollas  ;  the 
marginal  ones  pistillate,  fertile  ;  the  others  staminate.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
equal,  in  a  single  row.  Achenia  elongated  at  maturity,  club-shaped,  beset  with 
stalked  glands  above.  Pappus  none.  —  Slender  perennials,  with  the  alternate 
thin  and  petioled  leaves  smooth  and  green  above,  white  woolly  beneath,  and  few 
small  (whitish)  heads  in  a  loose  panicle,  beset  with  glands  (whence  the  name, 
from  ddrjv,  a  gland,  and  /tavXos,  a  stem). 

1.  A.  l>icolor,  Hook.  Leaves  triangular,  rather  heart-shaped,  with  angu- 
lar-toothed margins ;  petioles  margined.  —  Moist  woods,  shore  of  L.  Superior, 

and  northwestward. 

• 

12.     SERICOCAKPUS,    Nces.        WHITE-TOPPED  ASTER. 

Heads  1 2 - 1 5-flowcred,  radiate;  the  rays  about  5,  fertile  (white).  Involucre 
Bomewhat  cylindrical  or  club-shaped ;  the  scales  closely  imbricated  in  several 
rows,  cartilaginous  and  whitish,  appressed,  Avith  short  and  abrupt  often  spread- 
ing green  tips.  Ilcceptacle  alveolate-toothed.  Achenia  short,  inversely  py- 
ramidal, very  silky.  Pappus  simple,  of  numerous  capillary  bristles. — Peren- 
nial tufted  herbs  (l°-2°  high),  with  sessile  somewhat  3-nerved  leaves,  and 
small  heads  mostly  in  little  clusters,  disposed  in  a  fiat  corymb  Disk-flowers 
pale  yellow.  (Name  from  cnjpiKos,  silky,  and  icapTros,  fruit.) 

1.  S.  SOlitlagillCllS,  Nees.  Smooth,  slender;  leaves  linear,  rigid,  ob- 
tuse, entire,  with  rough  margins,  tapering  to  the  base ;  heads  narrow  (3"  long), 


190  COMPOSITE.     "(C'OAI1>OSITK    FAMILY.) 

tn  close  dusters,  few-flowered;  papjnis  white.  —  Thickets,    S.  New  England  to 
Virginia,  neur  the  coast.     July. 

2.  S.  COIiyxoides,  Necs.     Somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
or  the  lower  spatulate,  month/  serrate  towards  the  apex,  ciliate,  veiny ;  heads  rather 
loosely  coryinbed,  obconical  (4" -6"  long);  pappus  rusty-color.  —  Dry  ground  ; 
common.     July. 

3.  S.  tortifolillS,  Nces.     Hoary-pubescent;  leaves  olovate  or  oblong-spatu- 
litp,  short  (£'-!'  long),  turned  edgewise,  both  sides  alike,  nearly  veinless ;  heads 
rather  loosely  coryinbed,  obovoid  (4" -5"  long)  ;  pappus  white.  —  Pine  woodi 
Virginia  and  southward.     Aug. 

GAJ,ATELLA  HYSSorirdLiA,  Nccs,  is  omitted,  because  it  has  not  been  found 
in  our  district,  and  probably  is  not  an  American  plant. 

13.     ASTER,    L.         STARWORT.     ASTER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  ray -flowers  in  a  single  series,  fertile. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  imbricated,  usually  with  herbaceous  or  leaf- 
like  tips.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate.  Achenia  generally  more  or  less  flattened. 
Pappus  simple,  of  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs  (or  annual  in  §  6),  with 
corymbed,  panieled,  or  racemose  heads.  Rays  white,  purple,  or  blue  :  the  disk 
yellow,  often  changing  to  purple.  (Name  dornp,  a  star,  from  the  appearance 
of  the  radiate  heads  of  flowers.) 

$  1.  BIOTIA,  DC.  —  Involucre  obovoid-bell-shapcd ;  the  scales  regularly  imbricated 
in  several  rows,  oppressed,  nearly  destitute  of  herbaceous  tijis:  rays  6-15  (white  or 
nearly  so) :  achenia  slender :  lower  leaves  large,  heart-shaped,  petioled,  coarsely  ser- 
rate :  heads  in  open  corymbs. 

1.  A.  COrymboSUS,  Ait.      Stem  slender,  somewhat  zigzag;  leaves  thin, 
smoothish,  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate  with  sharp  spreading  teeth,  sharp-pointed, 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  all  but  the  uppermost  heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  on 
slender  naked  petioles;  rays  6-9. —  Woodlands;  common,  especially  north- 
ward.    July -Aug. — Plant  1°- 2°  high,  with  smaller  heads,  looser  corymbs, 
rounder  and  less  rigid  exterior  involncral  scales,  and  thinner  leaves,  than  the 
next;  not  rough,  but  sometimes  pubescent. 

2.  A.  macropliyllllS,  L.      Stem  stout  and  rigid   (2° -3°  high);  l«uvs 
thickiuli,  roui/h,  cloudy  wrratf.,  .somewhat  pointed  ;   the  lower  heart-shaped  \4'  -  10 
long,  .•{'-(>'  wi(k'),  long-petioled ;  the  upper  ovate  or  oblong,  sessile  or  on  mar- 
gined petioles;  heads  in  ample  rigid  corymbs;  ray*  12-25  (white  or  bluish). — 
Moist  woods;  common  northward,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     Aug., 
Sept.  —  Involucre  /£'  broad  ;  the  outer  scales  rigid,  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  tho 
innermost  much  larger  and  thinner. 

|  2.  CALLlASTRUM,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Scales  of  the,  involucre  imlrlctitnl  in  .*  nmt 
rows,  c(iri,irtoi/s,  iril/i  herbaceous  sprraditif/  tt'jis:  rays  12-30,  vio/ct :  achenia  war- 
row  (smoothish):  pappus' of  rigid  bristles  of  unequal  thicknt'ss :  .s-/r///-/V.,-/Tx  all 
tessile;  lower  ones  not.  heart-shaped:  heads  few,  large  and  xhuiry.  (Allied  M 
i  1,  and  to  Serieocarpus.) 


COMPOSURE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.)  191 

3.  A.  Riidkll.l,  Ait.     Stem  simple  or  corymbose  at  the  summit,  smooth, 
many-leaved  (l°-3°  high)  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate  in  the, 
middle,  very  rough  both  sides  and  rugose-veined,  closely  sessile  (2' -3'  long),  nearly 
equal  ;  scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  oblong,  oppressed,   with   very  short  and 
siiyhdy  spreading  herbaceous  tips;   aehenia  smooth.  —  Bogs  and   low  grounds, 
Delaware  to  Maine  and  northward,  near  the  coast.     Aug.  —  Rays  light  violet 
Involucre  nearly  smooth,  except  the  ciliate  margins. 

4.  A.  SlircillosilS,  Michx.     Stems  slender  (j°-l°  high),  from  long  and 
slender,  or  here  and  there  tuberous-thickened,  creeping  snbteiranean  shoots  or  suck- 
ers, roughish-pubescent  above,   1-2-  or  corymbosely  several-flowered;   leaves 
roughish,  obscurely  toothed,   lanceolate  or  the  lower   oblong-spatulate ;  involucre 
obconical  or  bell-shaped  (£'-£'  long),  the  whitish  and  coriaceous  scales  with  sJtort 
herbaceous  tips,  the  outer  ones  shorter;  achcnia  slightly  pubescent.  —  Var.  GK\CI- 
LIS  (A.  gracilis,  Nutt.)  is  a  form  with  the  scales  of  the  narrower  obconical  invo- 
lucre successively  shorter  and  with  very  short  and  scarcely  spreading  green  tips, 
resembling  a  Sericocarpus. — Moist  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and 
southward.     Sept.  —  Rays  about  12,  violet,  £'  long.  —  Perhaps  runs  into  the 
next. 

5.  A.  spectiibilis,  Ait.     Stems  (l°-2°  high)  minutely  rough  and  glan- 
dular-pubescent at  the  summit;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  roughish,  obscurely  toothed, 
tapering  to  the  base;  scales  of  the  short  and  almost  hemispherical  involucre  linear- 
oblong,  rvith  conspicuous  spatulate  glandular-downy  tips,  the  outermost  scarcely  shorter  ; 
achcnia  slightly  pubescent. —  Sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey,  near 
the  coast,  and  southward.     Sept. -Nov.  —  One  of  the  handsomest  of  the  genus, 
though  the  heads  arc  few.     The  rays,  about  20,  are  narrowly  lanceolate,  nearly 
1'  long,  very  deep  violet-blue.     Involucre  £'  long  and  wide. 

$  3.  ASTER  PROPER.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  various  degrees,  with 
herbaceous  or  leaf-like  summits,  or  the  outer  ones  entirely  foliaceous  :  rays  numerous: 
pappus  soft  and  nearly  uniform  :  aehenia  flattened.  (All  flowering  late  in  sum- 
mer or  in  autumn.) 

*  Leaves  silvery-silky  both  sides,  all  sessile  and  entire,  mucronulate  .*  involucre  imbri- 
cated in  3  to  sei'eral  rows  :  rays  showy,  purple-violet. 

6.  A.  serieeilS,  Vent.     Stems   slender,   branched  ;  leaves   lanceolate  or 
oblong;  heads  mostly  solitary,  terminating  the  short  silvery  branchiate;  scales  of 
the  globular  involucre  similar  to  the  leaves,  spreading,  except  the  short  coriaceous 
base,  silvery;  aehenia  smooth,  many-ribbed.  —  Prairies  and  dry  banks,  Wisconsin 
to  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  An  elegant  silvery  species;  the  large  heads  with 
20-30  rays  of  £'  or  more  in  length. 

7.  A.  COllCOlor,  L.     Stems  wand-like,  nearly  simple;  leaves  crowded,  ob- 
long or  lanceolate,  appressed,  the  upper  reduced  to  little  bracts  ;  heads  in  a  simple  or 
compound  wand-like  raceme;  scales  of  the  obovoid  involucre  closely  imbricated  iu 
several  rows,  appressed,  rather  rigid,  silky,  lanceolate;  aehenia  silky.  —  Dry  sandy 
soil,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  southward.  —  A  handsome  plant,  l°-3° 
high,  with  the  short  leaves  1 '  or  less  in  length,  grayish-silky  and  of  the  sanre 
hue  both  sidesi.     Rays  bright  violet-purple. 


192  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*  *  Lower  leaves  not  heart-shaped ;  the  upper  all  sessile  and  more  or  less  clasping  fry 
a  heart-shaped  or  auricled  base:  heads  showy :  scales  of  the  inversely  conical  or  bell- 
shaped  involucre  regularly  imbricated  in  several  rows,  the  outer  successively  shorter, 
oppressed,  coriaceous,  whitish,  with  short  herbaceous  tips :  rays  large,  purple  or  blue. 

8.  A.  patens,  Ait.     Rough-pubescent;  stem  loosely  paniclcd  above  (1°- 3° 
high),  with  widely  spreading  branches,  the  heads  mostly  solitary,  terminating 
the  slender  branchlets ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  often  contracted 
below  the  middle,  all  clasping  by  a  deep  auricled-heart-sfiaped  base,  rough,  especially 
above  and  on  the  margins,  entire ;  scales  of  the  minutely  roughish  involucre 
with  spreading  pointed  tips;  achenia  silky.  —  Var.  PHLOGIFOLIUS  is  a  form 
which  the  plant  assumes  in  shady  moist  places,  with  larger  and  elongated  thin 
scarcely  rough  leaves,  downy  underneath,  sometimes  a  little  toothed  above, 
mostly  much  contracted  below  the  middle.  —  Dry  ground,  common,  especially 
southward.     Heads  £'  broad,  and  with  showy  deep  blue-purple  rays. 

9.  *A.  lil'Vis,  L.     Very  smooth  t/iroughout ;  heads  in  a  close  panicle ;  leaves 
thickish,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  chiefly  entire,  the  upper  more  or  less 
clasping  by  an  auricled  or  heart-shaped  base ;  scales  of  the  short-devoid  or  hemi- 
8})herical  involucre  with  appressed  green  points  ;  rays  sky-blue  ;  achenia  smooth.    A 
variable  species,  of  which  the  two  best-marked  forms  arc :  — 

Var.  laevigutllS.  Scarcely  if  at  all  glaucous ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long ;  involucre  nearly  hemispherical ;  the  scales  lanceolate  or  linear,  with  nar- 
row and  acute  green  tips  tapering  down  on  the  midnervc.  (A.  lavis,  L.  A. 
laevigatus,  Willd.)  — Dry  woodlands  ;  rather  common. 

Var.  cy  aliens.  Very  smooth,  but  pale  or  glaucous  ;  leaves  thicker ;  the 
upper  often  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base ;  invo- 
lucre narrowed  at  the  base,  of  broader  and  more  coriaceous  scales  with  shorter 
and  abrupt  tips.  (A.  cyaneus,  Ilojfm.,  frc.)  — Border  of  woodlands ;  common, 
especially  northward.  —  A  very  elegant  species,  with  showy  flowers. 

10.  A.  tlirbinellllS,  Lindl.     Very   smooth  ;    stem    slender,   paniculatcly 
b/  inched;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  entire,  with  rough  margins  ;  in- 
volucre elongated-obconical  or 'almost  club-shaped  (£'  long) ;  the  scales  linear,  with 
very  short  and  blunt  green  tips  ;  rays  violet-blue ;  athtnia  nearly  smooth.  —  Dry 
hills,  &c.,  Illinois  and  southwestward. 

*  *  *  iMU'er  leaves  all  heart-shaped  and  pctiokd,  the  upper  sessile  or  petiolcd:  invo- 
lucre imbricated  much  as  in  the  last  division,  but  the  heads  smaller,  very  numerous, 
racemose  or  panicled. 

•»-  leaves  entire  or  slightly  serrate  :  heads  middle-sized :  rays  bright-Uue, 

11.  A.  siziireus,  Lindl.     Stem  rather  rough,  erect,  racemose-compound 
at  the  summit,  the  branches  slender  and  rigid;  leaves  rough;  tfie  lower  ovate-lance- 
olate or  oblong,  heart -si uiped,  on  long  often  hairy  petioles ;  the  others  lanceolatr,  or  lin- 
ear, sessile,  on  the  branches  awl-shaped ;  involucre  inversely  conical.  —  Copses 
and  prairies,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  —  A  handsome  species;  the  in- 
volucre much  as  in  No.  9,  but  much  smaller,  and  slightly  pubescent;  the  rays 
bright  blue. 

12.  A.  Sliortii,  Boott.     Stem  slender,  spreading,  nearly  smooth,  bearing 
very  numerous  heads  in  racemose  panicles  ;  leaves  smooth  above,  minutely  pubescent 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  193 

underneath,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  elongated,  tapering  gradually  to  a  sharp 
point,  all  but  the  uppermost  more  or  less  heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  on  naked  peti- 
oles; involucre  bell-shaped.  —  Cliffs  and  banks,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward.—  A  pretty  species,  2° -4°  high;  the  leaves  3-5'  long. 

13.  A.  limlulatus,  L.     Pale  or  somewhat  hoary  with  close  pubescence; 
stem  spreading,  bearing  numerous  heads  in  racemose  panicles;  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  with  wavy  or  slightly  toothed  margins,  roughish  above,  downy  under- 
neath, the  lowest  heart-shaped  on  margined  petioles,  the  others  abruptly  contracted 
into  short  broadly  winged  petioles  which  are  dilated  and  clasping  at  the  base,  or  direct- 
ly sessile  by  a  heart-shaped  base;  involucre  obovoid.     (A.  diversifulius,  Michx.) 
—  Dry  copses,  common. 

H-  -^Leaves  conspicuously  serrate:  heads  small:  rays  pale  blue  or  nearly  ivhite. 

14.  A.  C4>rdii~6litIS,  L.     Stem  much  branched  above,  the  spreading  or 
diverging  branches  bearing  very  numerous  panicled  heads;  lower  leaves  all  heart- 
shaped,  on  slender  and  mostly  naked  ciliate  petioles ;  scales  of  the  inversely  coni- 
cal involucre  all  appressed  and  tipped  with  short  green  points,  obtuse  or  acutish.  — 
Woodlands ;  very  common.     Varies  with  the  stem  and  leaves  either  smooth, 
roughish,  or  sometimes  hairy  underneath.     Heads  produced  in  great  profusion, 
but  quite  small. 

15.  A.  SclgittifolillS,  Willd.     Stem  rigid,  erect,  with  ascending  branches 
bearing  numerous  racemose  heads;   leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed;   the   lower 
heart-shaped  at  the  base,  on  margined  petioles ;  the  upper  lanceolate  or  linear, 
pointed  at  both  ends  ;  scales  of  the  oblong  involucre  linear,  tapering  into  awl-shaped 
slender  and  loose  tips.  —  Dry  ground,  New  York  and  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and 
Kentucky.  —  Usually  more  or  less  hairy  or  downy;  the  heads  rather  larger 
than   in  the  last,   almost   sessile.  —  A.  Drummondii,  Lindl.,  which   probably 
grows  on  the  Illinois  side  of  the  Mississippi,  is  apparently  only  a  downy-leaved 
variety  of  this. 

*  •%  *  *  Leaves  none  of  them  heart-shaped;  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  narroiv,  rigid, 
entire:  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows:  the  coriaceous  scales  apprised  and 
whitish  at  the  base,  with  abrupt  and  conspicuous  spreading  herbaceous  tips :  heads 
small  and  very  numerous,  paniculate-racemose :  rays  ivhite. 

.  16.  A.  eriCOldes,  L.  Smooth  or  sparingly  hairy  (l°-l£°  high);  the 
simple  branchlcts  or  peduncles  racemose  along  the  upper  side  of  the  wand-like 
spreading  branches ;  lowest  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  sometimes  toothed ;  the  others 
linear-lanceolate  or  linear-awl-shaped,  acute  at  both  ends  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
broadest  at  the  base,  with  acute  or  awl-shaped  green  tips.  —  Var.  VILL6SUS  is  a 
hairy  form,  often  with  broader  leaves;  chiefly  in  the  Western  States.  —  Dry 
open  places,  S.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 

17.  A.  multiflorilS,  Ait.  Pale  or  hoary  with  minute  close  pubescence  (1° 
high),  much  branched  and  bushy;  the  heads  much  crowded  on  the  spreading 
racemose  branches ;  leaves  crowded,  linear,  spreading,  with  rough  or  ciliate  mar- 
gins, the  upper  somewhat  dilated  and  partly  clasping  at  the  base ;  scales  of  the  invo» 
lucre  with  spatulate  spreading  green  tips  broader  than  the  lower  pvrtion,  the  outer 
obtuse.  — Dry  gravelly  or  sandy  soil ;  common. 


194  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*****  Leaves  none  of  them  heart-shaped ;  those  of  the  sterr*  tappnw/  at 
sessile;  involucre  imbricated ;  the  scales  of  unequal  length,  ivith  sliorl  and  narrow 
appressed  or  rather  loose  greenish  tips :  heads  small  or  middle-sized :  rays  white  or 
pale  bluish-purple. 

•«-  Heads  small.     (Involucre  \'  -  %   long.) 

18.  A.  dlimosilS,  L.     Smooth  or  nearly  so,  raccmoscly  compound,  the 
Kattered  heads  mostly  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  tpreuding  branchlets  ;  leaves  linear 
or  the  upper  oblong,  crowded,  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  with  rough  margins  ; 
scales  of  the  closely  imbricated  involucre  linear-spatulate,  obtuse,   in  4-6  rows. — 
Thickets,  in  dry  or  moist  soil;  common.  —  A  variable  species,  l°-3°  high, 
loosely  branched,  with  small  leaves,  especially  the  upper,  and  an  inversely  con- 
ical or  bell-shaped  involucre,  with  more  abrupt  green  tips  than  any  of  the  sue 
cecding.     Kays  pale  purple  or  blue,  larger  than  in  the  next.     Runs  into  several 
peculiar  forms. 

19.  A«  Trsiclcscitnti,  L.     Smooth  or  smooth ish  ;  the  numerous  heads  dosdy 
racemcd  along  one  side  of  the  erect-spreading  or  diverging   branches ;  loaves 
lanceolate-linear,  elongated,  the  larger  ones  remotely  serrate  in  the  middle  with 
fine  sharp  teeth;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  acute  or  acutish,  imbricated 
in  3  or  4  rows.  —  Var.  FRAoiLis  has  the  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  except  the 
lowest,  and  the  heads  more  scattered.  —  Moist  banks,  &c.,  very  common. — 
Stems  2° -4°  high,  bushy:  heads  very  numerous,  smaller   than  in  the  last. 
Rays  white  or  nearly  so. 

20.  A.  miser,  L.,  Ait.     More  or  less  hairy,  much  branched;  the  branches 
usually  diverging,  bearing  racemose  often  scattered  heads;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, tapering  or  pointed  at  each  end,  sharply  su-nitc  in  the  middle; 
ft  •d'es  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute  or  rather  obtuse,  imbricated  in  3  or  4  rows.  — 
Thickets,  fields,  &c.,  very  common,  and  extensively  variable.  —  Leaves  larger 
than  in  cither  of  the  preceding  (2'  — 5') ;  the  involucre  intermediate  between  them, 
us  to  the  form  of  the  scales.     Rays  mostly  short,  pale  bluish-purple  or  white. 

•»-  •»—  Heads  middle-sized.     (Involucre  y~  £'  lomj.) 

21.  A.  Simplex,  Willd.      Smooth   or   nearly   so    (3° -6°   high),    much 
branched;  the  branches  and  scattered  heads  somewhat  corymbose  at  the  summit; 
It  a  rex  lanceolate,  pointed,  the  lower  serrate ;  scales  of  the  /;?roA  ••'•/><  linear-awl-shaped, 
loosely  and  sparingly   imbricated.  —  Shady  moist  banks,  common. —  Pi  ay*  pale. 
Approaches  in  its  different  forms  the  preceding  and  the  two  following. 

22.  A.  tenilifoliffS,  L.     Nearly  smooth ;  stem  much   branched  (2° -3° 
high)  ;  the  heads  somewhat  paniclcd  or  racemcd  ;    lea  res  narroirly  lanceolate, 
taperiny  into  a  lon<j  slender  point  (2' -6' long),  with  rough  margins,  tin-  l<><r<r  xuinc- 
what  serrate  in  the  middle  ;  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  linear-un-1-slic.ind, 
ivry  slender-pointed,  numerous,  closely  imbricated.  —  Low  grounds,  New  York  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.     Rays  short  and  narrow,  pale  purple  or  whitish. 

23.  A.  cdrncus,  Nees.     Smooth,  or  the  branches  rougher  pubescent; 
lanceolate,  somewhat  pointed,  or  the  upper  short  and   partly  clasping; 

heads  racemose  along  the  ascending  leafy  branches  ;  scn/<*  <>f  d«-  obovate  moo* 
lucre,  lauctuldti ,  abruptly  ai.nte,  <7o.sWy  imbricatttd,  —  Moist  soil ;  common.  Leaven 
firm  in  texture,  smooth,  or  rough  above.  Rays  rather  large,  bluish,  purplish 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY  194 

violet-purple,  or  almost  white.  —  On  a  thorough  revision  of  the  genus,  older 
names  will  be  found  and  verified  for  this  and  No.  21,  which  here  cover  a  mul- 
titude of  forms.     A.  mutahilis,  L.,  is  probably  one  of  them. 
*  *  *  %  -s/f  *  Stem-leaves  sessile,  the  upper  more  or  less  clasping :  scales  of  the  Jiem- 
ispherical  involucre  loosely  more  or  less  imbricated,  somewhat  equal,  with  herbaceous 
tips,  or  the  outer  often  entirely  herbaceous :  heads  middle-sized  or  large :  rays  blue 
or  purple.     (The  species  of  this  group  are  still  perplexing.) 

24.  A.  SBStlVUS,    Ait.      Stem  slender,  rouyh,  bushy-branched ;  leaves  nar- 
rowly lanceolate-linear,  elongated,  taper-pointed,  entire,  with  rough  margins ;  heads 
corymbose,  loose;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  loose;  rays  large,  apparently  light 
blue.     (A.  laxifolius,  Nees.)  —  Var.  L2ETIFL6RUS  has  very  slender  branches 
and  leaves,  and  the  scales  'of  the  involucre  unequal  and  more  appressed. — 
Moist  shady  places,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.     Heads  about  as  large 
as  in  A.  puniceus,  in  some  forms  appearing  more  like  A.  carneus.     Leaves 
4' -7'  long,  \>  to  £'  wide. 

25.  A.  Novi-Belgii,  L.     Nearly  smooth;  stem  stout;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, pale,  or  somewhat  glaucous,  serrate  in  the  middle,  acute,  tapering  to  each  end ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  rather  closely  imbricated,  with  broadish  acute  herbaceous  tij)s , 
rays  pale  blue  or  purplish.  —  Low  grounds,  not  clearly  known  in  a  wild  state. 
The  plant  here  in  view  is  intermediate  between  No.  23  and  No.  26.  —  Heads 
smaller  and  less  showy  than  in  the  next. 

26.  A.  loiigifolillS,  Lam.     Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  stem  branched,  corym- 
bose-panicled  at  the  summit ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lower  ovate-lance- 
olate, entire  or  sparingly  serrate  in  the  middle,  taper-pointed,  shining  above ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3  —  5  rows,  linear,  ivith  acute  or  aid-shaped  spreading  or 
recurved  green  tips  ;   rays  large  and  numerous,  bright  purplish-blue.  —  Moist 
places,  along  streams,  &c.,  common  eastward.  —  Plant  l°-5°  high,  with  large 
and  showy  heads ;  very  variable  in  the  foliage,  involucre,  &c. ;  its  multiform 
varieties  including  A.  thyrsiflorus,  Iloffm.,  A.  laxus,  Willd.  (a  form  with  more 
leafy  involucres),  A.  praraltus,  Poir.,  A.  clodes,  Torr.  $*  Gr.,  £c. 

27.  A.  plimccilS,  L.     Stem  tall  and  stout,  rough-hairy  all  over  or  in  lines, 
usually  purple  below,  panicled  above;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  clasping  by  an  auri- 
cled  base,  sparingly  serrate  in  the  middle  with  appressed  teeth,  rough  above,  nearly 
smooth  underneath,  pointed  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  acute,  loose, 
equal,  in  about  2  rows ;  rays  long  and  showy  (lilac-blue,  paler  or  whitish  in 
shade).  —  Low  thickets  and  swamps,  very  common.  —  Stems  3° -6°  high,  ir 
open  grounds  rough  with  rigid  bristly  hairs. 

Var.  vimineus  (A.  vimineus,  Willd.)  is  a  variety  nearly  smooth  through- 
out ;  growing  in  shade. 

28.  A,  prenanthoides,  Muhl.     Stem  low   (l°-3°  high),  corymbose- 
paniclcd.,  hairy  above  in  lines ;  leaves  rough  above,  very  smooth  underneath,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, sharply  cut-toothed  in  the  middle,  conspicuously  taper-pointed,  and  tapering 
below  in  a  long  contracted  entire  portion,  which  is  abruptly  dilated  into  an  auricled- 
heart-shaped  clasping  base;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  with  recurved- 
spreading  tips ;  rays  light  blue.  — •  Borders  of  rich  woods,  W.  New  York  and 
Penn.  to  Wisconsin. 


196  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*******  Leave,',  entire,  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  the  base  ificn  clasping:  head* 
solitary  terminating  the  branches  or  somewhat  corymbcd,  large  or  middle-sized,  showy ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  very  numerous,  with  loose  and  spreading  or  recurved  mostly 
fdiatxous  tips,  usually  more  or  less  glandular  or  viscid,  as  are  the  branchlets,  Sfc. 
•*-  Involucre  imbricated,  the  scales  in  several  or  many  ranks. 

29.  A.  grailtliflorus,  L.     Rough  with  minute  hispid  hairs ;  stems  slender, 
loosely  much-branched  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  very  small  (£'   -1'  long),  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse,  rigid ;  the  uppermost  passing  into  scales  of  the  hemispherical 
Bquarrose  many-ranked  involucre;  rays  bright  violet  (!'  long) ;  achem'a  hairy. — 
Dry  open  places,  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Heads  large  and  very  showy. 

30.  A.     Obloaigifolilis,    Nutt.        Minutely    glandular-puberulent,    much 
branched  above,  rigid,  paniculate-corymbose  (1°- 2°  high) ;  leaves  narrowly  ob- 
long  or  lanceolate,  mucronate-poimed,  partly  clasping,  thickish  (l'-2'long  by 
2" -5"  wide);  scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  linear,  appressed  at  the  base, 
ra/s  violet-purple;  achcnia  canescent. — Banks  of  rivers,  from  Penn.  (Hunting- 
do  a  County,  Porter!}  and  Virginia  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  —  Flowers  not 
half  as  large  as  those  of  the  next. 

A.  ABIETIIYSTINUS,  Nutt.,  of  Eastern  Massachusetts,  is  a  still  wholly  obscure 
species. 

•«-  •»-  Involucre  of  many  very  slender  equal  scales  appearing  like  a  single  row. 

31.  A.   Novro-Angli£C,  L.     Stem  stout,  hairy   (3° -8°  high),  corymbeu 
at  the  summit ;  leaves  very  numerous,  lanceolate,  entire,  acute,  auriculaterdasping, 
clothed  with  minute  pubescence:  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-aui-shapcd,  loose,  glan- 
dular-viscid, as  well  as  the  branchlets ;  rays  violet-purple,  sometimes  rose-purple 
(A.  roseus,  Desf.),  very  numerous;  achcnia  hairy.  —  Moist  grounds  ;  common. 
—  Heads  large,  corymbed. 

********  Head  and  imbricated  involucre  with  leafy  tips  as  in  the  preceding 
group  ;  but  the  foliage  as  in  *  *  *. 

32.  A.  mioimiliis,  Engelm.    Somewhat  hoary-pubescent ;  stems  slendei 
(oo -40  high),  simple  or  racemose-branched  above;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lance- 
olate, pointed,  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  lower  cordate  and  long-petiolcd,  the  upper 
small  and  almost  sessile;  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  imbricated  in 
several  rows,  oppressed,  with  linear  spreading  leafy  tips;  achenia  smooth. — 
Limestone  dill's,  W.  Illinois  (and  Missouri),  Engdmann.  —  Heads  as  large  as 
those  of  No.  30 :  rays  violet-purple. 

f  4.  ORITR6PHIUM,  Kunth.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  nearly  equal  and 
almost  in  a  single  row,  more  or  less  herbaceous :  pappus  of  soft  and  uniform  capil- 
lary bristles  :  inaxtlij  loir  perennials,  bearing  solitary  or  few  h«ids. 

33.  A.    gramillifolillS,    Pursh.     Slightly  pubescent,  slender  (6'-12' 
high) ;  leaves  very  numerous,  narrowly  linear;  branches  prolonged  into  slendei 
naked  peduncles,  bearing  solitary  small  heads;  rays  rose-purple  or  whitish. — 
New  Hampshire,  about  the  White  Mountains  (Mr.  Eddy  in  herb.  Titckerman'i 
L.  Superior,  and  northward. 

$  5.  ORTH6MEKIS,  TOIT.  &  Gr.  —  Scales  of  the  incohcre  regularly  imbricated, 
unequal,  often  carinate,  with  membra naccvus  margins,  entirily  destitute  oj  herbaceous 
tips  •'  pappu*  -)f  soft  and  \\nequal  capillary  bristles. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  187 

84.  A.  acuilfiiliatllS,  Michx.  Somewhat  hairy ;  stem  (about  1°  high) 
simple,  zigzag,  panicled-corymbose  at  the  summit ;  peduncles  slender ;  leavet 
oblong '-lanceolate,  conspicuously  pointed,  coarsely  toothed  above,  wedge-form  and  en- 
tire at  the  base;  scales  of  the  involucre  few  and  loosely  imbricated,  linear-lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  thin  (3"- 5" long) ;  heads  few  or  several;  rays  12-18,  white, 
or  slightly  purple.  —  Cool  rich  woods,  common  northward  and  southward  along 
the  Alleghanies,  Aug.  —  There  is  a  depauperate  narrow-leaved  variety  on  the 
White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire. 

35.  A.  ncmoralis,  Ait.    Minutely  roughish-pubosccnt ;  stern  slender, 
simple  or  corymbose  at  the  summit,  very  leafy  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  small  (!' 
l£'  long),  rather  rigid,  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  with  revolute  margins;  scales  of  the 
inversely  conical  involucre  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  the  outer  passing  into 
awl-shaped  bracts  ;  rays  lilac-purple,  elongated.  —  Bogs,  pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey  to  Maine  along  the  coast,  and  northward.     Also  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire ;  a  small  form,  with  solitary  heads.     Sept. 

36.  A,  ptarmicoidcs,  Torn  &  Gr.     Smooth  or  roughish ;  stems  clus- 
tered (6' -15'  high),  simple;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  rigid,  entire,  tapering 
to  the  base,  I  -3-ncrvcd,  with  rough  margins  (2' -4'  long) ;  heads  small,  in  a  fiat 
corymb;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3  or  4  rows,  short;  rays  white 
(2" -3"  long).  —  Dry  rocks,  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  along  the  Great  Lakes, 
Illinois,  and  northward.    Aug. 

$  6.  OXYT1UP6LIUM,  DC.  —  ScaJ.es  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  without  tierba- 
ceous  tips,  usually  very  acute,  the  outer  passing  into  scale-like  bracts :  pappus  soft 
and  capillary:  achenia  striate. 

37.  A.  flexilOSUS,  Nutt.     Stem  zigzag,  rigid,  forked  (6' -20' high) ;  the 
branches  bearing  large  solitary  heads  ;  leaves  linear,  thick  andjleshy,  pointed,  entire  ; 
scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  imbricated  in  many  rows,  ovate-lanceolate  with 
awl-shnped  points  ;  rays  numerous,  large,  pale  purple.  —  Salt  marshes,  on  the 
coast,  Maine  to  Virginia.     Sept. 

38.  A.  linifolins,  L.     Stem  much  branched  (6' -24'  high),  the  brandies 
bearing  numerous  racemose  or  panicled  small  heads;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  pointed, 
entire,  flat,  on  the  branches  awl-shaped  ;  scales  of  the  oblong  involucre  linear-awl- 
shaped,  in  Jew  rows  ;  rays  somewhat  in  two  rows,  short,  not  projecting  beyond  the  disk, 
more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers,  purplish.     (A.  subulatus,  Michx.)  —  l^alt 
marshes,  on  the  coast,  Maine  to  Virginia. 

14.     ERICERON,    L.        FLEABANE. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate,  mostly  flat  or  hemispherical ;  the  narrow  rays 
very  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  nearly  equal  and 
almost  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Achenia  flattened,  usually 
pubescent  and  2-nerved.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles,  with  minuter 
ones  intermixed,  or  with  a  distinct  short  outer  pappus  of  little  bristles  or  chaffy 
scales.  —  Herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed  and  generally  sessile  leaves,  and  solitary 
or  corymbed  heads.  Disk  yellow:  ray  white  or  purple.  (Name  from  fa 


108  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

spring,  and  •)  /paw,  an  old  man,  suggested  by  the  hoary  appeaitJice  of  some  of 
the  venial  species.) 

§  1.  C^ENOTUS,  Nutt.  —  Rays  inconspicuous,  in  several  rows,  sccrcely  longer  than 
the  pappus:  disk-corollas  4-toothed :  pappus  simple :  annuals  and  biennials:  head* 
very  small,  cylindrical. 

1.  E.   Canatlense,   L.      (HORSE-WEED.      BUTTER-WEED.)      Bristly- 
hairy;  stem  erect,  wand-like  (5' -5°  high);  leaves  linear,  mostly  entire;  those 
from  the  root  cut-lobed ;  heads  very  numerous,  panicled.  —  Waste  places ;  a  com- 
mon weed,  now  widely  diffused  over  the  world.     July -Oct. — Lieules  much 
shorter  than  their  tube,  white. 

2.  E.  divaricatum,  Michx.    Diffuse  and  decumbent  (3' -6'  high) ;  leaves 
linear  or  awl-shaped;  heads  loosely  corymbed;  rays  purple:  otherwise  like  No.  I. 
—  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

$  2.  EUERfGEHON,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Rays  elongated,  crowded  in   one  or  more 
rows :  pappus  simple.     {Erect  perennials :  heads  somewhat  corymbed. ) 

3.  E.  bcllidifoliillll,  Muhl.     (ROBIN'S  PLANTAIN.)     Hairy,  producing 
offsets  from  the  Itase ;  stem  simple,  rather  naked  above,  bearing  few  (1-9)  large 
heads    on   slender    peduncles,    root-leaves   obovate   and    spatulate,    sparingly 
toothed ;  those  of  the  stem  distant,  lanceolate-oblong,  partly  clasping,  entire ; 
rays   (about  50)   rather  broadly  linear,  liyht   bluish-purple.  —  Copses   and    moist 
banks ;  common.     May. 

4.  E.  PlliladclpIliClim,  L.      (FLEABANE.)     Hairy  ;   stem  leafy,  cor 
ymbcd,  bearing  several  small  heads ;  leaves  thin,  with  a  broad  midrib,  oblong ; 
the  upper  smoothish,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  mostly  entire ;  the  lowest 
spatulate,  toothed;  rays  innumerable  and  very  narrow,  rose-purple  or  flesh-color. 
(E.  purpureum,  Ait.) — Moist  ground;  common.     June -Aug. 

$  3.  STENACTIS,  Cass.  —  Some  of  the  outer  bristles  of  the  pappus   short  and 
minute,  or  rather  chaffy:  otherwise  as  §  2. 

5.  E.  glabclllllll,  Nutt.     Stem   (6'- 15'  high)   stout,  hairy  above,  the 
leafless  summit  bearing  1-7  large  heads ;  leaves  nearly  glabrous,  except  the 
margins,  entire,   the  upper  oblong-lanceolate   and    pointed,   closely  .sessile  or 
partly  clasping,  the  lower  sp.ttulatc  and  pctioled ;  rays  (more  than  100,  purple) 
more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  hoary-hispid  involucre.  —  Plains,  St.  Croix 
River,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     June. 

§  4.  PIIALACROLOMA,  Cass.  —  Rays  numerous,  but  nearly  in  a  sinr/le  rota, 
conspicuous  :  pappus  plainly  double,  the  outer  a  crown  of  minute  c/Hiffy-bristlf-form 
fcales ;  the  inner  of  scanty  capillary  bristles  which  are  deciduous,  or  entirely  n-ant- 
iny  in  the  r<ty  :  annuals  and  biennials. 

6.  E.  aiiBiuiini,  Pcrs.    (DAISY  FLEABANE.    SWEET  SCABIOUS.)    Stem 
stout   (3° -5°   high),   branched,   teset  with  spreading  hairs:  leaves  coarsely  and 
sharply  toothed;  the  loivest  orate,  tapering  into  a  margined   petiole;  the  upper 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  and  entire  at  both  ends  ;  beads  corymbed  ;  rays  white, 
tinged  with  purple,  not  twiec  the  length  of  the  bristly  imoluere.     (E.  lietero- 
phvllum,    Muhf.      E.  dtrigosum,  Bif/cl.) — Fields    and    waste    places;   a   very 
con  non  weed.     (Nat.  in  Europe.)     June -Aug. 


;ry 


COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.)  199 

7.  E.  strigdsum,  Muhl.     (DAISY  FLEABANE.)     Stem  paniclcd-corym- 
bose  at  the  summit,  ronghish  like  the  leaves  with  minute  oppressed  hairs,  or  almost 
smooth ;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  upper  lanceolate,  scattered,  the  lowest 
oblong  or  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole ;  rays  white,  twice  the  length 
of  the  minutely  hairy  involucre.     (E.  integrifolium,  Bigel.} — Fields,  &c. ;  com- 
mon.    June- Aug.  —  Stem  smaller  and  more  simple  than  the  last,  with  smaller 
heads  but  longer  rays. 

§  5.  ERIGERfDIUM,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Rays  about  30,  in  a  single  row,  rather 
broad:  pappus  simple :  achenia  mostly  ^-nerved :  not  perennial. 

8.  E.  verimm,  Torr.   &   Gr.     Glabrous;  leaves   clustered  at  the  root, 
oval  or  spatulate;  scape  leafless,  slender  (l°-2°  high),  bearing  5-12  small 
corymbed  heads  ;  rays  white.     (E.  nudicauie,  Michx.    Aster  vemus,  L.)  — Low 
grounds,  E.  Virginia  and  southward.     May. 

15.     DIPJLOPAPPUS,    Cass.        DOUBLE-BRISTLED  ASTER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  8-12,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre imbricated,  approved,  narrow,  1-nerved  or  keeled,  destitute  of  hei-baceous 
tips.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate.  Achenia  flattish.  Pappus  double ;  the  outer 
of  very  short  and  small  stiff  bristles,  the  inner  of  capillary  bristles  as  long  as 
the  disk-corolla.  —  Perennials  with  corymbose  or  simple  heads  :  disk-flowers  yel- 
low; rays  white  or  violet.  (Name  composed  of  SwrXoos,  double,  and  TTUTTTJ-OS, 
pappus,  the  character  which  distinguishes  the  genus  from  Aster.) 

§  1.  Rays  violet,  showy:  head  solitary,  pretty  large:  involucre   much    imbricated, 
achenia  silky:  bristles  of  the  inner  pappus  all  alike. 

1.  ».  liiutriifolius,    Hook.     Stems   (6' -20'  high),  several  from   the 
same  woody  root,  mostly  simple,  very  leafy;  leaves  rigid,  spreading,  linear, 
strongly   1-nerved,  smooth,  with  very  rough  margins.  —  Dry  soil;  common. 
Sept.,  Oct. 

$  2.  Rays  white:  heads  small,  corymbed:  involucre  shorter  than  the  disk,  imbricated 
in  about  3  rows :  achenia  smooth ish :  bristles  of  the  inner  pappus  unequal,  some  oj 
them  thickened  at  the  tip :  leaves  large,  scattered,  membranaceous,  veiny,  entire. 

2.  D.  iiillbcllatus,  Torr.   &   Gr.     Smooth,  leafy  to   the   top  (2° -6° 
high);  leaves  lanceolate,  elongated,  taper-pointed  and  tapering  at  the  base  (3' -6 
long) ;  heads  very  numerous  in  compound  flat  corymbs ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
rather  closely  imbricated,  obtusish.  —  Moist  thickets ;  common,  especially  north- 
ward.    Aug. 

3.  I>.  amygd&linus,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Smooth  or  roughish  above,  leafy; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base ;  scales  of  the  involu- 
cre loosely  imbricated,  obtuse.  —  Low  grounds,  New  Jersey,  Penn.,  and  south 
ward.     Aug.  — Very  near  the  last,  usually  lower,  rougher,  and  with  broader  and 
shorter  leaves. 

4.  D.  COrnifolillS,  Darl.     Stem    (l°-2°   high)   pubescent,  bearing  few 
heads  on  divergent  peduncles  ;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-lanceolate,  conspicuously  point' 
ed  at  both  ends,  ciliatc,  hairy  on  the  veins  underneath.  —  Woodlands,  E.  Masssv 
chusetts  to  Kentucky,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     July-  Sept. 

14 


200  COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.) 

16.    BOLTOIVIA,    L'Hci.        BOLTONIA. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  numeious,  pistillate.  Scales  of  ihe 
hemispherical  involucre  imbricated -somewhat  in  '2  rows,  appressed,  with  narrow 
incmbranaccous  margins.  Receptacle  conical  or  hemispherical,  naked.  Ache- 
nia  flat,  ohovate  or  inversely  heart-shaped,  margined  with  a  callous  wing,  or  ID 
the  ray  3-winged,  crowned  with  a  pappus  of  several  minute  bristles  and  fre- 
quently with  2-4  longer  awns.  —  Perennial  and  bushy-branched  smooth  herbs, 
pale  green,  with  the  aspect  of  Aster  :  the  thickish  leaves  chiefly  entire.  Heads 
loosely  corymbose  or  paniclcd :  disk  yellow:  rays  white  or  purplish.  (Dedi- 
cated to  /.  Bolton,  an  English  botanist.)  See  Addend. 

1.  B.  astei'OldcS,  L'Her.     Leaves   lanceolate;   achenia  broadly  oval; 
pappus  of  few  minute  bristles  and  no  awns. — Moist  places  along  streams. 
Pennsylvania  (Bart rain]  and  southward  along  the  Allcghanies :  rare.     Oct.— 
Plant  usually  6°  high. 

2.  B.  glastifolia,  L'Her.     Leaves  lanceolate,  ascending,  often  turnel 
edgewise  by  a  twist ;  achenia  obovate,  broadly  winged  ;  pappus  of  several  short 
bristles  and,  especially  in  the  disk,  of  2  or  3  short  awns.  —  Rich  moist  soil. 
Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward.     Sept.  —  Plant  2°  -  4°  high. 

17.    B  ELLIS,    Toura.        DAISY. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  tlie  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  tlu 
involucre  herbaceous,  equal,  in  about  2  rows.  Receptacle  conical,  naked. 
Achenia  obovate,  flattened,  wingless,  and  without  any  pappus.  —  Low  herbs 
(all  but  one  species  natives  of  the  Old  World),  either  stemless,  like  the  tiae 
Daisy,  B.  percnnis,  or  leafy-stemmed,  as  is  our  species.  (The  Latin  naiue, 
from  bellus,  pretty.) 

1.  B.  ifitegrifolia,  Michx.  (WESTERN  DAISY.)  Diffusely  brancUeJ 
and  spreading  (4'- 9'  high),  smoothish ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  the  lo  /er 
spatulatc-obovatc ;  heads  on  slender  peduncles ;  rays  pale  violet-purple.  Q  q£) 
—  Prairies  and  banks,  Kentucky  and  south  westward.  March -June. 

18.     BRACHYCII.ETA,    Torr.  &  Gr.        FALSE  GOLDKN-I..JD. 

Heads  and  flowers  nearly  as  in  Solidago,  except  the  pappus,  which  is  a  row 
of  minute  rather  scale-like  bristles  shorter  than  the  achenia. — A  perennial  borb, 
with  rounded  or  ovate  serrate  leaves,  all  the  lower  ones  heart-shaped  ;  the  suiall 
yellow  heads  in  sessile  clusters  raccmcd  or  spiked  on  the  branches.  (Name  cjm 
posed  of  ftpaxus,  short,  and  xai'T7?>  bristle,  from  the  pappus.) 

1.  B.  COrdata,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Solidago  cordata,  Short.)  Wooded  hills, 
E.  Kentucky  and  southward.  Oct.  —  Plant  2° -4°  high,  slender,  more  or  Irss 
pubescent. 

19.     SOLIDAGO,    L.        GOLDEN-ROD. 

Heads  few -many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  1  to  16,  pistillate.  Scales  of 
the  oblong  involucre  appressed,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips  (except.  No.  1). 
Receptacle  small,  not  chaffy  Achenia  many-ribbed,  nearly  terete.  PappuJ 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  201 

simple,  of  equal  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  mostly  wand-like 
stems  and  nearly  sessile  stem-leaves,  never  heart-shaped.  Heads  small,  racemed 
or  clustered:  flowers  both  of  the  disk  and  ray  (except  No.  2)  yellow.  (Name 
from  solido,  to  join,  or  make  whole,  in  allusion  to  its  reputed  vulnerary  quali- 
ties.) Flowering  Aug.  -  Oct.  See  Addend. 

§  1.  CHRYSASTRUM,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Scales  of  the  much  imbricated  rigid  in- 
volucre with  abruptly  spreading  herbaceous  tips :  heads  in  clusters  or  glomerate  ra- 
cemes disposed  in  a  dense  somewhat  leafy  and  interrupted  wand-like  compound  spike. 

1.  S.  squarrosa,  Muhl.     Stem  stout  (2° -5°  high),  hairy  above;  leaves 
large,  oblong,  or  the  lower  sputulate-oval  and  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole, 
serrate,  veiny;   disk-flowers  16-24,  the  rays   12-16.  —  Rocky  wooded  hills, 
Maine  and  W.  Vermont  to  Pcnn.,  and  the  mountains  of  Virginia. 

§  2.  VIRGAtfREA,  Tourn.     Scales  of  the  involucre  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips  : 
rays  mostly  f?.wer  than  the  disk-Jlowers :  heads  all  more  or  less  pedicelled. 

*  Heads  in  close  clusters  or  short  clustered  racemes  in  the  axils  of  the  feather-veined 

leaves.     (Rays  3  -6.) 

2.  S.  l>icolOI*9  L.     Hoary  or  grayish  with  soft  hairs ;  stem  mostly  simple ; 
leaves  oblong  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  or  the  lower  oval  and 
tapering  into  a  petiole,  slightly  serrate ;  clusters  or  short  racemes  from  the  axils  of 
the  upper  leaves,  forming  an  interrupted  spike  or  crowded  panicle ;  rays  small, 
cream-color  or  nearly  white.  —  Var.  CONCOLOK  has  the  rays  yellow.  —  Dry  copses 
and  banks,  common :  the  var.  in  Pennsylvania  and  westward. 

3.  S.  latifolia,  L.     Smooth  or  nearly  so,  stem  angled,  zigzag,  simple  or 
paniculate-branched  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  vei-y  strongly  and 
sfiarply  serrate,  conspicuously  pointed  at  both  ends  (thin,  3' -6'  long);  heads   in 
very  short  axillary  sessile  clusters,  or  somewhat  prolonged  at  the  end  of  the 
branches.  —  Moist  shaded  banks,  in  rich  soil ;  common  northward,  and  along 
the  mountains. 

4.  S.   cjesiia,    L.      Smooth;  stem  terete,  mostly  glaucous,  at  length  much 
branched  and  diffuse;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  pointed, 
sessile ;  heads  in  very  short  axillary  clusters,  or  somewhat  racemosc-panicled 
on  the  branches.  — Moist  rich  woodlands ;  common.     Heads  rather  smaller  than 
in  the  last, 

*  #  Racemes  terminal,  erect,  either  somewhat  simple  and  wand-like,  or  compound  and 

panicled,  not  one-sided:  leaves  feather-veined.     (Not  maritime.) 
•*-  Heads  small :  leaves  nearly  entire,  except  the  lowermost. 

5.  S.  virgitta,  Michx.     Very  smooth  throughout;   stem  strict  and  simple, 
viand-like  (2° -4°  high),  slender,  beset  with  small  and  entire  appressed  lanceo- 
late-oblong leaves,  which  are  gradually  reduced  upwards  to  mere  bracts ;  the 
lowest  oblong-spatulate,  all  thickish  and  smooth ;  heads  crowded  in  a  very  narrow 
compound  spicate  raceme ;  rays  5  —  7. —  Damp  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Vir- 
ginia and  southward. 

6.  S.  puberula,  Nutt.      Stem   (l°-3°   high,  simple  or  branched)    and 
jtanicle   very   minutely   hoary ;   stem-leaves   lanceolate,   ac  tie,   tapering   to   the   base 
smooth  ish;  the  lowe*   wedge -lanceolate  and  sixiringly  toothed;  heads  very  nu 


202  COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.) 

merous,  crowded  in  compact  erect-spreading  sliort  racemes,  forming  a  prolonged  and 
flense  narrow  or  pyramidal  panicle ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-awl-shaped,  ap- 
prcsscd ;  rays  about  10.  —  Sandy  soil,  Maine  to  Virginia  and  southward,  near 
the  coast. 

7.  S.  Strict«l,  Ait.     Very  smooth  throughout;  stem  simple,  strict  (2° -3° 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  the  lower  tapering  gradually  into  winged  peti- 
oles, partly  sheathing  at  the  base,  minutely  serrate  above  with  appresscd  teeth; 
racemes  much  crowded  and  oppressed  in  a  dense  wand-like  panicle ;  scales  of  tbo 
involucre  linear-oblong,  obtuse;  rays  5-6,  small. — Peat-bogs,  Maine  to  Wis- 
consin and  northward.     Root-leaves  6'- 10' long.     It  flowers  earlier  than  ita 
allies,  beginning  in  July. 

H-  «-  Heads  rather  large,  at  least  for  the  size  of  the  plant, 

8.  S.  spcciosa,  Nutt.     Stem  stout  (3° -6°  high),  smooth;  leaves  thickish 
smooth  with  rough  margins,  oval  or  ovate,  slightly  serrate,  the  uppermost  oblong- 
lanceolate,  the   lower  contracted   into   a  margined  petiole  ;   heads  somewhat 
crowded  in  numerous  erect  racemes,  forming  an  ample  pyramidal  or  thi/rsfform  jtan- 
tele;  peduncles  and  pedicels  rough-hairy;   scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre 
oblong,  obtuse;  rays  about  5,  large.  —  Var.  ANGUSTATA  is  a  dwarf  form,  with 
the   racemes   short  and  clustered,  forming  a  dense  interrupted  or  compound 
spike.  —  Copses,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  —  A  very  hand- 
some species ;  the  lower  leaves  4' -6'  long  and  2' -4'  wide  in  the  larger  forms. 

9.  S.  Virga-aiirea,  L.    Pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous ;  stem  low  (6'-  18' 
high)  and  simple;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  or  the  lowest  spainlate  or  elliptical- 
obovate  and  petiolcd,  serrate  with  small  oppressed  teeth  or  nearly  entire  ;  racemes 
thyrsoid  or  simple,  narrow;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute  ; 
rays  8-12.  —  An  extremely  variable  species  in  the  Old  World  and  in  our  north- 
em  regions.     (Eu.) 

Var.  alpiata,  Bigcl.  Dwarf  (l'-8'  high),  with  few  (1-12)  pretty  large 
heads  (3" -4"  long,  becoming  smaller  as  they  increase  in  number);  leaves 
thickish,  mostly  smooth ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish  ; 
rays  about  12.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  mountains  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire, 
and  Now  York  ;  and  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

Var.  till  mill*.  Low  (6' -12' high)  and  smooth,  bearing  several  or  nu- 
merous loosely  thyrsoid  smaller  heads,  which,  with  the  peduncles,  &c.,  aro 
mostly  somewhat  glutinous ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse;  rays  6-8,  short; 
leaves  varying  from  narrowly  lanceolate  and  nearly  entire  to  oblanceolate  and 
Semite.  (S.  humilis,  Pursh,  Torr.  $-  Gr.)  —  Rocky  banks,  W.  Vermont,  Lakes 
Huron  and  Superior,  and  northward.  At  the  base  of  the  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire,  on  gravelly  banks  of  streams,  occurs  a  form,  with  the  mi- 
nutely pubescent  stout  stem  l°-2°  high,  the  leaves  larger  and  broader,  and 
the  heads  very  numerous  in  an  ample  compound  raceme ;  the  rays  occasionally 
almost  white. 

10.  S.  tliyrsoidca,  E.  Meyer.     Stem  stout  (l°-4°  high),  n-xnd-like,  pu- 
bescent near  the  summit,  simple ;  leaves  thin,  ovate,  irregularly  and  coarsely  ser> 
rate  with  sharp  salient  teeth,  large  (l'-4' long),  all  but  the  uppermost  abruptly 
contracted  into  long  and  margined  petiole*    heads  large   (5" -6"  long),  many 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  203 

flowered,  crowded  in  an  oblong  or  wand-like  raceme  or  contracted  panicle 
(2' -18'  long);  scales  of  the  involucre  loose  and  thin,  long,  lanceolate,  taper- 
pointed;  rays  8-10,  elongated;  achenia  smooth.  (S.  Virga-aurca,  Pursh.  S. 
leiocarpa,  DC.)  — Wooded  sides  of  high  mountains  of  Maine  to  New  York  (south 
to  the  Catskills),  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 

*  *  *  Heads  in  a  compound  corymb  terminating  the  simple  stem,  showy :  leaver  thick- 
ish,  mostly  feather-veined  from  a  strong  midrib. 

11.  S.  rigidity  L.     Rough  and  somewhat  hoary  with  a  minute  pubescence; 
stem  stout  (3° -5°  high),  very  leafy;  the  short  compact  clusters  densely  cor- 
ymbed  at  the  summit;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the  upper  closely  sessile  by  a  broad 
base,  slightly  serrate,  the  uppermost  entire,  veiny,  thick  and  rigid ;  heads  large, 
about  34-flowered;  the  rays  7-10. — Dry  soil,  Connecticut  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward. 

12.  S.  Oliioensis,  Riddell.      Very  smooth  throughout;  stem  wand-like, 
slender,   leafy   (2° -3°  high);    stern-leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  flat,  entire,  closely 
sessile,  the  lower  and  radical  ones  elongated,  slightly  sen-ate  towards  the  apex, 
somewhat  veiny,  tapering  into  long  margined  petioles ;  heads  numerous  in  a 
flat-topped  compound  corymb,  on  smooth  pedicels,  1 6  -  20-flo wered ;  the  rays 
6  or  7.  —  Moist  meadows  or  prairies,  W.  New  York  to  Ohio  and  Wisconsin.  — 
Root-leaves  1°  long;  the  upper  reduced  to  l'-2',  with  rough  margins,  like  the 
rest.     Heads  smaller  than  in  any  other  of  this  section,  scarcely  one  third  the 
bize  of  those  of  No.  11. 

13.  S.  Riddcllii,  Frank.     Smooth  and  stout  (2° -4°  high),  very  leafy,  the 
branches  of  the  dense  corymb  and  pedicels  rough-pubescent ;  leaves  linear-lane^ 
date,  elongated  (4' -6'  long),  entire,  acute,  partly  clasping  or  sheathing,  condupli- 
cate  and  mostly  recurved,  the  lowest  elongated-lanceolate  and  tapering  into  a  long 
keeled  petiole,  obscurely  3-nerved ;  heads  very  numerous  in  close  clusters,  aggre- 
gated in  a  spreading  flat-topped  compound  corymb,  20  -  24-flowered ;  the  rays 
7-9.  —  Wet  grassy  prairies,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and  Illinois.  —  Heads  larger 
than  in  the  last,  2" -3"  long.     Stem-leaves  upright  and  partly  sheathing  at  the 
base,  then  gradually  recurved-spreading. 

14.  S.  Hoilglltoilii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  ined.     Smooth;  stem  rather  low  and 
slender    (1°-1^°  high);   leaves   scattered,  linear-lanceolate,   acutish,  flat,    entire 
tapering  into  a  narrowed  slightly  clasping  base,  or  the  lower  into  margined  peti- 
oles ;  heads  several,  crowded  in  a  small  nearly  simple  corymb,  20  -30-flowered; 
the  rays  9  or  10.  —  North  shore  of  Lake  Michigan;  collected  in  the  Michigan 
State  Survey.     Aug.  —  Leaves  smooth,  but  not  shining,  rough-margined,  3'-5- 
long,  1 -nerved,  or  the  lower  very  obscurely  3-nerved  above.     Corymb  minutely 
pubescent.     Heads  large,  nearly  %'  long.     Scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse,  mi- 
nutely ciliate. 

*  *  *  *  Heads  in  one-sided  more  or  less  spreading  or  recurved  racemes :  leaves 

veiny,  not  3-ribb  'd,  but  sometimes  obscurely  triple- nerved. 
•  Leaves  thickish,  very  smooth,  entire,  elongated,  obscurely  veiny :  heads  rather  large. 

15.  S.  SCinpervireilS    L.     Smooth   and   stout    (l°-8°  high);  leaves 
fleshy,  lanceolate,  slightly  clasping,  or  the  lower  lanceolate  oblong,  obscurely 
triple-nerved ;  racemes  short,  in  an  open  or  contracted  panicle.  —  Varcs,  in  less 


204  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.; 

brackish  swamps,  with  thinner  and  elongated  linear- lanceolate  leaves, 
to  each  end,  with  more  erect  racemes  in  a  narrower  panicle.  —  Salt  marshes,  or 
rocks  on  the  shore,  Maine  to  Virginia.  —  Heads  showy:  the  golden  rays  8-10. 
«-  •*-  Leaves  usually  ample,  serrate,  loosely  feather-veined,  or  rarely  slightly  trifle- 
nerved;  heads  middle-sized. 

16.  S.  elliptic:!,  Ait.      Smooth;   stem   stout    (l°-3°  high),    very  leafy; 
leaves  elliptical  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute   (2' -3' long),  closely  sessile,  slightly 
serrate,   strongly  veined,   thick,  smooth  both  sides,  shining  above;  heads  in  dense 
y>miding  racemes  which  are  crowded  in  a  close  pyramidal  panicle ;  peduncles  and 
Hehenia  strigose-pubescent. —  Swamps  (fresh  or  brackish)  near'the  coast,  New 
Jersey,  Carey.    Rhode  Island,  Olney.     Sept.,  Oct.  —  Heads  showy,  3"  long ;  the 
rays  8 -12. 

17.  S.  Iieglccta,  Torr.   &   Gray.     Smooth;    stem    stout    (2° -3°  high); 
leaves  thickish,  smooth  both  sides,  opaque ;  the  upper  oblong-tanceolate,  mostly  acute 
and  nearly  entire ;  the  lower  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  sharply  serrate,  tapering 
into  a  petiole ;  racemes  shoi't  and  dense,  at  length  spreading,  disposed  in  an  elon- 
gated or  pyramidal  close  panicle ;  peduncles  and  achcnia  nearly  glabrous.  — 
Swamps,  Maine  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin.  —  Heads  rather  large,  crowded;  the 
racemes  at  first  erect  and  scarcely  one-sided. 

18.  S.  patllla,  Muhl.     Stem,  strongly  angled,  smooth   (3° -5°  high);  leaves 
(4' -8'  long)  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  pale,  very  smooth  and  veiny  underneath,  but  the 
upper  surface  very  rough,  like  shagreen ;  racemes  rather  short  and  numerous  on 
the  spreading  branches.  —  Swamps ;  common. 

19.  S.  argilta,  Ait.     Smooth   throughout  (l°-4°  high)  ;  radical  and  hirer 
stem-leaves  elliptical  or  lanceolate-oval,  sharply  serrate  with  spreading  teeth,  pointed, 
tapering  into  winged  and  ciliate  petioles;  the.  others  lanceolate  or  oblong,  slightly 
triple-nerved,  tapering  to  each  end,  the  uppermost  entire ;  racemes  dense,  nuked,  at 
length  elongated  and  recurved,  forming  a  crowded  and  Jlat  ccrymb-like  panicle ;  rat/s 
8- 12,  small.  —  Var.   1.  JUNCEA  has  the  leaves  narrower  and   less  serrate,  or 
all  the  upper  entire.  —  Var.   2.   SCAKRELLA  is  somewhat  roughish-pnhoscent 
(Wisconsin,  &c.).  —  Copses  and  banks,  common,  especially  the  first  variety. — 
Well  distinguished  by  its  long  or  drooping  racemes,  and  the  closely  apprcssed 
rigid  scales  of  the  involucre,  small  »-ays,  &c.     But  the  name  is  a  bad  one,  as 
even  the  root-leaves  are  seldom  very  sharply  toothed. 

20.  S.   MlllllCll1>ergii,   Torr.  &  Gr.     Smooth;  stem  ang/id;  leaves  (large 
and  thin)  ovate,  and  the  upper  elliptical-lanceolate,  my/  sharply  and  strongly  ser- 
rate, pointed  at  both  ends,  the  lowest  on  margined  petioles;  racemes  piibtwnit, 
tprcatliiH/.  disjKHied  in  an  elongated  open  panicle;  rays  6-7,  large.  —  Copses  jind 
moist  woods,  N.  Hampshire  to  Fenn.  —  Racemes  much  shorter  and  looser  than 
in  the  last ;  the  involucral  scales  thin  and  more  slender. 

21.  S.  lillOldcS,  Solander.     Smooth;  stem  slender,  simple  (10' -20'  high)- 
leaves  lanceolate,  serrate  with  small  appressed  teeth,  narrowed   at   the  base,  the 
lower  tapering  into  margined  eiliate  petioles,  the  uppermost  oblong;  racemes 
shoi't,  crotnled  in  one.  or  3-4  small  one-nidi d  panicle*  (.')'- 4'  long)  ;  heads  small 
and  few-flowered;  rays  1-3.  —  Bogs,  New  England  (near  Boston  and  Provi- 
dence), to  the  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey. 


COMPOSITES.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  205 

t-  H-  +    Lccrei  broad,  not  large,  sessile  or  shori-petioled,  coarsely  and  sliarply  serrate^ 
copiously  feather-veined ;  veinlets  conspicuously  reticulated :  heads  small:  rays  short. 

22.  S.  altlSSima,  L.     Rough-hairy,  especially  the  stem  (2° -7°  high) ;  leave* 
ovate-lanceolate,  elliptical  or  oblong,  often  thickish  and  very  rugose ;  racemes  pani- 
clecl,  spreading ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear ;  rays  6  -  9  ;  the  disk-flowers  4-7. 
—  Bonlers  of  fields  and  copses ;  very  common,  presenting  a  great  variety  of 
forms :  but  instead  of  the  tallest,  as  its  name  denotes,  it  is  usually  one  of  the 
lowest  of  the  common  Golden-rods. 

23.  S.  ill Ilii folia,  Muhl.     Stem  smooth,  the  branches  hairy;  leaves  thin, 
el' iptical -orate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  tapering  to  the  base,  loosely  veined,  be- 
set with  soft  hairs  beneath ;  racemes  panicled,  recurved-spreading  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate-oblong;    rays  about  4.  —  Low  copses;    common.  —  To< 
near  the  last;  distinguished  only  by  its  smooth  stem  and  thin  larger  leaves. 

24.  S.  Drum  ill  Olldii,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stem  (l°-3°  high)  and  lower  sur- 
face of  the  broadly  ovate  or  oval  somewhat  triple-ribbed  leaves  minutely  velvety -pubes- 
cent, some  of  the  leaves  almost  entire ;  racemes  panicled,  short ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  oblong,  obtuse;  rays  4  or  5.  —  Kocks,  Illinois  opposite  St.  Louis,  and 
southwestward. 

•«--»-•*-•»-  Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  thickish,  reticulate-veiny,  but  the  veins  obscure. 

25.  S.  pilossi,   Walt.    Stem  stout,  upright  (3° -7°  high),  clothed  with  spread- 
ing hairs,  often  panicled  at  the  summit ;  leai>es  oblong-lanceolate,  roughish,  hairy 
beneath,  at  least  on  the  midrib,  serrulate,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong 
and  entire,  closely  sessile ;  racemes  many,  recurved,  crowded  in  a  dense  pyram- 
idal panicle:    rays  7-10,  very  short.  —  Low  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

26.  S.  odora,  Ait.    (SWEET  GOLDEN-ROD.)    Smooth  or  nearly  so  through- 
out: stem  slender  (2° -3°  high),  often  reclined ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  shin- 
inir,  pellucid-dotted;  racemes  spreading  in  a  small  one-sided  panicle;  rays  3-4, 
rather  large.  —  Border  of  thickets  in  dry  or  sandy  soil,  Vermont  and  Maine  to 
Kentucky,  and  southward.  —  The  crushed  leaves  yield  a  pleasant  anisate  odor. 
•«•    •«-  -t-  •*-  -i—  Leaves  grayish  or  hoary,  thickish,  feather-veined  and  slightly  triple- 
nerved,  obscurely  serrate  or  entire;  heads  middle-sized. 

27.  S.  liemorislis,   Ait.     Clothed  with  a   minute  and  close  grayish-hoari 
(soft  or  roughish)  pubescence;  stem  simple  or  corymbed  at  the  summit  (^°-2.^' 
high)  ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate-oblong,  the  lower  somewhat  crenate- 
toothed  and  tapering  into  a  petiole;  racemes  numerous,  dense,  at  length  re- 
curved, forming  a  large  and  crowded  compound  raceme  or  panicle  which  is 
usually  turned  to  one  side;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  appressed1 
rays  6-9. — Dry  sterile  fields;  veiy  common.     In  the  West  occur  less  hoary 
and  rougher  forms. 

*****  Heads  in  one-sided  spreading  or  recurved  racemes,  forming  an  amplt 

h  panicle  :  leaves  plainly  3-ribbed,  or  triple-ribbed. 

Scales  of-  the  involucre  thickish  and  rigid,  closely  imbricated,  with  somewhat  green- 
ish tips  or  midrib :  leaves  rigid,  smooth  and  shining. 
28.  S.  S 5s 6r(ii,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stem  slender,  simple  (I0*- 3°  high),  minute- 
roughish-pubescent ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  the  lower  sharply  serrate 


tfG6  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

above  the  middle  with  scattered  fine  teeth;  racemes  mostly  short  in  a  crowded 
panicle ;  acheiiia  silky-pubescent.  —  Rocks,  at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  &c.  —  A 
kumdsr.aie  species  :  heads  3"  long,  narrow. 

29.  S.  ftlissourieiisis,  Nutt.    Smooth  throughout  '1°-  3°  high) ;  haves 
linear-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  broadly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  with  very 
••oitgh  margins,  the  lower  very  sharply  serrate ;  heads  and  dense  crowded  racemes 
learly  as  in  No.  19  ;  achenia  nearly  glabrous.  —  Dry  prairies,  from  Illinois  south- 
ward and  westward.  —  Heads  l£"-2"  long. 

•-  •*-  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  thin  and  membranaceous :  racemes  mostly  elon- 
gated and  numerous,  forming  a  crowded  ample  panicle,  (These  all  p resent  inter- 
mediate forms,  and  perhaps  may  be  reduced  to  one  polymorphous  species.) 

30.  S.  mpestris,  Raf.     Stem  smooth   and  slender   (2° -3°  high);  lcave» 
linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  smooth  and  glabrous,  entire,  or  nearly  so  ; 
panicle  narrow;  heads  very  small;  rays  very  short.  —  Rocky  river-banks,  Ken- 
tacky  and  Indiana. 

31.  S.  CanadcilSiS,  L.     Stem  rough-hairy,  tall  and  stout  (3° -6°  high)  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate  (sometimes  almost  entire),  more  or  less 
vubescent  beticath  and  rough  above  ;  heads  small ;  rays  very  short.  —  Borders  of  thick- 
ets and  fields ;  very  common.  — Varies  greatly  in  the  roughness  and  hairiness  of 
the  stem  and  leaves,  the  latter  oblong-lanceolate  or  elongated  linear-lanceolate; 
—  in  var.  PR6CERA,  whitish-woolly  underneath;  and  in  var.  sc.XiniA  also  very 
rough  above,  often  entire,  and  rugose-veined. 

32.  S.  SCrotilia,  Ait.     Stem  very  smooth,  tall  and   stout  (4° -8°  high), 
often  glaucous ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  roughish  above,  smooth  except 
the  veins  underneath,  which  are  more  or  less  hairy;  rays  short.  —  Thickets  and  low 
grounds  ;  common.  —  Intermediate  in  character,  and  in  the  si/e  of  the  heads  and 
rays,  between  the  last  and  the  next. 

33.  S.  gig;  ft  11  tea,  Ait.     Stem  stout  (3° -7°  high),  smooth,  often  glaucous, 
leaves  quite  smooth  both  sides,  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  very  sharply  serrate,  ex- 
cept the  narrowed  base,  rough-ciliate ;  the  ample  panicle  pubescent ;  rays  rather 
long.  —  Copses  and  fence-rows  ;  common  :  —  presenting  many  varieties,  hut  with 
decidedly  larger  heads  and  rays  than  in  the  preceding.     Seldom  very  tall. 

§  3.  EUTIlAMIA,  Nutt. —  Corymboscly  much  branched:  h(-ads  small,  sessile,  in 
little  clusters  which  are  crowded  in  Jlat-toppcd  corymbs  ;  the  closely  apnre&ed  sralc* 
of  the  involucre  somewhat  glutinous :  receptacle  Jimbrillate :  rays  6  -  20,  short,  more 
numerous  than  the  disk-Jlowers :  leaves  narrow,  entire,  sessile,  croinh  d. 

34.  S.  lanceolata,  L.     Leaves  lanceolate-linear,  3-5-ncrved,  the  nerves, 
margins,  and  angles  of  the  branches  minutely  rough-pubescent ;  heads  obovoid- 
cylindrical,   in   dense  corymbcd   clusters;  rays  15-20.  —  River-banks,    &c.  in 
moist  soil ;  common.  —  Stem  2°  - 4°  high  :  leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

35.  S.  teimifolia,  Pursh.     Smooth,  slender ;  AV//W  vn-</  narrowly  linear, 
mostly  \-nerved,  dulled;  heads  obovoid-i-luh-shaped,  in  numerous  clusters  of  2  or 
3.  disposed  in  a  Urose  corymb;  rays  G-12.  —  Sandy  fields,  M:u-.sad  inset  Is  \f 
Illinois,  and  southward ;  common  near  the  coast. 


COMPOSITJE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  207 

2O.     BECJEE.OVIA,   DC.       BAYLESS  GOLDEN- ROD. 

Heads  3  -4-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular  :  rays  none.  Invo- 
lucre club-shaped,  yellowish ;  the  rigid  somewhat  glutinous  scales  linear,  closely 
imbricated  and  appressed.  Receptacle  narrow,  with  an  awl-shaped  prolongation 
in  the  centre.  Achenia  somewhat  obconical,  hairy.  Pappus  a  single  row  of 
capillary  bristles. — A  perennial  smooth  herb;  the  slender  stem  (l°-2°  high) 
simple  or  branched  from  the  base,  naked  above,  corymbose  at  the  summit,  bear- 
ing small  heads  in  a  flat-topped  corymb.  Flowers  yellow.  Leaves  scattered, 
oblanceolate  or  linear,  1  -  3-nerved.  (Dedicated  by  De  Candolle  to  Dr.  Jacob 
Bigelow,  author  of  the  Morula  Bostoniensis,  and  of  the  American  Medical 
Botany.) 

1.  15.  lllldata,  DC.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 
Sept. 

21.     CHRYSdPSIS,    Nutt.        GOLDEN  ASTER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  tko 
involucre  linear,  imbricated,  without  herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  flat.  Achenia 
obovate  or  linear  oblong,  flattened,  hairy.  Pappus  of  all  the  flowers  double, 
the  outer  a  set  of  very  short  and  somewhat  chaffy  bristles,  the  inner  of  elongated 
capillary  bristles.  —  Chiefly  perennial  low  herbs,  woolly  or  hairy,  with  rather 
large  often  corymbose  heads  terminating  the  branches.  Disk  and  ray-flowers 
yellow.  (Name  composed  of  xPva°£>  Q°^i  an(i  &/uf,  aspect,  from  .  the  golden 
blossoms.) 

*  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear :  adienia  linear. 

1.  C.  gPoififliaiifolia,  Nutt.    Silvery-silky,  with  long  close-pressed  hairs ; 
stem  slender,  naked  above,  the  few  heads  closely  corymbed  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
linear,  elongated,  grass-like,  nerved,  shining,  entire.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Delaware  to 
Virginia,  and  southward.     July  -  Oct. 

2.  C.  fealca.ta,  Ell.     Stems  (4' - 10' high)  very  woolly;    leaves  crowded, 
linear,  rigid,  about  3-nerved,  entire,  somewhat  recurved  or  scythe-shaped,  hairy,  or 
smooth  when  old,   sessile ;    heads  (small)  corymbed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  on  tha 
coast,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Nantucket,  Massachusetts.     Aug. 

*  %  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  mostly  sessile,  veined,  not 
nerved ;  achenia  obovate,  flattened. 

3.  <C.  Cross^pisia,,  Nutt.     Densely  woolly  all  over ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse, 
(l'-2;  long);    heads  larger    than    in  the  next.  —  Pine  barrens,  Virginia  and 
southward.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

4.  C.  ]TIa.via,aia,  Nutt.     Silky  with  long  and  weaJc  hairs,  or  when  old 
smooth isli;  leaves  oblong ;  heads  corymbed,  on  glandular  penduricles. — Dry  bar- 
rens, from  New  York  and  Lancaster,  Perm.,  southward,  near  the  coast.     Aug.- 
Oct. 

5.  C.  vilSosa,  Nutt.      Hirsute  and  villous-pubescent :   stem  corymbosely 
branched,  the  branches  terminated  by  single  short-peduncled  heads;  leaves  nar- 
rowly oblong,  hoary  with  rough  pubescence  (as  also  the  involucre),  bristly-ciliate 
toward  the  base.  —  Dry  plains  and  prairies,  Wisconsin  to  Kentucky,  and  west- 
ward.    July  -  Sept. 


208  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.) 


22.       tfULA,    L.        ELECAMPANE. 

Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  sometimes  leaf-like.  Aeht-nia  terete  or  4-sided. 
Pappus  simple,  of  capillary  bristles.  Anthers  with  2  tails  at  their  base.  Oth- 
erwise much  as  in  the  last  genus.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  I.  HELENIUM,  L.  (COMMON  ELECAMI-AXE.)  Stout  (3°-5°  high); 
leaves  large,  woolly  beneath  ;  those  from  the  thick  root  ovate,  petioled,  the 
others  partly  clasping  ;  rays  very  many,  narrow.  1J.  —  Koad-sides,  escaped  from 
cultivation.  Aug.  —  Heads  very  large.  Root  mucilaginous.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

23.  PL,  tlC  HE  A,    Cass.        MARSH  FLEABANE. 

Heads  many-flowered;  the  flowers  all  tubular;  the  central  perfect,  but  sterile, 
few,  with  a  5-cleft  corolla  ;  all  the  others  with  a  thread-shaped  truncate  corolla, 
pistillate  and  fertile.  Involucre  imbricated.  Anthers  with  tails.  Achenia 
grooved.  Pappus  capillary,  in  a  single  row.  —  Herbs,  somewhat  glandular, 
emitting  a  strong  and  disagreeable  or  camphoric  o<lor,  the  heads  in  close  com- 
pound corymbs.  Flowers  purplish.  (Dedicated  to  the  Abbe  Pluche.) 

1.  P.  camptiorata,   DC.     (SALT-MARSH   FLEABANE.)     Minuh-ly  vis- 
cid, pale  (l°-2°  high)  ;  leaves  scarcely  petioled,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  thiek- 
ish,  obscurely  veiny,  serrate  ;  corymb  flat;  involucre  viscid-downy.     (5)   (Coti)'- 
za  camphorata,  SigeL     C.  Maryhindica,  Pursh.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Massachusett8 
to  Virginia  and  southward.     Aug. 

2.  P.  fwtitla,  DC.     Almost  smooth  (2°  -4°  high)  ;  haves  distinctly  petioled, 
veiny,  oval-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  serrate;  corymbs  panic-led;  invo- 
lucre smooth.      1J.  —  llivcr-bauks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. 

24.  BACCIIARIS,    L.        GROUNDSEL-TREE. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  dioecious,  viz.  the  pistillate  and 
staminate  ilovvers  in  separate  heads  borne  by  different  plants.  Involucre  imbri- 
cated. Corolla  of  the  pistillate  flowers  very  slender  and  thread-like;  of  the 
Btaminate,  larger  and  5-lobed.  Anthers  tailless.  Achenia  ribbed.  Pappus  of 
slender  capillary  bristles,  in  the  sterile  plant  scanty  and  tortuous  ;  in  the  fertile 
plant  very  long  and  copious.-  —  Shrubs,  commonly  smooth  and  resinous  or  glu- 
tinous. Flowers  whitish  or  yellow.  (The  name  of  some  shrub  anciently  dedi- 
cated to  Jl'icr/nis.) 

1.  B.  lialimifolia,  L.  (SEA  GROUNDSEL-TREE.)  Smooth  nnd  some- 
what scurfy  ;  branches  angled  ;  leaves  obovate  and  wedge-form,  coarsely 
toothed,  or  the  upper  entire;  heads  scattered  or  in  leafy  panicles;  scales  of  the 
involucre  acutieh.  —  S.-.i  l>e:ich,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 
Sept.-Oct.  —  Shrub  6°-li>°  hi.^h;  the  fertile  plant  conspicuous  in  autumn  by 
its  very  long  and  white  pappus. 

2.  B.  glonicreilifiora,  JYrs.  Leaves  spatulate-oblong  ;  heads  large;, 
sessile  in  the  axils  or  in  clusters;  scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  broader 
and  very  obtuse:  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Pine  barrens,  Virginia  near  the 
coast,  and  southward. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  202 

25.     POI^MIVIA,    L.        LEAP-CUP. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  several,  pistillate  and  fertile  ;  the 
disk-flowers  perfect,  but  sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  two  rows  ;  the  o.;ter 
about  5,  leaf-like,  large  and  spreading  ;  the  inner  small  and  membranaceous, 
partly  embracing  the  thickened  round-obovoid  achenia.  Receptacle  ilat,  with  a 
membranaceous  chaff  to  each  flower.  Psrppus  none.  —  Tall  branching  peren- 
nial herbs,  viscid-hairy,  exhaling  a  heavy  odor.  Leaves  large  and  thin,  oppo- 
site, or  the  uppermost  alternate,  lobed,  and  with  dilated  appendages  like  stipules 
at  the  base.  Heads  in  panicled  corymbs.  Flowers  light  yellow.  (Dedi- 
cated to  one  of  the  Muses,  for  no  imaginable  reason,  as  the  plants  are  coarse 
and  inelegant.) 

1.  P.  CaiKlde  llSiS,  L.     Clammy-hairy;  lower  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid, 
the  uppermost  triangular-ovate  and  3-5-lobed  or  angled,  petioled;  rays  fru, 
ofjovate  or  wedye-form,  shorter  than  the  involucre,  whitish-yellow.  —  Moist  shaded 
ravines,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward   along  the  mountains. 
July  -  Sept. 

2.  P.  UvcdiUia,  L.    Roughish-hairy,  stout  (4°  -10°  high)  ;  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  angled  and  toothed,  nearly  sessile  ;  the  lower  palmately  lobed,  abruptly 
narrowed  into  a  winged  petiole  ;  outes  involucral  scales  very  large  ;  rays  10-15, 
linear-oblong,  much  longer  than  the  inner  scales  of  the  involucre,  yellow.  —  Rich  soil, 
W.  New  York  to  'Illinois  and  southward.     Aug. 

26.     CHRYSOGONUM,    L.        CHRYSOGONDM. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  about  5,  pistillate  and  fertile  ;  the 
disk-flowers  perfect  but  sterile.  Involucre  of  about  5  exterior  leaf-like  oblong 
scales,  which  exceed  the  disk,  and  as  many  interior  shorter  and  chaff-like  concave 
scales.  Receptacle  flat,  with  a  linear  chaff  to  each  disk-flower.  Achenia  all 
in  the  ray,  obovate,  obcompressed,  4-angled,  each  one  partly  enclosed  by  the 
short  scale  of  the  involucre  behind  it  ;  those  of  the  disk-flowers  abortive.  Pap- 
pus a  small  chaffy  crown,  2-3-toothed,  and  split  down  the  inner  side.  —  A  low 
(2'  -6'  high),  hairy,  perennial  herb,  nearly  stemless  when  it  begins  to  flower,  the 
flowerless  shoots  forming  runners.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  spatulate,  crenate, 
long-petioled.  Heads  single,  long-peduncled.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  com- 
posed of  xpvaos,  golden,  and  yovv,  knee.) 

1.  C.  VirgilliiYllUin,  L.  Dry  soil,  from  Pennsylvania  (Mcrceisburg, 
Porto-)  and  Illinois  southward.  May  -Aug.  —  Rays  £'  long. 


27.     SILPHIUM,    L.        RC^N 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate  and  fertile,  their 
broad  flat  ovaries  imbricated  in  2  or  3  rows  ;  the  disk-flowers  perfect,  but  sterile. 
Scales  of  the  broad  and  flattish  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows,  broad  and 
with  loose  leaf-like  summits,  except  the  innermost,  which  are  small  and  rescrn 
ble  the  linear  chaff  of  the  flat  receptacle.  Achenia  broad  and  flat,  obcompressert, 
surrounded  by  a  wing  which  is  notched  at  the  top,  destitute  of  pappus,  or  with 
2  teeth  confluent  with  th«  winged  margin  :  achenia  of  th<>.  disk  sterile  and  stalk 


210  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

like.  —  Coarse  and  tall  rough  perennial  herbs,  with  a  copious  resinous  juice, 
and  large  corymbose-pauicled  yellow-flowered  heads.  (2tX<£noi/,  the  ancient 
name  of  a  plant  which  produced  some  gum-resin  (assafcetida?),  was  transferred 
by  Linnaeus  to  this  American  genus.) 

#  Stem  terete,  naked  above,  alternate-leaved  near  the  base  (root  very  large  and  thick). 

1.  S.  laciniiYtlini,  L.     (ROSIN-WEED.    COMPASS-PLANT.)     Very  rough- 
bristly  throughout ;  stem  stout  (3°  -  6°  Tiigh.) ;  leaves  pinnately  parted,  petioled  but 
dilated  and  clasping  at  the  base ;  their  divisions  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  cut- 
lobed  or  pinnatifid,  rarely  entire;  heads  few  (l'-2'  broad),  somewhat  racemed  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  tapering  into  long  and  spreading  rigid  points ;  achenia 
broadly  winged  and  deeply  notched.  — Prairies,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  thenc« 
southward  and  westward.    July.     Lower  leaves  12' -30'  long,  ovate  in  outline; 
on  the  wide  open  prairies,  said  to  present  their  edges  uniformly  north  and  south, 
and  hence  called  Compass-Plant. 

2.  S.  terebiiitliinaccain,  L.     (PRAIRIE  DOCK.)    Stem  smooth,  slen- 
tier  (4°-  10°  high),  panicled  at  the  summit  and  bearing  many  (small)  heads, 
leafless  except  towards  the. base;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-oblong,  somewhat  heart- 
shaped,  serrate-toothed,  thick,  rough,  especially  beneath   (l°-2°  long,  and  on 
slender  petioles) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  roundish,  obtuse,  smooth ;  achenia  nar- 
rowly winged,  slightly  notched  and  2-toothed. —  Var.  riNNAT.fFi.DUJi  has  the 
leaves  deeply  cut  or  pinnatifid,  but  varies  into  the  ordinary  form.  —  Prairies 
and  oak-openings,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     July  -  Sept. 

*  •%•  Stem  terete  01  slightly  4-angled,  leafy :  leaves  undivided  (not.  large). 

3.  S.  trifolifitum,  L.    Stem  smooth,  often  glaucous,  rather  slender  (4° -6° 
high),  branched  above,  stenWeayes  lanceolate,  pointed,  entire  or  scarcely  serrate, 
rough,  short-petioled,  in  whorls  of  3  or  4,  the  uppermost  opposite  ;  heads   loosed 
panicled ;  achenia  rather  broadly  winged,  and  sharply  2-toothed  at  the  top.  — 
Dry  plains  and  banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     Aug. 

4.  S.  AstCl'iSCUS,  L.     Stem  hispid  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  opposite,  or  the 
hwer  in  whorls  of  3,  the  upper  alternate,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed, 
rarely  entire,  rough-hairy,  the  upper  sessile  ;  heads  nearly  solitary  (large) ;  ache- 
uia  obovate,  winged  and  2-toothed. — Dry  sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 

5.  S.  int<>gri folium,  Michx.     Stem  rough,  rather  stout   (2° -4°  high), 
rigid,   4-angular  and   grooved  ;  leaves  all  opposite,   rigid,  lanreolute-orate,  entire 
tapering  to  a  sharp  point  from  a  roundish  lu-art-x/m/w:!  and  partly  dnsping  6asr, 
rough-pubescent  or  nearly  smooth,  thick  (3' -5'  long) ;  heads  in  a  close  forking 
corymb,  short-pcdunclcd ;  achenia  broadly  winged  and  deeply  notched.  —  Var. 
OKVE  has  the  stem  and  leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so.  —  Prairies,  Michigan  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.     Aug. 

#  *  *  Stem  square:  leaves  opposite,  connate  (thin  and  large,  G'-  15'  long). 

6.  S.  peiToEiatUin,  L.      (Cup-PLANT.)      Stem  stout,   often   branched 
above  (4° -8°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  the  upper  united  by  their 
bases  and  forming  a  cup-shaped  disk,  the  lower  abruptly  narrowed  into  winged 
petioles  which  are  connate  by  their  bases;  heads  corymbose;  achentti  winged 
and  variously  notched.  —  Rich  soil  along  streams,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward ;  common.     July. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  2il 

28.    PARTIIENIUM,    L.        PARTHENIDM. 

Heads  many-flowered,  inconspicuously  radiate ;  the  5  ray-flowers  with  very 
short  and  broad  obcordate  ligules  not  projecting  beyond  the  woolly  disk,  pistil- 
late and  fertile  ;  the  disk-flowers  starainate  with  imperfect  styles,  sterile.  Invo- 
lute hemispherical,  of  2  ranks  of  short  ovate  or  roundish  scales.  Receptacle 
conical,  chaffy.  Achenia  only  in  the  ray,  obcompressed,  surrounded  by  a  slen- 
der callous  margin,  crowned  with  the  persistent  ray-corolla  and  a  pappus  of  2 
small  chaffy  scales.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Heads  small,  corymbed  ;  the  flowers 
whitish.  (An  ancient  name  of  some  plant,  from  TrapOevos,  virgin.) 

1.  P.  iiitegi'i  folium,  L.  Rough-pubescent  (l°-3°high);  leaves  ob- 
long or  ovate,  crenate-toothed,  or  the  lower  (3' -6' long)  cut-lobed  below  the 
middle ;  heads  many,  in  a  dense  flat  corymb.  1J.  —  Dry  soil,  Maryland  to  Wis- 
consin, and  southward. 

2O.    IV A,    L.        MARSH  ELDER.        HIGHWATER-SHRUB. 

Heads  several-flowered,  not  radiate;  the  pistillate  fertile  and  the  staminate 
sterile  flowers  in  the  same  heads,  the  former  few  (1-5)  and  marginal,  with  a 
small  tubular  corolla ;  the  latter  with  a  funnel-form  5-toothed  corolla.  Scales 
of  the  involucre  few,  roundish.  Receptacle  small,  with  narrow  chaff  among 
the  flowers.  Achenia  obovoid  or  lenticular.  Pappus  none.  —  Herbaceous  or 
shrubby  coarse  plants,  with  thickish  leaves,  the  lower  opposite,  and  small 
greenish-white  heads  on  short  recurved  peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or 
of  bracts.  (Derivation  unknown.) 

1.  I.  frutescens,  L.     Shrubby  at  the  base,  nearly  smooth  (3° -8°  high); 
leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  rather  fleshy,  the  upper 
reduced  to  linear  bracts,  in  the  axils  of  which  the  heads  are  disposed,  forming 
leafy  panicled  racemes ;  fertile  flowers  and  scales  of  the  involucre  5.  —  Salt 
marshes,  coast  of  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug. 

2.  I.  CilifBta,  Willd.    Annual  (2° -8°  high),  rough  and  hairy;  leaves  ovate, 
pointed,  coarsely  toothed,  downy  beneath,  on  slender  ciliate  petioles ;  heads  in  dense 
panicled  spikes,  with  conspicuous  ovate-lanceolate  rough-ciliate  bracts ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  and  fertile  flowers  3-5.  —  Moist  ground,  from  Illinois  south- 
ward.    Aug.  -  Oct. 

' 

30.     AMBROSIA,    Tourn.        RAGWEED. 

Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  occupying  different  heads  on  the  same  plant ;  tho 
fertile  1-3  together  and  sessile  in  the  axil  of  leaves  or  bracts,  at  the  base  of  tho 
racemes  or  spikes  of  sterile  heads.  Sterile  involucres  flattish  or  top-shaped, 
composed  of  7  - 12  scales  united  into  a  cup,  containing  5-20  funnel  form  stami- 
nate flowers ;  with  slender  chaff  intermixed,  or  none.  Fertile  involucre  (fruit) 
oblong  or  top-shaped,  closed,  pointed,  and  usually  with  4-8  tubercles  or  horns 
near  the  top  in  one  row,  enclosing  a  single  flower  which  is  composed  of  a  pistil 
only ;  the  elongated  branches  of  the  style  protruding.  Achenia  ovoid :  pappua 
none.  —  Chiefly  annual  coarse  weeds,  with  opposite  or  alternate  U  he«l  cv  dis 


(COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


sected  leaves,  and  inconspicuous  greenish  or  whitish  flowers.     ('A/i/3po<r«z,  the 
food  of  tlie  gods,  an  ill-chosen  name  for  these  worthless  and  coarse  weeds.) 

$  1 .  Sterile  heads  sessile,  crowded  in  a  dense  cylindrical  spike,  the  top-shaped  involucre 
with  the  truncate  margin  extended  on  one  side  into  a  large,  lanceolate,  hooded, 
recurved,  bristly-hairy  tooth  or  appendage ;  fertile  involucre  oblong  and  ^-angled. 

1.  A.  bideiltata,  Michx.     Hairy  (1° -3°  high),  very  leafy;  leaves  al- 
ternate, lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  nearly  entire,  except  a  short  lobe  or  tooth 
on  each  side  near  the  hase.     Q)  —  Prairies  of  Illinois  and  southward.     Aug. 

§  2.  Sterile  heads  in  single  or  panicled  racemes  or  spikes,  the  involucre  regular. 
*  Leaves  opposite,  only  lobetl:  sterile  involucre  3-ribbcd  on  one  side. 

2.  A.  trifida,  L.     (GREAT  RAGWEED.)      Stem   square,  stout    (4°-12° 
high),  rough-hairy,  as  are  the  large  deeply  3-lobed  leaves,  the  lobes  oval-lanceo- 
late and  serrate ;  petioles  margined ;  fruit  obovate,  6-ribbcd  and  tubercled.     (D 
—  Var.  iNTEGRir6LiA  is  only  a  smaller  form,  with  the  upper  leaves  or  all  of 
them  undivided,  ovate  or  oval.  —  Moist  river-banks ;  common.     Aug. 

*  #  Leaves  many  of  them  alternate,  once  or  twice  pinnatifid. 

3.  A.  arteniisirefolia,  L.    (ROMAN  WORMWOOD.    HOG-WEED.    BIT- 
TER-WEED.)    Much  branched   (l°-3°  high),  hairy  or  roughish-pubesccnt ; 
leaves  thin,  twice-pinnatijid,  smoothish  above,  paler  or  hoary  beneath ;  fruit  obo- 
void  or  globular,  armed  with  about  6  short  acute  teeth  or  spines.     ®  —  Waste 
places  everywhere.     July  -  Sept.  —  An  extremely  variable  weed,  with  finely 
cut  leaves,  embracing  several  nominal  species. 

4.  A.  psilOStacliya,  DC.     Paniculate-branched    (2° -5°  high),  rough 
and  somewhat  hoary  with  short  hispid  hairs;  leaves  once  pinnatifid,  tlnckiah,  the 
lobes  acute,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  often  incised ;  fruit  obovoid,  without  tuber- 
cles or  with  very  small  ones,  pubescent,    (l)   (A.  coronopifolia,  Torr.  $*  Gr.)  — 
Prairies  and  plains,  Illinois  and  south  westward.     Aug. 

31.    XANTIIIUITI,    Tourn.        COCKLEBCR.     CLOTHUR. 

Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  occupying  different  heads  on  the  same  plant ;  the 
latter  clustered  below,  the  former  in  short  spikes  or  racemes  above.  Sterile 
involucres  and  flowers  as  in  Ambrosia,  but  the  scales  separate.  Fertile  invo- 
lucre closed,  coriaceous,  ovoid  or  oblong,  clothed  with  hooked  prickles  so  as  to 
form  a  rough  bur,  2-celled,  2-flowered ;  the  floors  consisting  of  a  pistil  with  a 
slender  thread-form  corolla.  Achenia  oblong,  flat;  destitute  of  pappus.-— 
Coarse  and  vile  weeds,  with  annual  roots,  low  and  branching  stout  steins,  and 
alternate  toothed  or  lobed  petioled  leaves.  (Name  from  £dv6os,  yellow,  in  allu 
sion  to  the  color  the  plants  are  said  to  yield.) 

1.  X.  striuiiariinii,  L.  (COMMON  COCKLEBUR.)  Rough;  stems  un- 
armed; leaves  dilated-triangular  and  more  or  less  heart-shaped,  on  long  petioles, 
toothed  and  cut  or  obscurely  lobed;  fruit  oval  or  oblong  (£  -§'  long),  pubes 
cent  on  the  lower  part  of  and  between  the  hooked  prickles,  and  with  two  strong 
and  usually  straight  beaks  at  the  summit.  —  Barn-yards,  &c.  (Nat.  from  Eu  )  — 
Varies  inlo  forms  -vith  more  spotted  stems,  and  often  larger  fruit  (%'-!'  long), 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.,  213 

which  is  cither  glabrous,  glandular,  or  glandular  hairy,  the  prickles  longci  and 
the  beaks  often  incurved.  (X.  Canadcnse,  Mill.,  £c.)  —  River-hanks,  &<_•.,  com 
rnon  westward ;  apparently  indigenous.  And  tkis  passes  into 

Var.  CCllilltatum.  (X.  echinatum,  Man-.,  &c.)  Fruit  turgid  (!'  long), 
thickly  clothed  with  long  prickles,  glandular-hispid,  the  beaks  commonly  in- 
curved. —  Sandy  sea-shore,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  and  rivers.  Perhaps  an 
immigrant  from  farther  south.  Now  scattered  over  the  warm  parts  of  die  world. 

li.  X.  SPINOSUM,  L.  (THORNY  CLOTBUR.)  Iloary-pubeseent ;  stems  slen- 
der, with  slender  yellow  '^-parted  spines  at  the  base  of  the  lanceolate  or  ovate* 
lanceolate  leaves ;  these  taper  into  a  short  petiole,  are  white-downy  beneath,  often 
2-3-lobed  or  cut;  fruit  (£'  long)  pointed  with  a  single  short  beak.  —  Waste  places 
oil  the  sea-b<5ard.  Sept. -Nov.  (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.  ?} 

32.    TETRAGOTCOTHECA,    Dill.        TETRAGONOTHKCA. 

Heads  many -flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  6-9,  fertile.  Involucre  double ;  the 
outer  of  4  large  and  leafy  ovate  scales,  which  are  united  below  by  their  margins 
into  a  4-angled  or  winged  cup ;  the  inner  of  as  many  small  and  chaffy  scales  as 
there  are  ray-flowers,  and  partly  clasping  their  achenia.  Receptacle  convex  or 
conical,  with  narrow  and  membranaccous  chaff  between  the  flowers.  Achenia 
roundish  and  obovoid,  flat  at  the  top.  Pappus  none.  —  An  erect  perennial  herb, 
viscidly  hairy  when  young,  with  opposite  and  coarsely  toothed  oval  or  oblong 
leaves,  their  sessile  bases  sometimes  connate,  and  large  single  heads  of  pale 
yellow  flowers,  on  terminal  peduncles.  (Name  compounded  of  TeTpdywos, 
four-angled,  and  OrjKrj,  a  case,  from  the  shape  of  the  involucre.) 

1.  T.  lieliantSloides,  L.  —  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.    June 

33.    ECLIPTA,    L.        ECLIPTA. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  short,  fertile ;  the  disk-flowers  per 
feet,  4-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  10-12,  in  2  rows,  leaf-like,  oVate-lan- 
ceolate.  Receptacle  flat,  with  almost  bristle-form  chaff  between  the  flowers. 
Achenia  short,  3-4-sided,  or  in  the  disk  laterally  flattened,  roughened  on  the 
sides,  hairy  at  the  summit;  the  pappus  none,  or  an  obscure  denticulate  crown. — 
Annual  or  biennial  rough  herbs,  with  slender  stems  and  opposite  lanceolate  or 
oblong  leaves.  Heads  solitary,  small.  Flowers  whitish  :  anthers  brown.  (Name 
from  cVcXtarv,  to  be  deficient,  alluding  to  the  absence  of  pappus.) 

1.  E.  procumbens,  Michx.  Rough  with  close  appressed  hairs  ;  stems 
procumbent,  creeping,  or  ascending;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each 
end,  sessile,  slightly  serrate;  peduncles  many  times  longer  than  the  head.  - 
Var.  BRACHYPODA  has  the  peduncles  not  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the 
heads.  —  Wet  river-banks,  Penn.  to  Illinois,  arid  southward.  June  -  Oct. 

34.     BO  It  RICH  I  A,    Adans.        SEA  OX-EYE. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  fertile.  Scales  of  the  hemispherical 
involucre  imbricated.  Receptacle  flat,  covered  with  lanceolate  rigid  and  per- 
sistent chaff.  Achenia  somewhat  wedge-shaped,  3- 4-anglcd.  Pappus  a  short 


214:  COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.^ 

4-toothcd  crown.  —  Shrubby  low  maritime  plants,  coriaceous  or  fleshy,  with 
opposite  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  peduncled  terminal  heads  of  yellow 
Sowers  :  anthers  blackish.  (Named  for  Olof  Borrich,  a  Danish  botanist.) 

1.  B.  frutcsceiiS,  DC.  Whitened  with  a  minute  silky  pubescence 
(6'-  12'  high) ;  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  often  toothed  near  the 
base;  chaff  rigidly  pointed.  —  Virginia  and  southward. 

35.    IIEL.IOPSIS,    Pers.        OX-EYE. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  10  or  more,  fertile.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  in  2  or  3  rows ;  the  outer  leaf-like  and  somewhat  spreading,  the  inner 
shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical :  chaff  linear.  Achenia  smooth,  4- 
angular.  Pappus  none,  or  a  mere  border.  —  Perennial  herbs,  like  Helianthus. 
Heads  showy,  peduncled,  terminating  the  stem  or  branches  Leaves  opposite, 
petiolcd,  triple-ribed,  serrate.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  composed  of  17X10$, 
the  sun,  and  etyas,  appearance,  from  a  resemblance  to  the  Sunflower.) 

1.  II.  lie  vis,  Pers.  Nearly  smooth  (l°-4°  high)  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  oblong-ovate.  —  Var.  scABRA  has  roughish  foliage,  and  the  involucre 
somewhat  hoaiy .  —  Banks  and  copses ;  common.  Aug. 

36.     ECIIINACEA,    Mcench.        PURPLE   CONE-FLOWER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  very  long,  drooping,  pistillate  but 
sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  lanceolate,  spreading.  Receptacle 
conical ;  the  lanceolate  chaff  tipped  with  a  cartilaginous  point,  longer  than  the 
disk-flowers.  Achenia  thick  and  short,  4-sided.  Pappus  a  small  toothed  border. 
—  Perennial  herbs,  with  the  stout  and  nearly  simple  stems  naked  above  and  ter- 
minated by  a  single  large  head ;  the  leaves  chiefly  alternate,  3-5-nerved.  Rays 
rose-purple,  rather  persistent ;  disk  purplish.  (Name  formed  from  'E^u/os,  the 
Hedgehog,  or  Sea-urchin,  in  allusion  to  the  spiny  chaff  of  the  disk.) 

1.  E.   purptlrea,    Mcench.      Leaves  rough,   often   serrate  ;    the   lowos* 
ovate,  5-nerved,  veiny,  long-petioled ;  the  others  ocate-lanceolate ;  involucre  imbri- 
cated in  3-5  rows;  stem  smooth,  or  in  one  variety  (E.  scrotum,  DC.)  rough 
bristly,  as  well  as  the  leaves.  —  Prairies  and  banks,  from  W.  Penn.  and  Ohio 
southward  and  westward.     July.  —  Rays  15 -20,  dull  purple  (rarely  whitish). 
l'-2'  long.     Root  thick,  black,  very  pungent  to  the  taste,  used  in  popular  med 
icine  under  the  name  of  Blade  Sampson. 

2.  E.  angtistifolia,  DC.     Leaves,  as  well  as  the  slender  simple  stem, 
bristly-hairy,  lanceolate  and  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  entire;  involucre  less  imbri- 
cated ;  rays  12-15  (2'  long),  rose-color  or  red.  — Plains,  from  Illinois  and  Wis- 
consin southwestward.     Jane -Aug. 

37.    RUDBECKIA,    L.        CONE-FLOWER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  neutral.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
leaf-like,  in  about  2  rows,  spreading.  Receptacle  conical  or  eolumrai  ,  the  short 
chaff  concave,  not  rigid.  Achenia  4-angular,  smooJi,  not  margined,  flat  at  the 


(COMPOSITE  FAMILT.)  215 

top,  with  no  pappus,  or  a  minute  crown-like  border.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs, 
with  alternate  leaves,  and  showy  heads  terminating  the  stem  or  branches  ;  iho 
rays  generally  long  and  drooping,  yellow.  (Named  in  honor  of  the  Professors 
Rudbeck,  father  and  son,  predecessors  of  Linnasus  at  Upsal. ) 

*  Disk  columnar  in  fruit,  dull  greenish-yellow :  leaves  divided  and  cut. 

1.  R.  laciniata,  L.     Stem   smooth,  branching    (3° -7°  high);   leaves 
smooth  or  roughish,  the  lowest  pinnate,  with  5-7  cut  or  3-lobed  leaflets  ;  upper 
leaves  irregularly  3  -  5-parted ;  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  or  the  upper- 
most undivided ;  heads  long-peduncled ;  chaff  truncate  and  downy  at  the  tip ; 
rays  linear  (l'-2'  long),  drooping.  —  Low  thickets;  common.     July-  Sept. 

*  #  Disk  globular,  pale  brownish :  lower  leaves  3-parted :  receptacle  sweet-scented. 

2.  R.  Sllbtomcntosa,  Pursh.     Stem  branching  above  (3° -4°  high), 
downy,  as  well  as  the  lower  side  of  the  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  serrate  leaves ; 
heads  short-peduncled ;  chaff  downy  at  the  blunt  apex.  —  Prairies,  Wisconsin, 
Illinois,  and  southward. 

*  *  *  Disk  broadly  conical,  dark  purple  or  brown  :  leaves  undivided,  except  No.  3. 

3.  R.  triloba,  L.     Hairy,  much   branched   (2° -5°  high),  the  branches 
Blender  and  spreading  ;  upper  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed,  the  lower 
3-lobed,  tapering  at  the  base,  coarsely  serrate  (those  from  the  root  pinnately  parted 
or  undivided) ;  rays  8,  oval  or  oblong  ;  chaff  of  the  black-purple  disk  smooth, 
awned.     (2)  —  Dry  soil,  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    Aug.  —  Heads  small, 
but  numerous  and  showy. 

4.  R.  Speciosa,  Wender.     Roughish-hairy  (l°-2°  high),  branched;  the 
branches  upright,  elongated  and  naked  above,  terminated  by  single  large  heads ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  petioled,  3  -  5-nerved,  coarsely 
and  unequally  toothed  or  incised ;  involucre  much  shorter  than  the  numerous  elon- 
gated (!'-  1^')  rays  ;  chaff  of  the  dark  purple  disk  acutish,  smooth.  —  Dry  soil, 
W.  Penn.  to  Ohio  and  Virginia.     July. 

5.  R.  fulgida,  Ait.     Hairy,  the  branches  naked  at  the  summit  and  bear- 
ing single  heads  ;  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  triple-nerved, 
the  upper  entire,  mostly  obtuse ;  rays  about  12,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  involucre ; 
chaff  of  the  dark  purple  disk  nearly  smooth  and  blunt.  —  Dry  soil,  Penn.  to 
Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Variable,  l°-3°  high  :  the  rays  orange-yellow. 

6.  R.  llirta,  L.     Very  rough  and  bristly-hairy  throughout ;  stems  simple 
or  branched  near  the  base,  stout   (l°-2°  high),  naked  above,  bearing  single 
large  heads ;  leaves  nearly  entire ;  the  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sessile ;  the  lower 
spatulate,  triple-nerved,  petioled ;  rays  (about  14)  more  or  less  exceeding  the 
involucre;  chaff  of  the  dull  brown  disk  hairy  at  the  tip,  acutish.  —  Dry  soil,  \V. 
New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.    Wow  common  eastward,  in  meadows, 
of  recent  introduction,  with  grass-seed  from  the  West.    June — Aug.    Coarser 
and  less  showy  than  the  preceding,  variable  in  the  size  of  the  rays. 

38.    LEPACIIYS,    Raf.         (OBELISCARIA,  DO.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  few,  neutral.    Scales  of  the  involucre 
few  and  small,  spreading.     Reoeptacle  oblong  or  columnar:  the  chaff  truncate. 


216  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

thickened,  and  bearded  at  the  tip,  partly  embracing  the  flattened  and  margined 
adicnia.  Pappus  none,  or  2  teeth.  —  Perennial,  herbs,  with  alternate  pinnate 
leaves ;  the  grooved  stems  or  branches  naked  above,  and  terminated  by  single 
showy  heads.  Rays  yellow  or  party-colored,  large  and  drooping ;  the  disk  gray- 
ish. (Name  from  AeTri'r,  a  scale,  and  ira\vs,  thick,  referring  to  the  thickened  tips 
of  the  chaff.) 

1.  L,.  pinnflta.,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Hoary  with  minute  appressed  hairs,  slen- 
der (4°  high),  brandling;  leaflets  3-7,  lanceolate,  acute;  disk  oblong,  much 
shorter  than  the  large  and  drooping  light-yellow  rays  (which  are  2' long). — 
Dry  soil,  from  Chatauque  County,  New  York  (Sartwell),  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.  July.  —  The  receptacle  exhales  an  anisate  odor  when  bruised. 
Achenia  slightly  margined  on  the  inner  edge,  obscurely  2-toothed  at  the  top. 

39.    HE  LI  AN  XII  US,    L.         SUNFLOWER 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  several  or  many,  neutral.  Involucre 
Imbricated.  Receptacle  flattish  or  convex ;  the  persistent  chaft'  embracing  the 
4-sidcd  and  laterally  compressed  achenia,  which  arc  neither  winged  nor  mar- 
gined. Pappus  very  deciduous,  of  2  thin  chaffy-awned  scales  on  the  principal 
angles  of  the  achenium,  and  often  2  or  more  little  intermediate  scales.  —  Coarse 
and  stout  herbs  (often  exuding  a  resin),  with  solitary  or  corymbed  heads,  and 
yellow  rays  :  flowering  towards  autumn.  (Name  from  i^Xtoy,  the  sun,  and  av6os, 
a  flower.)  — All  our  wild  species  are  perennial. 

#  Disk  convex,  dark  purple :  leaves  opjwsite,  or  the  upper  alternate. 
•*-  Scales  of  the  involucre  tapering  into  narrow  and  spreading  herbaceous  tips. 

1.  II.  ailgrustifolillS,  L.     Stem  slender  (2° -6°  high);  leaves  long  and 
linear,  sessile,   entire,  with  revolute  margins,  1 -nerved,    pale  beneath ;   heads 
(small)  loosely  corymbed,  long-pcduncled.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to 
Kentucky  and  southward. 

•*-  •*-  Scales  of  the.  involucre  regularly  imbricated  and  appressed,  ovate  or  broadly 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  cilidte,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tij)s.     (Leaves  nearly  all  opposite.) 

2.  H.  atroi'llbCIlS,  L.    Rough-hairy;  stem  slender  (2°-  5°  high),  smooth, 
and  naked  and  forking  above  ;  leaves  thin,  ovate  or  oval,  or  the  lowest  heart-shaped 
(3'-6'  long),  sen-ate,  abruptly  conti-acted  into  a  margined  petiole;  heads  small, 
corymbed;  rays  10-16;  pappus  of  2  fringed  scales.  —  Dry  soil,  Virginia,    Illi- 
nois, and  southward. 

3.  II.  rigidllS,  Desf.       Stem   stout    (l°-3°  high),   simple   or   sparingly 
biandied,  rough;  leaves  very  thick  and  ri(/id,  rough  both  sides,  oblong-lanceolate, 
usually  pointed  at  both  ends,  nearly  sessile,  slightly  serrate,  the  lowest  oval ; 
\ia\(\<  nearly  solitary,  pretty  large;  rays  20-25;  pappus  of  2  large  and  often 
several  small  scales.  —  Dry  prairies,  Michigan  to  Illinois,  and  westward. 

*  #  Disk  convex,  yellow  :  scales  of  tlie  involucre  regularly  imbricated  and  appressed, 
with  sonicu'hat  spretiih'ng  and  acute  (but  not  foliaceous)  tips  :  leaves  chiefly  oppetttt* 

4.  II.  laitiflorus,  Pers.     Stout  and  rough  (3°  -4°  high),  brandling  above; 
leaves  oval-lanceolate,  very  rough  both  sides,  narrowed  into  short  petioles,  serrate,  taper- 
pointed,  the  iiMpc'-uiost  alternate  and  nearly  er  ire;  heads  single  or  corymbed, 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  217 

ou  naked  peduncles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovatr -lanceolate,  pointed,  ciliale. — 
Dry  open  places,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward  — Leaves  almost  as  thick  aa 
in  No.  3.  Ruys  showy,  l'-2'  long. 

5.  II.  OCCidciitiiliS,  Riddell.     Somewhat   hairy;  stem   slender,  simple, 
naked  above  (i°-3°  high,  and  sending  out  runners  from  the  base),  beam:.;  1-5 
small  heads  on  long  peduncles ;  lowest  leaves  oval  or  lanceolate-ovate,  3-nerved, 
obscurely  serrate,  roughish-pubescent  beneath,  abruptly  contracted  into  fang  hairy  peti- 
oles;  the  upper  small  and  remote  (all  opposite),  entire;  scales  of  the  involucre 
oval-lanceolate,  pointed,  ciliate. —  Dry  barrens,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky, 
and  southward. 

6.  II.  ciliereus,    var.    Sullivan  His,   Torr.  &  Gr.     Gray  with  a  dose 
roughish  pubescence ;  stem  branching  above,  hairy ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  sessile  by  a 
narrowed  base,  acute,  obscurely  serrate ;  the  upper  small  and  remote ;  peduncles 
nlender;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  hoary.  —  Darby  Plains,  Ohio,  Sulli- 
vant.     Stem  2° -3°  high,  bearing  few  heads  as  large  as  those  of  the  next. 

7.  H.  Iliollis,  Lam.     Stem  clothed  with  soft  white  hairs,  simple,  leafy  to 
the  top  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  ovate,  with  a  broad  heart-shaped  and  clasping  base, 
pointed,  nearly  entire,  hoary  above,  very  soft  white-woolly  and  reticulated  under- 
neath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  downy.  —  Barrens  and  prairies,  Ohio 
to  Illinois,  and  westward. 

*  *  *  Heads  small :  scales  of  the  involucre  few,  shorter  than  the  yellow  disk,  irregu- 
larly imbricated,  appressed,  the  outer  with  spreading  foliaceous  pointed  tips :  rays 
5  -  8  :  leaves  all  but  the  uppermost  opposite. 

8.  II.  niicroc£i>lia!u§,  Torr.  &  Gr.    Stem  smooth  (3°  -8°  high),  with 
numerous  slender  branches  above  ;  leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  some- 
what serrate,  veiny,  pctioled,  rough  above,  downy  or  hairy  underneath  ;  pedun- 
cles slender,  rough  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate. 
—  Thickets,  W.  Pcnn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Heads  J' broad,  the  rays 
nearly  1'  long. 

9.  II.  IcCVigatus,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stem  slender  (l°-4°  high),  simple  or 
sparingly  branched,  very  smooth  and  glabrous  throughout,  as  well  as  the  slightly 
serrate  lanceolate  leaves. — Dry  soil,  Allcghany  Mountains,  west  of  the  Warm 
Springs  of  Virginia,  and  southward. 

#  *  *  *  Pleads  middle-sized  or  large :  scales  of  the  ini'olucre  irregularly  imbricated, 

loose,  with  spreading  foliaceous  tips,  as  long  as  the  yelloic  disk  or  longer. 
f  Leaves  chiefly  alternate  or  scattered,  feather-veined,  sometimes  obscure///  triple-ribbed, 

10.  II.  grigiintCUS,  L.      Stem  hairy  or  rough   (3° - 10°  high),    branched 
above ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  very  rough  above,  rough-hairy  beneath, 
narrowed  and  ciliate  at  the  base,  but  nearly  sessile;  scales  of  the  involucre  long, 
linear-lanceolate,  pointed,  hairy,  or  strongly  ciliate.  —  Var.  AMiifouus  has  most 
of  the  leaves  opposite  and  closely  sessile  by  an  obtuse  base,  and  approaches  No. 

—  Low  thickets  and  swamps;  common.     Heads  somewhat  corymbccl  :  the 
yellow  rays  1 5  -  20. 

11.  H.  gTOSSe-SCrrsttUS,  Martens.     Stem  smooth  and  ghncons,  at  least 
fxdow    (5°     10°  high) ;    leaves    elongated-lanceolate    or    ovate-lanceolate,    tapes 


£; 


218  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

pointed,  serrate,  rough  above,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  base,  petioted,  rough 
above,  lioary  and  downy  beneath;  scales  of  the  involucre  lance-awl-shaped,  slight- 
ly ciliate.  —  Dry  plains,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southwestward  — Probably  runs 
into  the  last. 

12.  H.  tOIlientOSUS,   Michx.     Stem  hairy,  stout  (4° -8°  high);  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  ovate,  taper-pointed,  obscurely  serrate,  large  (5'-  12 
long),  somewhat  petioled,  very  rough  above,  soft-downy  beneath;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre with  very  long  and  spreading  tips,  hairy,  the  chuff  and  tips  of  the  disk- 
flowers  pubescent.     (Disk  1'  broad;  rays  12-16,  1'  long.)  — Rich  woods,  Illi- 
nois 1  Virginia  and  southward  along  the  mountains. 

•*-  •*-  Leaves  opposite,  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  3-nerved  or  triple-ribbed. 

13.  II.  StruniOSUS,  L.     Stem  rather  simple  (3° -4°  high),  smooth   bo 
low ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  to  a  point,  serrate  with  small  appressed 
teeth,  abruptly  contracted  into  short  margined  petioles,  rough  above,  whitish  and 
naked  or  minutely  downy  underneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  lanceolate 
with  spreading  tips,  equalling  the  disk;  rays  mostly  10. — Var.  MOLL  is  has  the 
leaves  softly  downy  underneath.  —  River-banks  and  low  copses  ;  common,  espe- 
cially westward. 

14.  H.  divaricfrtlis,  L.     Stem  simple  or  forked  and  corymbed  at  the 
top   (l°-4°  high)  smooth;  leaves  all  opposite  and  divaricate,  ovate-lanceolate,  3- 
nervedjrom  the  rounded  or  truncate  sessile  base,  tapering  gradually  to  a  sharp  point 
(3' -6'  long),  serrate,  thickish,  rough  both  sides;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate 
from  a  broad  base,  pointed,  equalling  the  disk  ;  rays  8-12.  —  Thickets  and  bar- 
rens;  common.  —  Disk  £'  wide;  rays  1' long. 

15.  H.  llirsiltllS,  Raf.     Stem  simple  or  forked  above,  stout  (1°-  2°  high), 
bristly-hairy ;  leaves  more  or  less  petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  pointed,  slightly 
serrate,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  very  rough  above,  rough-hairy  underneath; 
scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  equalling  the  disk  ;  rays  about 
12.  —  Dry  plains,  &c.,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Too  near  the  last. 

16.  II.  traclicliifolius,  Willd.     Stem  loosely  branched,  tall,  hairy; 
leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  or   oblong-lanceolate,   taper-pointed,   sharply   serrate, 
smootkish  or  roughish-pubescent  both  sides,  contracted  into  sln>rt  petioles;  scales  of 
the  involucre  lanceolate-linear,  elongated  and  very  taper-pointed,  loose,  exceed- 
ing the  disk ;  rays  12-15.  —  Copses,  Penn.  1  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  — 
Probably  runs  into  the  next. 

17.  II.  dccapetalllS,  L.     Stem  branching  (3° -6°  high),  smocth  be- 
low; leaves  thin  and  green  both  sides,  smooth  or  rough!  sh,  orate,  coarsely  serrate, 
pointed,  abruptly  contracted  into  margined  petioles;  scales  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate-linear,  elongated,  loosely  spreading,  the  outer  longer  than  the  disk  ; 
rays  a/>out  10. — Var.  FROND6sus  has  the  outer  involucral  scales  foliaceous  or 
changing  to  leaves.  —  Copses  and  low  banks  of  streams;  common,  especially 
northward.     (11.  multiflorus,  L.,  is  probably  a  cultivated  stale  of  this.) 

18.  II.  doroiiiCOldes,  Lam.     Stem   stout    (5°-!)°   high),   branching, 
rough-Jiainj  ubor<-  :  hares  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  sem//<.,  stmnyfy  triple 
vdnt-d,  rough  above,  smoothish  or  doumy  underneath,  the  lower  often  heart-shaped 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  219 

and  on  margined  petioles;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  pointed, 
scarcely  exceeding  the  disk;  rays  12-15.  —  River-bottoms,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and 
southward. — A  coarse  species,  with  showy  heads,  and  ample  thickish  leaves 
(the  lower  often  1°  long) ;  the  upper  ones  frequently  alternate.  This  is  most 
probably  the  original  of 

H.  TUBER6sus,  L.,  the  JERUSALEM  ARTICHOKE,  (i.  e.  Girasole  of  the  Ital- 
ians, meaning  the  same  as  sunflower,  and  corrupted  in  England  into  Jerusalem), 
which  has  all  the  upper  leaves  alternate.  It  has  escaped  from  old  gardens  into 
fence-rows  in  some  places. 

H.  A.NNUUS,  L.,  the  COMMON  SUNFLOWER,  which  sometimes  sows  itself 
around  dwellings,  belongs  to  the  annual  section  of  the  genus,  with  large  flat 
heads  and  a  brownish  disk.  It  probably  belongs  to  the  warmer  parts  of  North 
America. 

4O.    ACTINOMERIS,    Nutt.        ACTINOMERIS. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  few  or  several,  neutral,  or  rarely  none.  In- 
volucre foliaceous,  nearly  equal,  in  1  to  3  rows.  Receptacle  convex  or  conical, 
shaffy ;  the  chaff  embracing  the  outer  margin  of  the  flat  (laterally  compressed) 
»nd  winged  achenia.  Pappus  of  2  smooth  persistent  awns.  —  Tall  and  branch- 
ing perennial  herbs,  with  serrate  feather-veined  leaves,  tapering  to  the  base  and 
mostly  decurrent  on  the  stem.  Heads  corymbed  :  flowers  chiefly  yellow.  (Name 
from  aKTiV,  a  ray,  and  p-cpis)  a  part ;  alluding  to  the  fewness  or  irregularity  of 
the  rays.) 

1.  A.  squarrosa,  Nutt.     Stem  somewhat  hairy  and  winged  above  (4° -8° 
high) ;  leaves  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  point- 
ed at  both  ends ;  heads  in  an  open  corymbed  panicle ;  scales  of  the  involucre  in 
2  rows,  the  outer  linear-spatulate,  reflexed  ;  rays  4-10,  irregular ;  achenia  broad- 
ly winged;  receptacle  globular.  —  Rich  soil,  W.  New  York  (Sartwell)  to  Michi- 
gan, Illinois,  and  southward.     Sept. 

2.  A.  lieliailtlftOldes,  Nutt.     Stem  hairy  (l°-3°  high),  widely  winged 
by  the  ovate-lanceolate  sessile  alternate  leaves,  which  are  rough  above  and  soft- 
hairy  beneath ;  heads   few ;  scales   of  the  involucre  not  spreading ;  rai/s  8-15, 
regular,  narrow ;  achenia  oval,  slightly  winged,  tipped  with  2  fragile  brisLy 
awns;  receptacle  conical.  —  Prairies  and  copses,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  south- 
ward.    July. 

41.    COREOPSIS,    L.        TICKSEED. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  mostly  8,  neutral,  rarely  wanting. 
Involucre  double ;  each  of  about  8  scales,  the  outer  rather  foliaceous  and  some- 
what spreading;  the  inner  broader  and  appressed,  nearly  membranaceous. 
Receptacle  flat,  with  membranaceous  chaff  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Achenia 
flat  (compressed  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  involucre),  often  winged,  not 
beaked  or  narrowed  at  the  top,  2-toothed,  2-awned,  or  sometimes  naked  at  tne 
summit,  the  awns  never  barbed  downwardly.  —  Herbs,  generally  with  opposite 
leaves,  and  yellow  or  party-colored,  rarely  purple,  rays.  (Name  from  *of>.y, 
a  bug,  and  o^ris,  resemblance;  from  the  form  of  the  fruit.)  See  Addend. 


220  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.) 

$  1.   Corolla  of  the  ray  and  disk  yellow :  branches  of  the  style  tipped  with  a  poinfa* 

or  acute  appendage. 

Achenia  wingless,  wedge-oblong,  flat,  2-awned  or  Z-toothed :  scales  of  the  cuter  invif 
lucre  leafy,  re  flexed:  leaves  opjnsile,  petioled,  generally  pinnately  or  ternately  com- 
pound, the  leaflets  serrate :  biennials?  (Plants  with  the  aspect  of  Bidens,  bur 
the  uwns  barbed  upwardly.) 

+-Rays  wanting. 

1.  C.  discoidea,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Smooth,  diffusely  branched;  leaves  ter- 
nately  divided;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  coarsely  serrate;  heads  panicu- 
late-corymbed ;  outer  involucre  of  3  -  5  foliaceous  bracts  usually  much  longer  than 
tlie  heads ;  achenia  hairy  ;  the  awns  or  teeth  as  long  as  the  corolla,  barbed  upward. 
Swamps,   III,    Ohio  and  southward.     July -Sept. —  Plant  1°- 2°  high. 

2.  C.  bidcntoides,  Nutt.     Dwarf,  diffusely  branched,  smoothish ;  kaves 
lanceolate-linear,   cut-toothed,  tapering   into   a   petiole  ;    aivns   slender,  upwardly 
barbed,  much  longer  than  the  corolla  or  the  bristly  young  achenium.  -  -2scar  Phil- 
adelphia, NuttaU.  —  A  very  obscure  species. 

•»-  •*-  Rays  conspicuous  (golden-yellow  and  shorn/ ) . 

3.  C.  trictiospcrma,  Miclix.      (TICKSEED  SUNFLOWBR.)      Smooth, 
branched;  leaves  short-petioled,  5-7-divided;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  linear,  cut- 
toothed,  or  the  upper  leaves  only  3  -  5-cleft  and  almost  sessile  ;  heads  panicled- 
corymbose  ;  achenia  narrowly  wedge-oblong,  bristly-ciliate  above,  croicncd  with  2 
triangular  or  awl-shaped  stout  teeth.  —  Swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  pear 
the  coast.     Sept. 

4.  C.  aristosa,    Michx.      Somewhat   pubescent  ;    leaves    1  -  2-pinnatdy 
5  -  7 -divided,  petioled  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  cut-toothed  or  pinnatilid  ;  heads  pani- 
cled-corymbose ;  outer  involucre  of  10-12  leafy  bracts;  achenia  oblong-obovaie, 
obscurely  margined,  bristly-ciiiate,  with  2  —  4  long  and  slender  diverging  awns  (in 
one  variety  awn  less).  —  Swamps,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.    Aug. 

#  *  Achenia  elliptical,  narrowly  winged,  the  narroivly  notched  summit  of  the  wing 
minutely  lacerate-toothed :  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  foliaceous,  much  smaller  than 
the  inner,  all  united  at  the  base:  rays  obtuse,  entire:  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  3- 
5-*iw,'dvd :  perennial. 

5.  C.  tripteris,  L.     (TALL   COREOPSIS.)     Smooth;  stem  simple  (4°- 
•J°  high),  corymbed  at  the  top;  leaflets  lanceolate,  acute,  entire.     (Chrysostem- 
ma.  Less.)  —  Penn,  and  Michigan   to  Illinois  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Heads 
exhaling  the  odor  of  anise  when  bruised  :  disk  turning  brownish. 

#  #  #  Achenia  oblong,  narrowly  winged,  minutely  or  obscurely  2-toothed  at  (he  sum- 
mit :  scales  of  the  oilier  involucre  narrow,  about  the  length  of  the  inner,  all  united  at 
the.  base:  rays  iiioxt/y  entire  and  acute:  leai-es  opjwsite,  sessile,  mostly  3-divided, 
therefore  appearing  as  if  whorlcd :  perennial  (l°-3°  high). 

6.  C.  SCllifolia,  Michx.     Leaves  each  divided  into  3  sessile  ovate-lanceo- 
late entire  Intjlta,  therefore  appearing  like  6  in  a  whorl  :  plant  minutely  soft 
pubescent.  —  Sandy  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.     July. 

Var.  Stellata,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Glabrous ;  the  leaves  narrower.     (C.  stellate, 
Nutt.)     Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  221 

7.  C.  <lol  plsiaiifolia,  Lam.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  divided  in- 
to 3  sessile  leaflets  which  are  2  -  5-parted,  their  divisions  lance-linear  ( 1 "  -  3"  broad), 
rather  rigid  ;  disk  brownish.  —  Fine  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.     July. 

8.  C.  verticillata,  L.     Glabrous;  leaves  divided  into  3  sessile  lea/lets 
which  are  1  -  2-frinnatcly  parted  into  narrowly  linear  or  filiform  divisions.  —  Damp 
Boil,  from  Maryland  and  Michigan  southward.     Also  in  gardens.     July-  Sept. 

9.  C.  |KlllSliita,  Nutt.      Nearly   smooth,   simple;  Ic.aves   broadly   <vedg&~ 
shaped,  deep!//  3-cleft,  rigid  ;  the  lobes  broadly  linear,  entire,  or  the  middle  one  3- 
lobed. — Prairies,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  and  south  westward.     July. 

#  *  #  *  Achenia  nearly  orbicular,  broadly  winged,  incurved,  furnished  with  a  calf  OHM 
tubercle  on  the  inside  at  the  top  and  bottom,  crowned  with  2  small  chaff-like  denticu- 
late teeth  :  outer  involucre  about  the  length  of  the  inner :  rays  large,  coarsely  3-5- 
tooUted:  leaves  opposite  or  the  uppermost  alternate:  heads  on  long  naked  peduncles. 

10.  C.  auriculata.  Linn.     Pubescent  or  glabrous;  steins  l°-4°  high, 
branching,  sometimes  with  runners ;  leaves  mostly  petiolcd,  the  upper  oblong  or  oval- 
lanceolate,  entire ;  the  lower  oval  or  roundish,  some  of  tliem  variously  3  -  5-lobed  or 
divided ;  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,     y.  —  Ivich 
woods  and  banks,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     June -Sept. 

11.  C.  lailCCOluta,  L.     Smooth  or  hairy   (l°-2°high);  stems  short, 
tufted,  branched  only  at  the  base;  leaves  all  entire,  lanceolate,  sessile,  the  lowest 
oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  tapering  into  petioles;  scales  of  the  outer  involucre 
ovate-lanceolate.      ]\.  —  Kich  or  damp  soil,  Michigan    to    Virginia,    Illinois, 
and  southward.     July.     Also  cultivated.  —  Heads  showy :  rays  1 '  long. 

§  2.  Branches  of  tfie  style  truncate:  rays  rose-color :  disk  yellow. 

12.  C.  rdsea,  Nutt.     (ROSE-FLOWERED  CORKOI>SIS.)     Stem  branching, 
leafy,  smooth  (6'-20'  high) ;  leaves  opposite,  linear,  entire ;  heads  small,  some- 
what corymbed,  on  short  peduncles  ;  outer  involucre  very  short ;  rays  3-toothed  ; 
achcnia  oblong,  wingless;  pappus  an  obscure  crown-like  border.     1J. —  Sandy 
and  grassy  swamps,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  to  New  Jersey,  and  southward  : 
rare.     Aug. 

C.  TINCTORIA,  Nutt.,  a  native  of  the  plains  beyond  the  Mississippi,  with 
the  rays  yellow  above,  and  brown-purple  towards  the  base,  is  now  everywhere 
common  in  gardens. 

42.     B  I  DENS,    L.        BUR-MARIGOLD. 

Heads  many-flowered;  the  rays  when  present  3-8,  neutral.  Involucre  dou- 
ble, the  outer  commonly  large  and  foliaceous.  Receptacle  flattish,  the  chaflf 
deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Achenia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre, or  slender  and  4-sided,  crowned  with  2  or  more"  rigid  and  persistent  awns 
which  are  downwardly  barbed.  —  Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  van 
ous  leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  flcwers.  (Latin  bidens,  two-toothed.) 
=fc  Achenia  flat,  not  tapering  at  the  summit.  (All  annuals?) 

1.  JB.  frond osa,  L.  (COMMON  BEGGAR-TICKS.)  Smooth  or  rathei 
hairy,  tall  (2° -6°  higM  and  branching;  leaves  3-5-divided;  the  leaflets  lanceo 


222  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

late,  pointed,  coarsely  toothed,  mostly  stalked;  outer  leafy  involucre  much  longer 
than  the  head,  ciliate  below;  rays  none;  achenia  wedge-obovate,  2-awned,  the  mar* 
gins  ciliate  with  upward  bristles,  except  near  the  summit.  —  Moist  waste  places,  a 
common  coarse  weed,  very  troublesome ;  the  achenia,  as  in  the  other  species, 
adhering  by  their  retrorscly  barbed  awns  to  the  dress,  and  to  the  fleece  of  ani- 
mals. July -Sept.  —  In  Western  New  York,  Dr.  Sartwell  has  found  it  with 
one  or  two  small  rays  ! 

2.  B.  coimafa,    MuLl.     (SWAMP  BEGGAR-TICKS.)     Smooth   (l°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate,  tapering 
into  margined  petioles  which  are  slightly  united  at  the  base  ;  t/te  lower  often  3- 
divided;  the  lateral  divisions  united  at  the  base  and  decurrent  on  the  petiole  ;  scales  of 
the  outer  involucre  longer  than  the  head,  mostly  obtuse,  scarcely  ciliate ;  rays 
none;  achenia  narrowly  wedge-form,  3-  (2-4-)  awned,  and  with  downwardly  barbed 
margins.     (B.  tripartita,  Bigel.)  —  A  thin-leaved  more  petioled  form  is  B.  petio- 
lata,  Nutt.  —  Wet  grounds,  New  York  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

3.  B.  cOrnua,  L.     (BUR-MARIGOLD.)     Nearly  smooth   (5'- 10'  high); 
leaves  all  undivided,  lanceolate,  unequally  serrate,  scarcely  connate ;  heads  nodding, 
with  or  without  (light  yellow)  rays;  outer  involucre  longer  than  the  head  ;  ache- 
nia wedge-obqvatc,  4-awned,  the  margins  downwardly  barbed.  —  Wet  places, 
New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Rays,  when  present,  smaller  than 
in  the  next,  the  leaves  irregularly  toothed,  and  the  outer  involucre  more  leaf- 
like.     (Eu.) 

4.  B.  clirysantliemoidcs,  Mic-hx.      (BUR-MARIGOLD.)      Smooth, 
erect  or  reclining  at  the  base  (6' -30'  high)  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  both 
ends,  more  or  less  connate,  regularly  serrate;  heads  erect  or  nodding,  conspicuously 
radiate;  outer  involucre  mostly  shorter  than  the  golden-yellow  (!' long)  rays; 
achenia  wedge-shaped,  with  almost  prickly  downwardly  barbed  margins  ;  awns 
2,  3,  or  4.  —  Swamps ;  common.     Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Probably  runs  into  No.  3. 

*  *  Achenia  linear-4-sided,  slender,  tapping  at  the  summit. 

5.  B.  Bcckii,  Torn     (WATER  MARIGOLD.)      At/uatic,   smooth;  sterna 
long  and  slender,  bearing  crowded  immersed  leaves  many  times  dissected  into  Jine 
capillary  divisions  ;  the  few  emerging  leaves  lanceolate,  slightly  connate,  toothed  ; 
heads  single,  short-pcduucled  ;  involucre  much  shorter  than  the  showy  ((/olden-yel- 
low) rays;  achenia  linear,  thickish,  smooth  (£'  long),  bearing  4-6  stout  diver- 
gent awns  which  are  1'  long,  barbed  only  towards  the  apex.      y.  — 1'onds  and 
Blow  deep  streams,  Massachusetts  (rare)  to  Illinois  and  Wisconsin. 

6.  B.  bipiiinata,  L.     (SPANISH  NEEDLES.)     Smooth,  branched  (l°- 
4°  high)  ;  leaves  \-3-pinnatcly  parted,  petioled;  leaflet*  ovate-lanceolate,   mostly 
wedge-shaped  at  the  base  ;  heads  small,  on  slender  peduncles ;  outer  involute  of 
linear  scales,  nearly  as  long  as  the  short  pale  yellow  rays ;  achenia  long  and  slender, 
4-groovcd  and  angled,  nearly  smooth,  3 -4-awned.     ® —  Dry  soil,  Connecticut 
to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

43.    VERBESINA,    L.        CROWNBEARD. 

Heads  several  -  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  pistillate,  few,  or  sometimes  none. 
Scales  of  the  erect  involucre  few,  imbricated  in  2  or  more  rows.     Receptacle 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  223 

rather  convex,  the  chaff  concave.  Achenia  flat  (compressed  laterally),  winged 
or -wingless,  2-awned.  —  Perennial  herbs;  the  toothed  or  lobed  leaves  decurrent 
on  the  stem.  ("Name  altered  from  Verbena.") 

1.  V.  Sicgesbeckia,  Michx.    Stem  tall,  4-winged ;  haves  opposite,  ovate, 
triple-nerved,  serrate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  often  pubescent  beneath  (large  and 
thin) ;  heads  in  compound  corymbs ;  flowers  yellow ;  rays  1-5,  lanceolate;  aehe> 
ma  wingless.  —  Rich  soil,  W.  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     July. 

2.  V.  Vil'gilliCcl,  L.      Stem  narrowly  or  interruptedly  winged,  downy- 
pubescent,  like  the  lower  surface  of  the  ovate-lanceolate  feather- veined  alternate  leaves; 
heads  in  compound  corymbs;  flowers  white;  rays  3-4,  oval;  achenia  narrowly 
winged.  —  Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  ?     Illinois,   and  southward.     Aug. 

44.    BYSODIA,    Cav.        FETID  MARIGOLD. 

• 

Heads  many-flowered,  usually  radiate  ;  the  rays  pistillate.  Involucre  of  one 
row  of  scales  united  into  a  firm  cup,  at  the  base  some  loose  bractlets.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  not  chaffy,  but  beset  with  short  chaffy  bristles.  Achenia  slender,  4- 
angled.  Pappus  a  row  of  chaffy  scales  dissected  into  numerous  rough  bristles. 
—  Herbs,  dotted  witli  large  pellucid  glands,  which  give  a  strong  odor ;  the  heads 
terminating  the  benches :  flowers  yellow.  (Name  Sv<ro>Si'a,  an  ill  smell,  which 
the  plants  possess.) 

1.  I>.  Clirysantliemoidcs,  Lag.  Nearly  smooth,  diffusely  branched 
(6' -18'  high);  leaves  opposite,  pinnately  parted,  the  narrow  lobes  bristly- 
toothed  or  cut ;  rays  few,  scarcely  exceeding  the  involucre.  (T) — Road  sides, 
batiks  of  rivers,  from  Illinois  southward  :  a  common  weed.  Aug. -Oct. 

TAGETES  PATULA,  L.,  the  FRENCH  MARIGOLD  of  the  gardens,  belongs  to 
the  same  group  as  the  foregoing. 

45.     IIYMENOPAPPUS,    L'Her.        HYMENOPAPPUS. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre 6-12,  loose  and  broad,  thin,  the  upper  part-  petal-like  (usually  white). 
Receptacle  small,  naked.  Corolla  with  large  resolute  lobes.  Achenia  top- 
shaped,  with  a  slender  base,  striate.  Pappus  of  1 5  -  20  small  and  blunt  scales 
in  a  single  row,  very  thin  (whence  the  name  of  the  genus,  from  vprjv,  membrane, 
and  TraTTTTus,  pappus).  —  Biennial  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  mostly  dis- 
sected leaves,  and  corymbcd  small  heads  of  usually  whitish  flowers. 

1.  II.  SC<i1>iOScicilS,  L'Her.  Somewhat  flocculcnt-woolly  when  young 
(1°  — 3°  high) ;  leaves  1  -2-pinnately  parted  into  linear  or  oblong  lobes  ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  roundish,  nearly  all  whitish.  —  Sandy  barrens,  Illinois  and 
southward.  May,  June. 

46.    HEL.ENIUM,    L.        FALSE  SUNFLOWER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  spreading  wedge-shaped  rays  several,  3  - 
5-cleft  at  the  summit,  fertile.  Involucre  small,  reflexed,  the  scales  linear  or  awl- 
shaped.  Receptacle  globose  or  oblong,  naked.  Achenia  top-shaped,  ribbed 
Pappus  of  5-8  thin  and  1 -nerved  chaffy  scales,  the  nerve  extended  into  a  bristle 

15 


224  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

or  point.  —  Erect,  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  decurrent  on  the  angled 
stem  and  branches,  which  are  terminated  by  single  or  corymbed  (yellow,  rarely 
purple)  heads;  often  sprinkled  with  bitter  and  aromatic  resinous  globules. 
(Named  after  Ilden,  the  wife  of  Mcuelaus.) 

1.  H.  ailtlllimiile,  L.  (SNEEZE-WEED.)  Nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, toothed  ;  rays  longer  than  the  globular  disk.  1J. — Alluvrul  river-banks  ; 
common  (except  in  New  England).  Sept. — Plant  l°-3°  high,  bitter:  the 
corymbed  heads  showy. 

47.  LEPTOPODA,    Nutt.        LEPTOPODA. 

Kays  neutral.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Helcnium.  —  In  the  true  species  (of 
which  L.  pvberula  and  L,  brevifolia  may  be  found  in  S.  Virginia)  the  stems  are 
simple,  naked  above,  like  a  long  peduncle,  and  bearing  a  single  head  (whence 
the  name,  from  X«rroy,  slender,  and  Trovs,foot) ;  but  the  following  is  leafy  to  the 
top,  and  branched. 

1.  L.  bracliypoda,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  corymbed  at  the  summit  (1° 
-4°  high);  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  decurrent  on  the  stem;  disk  globular, 
brownish;  rays  pretty  large  (£'-§'  long),  yellow,  or  in  one  variety  brownish- 
purple,  sometimes  with  an  imperfect  style.  1J. —  Damp  soil,  from  Illinois  south- 
ward. June  -  Aug. 

48.  BALD  WIN  I  A,    Nutt.        BALDWINIA. 

Heads  globular,  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  long  and  narrowly  wedge-shaped 
rays  neutral.  Involucre  short,  of  many  thickish  small  scales  imbricated  in  3  or 
4  rows,  the  outer  obovate  and  obtuse.  Receptacle  strongly  convex,  with  deep 
honeycomb-like  cells  containing  the  obconical  or  oblong  silky-villous  achenia. 
Pappus  of  7-9  lance-oblong  erect  chaffy  scales.  —  A  perennial  herb,  smoothi,>h, 
with  slender  simple  stems  (2° -3°  high),  bearing  alternate  oblanccolate  leaves, 
and  the  long  naked  summit  terminated  by  a  showy  large  head.  Kays  yellow 
(!'  long)  ;  the  disk-flowers  often  turning  dark  purple.  (Named  for  the  late  Dr. 
William  Baldwin.) 

1.  B.  Uliiflora,  Nutt.  —  Borders  of  swamps,  Virginia  and  southward 
Aug. 

49.     OTA  ItS  HAL  LI  A,    Schreb.        MARSHALLIA. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  '.ho 
involucre  linear-lanceolate,  foliaceous,  erect,  in  one  or  two  rows,  nearly  equal. 
Receptacle  convex  or  conical,  with  narrowly  linear  rigid  chaff  among  the  flowers. 
Lobes  of  the  corolla  slender*  spreading.  Achenia  top-shaped,  5-angled.  Pap- 
pus of  5  or  6  mcmbranaccous  and  pointed  chaffy  scales.  —  Smooth  and  low 
perennials,  with  alternate  and  entire  3-nerved  leaves,  and  solitary  heads  (re- 
sembling those  of  a  Scabious)  terminating  the  naked  summit  of  the  simple  stem 
or  branches.  Flowers  purplish  ;  the  anthers  blue.  (Named  for  Humphry 
MarsJiall,  of  Pennsylvania,  author  of  one  of  the  earliest  works  on  the  trees  and 
Bhruba  of  this  country.) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  225 

1.  Ul.  latifolia,  Pursh.  Stems  leafy;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed, 
sessile.— Dry  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.  (M.  LANCEOLATA  and  M.  AN- 
GUSTIFOLIA  may  occur  in  S.  Virginia.) 

50.    GALINSOGA,    Ruiz&Pav.        GALINSOGA. 

Heads  sevei-al-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  4-5,  small,  roundish,  pistillate. 
Involucre  of  4  or  5  ovate  thin  scales.  Receptacle  conical,  with  narrow  chaff 
among  the  flowers.  Achenia  angled.  Pappus  of  small  oblong  cut-fringed 
chaffy  scales  (sometimes  wanting).  —  Annual  herbs,  with  opposite  triple-nerved 
thin  leaves,  and  small  heads:  disk-flowers  yellow:  rays  whitish.  (Named  for 
Galinsoga,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

1.  G.  PARVIFL6RA,  Cav.  Smoothish  (l°high);  leaves  ovate,  acute,  some- 
what toothed  ;  scales  of  the  pappus  8-  16. — Waste  places  ;  Cambridge,  Mass., 
New  York,  and  Philadelphia.  (Adv.  from  S.  Amer.) 

51.    MARITTA,  Cass.        MAY-WEED. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  neutral.  Involucre  of  many  small 
somewhat  imbricated  scales,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical,  bearing 
slender  chaff,  at  least  near  the  summit.  Achenia  obovoid,  ribbed,  smooth. 
Pappus  none.  —  Annual  acrid  herbs,  with  a  strong  odor,  finely  thrice-pinnately 
divided  leaves,  and  single  heads  terminating  the  branches.  Rays  white,  soon 
reflexed;  the  disk  yellow.  (Derivation  unknown.) 

1.  M.  COTULA,  DC.  (COMMON  MAY-WEED.)  Scales  of  the  involucre 
with  whitish  margins.  —  Road-sides ;  very  common.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

52.    A  NT  HE  MIS,    L.        CHAMOMILE. 

Heads  and  flowers  as  in  Maruta,  but  the  rays  pistillate.  Achenia  terete,  stri 
ate  or  smooth.  Pappus  none,  or  a  minute  crown.  —  Herbs  with  aromatic  of 
strong  odor,  1  -  2-pinnately  divided  leaves,  the  branches  terminated  by  single 
heads.  Rays  white,  the  disk  yellow.  ('Aj>0e/iis,  the  ancient  name,  given  in 
allusion  to  the  profusion  of  the  flowers.) 

1.  A.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (CORN  CHAMOMILE.)  Pubescent ;  leaflets  or  divisions 
linear-lanceolate,  toothed,  very  acute ;  branchlets  leafless  at  the  summit ;  chaff 
lanceolate,  pointed,  membranaceous  ;  achenia  crowned  with  a  very  short  some- 
what toothed  margin  ;  those  of  the  ray  sometimes  sterile.  @  —  Fields,  N.  Eng- 
land and  New  York,  sparingly  introduced.  —  Much  resembles  the  May-weed. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

A.  NOBILIS,  L.,  the  officinal  CHAMOMILE,  is  said  to  be  somewhat  natural- 
ized in  Delaware. 

53.    ACHILLEA,    L.        YARROW. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  few,  fertile.  Involucre  imbricated. 
Keceptacle  chaffy,  flattish.  Achenia  oblong,  flattened,  margined.  Pappus 
none. — Perennial  herbs,  with  small  corymbose  heads.  (So  named  because  its 
virtues  are  said  to  have  been  discovered  by  Achilles.) 


226  COMPOSITE.       ^COMPOSITE    FAMILT.) 


1.  A.  illillefoliiiin,  L.      (COMMON  YARROW  or  MILFOIL.)      Stems 
simple;  leaves  twice-p innately  parted;  the  divisions  linear,  3-5-cleft,  crowded; 
corymb  compound,  flat-topped;  involucre  oblong;  rays  4-5,  shoi-t,  white  (somo- 
times  rose-color).  —  Fields  and  hills ;  common  northward.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  PTARMICA,  L.     (SNEEZEWORT.)     Leaves  simple,  lance-linear,  sharply 
serrate  with  appressed  teeth;  corymb  loose;  rays  8- 12,  much  longer  than  the 
involucre;  flowers  white. — Danvers,  Massachusetts,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

54.    LEUCANTIIEMUM,    Tourn.        OX-EYE  DAISY. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  numerous,  fertile.  Scales  of  the 
broad  and  flat  involucre  imbricated,  with  scarions  margins.  Receptacle  flattish, 
naked.  Disk-corollas  with  a  flattened  tube.  Achenia  of  the  disk  and  ray  sim- 
ilar, striate,  destitute  of  pappus.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  toothed  or  pinnatifid 
leaves,  and  large  single  heads  terminating  the  stem  or  branches.  Rays  white ; 
disk  yellow.  (Name  composed  of  Xeuxor,  white,  and  avfepoV)  a  flower,  from 
the  white  rays.) 

1.  L.  VULGARE,  Lam.  (OX-EYE  or  WHITE  DAISY.  WHITE-WEED.) 
Stem  erect,  nearly  simple,  naked  above;  root-leaves  spatulate,  petioled,  the 
others  partly  clasping,  all  cut  or  pinnatifid-toothed ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with 
rusty  brown  margins.  (Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum,  L.) — Fields  and 
meadows ;  too  abundant.  June,  July.  A  pernicious  weed,  with  large  and 
showy  heads  :  in  Connecticut  is  a  variety  with  short  rays.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

55.    MATRICARIA,   Tourn.     WILD' CHAMOMILE.    FEVERFEW. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  pistillate,  or  wanting.  Scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre imbricated,  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  conical  or  only  convex, 
naked.  Disk-flowers  flattened  or  terete.  Achcuia  angular,  wingless.  Pappus 
a  membranaceous  crown  or  border,  or  none.  —  Smooth  and  branching  herbs, 
with  divided  leaves  and  single  or  corymbed  heads.  Rays  white  :  disk  yelic  ^v. 
(Named  for  reputed  medicinal  virtues.) 

1.  M.  PARTHENIUM,  L.     (FEVERFEW.)     Leaves  twice-pinnately  divided; 
the  divisions  ovate,  cut;  heads  corymbed,  with  rays.      1|.    (Pyrethrum  Parttenium, 
Smith.)  —  Escaped  from  gardens  in  some  places.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  HI.  discoidea,  DC.    Low  ( 6' -9'  high);  leaves  2  -  3-pinnatel}  parted 
into  short  linear  lobes ;  heads  rayless;  scales  of  the  involucre  oval,  with  broad 
margins,  much  shorter  than  the  conical  disk  ;  pappus  obsolete.     (D  (D  — Illi- 
nois, opposite  St.  Louis.     An  immigrant  from  Oregon?     (Eu.  ?) 

56.     TANACETUHI,    L.        TANSY. 

Heads  many-flowered,  nearly  discoid,  all  fertile ;  the  marginal  flowers  chiefly 
pistillate  and  3  -  5-loothcd.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  dry.  Recepta- 
cle convex,  naked.  Achenia  angled  or  ribbed,  with  a  large  flat  top.  Pappus  a 
short  crown.  —  Bitter  and  acrid  strong-scented  herbs,  with  1 -2-pinnately  dis- 
sected leaves  and  rather  large  corymbed  heads.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  said 
U)  be  a  corruption  of  aCavatria,  undying,  from  its  durable  flowers.) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  227 

1.  T.  VULG\RE,  L.      (COMMON    TANSY.)      Stem  erect,   smooth;   leaves 
twicc-pinnately  parted,  the  leaflets  and  the  margined  petiole  cut-toothed  ;  cor- 
ymb dense ;  pistillate  flowers  terete  ;  pappus  5-lobed.  — Var.  cufspuar  has  the 
leaves  more  cut  and  crisped,     ty  —  Escaped  from  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  T.  Huroiiense,  Nutt.     Hairy  or  woolly  when  young,  stout  (1°-.1° 
high) ;  leaves  2 -3-pinnately  dissected,   the  lobes  oblong;  heads  large  (j'-f 
wide)  and  usually  few;  pistillate  flowers  flattened,  3- 5-cleft;  pappus  toothed 
Jl — Shores  of  L.  Huron,  St.  John's  River,  Maine,  and  northwestward. 

57.    ARTEMISIA,    L.        WORMWOOD. 

Heads  discoid,  few  -  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal 
:>nes  pistillate,  or  sometimes  all  similar  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
imbricated,  with  dry  and  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  small  and  flatfish,  na- 
ked. Achenia  obovoid,  with  a  small  summit  and  no  pappus.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby 
plants,  bitter  and  aromatic,  with  small  heads  in  panicled  spikes  or  racemes. 
Corolla  yellow  or  purplish.  (Dedicated  to  Artemis,  the  Greek  Diana.) 

$  1.  Receptacle  smooth  :  marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  fertile  :  disk-flowers  sterile. 

1.  A.  borcfilis,  Pallas.     IMW  (3r -6'  high),  tufted,  silky-villous  or  nearly 
smooth  ;  lower  leaves  3  -  5-cleft  at  the  apex,  or  like  the  others  1  -  2-pinnately  parted, 
the  lobts  lanceolate  or  linear ;  heads  few,  hemispherical,  pretty   large,  spiked  or 
raoemed.     1J. —  Shore  of  Lake  Superior  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  Canadensis,    Michx.      (CANADA   WORMWOOD.)      Smooth,  or 
hoary  with  silky  down  (l°-2°  high) ;  lower  leaves  twice-pinriately  divided,  the 
upper  3  -7-divided ;  the  divisions  linear,  rather  rigid;  heads  rather  large  in  pani- 
cled racemes.     1J. —  Shore  of  all  the  Great  Lakes,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

3.  A.  caudata,    Michx.     (SLENDER    WORMWOOD.)     Smooth   (2° -5° 
high);  upper  leaves  pinnately,  the  lower  2 -3-pinnatcly  divided;  the  division 
thread-form,  spreading ;  heads  small,  the  racemes  in  a  wand-like  elongated  panicle.  — 
Sandy  soil,  coast  of  New  Hampshire  to  New  Jersey ;  and  in  Illinois. 

§  2.  Receptacle  smooth :  flowers  all  fertile,  a  few  pistillate,  the  others  perfect. 

4.  A.  Llidoviciana,  Nutt.     (WESTERN   MUGWORT.)     Whitened-ivool~ 
!y  throughout,  branched  (l°-5°  high)  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the  lower  mostly  cut- 
toothed  or  pinnatifid,  the  upper  mostly  entire,  the  upper  surface  often  becoming 
naked  and  smooth  with  age ;  heads  ovoid,  mostly  sessile,  disposed  in  narrow 
leafy  panicles.     1J. — Dry  banks,  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan,  and  westward; 
especially  the  var.  GNAFHALODES,  which  has  the  elongated  nearly  entire  leaves 
very  woolly  both  sides. 

5.  A»  VULGARIS,  L.     (COMMON    MUGWORT.)     Branches   and   lower  sur- 
face of  the  leaves  whitish-woolly ;  stem-leaves  pinnatifid,  with  the  lobes  variously  cu\ 
or  entire,  linear-lanceolate ;  heads  ovoid,  in  open  leafy  panicles.     .1J. — Waste  places, 
near  dwellings.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.  A.  bii'imis,  Willd.     (BIENNIAL,  WORMWOOD.)     Smooth,  simple   (lc 
3°  liigh) ;  lower  leaves  twice-pinnately  parted,  the  upper  pinnatifld ;  lobes  linear, 

acute,  in  the  lower  leaves  cut-toothed ;  heads  in  short  axillary  spikes,  whirh  are 


228  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

crowded  in  a  narrow  and  clustered  leafy  panicle.     @ — River-banks,  Ohio  to 
Illinois,  and  northward.     Aug. 

§  3.  Receptack  hairy :  flowers  all  fertile,  the  marginal  ones  pistillate. 
7.  A.  ABSINTHIUM.    L.     (COMMON  WORMWOOD.)     Rather  shrubby,  fiilky- 
hoaiy;  leaves   2- 3-pinnatcly  parted ;  the  lobes  lanceolate ;  heads  panic-led,  nod- 
ding.—  Road-sides,  sparingly  escaped  from  gardens.     (Adv  from  Eu.) 

Re«  Addoncl. 

58.    G  WAP  II A  LI  TIM,    L.        CUDWEED. 

Pleads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular;  the  outer  pistillate  and  very 
slender,  the  central  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and  scarious,  \rhite  or 
colored,  imbricated  in  several  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  nuked.  Pappus  a  single 
row  of  capillary  rough  bristles.  —  Woolly  herbs,  with  sessile  or  decurrent  leaves, 
and  clustered  or  corymbcd  heads.  Corolla  whitish  or  yellowish.  (Name  from 
yva(}>a\ov,  a  lock  of  wool,  in  allusion  to  the  floccose  down  of  the  leaves.) 

#  Acheiiia  nearly  terete:  pistillate  flowers  occupying  several  rows. 

1.  O.  deciirrens,  Ives.     (EVERLASTING.)    Stem  stout,  erect  (2°  high), 
branched  at  the  top,  clammy-pubescent,  white-woolly  on  the  branches,  bearing 
numerous  heads  in  dense  corymbed  clusters  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  partly  claapina, 
decurrent;  scales  of  the   (yellowish-white)   involucre  oval,  acutish.      1J. — Hill- 
sides, New  Jersey  and  Penn.     to  Maine  and  northward.     Aug.  -  Sept. 

2.  O.  polycepliSllimi,    Michx.      (COMMON    EVERLASTING.)      Stem 
erect,  woolly;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base,  with  undulate  margins,  not 
decurrent,  smoothish  above  ;  heads  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  panicled-coryniboM 
branches,  ovate-conical  before  expansion,  then  obovate ;  scales  of  the  (whitish) 
involucre  ovate  and  oblong,  rather  obtuse ;  perfect  flowers  few.     (i)  —  Old  fields 
and  woods;  common.  —  Plant  fragrant,  1°  — 2°  high. 

3.  G.  uligiiiosum,  L.     (Low  CUDWEED.)     Diffnsdij  branched,  woolly 
all  over  (3' -6'  high)  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  not  decurrent;  heads  (smalt) 
in  terminal  sessile  capitate  clusters  subtended  by  leaves  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ob- 
long.    (1)  —  Low  grounds,  and  ditches  by  the  road-side  ;  introduced  ?    ( Eu.) 

4.  G.  piirpurcum,  L.      (PURPLISH    CUDWEED.)      >'/-•//<    s>m/>le,    or 
branched  from  the  base,  ascending  (6' -  20' hi^h),  woolly;  leaves  oblong-sputa 
late,  mostly  obtuse,  not  decurrent,  green  above,  very  white  wirh  close  wool  un- 
derneath ;  fi«i<k  in  sessile  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the.  upper  b-act-s,  and  spiked  at  the 
wand-like  summit  of  the  stem  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lance-oblong,  tawny-whito, 
the  inner  often  marked  with  purple.  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  coast  of  Maine  to 
Virginia,  and  southward. 

#  #  Achenia  flatfish  :  pistillate  flouws  in  a  siwjle  Htcuytnal  rctr. 

5.  G.  Sllpioililll,  Villars.     (MOUNTAIN  CUDWEED.)    Dwarf  and  tufted; 
leaves  linear,  woolly ;  heads  solitary  or  few  and   spiked   on   the  slender  simple 
flowering  stems  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  brown,  lanceolate,  acu:e.      \\.  — Alpine 
summit  of  Mount  Washington,  New  Hampshire  :  rare.     (Eu.) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  229 

59.     ANTENNARIA,    Gsertn.        EVERLASTING. 

Heads  many-flowered,  dioecious  or  nearly  so ;  the  flowers  all  tubular :  pistil* 
late  corollas  very  slender.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and  scarious,  white  or  col- 
ored, imbricated.  Keccptacle  convex  or  flat,  not  chaffy.  Pappus  a  single  row 
of  bristles,  which  in  the  fertile  flowers  are  capillary,  and  in  the  sterile  thickened 
and  club-shaped  or  barbellate  at  the  summit.  —  Perennial  white-woolly  herbs, 
with  entire  leaves  and  corymbed  (rarely  single)  heads.  Corolla  yellowish. 
(So  named  from  the  resemblance  of  the  sterile  pappus  to  the  antennce  of  many 
insects.) 

1.  A.  iiiargaritAcea,  R.  Brown.     (PEARLY  EVERLASTING.)     Stem 
erect  (1°  -2°  high),  corymbose  at  the  summit,  with  many  heads,  leafy;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sessile ;  fertile  heads  often  with  a  few  imperfect 
etaminate  flowers  in  the  centre ;  scales  of  the  pearly-white  involucre  obtuse  o;* 
rounded.  —  Dry  hills  and  woods  ;  common  northward.     Aug. 

2.  A.  plaiitaginifdlisi,  Hook.     (PLANTAIN-LEAVED  EVERLASTING.; 
Spreading  by  offsets  and  runners,  low  (4;- 10' high) ;  leaves  silky-woolly  when 
young,  at  length  green  above  and  hoary  beneath  ;  those  of  the  simple  and  scape- 
like  flowering  stems  small,  lanceolate,  appressed ;  the  radical  obovate  or  oval- 
spatulate,  petioled,  ample.  3-nerved ;  heads  in  a  small  crowded  corymb  ;  scales 
of  the  (mostly  white)  involucre  obtuse  in  the  sterile,  and  acutish  and  narrower 
in  the  fertile  plant.  —  Var.  MONOCEPHALA  has  a  single  larger  head.     (Phila- 
delphia, Mr.  Lea.)  —  Sterile  knolls  and  banks,  common.     March -May. 

GO.     FIL.AGO,    Toura.         COTTON-ROSE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  aH  tubular,  the  central  ones  perfect,  bul 
often  infertile  ;  the  others  pistillate,  very  slender  and  thread-form.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  few  and  woolly.  Receptacle  elongated  or  top-shaped,  naked  at  the 
summit,  but  chaffy  at  the  margins  or  toward  the  base ;  the  chaff  resembling  the 
proper  involucral  scales,  each  covering  a  single  pistillate  flower.  —  Pappus  of  the 
central  flowers  capillary,  of  the  outer  ones  chiefly  none.  —  Annual,  low,  branch- 
inn  woolly  herbs,  with  entire  leaves  and  small  heads  in  capitate  clusters.  (Name 
froJi.Jilum,  a  thread,  in  allusion  to  the  cottony  hairs  of  these  plants.) 

1.  F.  GERMANICA,  L.  (!!ERBA  IMPIA.)  Stem  erect,  short,  clothed  with 
lanceolate  and  upright  crowded  leaves,  producing  a  capitate  cluster  of  woolly 
heads,  from  which  rise  one  or  more  branches,  each  terminated  by  a  similar  head, 
and  so  on  :  —  hence  the  common  name  applied  to  it  by  the  old  botanists,  as  if 
the  offspring  were  undutifully  exalting  themselves  above  the  parent.  —  Dry 
fields,  New  York  to  Virginia.  July -Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

61.    ERECIITIIITES,    Raf.        FIREWEED. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  fertile  ;  the  marginal  ph 
tillate,  with  a  slender  corolla.  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  in  a  single 
row,  linear,  acute,  with  a  few  small  bractlcts  at  the  base.  Receptacle  naked. 
Achenia  oblong,  tapering  at  the  end.  Pappus  copious,  of  very  fine  and  white 


230  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.) 

soft  hairs.  —  Erect  and  coarse  annuals,  of  a  rank  smell,  with  altc-nate  simple 
leaves,  and  paniculate-corymbcd  heads  of  whitish  flowers.  (The  aiicient  name 
of  some  species  of  Groundsel,  probably  called  after  Erechtheus.) 

1.  E.  liierac'iflolia,  Rat'.  (FIREWEED.)  Often  hairy  ;  stem  grooved ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  cut -toothed,  sessile ;  the  upper  often  with  an 
auric-led  clasping  base.  (Senecio  hicracifulius,  Z.)  —  Moist  woods;  common, 
especially  northward,  and  in  recent  clearings,  where  the  ground  has  been  burned 
over ;  whence  the  popular  name.  July  -  Sept.  —  Plant  1°  -  5°  high,  with  some- 
what the  aspect  of  a  Sow-thistle. 

62.     CACAL.IA,    L.        INDIAN  PLANTAIN. 

Heads  5  -  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  in  a  single  row,  with  a  few  bractlcts  at  the  base.  Receptacle  naked. 
Corolla  deeply  5-cleft.  Achenia  oblong,  smooth.  Pappus  of  numerous  capil- 
lary bristles.  —  Smooth  and  tall  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  often  petioled 
leaves,  and  rather  large  heads  in  flat  corymbs.  Flowers  white  or  whitish.  (An 
ancient  name,  of  uncertain  meaning.) 

#  Involucre  25-3Q-Jloivered,  with  several  bracts  at  its  base:  receptacle  flat. 

1.  C.  SliaveolcilS,  L.     Stem  grooved  (3° -5°  high);  leaves  triangular- 
lanceolate,  halberd-shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  those  of  the  stem  on  winged  petioles. 
—  Rich  woods,  Connecticut  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     Sept. 

#  *  Involucre  5-leavcd  and  5-Jloicercd,  its  bracts  minute  or  none  :  receptacle  bearing  i 
,  more  or  less  evident  scale-like  pointed  appendage  in  the  centre. 

2.  C.  re  ii  I  for  mis,  Muhl.     (GREAT  INDIAN  PLANTAIN.)     Stem    (4°- 
9°  high)  grooved  and  angled  ;  leaves  ar^en  both  sides,  dilated  fan-shaped,  or  the  low 
est  kidney-form  (1°-  2°  broad),  repand-toothed  and  angled,  palmately  veined,  peti- 
oled ;  the  teeth  pointed  ;  corymbs  large.  —  Rich  damp  woods,  Perm,  to  Illinois, 
and  southward  along  the  mountains.     Aug. 

3.  C.  atriplicifolia,    L.     (PALE    INDIAN    PLANTAIN.)     Stem   tcrcto 
(3° -6°  high),  and  with  the  palmately  veined  and  angvlateJobed  leaves  aluucons ; 
lower  leaves  triangular-kidney-form  or  slightly  heart-shaped  ;  the  upper  rhom- 
boid or  wedge-form,  toothed.  —  Rich  woodlands,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward.     Aug. 

4.  C.  tiiberosa,  Nutt.     (TUBEROUS  INDIAN  PLANTAIN.)     Stem  angled 
and  grooved  (2° -6°  high),  from  a  thick  or  tuberous  root ;  leaves  nreen  both  sides, 
thick,  strongly  5-7-nerved;  the  lower  lance-ovate,  or  oral,  nearly  entire,  tapering 
into  long  petioles;  the  upper  on  short  margined   petioles,  sometimes  toothed 
at  the  apex.  —  Wet  prairies,  &c.,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     June. 

63.     SENECIO,    L.        GROUNDSEL. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular,  or  mostly  with  the 
marginal  ones  radiate ;  the  rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single 
row,  or  with  a  few  bructlets  at  the  base.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Pappus  of 
numerous  very  soft  and  slender  capillary  bristles  —  Herbs,  in  the  United  States, 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  231 

with  alternate  leaves  and  solitary  or  corymbed  heads.     Flowers  chiefly  yellow. 

I  Name  from  senex,  an  old  man,  alluding  to  the  hoary  hairs  which  cover  many 

species,  or  to  the  white  hairs  of  the  pappus.)  See  Addend. 

*  Rays  none :  root  annual. 

1.  S.  TULGA.RIS,  L.      (COMMON  GROUNDSEL.)      Nearly   smooth    (6'-i2' 
high) ;  leaves  pinnatifid   and  toothed,  clasping ;   heads   loosely   corymbed.  — 
Waste  grounds,  E.  New  England  and  New  York.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Rays  present :  root  perennial :  heads  corymbed. 

2.  S.  aiiretis,  L.     (GOLDEN    RAGWORT.     SQUAW-WEED.)     Smooth,  at 
floceose-woolly  when  young  (10' -30'  high) ;  root-leaves  simple  and  rounded,  the  lar- 
ger mostly  heart-shaped,  crenate-toothed,  long-petioled ;  the  lower  stem-leaves  lyre- 
shaped,  upper  ones  lanceolate,  cut-pinnatifid,  sessile  or  partly  clasping  ;  corymb 
umbel-like;  rays  8-12.  —  Varies  greatly,  the  leading   forms  being,  —  Var.  1. 
OBOVATUS,  with  the  root-leaves  round-obovate   (growing  in  drier  places). — 
Var.  2.  BALSAMITJS,   with   the   root-leaves   oblong,   spatulate,   or  lanceolate, 
sometimes  cut-toothed,  tapering  into  the  petiole.     Rocky  places.  —  Var.  3.  LAN- 
CEOL\TUS,  Oakes,  with  the  leaves  all  lanceolate-oblong,  thin,  sharply  and  un- 
equally toothed,  either  wedge-shaped  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  the 
upper  merely  pinnatifid-cut  towards  the  base.     (Cedar  swamps,  Vermont,  Rob- 
bins.)  —  Common  everywhere ;  the  primary  form  in  swamps.     May,  June. 

3.  S.  Elliottii,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Soon  smooth,  stem  simple  (1°  high),  often 
nearly  leafless,  bearing  a  small  corymb  ;  root-leaves  thickish,  obovate  or  roundish, 
narrowed  into  a  short  and  winged  petiole,  or  sessile,  crenate-toothed,  sometimes  ly- 
rate ;   stem-leaves  small,  cut-pinnatifid.  —  Rich  soil,   Virginia  and  southward 
along  the  mountains.     May. 

4.  S.  tomentosus,  Michx.     (WOOLLY  RAGWORT.)     Clothed  with  scarc&- 
ly  deciduous  hoary  wool  (l°-2°   high)  ;  root-leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-toothed, 
on  slender  petioles;  the  upper  sessile;    corymb   flat-topped;    rays   12-15. — 
Mountains  of  Penn.  (Pursh),  Virginia  and  southward.     May. 

5.  CANUS,  Hook.,  which  too  closely  resembles  the  last,  probably  occurs 
within  our  Northwestern  borders. 

64.    ARNICA,    L.        ARNICA. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  bell-shaped 
involucre  lanceolate,  equal,  somewhat  in  2  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  fimbrillate. 
Achenia  spindle-shaped.  Pappus  a  single  TOAV  of  rather  rigid  and  strongly 
roughened^-denticulate  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  chiefly  of  the  mountains  and 
cold  northern  regions,  with  simple  stems,  bearing  single  or  corymbed  large 
heads  and  opposite  leaves.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  thought  to  be  a  corruption 
of  Ptarmica.) 

L  A.  mollis,  Hook.  Soft-hairy;  stem  leafy  (l°-2°  high), bearing  1  to  5 
heads  ;  leaves  thin,  veiny,  smoothish  when  old,  toothed  ;  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate, 
closely  sessile ;  the  lower  narrower,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  p>ointed ;  pappus  almost  plumose.  —  Alpine  rivulets,  &c.,  White 
Mountains  of  N.  Hampshire  and  mountains  of  N.  New  York :  Lake  Superior, 
Prof.  Whitney  ;  raid  thence  northwestward.  July. 


282  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

2.  A.  nildicatlliS,  Ell.      Hairy   and  rather  glandular    (1° -3°  high) 
ieaves  thickisk,  3-5-nerved,  ovate  or  oblong,  all  sessile,  mostly  entire;  those  of  th« 
•uiked  stem  small  and  only  1  or  2  pairs ;  heads  several,  corymbed,  showy.  — 
Damp  pine  barrens,  Virginia  and  southward.     April,  May. 

65.     CENT  A  UREA,    L.        STAR-THISTLE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal  mostly  falsely 
radiate  and  larger,  sterile.  Receptacle  bristly.  Involucre  imbricated,  the  scales 
margined  or  appendaged.  Achenia  compressed.  Pappus  wanting,  or  of  a  few 
bristles.  —  Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  single  heads.  (Named  from  the 
Centaur,  Chiron.) 

1.  C.    CYANUS,   L.      (BLUEBOTTLE.)      Scales   of  the  globular  involucre 
fringe-margined ;  false  rays   large,  pappus  very   short ;  leaves  linear,   entire,  or 
toothed  at  the  base.     CD  —  Road-sides,  escaped  from  gardens.     July.  —  Flowers 
blue,  varying  to  purplish  or  white.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  C.  NIGRA,  L.     (KNAPWEED.)     Scales  of  the  globular  involucre  appen- 
daged, and  with  a  stiff  black  fringe ;  rays  wanting ;  pappus  very  short ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  or  the  lower  lyrate-angled,  rough.     1J.  —  Waste  places,  E.  New  Eng- 
land.    Aug.  —  Flowers  purple.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  C.  CALcfTRAPA,  L.     (STAR  THISTLE.)     Stem  diffusely  much  branched ; 
leaves,  pinnately  lobed  or  spinulose-toothed ;  heads  sessile,  the  middle  scales  of  the 
ovoid  involucre  spiny ;  pappus  none ;  flowers  purple.     ®  —  Norfolk,  Virginia. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

C.  AMERICANA,  Nutt.,  a  showy  species  of  the  Southwestern  States,  —  the 
only  one  which  belongs  to  this  country,  —  is  cultivated  in  gardens. 

66.     CNICUS,    Vaill.        BLESSED  THISTLE. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray-flowers  tubular  and  sterile,  shorter  than  flic 
rest,  which  are  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  ovoid  involucre  coriaceous, 
appressed,  extended  into  a  long  and  rigid  pinnately  spinose  appendage.  Re- 
ceptacle clothed  with  capillary  bristles.  Achenia  terete,  short,  strongly  striate, 
crowned  with  10  short  and  horny  teeth,  and  bearing  a  pappus  of  10  elongated 
rigid  bristles,  and  10  short  bristles  alternate  with  the  last  in  an  inner  row.  —  An 
annual  smoothish  herb,  with  clasping  scarcely  pinnatifid-cut  leaves  and  large 
bractcd  heads.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  Ki>i'£<a,  to  prick.) 

1.  C.  BENEDfcTUB,  L.  —  Road-sides  ;  scarcely  naturalized.    (Adv.  from  En.) 

67.     CIRS1TJUI,    Tourn.        COMMON  or  PLUMED  THISTLE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  perfect  and  similar,  or  rarely 
imperfectly  dioecious.  Scales  of  the  ovoid  or  spherical  involucre  imbricated  in 
many  rows,  tipped  with  a  point  or  prickle.  Receptacle  thickly  clothed  with 
goft  bristles  or  hairs.  Achenia  oblong,  flattish,  not  ribbed.  Papp  is  of  numer- 
ous bristles  united  into  a  ring  at  the  base,  plunrose  to  the  middle,  deciduous.  — 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  233 

Herbs,  with  sessile  alternate  leaves,  often  pinnatifid,  and  prickly.  Heads  large, 
terminal.  Flowers  reddish-purple  or  cream-color.  (Name  from  Kipcros,  a  swelled 
vein,  for  which  the  Thistle  was  a  reputed  remedy.) 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  all  tipped  with  spreading  prickles. 

1.  C.  LANCEOL\TUM,  Scop.     (COMMON  THISTLE.)     Leaves  dccurrcnt  on 
the  stem,  forming   prickly  lobed  wings,  pinnatifid,  rough  and  bristly  above, 
woolly  with  decidous  webby  hairs  beneath,  prickly;  flowers  purple,     (f)  —Pas 
tures  and  road-sides,  everywhere,  at  the  North.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Scales  of  the  involucre  appressed  ;  the  inner  ones  not  prickly :  filaments  hairy. 

•»-  Leaves  white-woolly  beneath,  and  sometimes  also  above :  outer  scales  of  the  involucre 

successively  shorter,  and  tipped  with  short  prickles. 

2.  C.  Pitcheri,  Torr.   &  Gr.     White-woolly  throughout,  low;  stem  stout, 
very  leafy  ;  leaves  all  pinnately  parted  into  rigid  narrowly  linear  and  elongated  divis* 
ions,  with  revolute  margins ;  flowers  cream-color.     1J. —  Sandy  shores  of  Lakes 
Michigan,  Huron,  and  Superior. 

3.  C.  imdilUituni,    Spreng.      White-woolly  throughout,  low  and   stout, 
leafy ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  partly  clasping,  undulate-pinnatifid,  with  prickly 
lobes  ;   flowers   reddish-purple.       (2)  —  Islands   of  L.    Huron   and   Michigan ; 
thence  westward.     July. 

4.  C.  discolor,  Spreng.     Stem  grooved,  hairy,  branched,  leafy ;  leaves 
all  deeply  pinnatifid,  sparingly  hairy  and  green  above,  ichitened  with  close  wool  be- 
neath ;  the  diverging  lobes  2  —  3-cleJl,  linear-lanceolate,  prickly-pointed  ;  flowers  pale 
purple.     (2)  —  Meadows  and  copses;  not  uncommon.      Aug.  —  Plant  3° -6° 
high :  heads  1 '  or  more  in  width. 

5.  C.  altissimimi,  Spreng.     Stem  downy,  branching,  leafy  to  the  heads: 
leaves  roughish-hairy  above,  whitened  with  close  wool  beneath,  oblong-lanceolate, 
sinuate-toothed,  undnlate-pimuitifid,  or  undivided,  the  lobes  or  teeth  prickly,  those 
from  the  base  pinnatifid;  lobes  short,  dfang  or  triangular;  flowers  chiefly  purple, 
y.?  —  Fields  and  copses,  Penn..  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. — 
Plant  3°- 10°  high  :  leaves  variable :  the  heads  much  as  in  the  last. 

G.  C.  Virgiiliffi,num,  Michx.  Stem  woolly,  slender,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  the  branches  or  long  peduncles  naked;  leaves  lanceolate,  green  above, 
whitened  with  close  wool  beneath,  ciliate  with  prickly  bristles,  entire  or  sparingly 
sinuate-lobed,  sometimes  the  lower  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid ;  outer  scales  of  the 
involucre  scarcely  prickly ;  flowers  purple.  —  Woods  and  plains,  Virginia,  Ohio, 
and  southward.  July. — Plant  l°-3°  high;  the  heads  seldom  more  than  half 
as  large  as  in  the  last. 

Var.  filipcndullllti.     Stem  stouter,  more  leafy,  corymbosely  branched 
above ;  the  heads  on  shorter  peduncles ;  leaves  pinnatifid ;  roots  tuberous,  en- 
larged below.     (C.  filipendulum,  Engelm.)  — Illinois  and  south  westward. 
*-  *-  Leaves  green  both  sides,  or  only  with  loose  webby  hairs  underneath :  scales  of  the 
involucre  scarcely  prickly -pointed. 

7.  C.  muticum,  Michx.  (SWAMP  THISTLE.)  Stem  tall  (3°  -  8°  high), 
angled,  smoothish,  panicled  at  the  summit,  the  branches  sparingly  leafy  and 
bearing-  single  or  few  rather  large  naked  heads  •  leaves  somewhat  hairy  above. 


234  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

whitened  with  hose  ivebby  hairs  beneath  when  young,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  uinsions 
lanceolate,  acute,  cut-lobed,  prickly-pointed  ;  scales  of  the  webby  and  glutinous  invo- 
lucre closely  appressed,  pointless  or  barely  mucronate;  flowers  purple.  ]&— 
Swamps  and  low  woods ;  common.  Aug. 

8.  C.  piiiiiiluiii,  Spreng.     (PASTURE  THISTLE.)     Stem  low  and  stouf 

l°-3°  high),  hairy,  bearing  1  -3  very  large  heads  (!£'  broad),  which  are  some- 
what leafy-bract*^1,  at  the  base;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  partly  clasping,  green, 
tomeichat  hairy,  pinnatijid,  vrith  short  and  cut  very  prickly-margined  lobes;  outer 
scales  of  the  involucre  prickly-pointed,  the  inner  very  slender ;  flowers  purple  or 
rarely  white  (fragrant,  2'  long).  © — Dry  fields,  Maine  to  Penn.,  near  th? 
coast.  Also  Illinois  and  westward  ;  common.  July. 

9.  C.  horrid ulum,  Michx.     (YELLOW  THISTLE.)    Stem  stout  (\° - 4P 
high),  webby-hmred  when  young;  leaves  partly  clasping,  green,  soon  smooth, 
lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  the  short  toothed  and  cut  lobes  very  spiny  witli  yellowish 
prickles  ;  heads  large  ( 1 '  - 1  £•'  broad ) ,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  an  involuci'ate  ivhorl 
of  leaf-like  and  very  prickly  bracts,  which  equal  or  exceed  the  narrow  and  unarmed 
scales  of  the  involucre ;  flowers  pale  yellow,  often  turning  purple  iu  fading.  — 
Sandy  fields,  &c.,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward,  near  the  coast. 
June  -  Aug. 

*  #  *  Outer  scales  of  the  appressed  involucre  barely  prickly-pointed :  filaments  nearly 
smooth:  heads  imperfectly  dioecious. 

10.  C.  ARVENSE,  Scop.     (CANADA  THISTLE.)     Low,  branched ;  roots  ex 
tensively  creeping;   leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  smooth,  or  slightly  wooll) 
beneath,  siriuate-pinnatifid,  prickly-margined ;  heads  small  and  numerous  ;  flow- 
ers rose-purple.     \ — Cultivated  fields  and  pastures;  common  at  the  North:  a 
most  troublesome  weed,  which  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  eradicate.    July,  Aug. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

68.     CARDUUS,    Tourn.        PLDMELESS  THISTLE. 

Bristles  of  the  pappus  naked  (not  plumose),  merely  rough  or  denticulate. 
Otherwise  as  in  Cirsium.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  C.  NtiTANS,  L.  (MosK  THISTLE.)  Leaves  decurrent,  sinuate,  spiny; 
heads  solitary,  drooping ;  flowers  purple,  (g)  —  Fields  near  Harrisburg,  Penn., 
Prof.  Porter.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

69.    ONOPdRDON,    Vaill.        COTTON  THISTLE. 

Heads  and  flowers  nearly  as  in  Cirsium.  Scales  of  the  involucre  coriaceous, 
tipped  with  a  lanceolate  prickly  appendage.  Receptacle  deeply  honeycombed. 
Achenia  4-an.^led,  wrinkled  transversely.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  numerous, 
elender^not  plumose,  united  at  the  base  into  a  horny  ring.  —  Coarse,  branching 
herbs,  with  (1  <•  stems  winged  by  the  dccurrent  base  of  the  lobcd  and  toothed 
somewhat  prickly  leaves.  Heads  large  :  flowers  purple. 

1.  O.  ACANTHI UM,  L.  Stem  (2° -4°  high)  and  leaves  cotton-woolly;  scalei 
linear-awl-shapod.  ®  —Road-sides.  New  England.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  235 

TO.    L.APPA,    Tourn.        BURDOCK. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  similar.  Involucre  globular; 
the  imbricated  scales  coriaceous  and  appressed  at  the  base,  tipped  with  an  abrupt 
and  spreading  awl-shaped  hook-pointed  appendage.  Receptacle  bristly.  Ache- 
nia  oblong,  flattened,  wrinkled  transversely.  Pappus  short,  of  numerous  rough 
bristles,  not  united  at  the  base,  deciduous.  —  Coarse  biennial  weeds,  with  very 
large  unarmed  heart-shaped  and  petioled  leaves,  the  lower  surface  somewhat 
woolly.  Heads  small,  solitary  or  clustered :  flowers  purple,  rarely  white. 
(Name  from  Aa/3eii>,  to  lay  hold,  the  involucre  forming  a  hooked  bur  which  hold8 
tenaciously  to  the  dress,  or  the  fleece  of  animals.) 

1.  L.  MAJOR,  Ga3rtn.  (COMMON  BURDOCK.)  Upper  leaves  ovate,  tho 
lower  heart-shaped  ;  involucre  smoothish.  (Arctium  Lappa,  L.)  —  Wastu 
places  in  rich  soil  and  around  dwellings.  —  A  variety  with  woolly  heads  (L. 
tomentosa,  Lam.),  rarely  with  pinnatifid  leaves,  is  occasionally  seen.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

SUBORDER  II.    LICJUHFJLORJE.     (CICHORACE^E.) 

71.    L.AMPSANA,    Tourn.        NIPPLE-WORT. 

ileads  8-12-flowered.  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  8,  erect,  in  one 
row.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  oblong.  Pappus  none.  —  Slender  branch- 
ing herbs,  with  angled  or  toothed  leaves,  and  loosely  panicled  small  heads : 
flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  XOTTTO),  to  purge.  It  should  rather  be  Lapsana,  as 
written  by  Linnaeus.) 

1.  It.  COMMUNIS,  L.  Nearly  smooth ;  lower  leaves  ovate,  sometimes  lyre- 
shaped.  (J) —  Road-sides,  near  Boston.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

72.     CICHORIUM,    Tourn.        SUCCORY  or  CICHORT. 

Heads  several-flowered.  Involucre  double ;  the  outer  of  5  short  spreading 
scales,  the  inner  of  8-10  scales.  Achenia  striate.  Pappus  of  numerous  very 
small  chaffy  scales,  forming  a  short  crown.  —  Branching  perennials,  with  deep 
roots ;  the  sessile  heads  2  or  3  together,  axillary  and  terminal.  Flowers  bright 
blue,  showy.  f  Altered  from  the  Arabian  name  of  the  plant.) 

1,  C.  INTYBUS,  L.  Stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  the 
lowest  runcinate,  those  of  the  rigid  flowering  branches  minute.  —  Road-sides  ; 
common  near  the  coast,  especially  in  Mass.  July -Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

73.    K.BIOIA,    Schreber.        DWARF  DANDELION. 

Heads  15-20-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  several,  in  about  2  rows. 
Achenia  top-shaped,  many-striate  or  angled.  Pappus  double ;  the  outer  of  5 
broad  and  rounded  chaffy  scales  ;  the  inner  of  as  many  alternate  slender  bris- 
tles. —  Small  annuals  or  biennials,  branched  from  the  base  ;  the  leaves  chiefly 
radical,  lyrate  or  toothed,  the  small  heads  terminating  the  naked  scapes  of 
branches.  Flowers  yellow.  (Named  after  D.  Krieg,  an  early  German  botani 
cal  collector  in  this  country.) 


286  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

1.  K..  Virgiiiica,  Willd.  Stems  or  scapes  several,  forking  duriag  tha 
season  (!'  -  10'  high) ;  earlier  leaves  roundish,  entire,  the  others  narrower,  often 
pinnatifid. —  Var.  Dicu6TOMA  is  a  branched  and  leafy  summer  state. — New 
England  to  Illinois  and  southward,  mostly  near  the  coast.  April  -  Aug. 

•74.     CYNTHIA,    Don.        CYNTHIA. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  several,  somewhat  in  2  rows. 
Achcnia  short,  striate.  Pappus  double;  the  outer  of  numerous  very  small 
chaffy  bristles ;  the  inner  of  numerous  capillary  elongated  bristles. — Low  pe- 
rennial herbs,  nearly  smooth  and  glaucous,  with  scattered  or  radical  leaves; 
the  scapes  or  naked  peduncles  (often  bristly  at  the  apex)  bearing  rather  showy 
single  heads.  Flowers  yellow.  (Probably  named  after  Mount  Cynthus.) 

1.  C.  Virgiilica,  Don.     Roots  Jibrous ;  stem-leaves  1  -  2,  oblong  or  lance- 
olate-spatulate,  clasping,  mostly  entire ;  the  radical  ones  on  short  winged  peti- 
oles, often  toothed,  rarely  pinnatifid ;  peduncles  2-5.  —  Moist  banks,  New  York 
to  Michigan  and  southward.    June.  —  Stem  1°  high,  or  more. 

2.  C.  Dandelion,   DC.     Scapes  leafless,  from   a  tuberous  root   (6' -IS' 
high) ;  leaves  varying  from  spatulate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  few- 
lobed.  —  Moist  ground,  Maryland  to  Kentucky,  and  southward.     March  -July. 

V5.    L.EOINTODO1V,    L.,  Juss.        HAWKBIT.    FALL  DANDELION. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  scarcely  imbricated,  but  with  several  bract- 
lets  at  the  base.  Achenia  spindle-shaped,  striate,  all  alike.  Pappus  persistent, 
composed  of  plumose  bristles  which  are  enlarged  and  flattened  towards  the  base. 
—  Low  and  stemless  perennials,  with  toothed  or  pinnatifid  root-leaves,  the  scapes 
bearing  one  or  more  yellow  heads.  (Name  from  Xt'cov,  a  lion,  and  oSous,  a  tooth, 
in  allusion  to  the  toothed  leaves.) — The  following  belongs  to  the  subgenus 
OrORfNiA,  with  a  tawny  pappus  of  a  single  row  of  equal  bristles. 

1.  L.  AUTUMN\LE,  L.  (FALL  DANDELION.)  Leaves  more  or  less  pin- 
natifid ;  scape  branched  ;  peduncles  thickened  at  the  summit  and  furnished  with 
small  scaly  bracts.  Meadows  and  road-sides;  common  in  E.  New  England. 
Aug.  -  Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu. ) 

76.    IIIEUACIUM,    Tourn.        HAWKWEED. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated.  Achenia  oblong 
or  columnar,  striatc,  not  beaked.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  tawny  fragile  capil- 
lary bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  single  or  pan- 
icled  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  iepag,  a  hawk.) 

*  Heads  large  and  broad:  involucre  imbricated:  achenia  tapering  towards  the  base. 

1.  II.  Caiiafl<>iBSe,  Michx.  (CANADA  HAWKWEED.)  Stems  simple, 
leafy,  corymbcd  at  the  summit  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or 
ovate-oblong,  acute,  remotely  and  very  coarsely  toothed,  somewhat  hairy,  the 
uppermost  slightly  clasping. — Dry  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Michigan,  and 
northward.  Aug. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  237 

*  *  Heads  small :  involucre  cylindrical,  scarcely  imbricated. 

2.  II.   scabrum,  Michx.     (ROUGH  HAWKWEED.)     Stem  rather  stout 
(l°-3°high),  leafy,  rough-hairy;  the  stiff  flexuous  panicle  at  first  racemose, 
at  length  ratlin-  corymbose;  the  thickish  peduncles  and  the  hoary  40  -  50-llow- 
ered  involucre  densely  clothed  with  dark  glandular  bristles ;  achenia  columnar,  not 
tapering  at  the  summit ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  nearly  entire,  hairy.  —  Dry  open 
woods ;  common,  especially  northward.     Aug. 

3.  II.  loiigipilum,  Torr.   (LONG-BEARDED  HAWKWEED.)   Stem  wand 
like,  simple,  stout  (2° -3°  high),  very  leafy  toivards  the  base,  naked  above,  and 
bearing  a  small  racemed  panicle ;  the  lower  portion  and  both  sides  of  the  ob- 
long-lanceolate or  spatulate  entire  leaves  thickly  clothed  with  very  long  and  upright 
bristles;  peduncles  with  the  20 - 30-flowered  involucre  glandular-bristly;  achenia 
spindle-shaped,  narrowed  at  the  apex. — Prairies,  Michigan  to  Illinois,  and  west- 
ward.    Aug.  —  Heads  intermediate  between  the  last  and  the  next.     Bristles 
straight  and  even,  as  if  combed,  often  1'  long ! 

4.  II.  Gronovii,  L.     (HAIRY  HAWKWEED.)     Stem  wand-like,  mostly 
simple,  leafy  and  very  hairy  beloiv,  naked  above  and  forming  a  long  and  narrow 
panicle;  leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  nearly  entire,  hairy ;  the  slender  peduncles 
and  the  20  -  30-flowercd  involucre  sparingly  glandular-bristly ;  achenia  spindle- 
shaped,  with  a  very  taper  summit.  —  Dry  sterile  soil ;  common,  especially  south- 
ward.    Aug.  —  Varies  from  1°  — 4°  high;  with  small  heads  and  almost  beaked 
fruit,  which  well  distinguishes  the  largest  forms  from  No.  2,  and  the  smallest 
naked-stemmed  states  from  the  next. 

5.  II.  venosuin,  L.     (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.)     Stem  or  scape  naked  or 
with  a  single  leaf,  smooth  and  slender,  forking  above  into  a  spreading  loose  corymb  ; 
root-leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  nearly  entire,  scarcely  petioled,  thin  and  pale, 
purplish  and  glaucous  underneath  (often  hairy  along  the  midrib),  marked  with 
purple  veins  ;  peduncles  very  slender ;  involucre  20-flowered ;  achenia  linear,  not 
tapering  above.  —  Var.  SUBCAULESCENS  has  the  stem  more  or  less  leafy  next 
the  base.  —  Dry  plains  and  pine  woods ;  common.  —  Plant  1°  -  2°  high. 

6.  II.  pailiculatlini,   L.     (PANICLED    HAWKWEED.)     Stem   slender, 
leafy,  diffusely  branched,  hairy  below  (2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at 
both  ends,  slightly  toothed,  smooth ;  heads  (very  small)  in  a  loose  panicle,  on  slen- 
der diverging  peduncles,  12  -  20-JJowered ;  achenia  short,  not  tapering  at  the  sum- 
mit. —  Open  woods  ;  rather  common. 

7"7.    NABALUS,    Cass.        RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. 

.  Heads  few  -  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical,  of  5  to  14  linear  scales  in 
a  single  row,  and  a  few  small  bractlets  at  the  base.  Achenia  linear-oblong,  stri- 
ate  or  grooved,  not  contracted  at  the  apex.  Pappus  of  copious  straw-color  or 
brownish  roughish  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  upright  leafy  stems 
arising  from  spindle-shaped  (extremely  bitter)  tubers,  very  variable  leaves,  and 
racemose-panicled  mostly  nodding  heads.  Flowers  greenish-white  or  cream- 
color,  often  tinged  with  purple.  (Name  probably  from  vafiXa,  a  harp,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  lyrate  leaves  which  these  plants  sometimes  present.)  Species  of 
Preuauthes,  L.  See  Addend. 


238  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  PAMILY.) 

#  Involucre  smooth  or  nearly  so,  5  -  1 2-flowered. 

1.  IV.    aibus,    llook.       (WHITE     LETTUCE.      KATTLEBNAKE-ROOT.) 

Smooth  and  glaucous  (2° -4°  high);  stein  coryinbose-panicltd  at  the  summit: 
leaves  ungulate  or  triangular-halberd-form,  sinuate-toothed,  01  3-5-cleft;  the 
uppermost  oblong  and  undivided;  involucre  (purplish)  of  about  8  scales,  8-12- 
flowered;  pappus  deep  cinnamon-color. — Var.  SERPENTARIA  is  a  form  with  deep- 
ly divided  leaves,  their  margins  often  rough-ciliate. — Borders  of  woods,  in  rich 
soil ;  common,  especially  northward.  Aug.  —  Stouter  and  more  corymbed  than 
the  next,  with  thickish  leaves  and  often  purplish  branches.  Heads  £'  long. 

2.  W.  altissimus,  Hook.     (TALL  WHITE  LETTUCE.)     Smooth;  stem 
tall  and  slender  (3° -6°  high);  the  heads  in  small  axillary  and  terminal  loose 
clusters  forming  a  long  and  wand-like  leafy  panicle ;  leaves  membranaceous,  all 
petioled,  ovate,  heart-shaped  or  triangular,  and  merely  toothed  or  cleft,  with 
naked  or  winged  petioles,  or  frequently  3  -  5-parted,  with  the  divisions  entire  or 
again  cleft;  involucre  slender  (greenish),  of  5  scales,  5  -  S-Jlowered  ;  pappus  dirty 
white,  or  pale  straw-color.  —  Rich  moist  woods ;  common,  especially  northward. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

3.  IV.  Fraseri,    DC.      (LION'S-FOOT.     GALL-OF-THE-EARTH.)     Nearly 
smooth;  stem  corymbose-panicled  at  the  summit  (l°-4°  high) ;  leaves  mostly  del- 
toid, roujjiish ;  the  lower  variously  3-7-lobed,  on  margined  petioles  ;  the  upper 
oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  undivided,  nearly  sessile;  involucre  (greenish  or  pur- 
plish, sometimes  slightly  bristly)  of  about  8  scales,  8  -  IZ-Jloicercd ;  pappus  dull 
straw-color.  —  Varies  greatly  in  foliage:  the  var.  INTEGRIFC^LIUS  has  the  thick- 
ish leaves  all  undivided  and  merely  toothed.  —  Dry  sandy  or  sterile  soil,  S.  New 
England  to  Virginia  and  southward.     Sept. 

4.  IV.  nfillUS,  DC.     Smooth;   stem   low  and  simple    (5' -10'   high);  the 
heads  in  axillary  clusters  forming  a  narrow  racemed  panicle ;  leaves  triangular- 
halberd-shaped  and  very  variously  lobed  or  cleft,  on  slender  petioles ;  involucre 
(livid)  10-  13-Jtowen.d,  of  about  8  proper  scales  and  several  very  short  bract-like  ones, 
which  are  triangular-ovate  and  oppressed;   pappus   dark   straw-color.  —  Alpine 
summits  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  and  Mount  Marcy,  New 
York.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

5.  IV.  Bo6ttii,  DC.     Stem  simple,  dwarf  (5'- 6'  high),  pubescent  at  the 
summit;  the  beads  in  an  almost  simple  raceme ;  lowest  leaves  halberd-shaped 
or  heart-shaped,  the  middle  oblong,  the  upper  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  tapering 
into  a  margined  petiole;  involucre  (livid)  10-  IS-Jlowered,  of  10-  15  very  obtuse 
proper  scales,  and  several  linear  and  loose  exterior  ones  nearly  half  the  length  of  the 
former;  pappus   straw-color.  —  Higher  alpine   summits   of  the   mountains  of 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  N.  New  York.     Aug. 

6.  IV.    virgalus,    DC.       (SLENDER    RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.)      Smootn, 
slightly  glaucous;  stem  very  simple  (2° -4°  high)  ;  produced  above  into  a  naked 
and  nli')nli-r  .«/'//.•  «l  raceme  (l£°-2°  long),  the  heads  clustered  and  mostly  unilat- 
eral; leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  closely  sessile,  the  upper  reduced  to  bracts,  the 
lower  toothed  or  pinnatifid;  involucre  (purplish)  of  about  8  scales,  8-  11-Jloicered; 
pappus  straw-color. —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virg:nia,  and  souti- 
ward      Sept. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  239 

*  #  Involucre  12  -  40-jlowered,  hairy,  as  well  as  the  peduncles. 

7.  W    racemdSKS,  Hook.    Stem  wand-like,  simple  (2°  -5°  high),  smooth, 
as  well  as  the  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate  denticulate  leaves  ;  the  lower  tapering 
into  winged  petioles  (rarely  cut-pinnatifid),  the  upper  partly  clasping;  heads  in 
clusters  crowded  in  a  long  and  narrow  interruptedly  spiked  panicle ;  involucre  about 
\2-flowered;  pappus  straw-color. — Plains,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 
Also  Hackensack  marshes,  New  Jersey.     Sept.  —  Flowers  flesh-color. 

8.  N.  sis  per,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stem  wand-like,  simple  (2° -4°  high),  rough- 
pubescent,  as  well  as  the  oval-oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate  toothed  leaves  ;  heads 
in  small  clusters  (mostly  erect)  disposed  in  a'long  and  narrow  compound  raceme ; 
involucre  12  -  14-flowered ;  pappus  straw-color.  —  Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  Ohio 
to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Sept.  —  Flowers  larger  than  No.  7,  cream-color. 

9.  W.  crepidlneus,  DC.    Somewhat  smooth;  stem  stout  (5° -8° high), 
bearing   numerous   nodding  heads  in  loose  clusters   on   the  corymbose-panicled 
branches;  leaves  large    (6' -12'  long),  broadly  triangular-ovate  or  halberd-form, 
strongly  toothed,  contracted  into  winged  petioles ;   involucre  20  -  40-Jlowered ; 
pappus  brown.  —  Rich  soil,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward.     Sept.  —  Involucre 
blackish ;  flowers  cream-color. 

78.     T  BO  XI  HI  ON,    Nutt.        TROXIMON. 

Head  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, pointed,  loosely  imbricated  in  ^  or  3  rows.  Achenia  smooth,  10-ribbed, 
not  beaked.  Pappus  longer  than  the  achenium,  white,  of  copious  and  unequal 
rather  rigid  capillary  bristles,  some  of  the  larger  gradually  thickened  towards 
the  base.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  linear  elongated  tufted  root-leaves,  and  a  sim- 
ple naked  scape.  Heads  solitary,  large  :  flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  Tpo>|o/iai, 
to  eat,  first  applied  to  a  plant  with  an  edible  root.) 

1.  X.  cuspid  Aitum,  Pursh.  Leaves  lanceolate,  elongated,  tapering  to 
a  sharp  point,  woolly  on  the  margins  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  sharp- 
pointed.  —  Prairies,  Wisconsin,  N",  111.,  and  westward.  April,  May. 

?9.     TARAXACUM,    Haller.        DANDELION. 

Head  many-flowered.  Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  short  scales ;  the  innei 
of  long  linear  scales,  erect  in  a  single  row.  Achenia  oblong,  ribbed,  and  rough- 
ened on  the  ribs,  the  apex  prolonged  into  a  very  slender  thread-like  beak,  bear- 
ing the  pappus  of  copious  soft  and  white  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
producing  a  tuft  of  pinuatifid  or  runcinate  radical  leaves,  and  slender  naked 
hollow  scapes,  bearing  a  single  large  head  of  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from 
ra/mo-o-ci),  to  disquiet  or  disorder,  in  allusion  to  its  medicinal  properties.) 

1.  T.  Dens-Ieonis,  Dcsf.  (COMMON  DANDELION.)  Smooth,  or  at 
first  pubescent;  outer  involucre  reflexed.  —  Pastures  and  fields  everywhere: 
probably  indigenous  in  the  North.  April -Sept.  —  After  blossoming,  the  inner 
involucre  closes,  the  slender  beak  elongates  and  raises  up  the  pappus  while  the 
fruit  is  forming,  the  whole  involucre  is  then  reflexed,  exposing  to  the  wind  the 
naked  fruits,  v.'ith  the  pappus  displayed  in  an  open  globular  head.  (Eu.) 


240  COMPOSITE,     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

8O.    PYRRHOPAPPUS,    DC.        FALSE  DANDELION. 

Heads,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Taraxacum ;  the  soft  pappus  reddish  or  rusty-color, 
and  with  a  villous  ring  at  the  top  of  the  long  beak.  —  Mostly  annual  or  biennial 
herbs,  often  branching  and  leafy-stemmed.  Heads  solitary,  pretty  large,  termi- 
nating the  naked  summit  of  the  stem  or  branches.  Flowers  deep  yellow. 
(Name  composed  of  nvppos,  flame-colored,  and  Tramros, pappus.) 

1.  P.  Cardiiiif&iius,  DC.  Stem  branching  below  (l°-2°  high), 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire,  cut,  or  pinnatifid,  the  stem-leaves  partly 
clasping.  —  Sandy  fields,  from  Maryland  southward.  April -July. 

81.     L.ACTUCA,    Toura.        LETTUCE. 

Heads  several-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  2  or  more  sets 
of  unequal  lengths.  Achenia  flat  (compressed  parallel  to  the  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre), abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  thread-form  beak,  bearing  a  copious  and 
fugacious  pappus  of  very  soft  and  white  capillary  bristles.  —  Leafy -stemmed 
herbs,  with  panic-led  heads;  the  flowers  of  variable  color.  (The  ancient  name 
of  the  Lettuce,  L.  saliva;  from  lac,  milk,  in  allusion  to  the  milky  juice.) 

1.  If  eloiigala,  Muhl.  (WiLD  LETTUCE.)  Stem  tall  and  stout  (2°- 
9°  high,  hollow) ;  leaves  partly  clasping,  pale  beneath ;  the  upper  lanceolate 
«ind  entire ;  the  lower  runcinate-pinnatifid ;  heads  in  a  long  and  narrow  naked 
panicle ;  achenia  oval ;  flowers  pale  yellow,  varying  to  purple.  —  Varies  greatly ; 
*he  leading  form  smooth  or  nearly  so,  with  long  leaves:  —  the  var.  INTEGRI- 
F6LIA  is  mostly  smooth,  with  the  leaves  nearly  all  entire,  and  the  flowers  yel- 
low or  bluish  (L.  integrifolia,  BiyeL) :  —  the  var.  SANGufNEA  is  smaller,  mostly 
hairy,  and  with  runcinate  leaves,  and  the  flowers  very  variously  colored  (L.  san- 
guinea,  BiyeL}.  — Rich  damp  soil,  borders  of  thickets,  &c.  July -Sept. 

82.    ITIULOEDIUM,    Cass.        FALSE  or  BLUE  LETTUCE. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre,  &c.  as  in  Lactuca.  Achenia  laterally 
compressed,  striate  or  ribbed,  the  summit  contracted  into  a  short  and  thick  beak 
or  neck,  of  the  same  texture,  expanded  at  the  apex  into  a  ciliatc  disk,  which 
bears  a  copious  rather  deciduous  pappus  of  soft  capillary  bristles.  —  Leafy- 
Btemmed  herbs,  with  the  general  aspect  and  foliage  of  Lactuca.  Heads  racemed 
or  panic-led;  the  flowers  chiefly  blue.  (Name  from  mulgeo,  to  milk.) 
*  Pappus  bright  white :  flowers  blue. 

1.  Iff.  acilllliimtum,  PC.      Smooth,  panicled   above    (3°-e»  high); 
ttem-Iciiri's  omit-  and  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  merdij  toothed,  sometimes  hairy  on 
&e  midrib  beneath,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  winged  petiole;  the  lowest 
often  sinuate;  heads  loosely  panicled.     @ — Borders  of  thickets,  New  York  to 
Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Probably  only  a  state  of  the  next. 

2.  ITI.  Florid  si  mini,  DC.     Nearly  smooth  (3° -6°  high)  ;  leaves  aUly- 
rate  or  rin.rhinfe,  the  divisions  sharply  toothed  ;  heads  in  a  loose  compound  pan- 
icle.    (3)  — Varies  with  the  upper  leaves  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  &c. — 
Rich  soil,  S.  Peon.,  an  \  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. 


LOBELIACE^E.       (LOBELIA    FAMILY.)  241 

*  *  Pappus  tawny :  corolla  pale  blue,  or  cream-color  turning  bluish. 

3.  M.  Iciicopli&imi,  DC.  Nearly  smooth ;  stem  tall  (3° -12°  high), 
very  leafy ;  leaves  irregularly  pinnatifid,  sometimes  runcinate,  coarsely  toothed, 
the  uppermost  often  undivided ;  heads  in  a  large  and  dense  compound  panicle 
@  — Low  grounds  ;  common.  Aug.  —  Lower  leaves  often  1°  long. 

M.  PULCHELLUM,  Nutt.,  of  the  plains  of  the  Northwest,  is  to  be  expected  in 
Wisconsin. 

83.    SO  NC II  US,    L.        SOW-THISTLE. 

Heads  many-flowered,  becoming  tumid  at  the  base.  Involucre  more  or  less 
imbricated.  Achenia  flattened  laterally,  ribbed  or  striate,  not  beaked.  Pappua 
copious,  of  very  white  exceedingly  soft  and  fine  capillary  bristles.  —  Leafy- 
stemmed  weeds,  chiefly  smooth  and  glaucous,  with  corymbed  or  umbellate 
heads  of  yellow  flowers.  (The  ancient  Greek  name.) 

*  Annual :  flowers  pale  yellow. 

1.  S.  OLERACEUS,  L.     (COMMON  SOW-THISTLE.)     Stem-leaves  runcinate- 
pinnatitid,  or  rarely  undivided,  slightly  toothed  with  soft  spiny  teeth,  clasping 
by  a  heart-shaped  base,  the  auricles  acute ;  involucre  downy  when  young ;  ache- 
nia  striate,  wrinkled  transversely.  —  Waste  places  in  manured  soil  and  around 
dwellings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  ASTER,  Vill.     (SPINY-LEAVED  SOW-THISTLE.)     Stem-leaves  mostly 
undivided,  conspicuously  spiny-toothed,  the  auricles  of  the  clasping  base  round- 
ed ;  achenia  margined,  3-nerved  on  each  side,  smooth.  —  Waste  places,  like  the  last, 
and  much  resembling  it.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Perennial:  flowers  bright  yellow.     (Heads  large.) 

3.  S.  ARVENSIS,  L.     (CORN  SOW-THISTLE.)     Leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid, 
spiny-toothed,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  the  auricles  obtuse ;  peduncles 
and   involucre   bristly ;   achenia   transversely  wrinkled   on    the    ribs.  —  Essex 
County,  Massachusetts,  Staten  Island,  and  New  Jersey :  rare.     Sept.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.)  Cayuga  Lake,  &?.  New  York,  //.  B.  Lord. 

ORDKR  60.     LOBELIACE^E.     (LOBELIA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers,  an  irregular 
monopetalous  5-lobed  corolla  split  down  to  the  base  on  one  side :  the  5  stamens 
free  from  the  corolla,  and  united  into  a  tube  commonly  by  their  filaments  and 
always  by  their  anthers.  —  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  many-seeded  pod. 
Style  1  :  stigma  fringed.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  small  straight  embryo, 
in  copious  albumen.  —  A  family  of  acrid  poisonous  plants,  represented  only 
by  the  genus 

1.    LOBELIA,    L.        LOBELIA. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  a  short  tube.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube,  split  down  on 
the  upper  side,  somewhat  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  of  2  rather  erect  lobes,  the 
lower  spreading  and  3-cleft.  Two  of  the  anthers  in  our  species  bearded  at  the 


242  LOBELIACE2B.       (LOBELIA    FAMILY.) 

top.      Pod  2-cellcd,  many-seeded,  opening  at  the  top.  —  Flowers  axillary  or 
chieflv  in  bracted  racemes.     (Dedicated  to  Label,  an  early  Flemish  herbalist.) 
*  Flowers  deep  red,  large :  stem  simple. 

1.  L.    cardinalis,    L.      (CARDINAL-FLOWER.)      Tall    (2°-4°  high), 
smoothish;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  toothed;  raceme  elongated,  rather 
1-sided;  the  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  leaf-like  bracts. — Low  grounds; 
common.     July -Oct.  —  Perennial  by  offsets,  with  large  and  very  showy  in- 
tensely red  flowers,  —  rarely  varying  to  rose-color!    (Plymouth,  Mr.  Gilberj), 
or  even  to  white  ! 

#  *  Flowers  blue,  or  blue  var legated  with  white. 

*-  Stems  leafy  to  the  top,  simple  (l°-3°  high)  :  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate: 
sinuses  of  the  calyx  with  conspicuous  dejlexed  auricles  :  Jlowers  crowded  in  a  long 
spike  or  dense  raceme. 

2.  li.  syplliliticn.  L     (GREAT  LOBELIA.)    Somewhat  hairy ;  leaves  thin, 
acute  at  both  ends  (2' -6'  long),  irregularly  serrate;  flowers  (nearly  1'  long)  pedi- 
celled,  longer  than  the  leafy  bracts ;  calyx  hirsute,  the  lobes  half  the  length  of 
the  corolla,  the  short  tube  hemispherical,     ty  —  Low  grounds;  common.     Aug., 
Sept.  —  Flowers  light  blue,  rarely  white. 

3.  L.  pllbcrilla,  Michx.     Finely  soft-pubescent ;  leaves  thickish,  obtuse  (!'- 
2'  long),  with  small  glandular  teeth;  spike  rather  1-sided;  calyx-lobes  (and  ovate 
oracts)  little  shorter  than  the  corolla,  the  hairy  tube  top-shaped.      1J.  —  Moist  grounds, 
New  Jerse)  to  Ohio  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Corolla  bright  blue,  £'  long. 

4.  fj.  I<'|>fO*tilcliy*,      A.  DC.     Smooth  above;  leaves  obtuse,   denticulate, 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper  gradually  reduced  to  awl-shaped  bracts ;  raceme 
spike-like,  long  and  dense ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  the 
auricles  in  the  form  of  10  awl-shaped  appendages  as  long  as  the  hemispherical  tube. 
\\. —  Sandy  soil,  Illinois  and  southward.     July,  Aug.  —  Corolla  3" -4"  long. 
t-  •»-  Stems  leafy,  mostly  simple  (l°-2£°  high) :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late :  calyx-tube  hemispherical,  the  sinuses  destitute  of  auricles :  Jlowers  pretty  la/ye 
(§'—!'  long)  and  showy,  in  a  loose  nearly  l-sided  raceme:  anthers  sometimes  beard- 
ed on  the  back. 

5.  L..  glaildulo§a,  Walt.     Sparingly  hairy  or  pubescent ;  leaves,  bracts, 
and  usually  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  strongly  glandular-toothed ;  anyx-tube  densely 
hixpid,  rarely  sparsely  so,  or  smoothish.     ty  —  Moist  places,  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.    Aug.,  Sept. 

6.  L.  aillWiia,  Michx.     Glabrous   (rarely  minutely  pubescent)  ;   leaves 
and  bracts  scared  v  ulandular-toothcd  ;  calyx-lobes  entire  and  slender.     1J. —  Shady 
moist  places,  Virginia  and  southward.     Sept. 

•»-  •*-•*-  Stems  leafy  :  calyx-tube  ovoid  or  tapering  to  an  acute  base,  no  auricles  or  ap- 
pendages at  the  sinuses:  Jlowers  small  (4'-£'  long),  rore.W. 
*•»•  P<inirn/(if</y  much  branched:  racemes  leafy  :  root  annual  or  biennial. 

7.  L.  iiiflata,  L.     (INDIAN  TOBACCO.)     Somewhat   pubescent    (9'- 18' 
high)  ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed;  lobes  of  the  calyx  equalling 
the  corolla  ("1"  -3"  long),  the  tube  and  the  inflated  pod  ovoid.  —  Dry  open  soil; 
common.     July -Sept.  —  A  virulent  poison  and  quack  medicine. 


Ml; 


CAMPANULACEA.   (CAMPANULA  FAMILY.)         243 

*+•  *•«  Simple  or  sparingly  panicled,  slender:  leaves  entire,  or  nearly  so,  the  upper 
reduced  to  linear  or  awl-shaped  bracts :  root  perennial  or  biennial. 

8.  Li.  Spicata,  Lam.     Minutely  pubescent;  stem  wand-like,  simple  (1°- 
3°  high) ;  stem-leaves  obovate-  or  lanceolate-oblong ;  raceme  long  and  spike-like,  com- 
monly dense.     (L.  Claytoniana,  Michx.}  — Dry  grounds,  Massachusetts  to  Wis- 
consin, and  southward.     Aug.  —  Flowers  pale  blue. 

9.  L..  Nuttallii,  Roem.  &  Sch.     Stem  very  slender  (l°-2°  high),  minute 
ly  roughened,  mostly  simple ;  root-leaves  obovate ;  those  of  the  stem  oblong-linear ; 
flowers  loosely  scattered  in  a  small  wand-like  raceme  ;  the  thread-form  pedicels 
longer  than  the  bract,  shorter  than  the  /lower,  usually  with  minute  bractlets  near  the 
base;  lobes  of  the  calyx  short,  awl-shaped.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Long  Island,  New 
Jersey,  and  southward.    July  -  Sept.    Much  resembles  the  next. 

10.  L.  Kalniii,  L.     Stem  slender,  branching  (4'- 18' high),  smooth  :  root- 
leaves  oblong-spatulate ;  those  of  the  stem  linear ;  raceme  loose,  few-flowered  ;  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  linear  leaf-like  bracts,  longer  than  the  flower,  with  2  minute  bract- 
lets  above  the  middle.  — Damp  limestone  rocks  and  banks,  W.  New  England  to 
Wisconsin  along  the  Great  Lakes.  Also  Penn,  Pcrter.     July -Sept. 

•4-  -»—  -i—  -4—  Stem  simple  and  nearly  leafless,  except  at  or  near  the  base  :  flowers  in  a 
simple  loose  raceme :  leaves  fleshy :  calyx-tube  acute  at  the  base  ;  auricles  none. 

11.  JL.  paliulosa,  Nutt.     Nearly  smooth ;  stem  slender  (l°-2^°  high); 
leaves  thickish  but  flat,  scattered  near  the  base,  linear-spatulate  or  oblong-linear,  den- 
ticulate, mostly  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  bearded  in  the 
middle.     1J.  — Bogs,  Delaware  and  southward.  —  Flowers  ^'  long,  light  blue. 

12.  L,.  Uortlliaiina,  L.      (WATER  LOBELIA.)      Very   smooth;   scape 
thickish  (5'  -  12'  high) ,  few-flowered ;  leaves  all  tufted  at  the  root,  linear,  terete,  hollow, 
with  a  partition  lengthwise,  sessile ;  lower  lip  of  the  pale-blue  corolla  slightly 
hairy.     1|.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  New  York,  New  England,  and  northward.     July 
-  Sept.  — Flowers  £'  - 1'  long.     Summit  of  the  pod  free  from  the  calyx.     (Eu.) 

ORDER  Gl.     CAMPANULACE/E.      (CAMPANULA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers  ;  the  calyx 
adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  the  regular  5-lobed  corolla  bell-shaped,  valvate  in  tlie 
bud ;  the  5  stamens  free  from  the  corolla  and  usually  distinct. —  Style  1,  be- 
set with  collecting  hairs  above  :  stigmas  2  of  more.  Pod  2  -  several-celled, 
many-seeded.  Seed  small,  anatropous,  with  a  straight  embryo  in  fleshy 
albumen.  —  Flowers  generally  blue  and  showy  — Sparingly  represented 
in  America,  in  the  Northern  States  by  only  two  genera. 

1.     CAMPANULA,    Tourn.        BELLFLOWER. 

Calyx  5-clcft.  Corolla  generally  bell-shaped,  5-lobcd.  Stamens  5,  separate, 
the  filaments  broad  and  membranaceous  at  the  base.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the 
pod  3  in  our  species,  the  short  pod  opening  on  the  sides  by  as  many  valves  oi 
holes.  —  Herbs  with  terminal  or%xillary  flowers.  (A  diminutive  (>f  the  Italian 
campana,  a  bell,  from  the  shape  of  the  corolla.) 


244        CAMPANULACEjE.   (CAMPANULA  FAMILY.) 

*  f  lowers  panicled  (or  rarely  solitary),  long-pednncled :  pods  nodding. 

1.  C.  rotund ifolia,   L.     (HAREBELL.)      Slender,  branching   (5'- 12 
nigh),  1  -  1 0-flowcred ;  root-leaves  round-Jieart-shaped  or' ovate,  mostly  toothed  oi 
crenate,  long-petioled,  early  withering  away ;  stem-leaves-  numerous,  linear  or  nar~ 
rowly  lanceolate,  entire,  smooth  ;  calyx-lobes  awl-shaped,  varying  from   $  to  §  the 
length  of  the  bright-blue  corolla.     ]\. —  Rocky  shaded  banks;  common  north- 
ward, and  along  the  mountains.     July.  —  A  delicate  and  pretty,  but  variable 
§pecies,  with  a  most  inappropriate  name,  since  the  round  root-leaves  are  rarely 
conspicuous.     Corolla  ^'-f  long.     (Eu.) 

Var.  liiii  folia.  Stems  more  upright  and  rather  rigid ;  the  lowest  leaves 
varying  from  heart-shaped  to  ovate-lanceolate ;  corolla  §'-!' long.  (C.  linifo- 
lia,  Lam.)  —  Shore  of  Lake  Huron,  Lake  Superior,  and  northwestward.  (Eu.) 

2.  C.  apariiioides,    Pursh.      (MARSH  BELLFLOWER.)      Stem  simple 
w  d  slender,  weak  (8' -20' hign),  few-flowered,  somewhat  3-angled,  rough  back- 
wards on  the  angles,  as  are  the  slightly  toothed  edges  and  midrib  of  the  linear-lance- 
olate leaves ;  peduncles  diverging,  slender ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  triangular,  half  the 
length  of  the  bell-shaped  (nearly  white)  corolla.     1J.?  (C.  erinoides,  Muhl.)  — 
Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  among  high  grass.     July.  — Plant  with  somewhat  the 
habit  of  a  Galium  ;  the  corolla  barely  $'  long. 

3.  C.  divaricata,  Michx.     Very  smooth;  stem  loosely  branched  (1°- 
3°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  coarsely  end  sharply  toothed; 
flowers  numerous  on  the  branches  of  the  large  compound  panicle,  calyx-lobes  awl- 
shaped,  about  half  the  length  of  the  pale-blue  small  (£')  corolla;  style  protruded. 
Ij.  —  Dry  woods  and  rocks,  mountains  of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward 
July  -  Sept. 

#  *  Ftowers  numerous,  nearly  sessile,  crowded  in  a  long  more  or  less  leafy  spike, 
corolla  almost  wheel-shaped,  deeply  5-lobed :  pods  erect. 

4.  C.  Americana,    L.     (TALL  BELLFLOWER.)     Stem  mostly  simple 
(3° -6°  high) ;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  serrate,  mostly 
on  margined  petioles,  thin,  somewhat  hairy  (2£'  -6'  long) ;  the  slender  style 
protruded  and  curved.     1J.  —  Moist  rich  soil,  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward.     July.  —  Spike  l°-2°  long.     Corolla  blue,  1'  broad. 

C.  MEDIUM,  L.,  the  CANTERBURY  BELLS,  and  some  other  species,  are  com- 
mon in  gardens.  C.  GLOMERA.TA,  L.,  has  escaped  from  gardens  at  Dauvers, 
Mass. 


2.     SPECUL.ARIA,    Heist.        VENUS'S  LOOKING -o LASS. 

Calyx  5-  (or  3 -4-)  lobed.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-lobcd.  Stamens  5,  sep 
arate ;  the  membranaceous  hairy  filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Stigmas 
3.  Pod  prismatic  or  elongated-oblong,  3-celled,  opening  by  3  small  lateral 
valves.  —  Low  annuals  ;  the  lower  flowers  in  the  American  species  (§  TRIODAL- 
LU8,  Raf.)  fruiting  precociously  in  the  bud,  without  expanding  their  imperfect 
corolla.  (Name  from  Speculum  Veneris,  the  early  name  of  the  common  Euro- 
pean species.) 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  245 

1.  S.  perfoliiita,  A.  DC.  Somewhat  hairy  ;  leaves  roundish  or  ovate, 
clasping  bj  the  heart-shaped  base,  toothed  ;  flowers  sessile,  solitary  or  2  -  3  to- 
gether in  the  axils  ;  the  upper  and  later  ones  only  with  a  conspicuous  expanding 
(purple-blue)  corolla;  pod  oblong,  opening  rather  below  the  middle.  —  Dry  \ulla 
or  open  fields  ;  common.  May  - 


ORDER  62.     ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  sometimes  herbs,  with  the  flowers  regular  or  nearly  so:  the  stamens 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  4  -  5-lobed  or  4  -  b-petalled  corolla,  free 
from  but  inserted  with  it:  anthers  2-celled,  commonly  appendaged  or  open- 
ing by  terminal  chinks  or  pores:  style  1:  ovary  3  -10-celled.  Seeds  small, 
anatropous.  Embryo  small,  or  sometimes  minute,  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  A 
large  family,  very  various  in  many  of  the  characters,  comprising  four  well- 
marked  suborders,  as  follows  :  — 

SUBORDER  I.    VACCINIEJ2.    THE  WHORTLEBERRY  FAMILY. 

Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  which  forms  an  edible  berry  or  berry- 
like  fruit,  crowned  with  the  short  calyx-teeth.  Anthers  2-parted.  Pollen 
compound  (of  4  united  grains).  —  Shrubs  or  somewhat  woody  plants,  with 
acaly  buds. 

1.  GAYLUSSACIA.    Ovary  8  -  10-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.     Fruit  a  berried 

drupe  with  8-10  small  nutlets. 

2.  VACCINIUM     Berry  4  -  5-celled  (or  imperfectly  8  -10-celled  by  false  partitions),  many- 

seeded.     Anther-cells  tapering  upward  into  a  tube. 

8.  CHIOGENES.    Berry  4-celled,  many-seeded,  its  summit  free.     Anther-cells  not  prolonged 
into  a  tube,  but  each  2-pointed. 

SUBORDER  II.     ERICINEJi.    THE  PROPER  HEATH  FAMILY. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  monopetalous,  or  rarely  nearly  or 
quite  polypetalous,  hypogynous.  Pollen  of  4  united  grains.  —  Shrubs  or 
small  trees. 

TRIBE  I.    ARBUTE^E.    Fruit  indehiscent,  a  berry  or  drupe.    Corolla  deciduous. 
4.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.    Corolla  urn  -shaped     Drupe  berry-like,  6  -  10-seeded. 
TRIBE  II.    A1VDROMEDE.3E.    Fruit  a  pod  opening  loculicidally.    Corolla  deciducna. 

*  Anthers  upright  in  the  bnd,  the  cells  opening  lengthwise.     Corolla  salver-shaped. 

6.  EPIGJEA.     Calyx  of  5  separate  dry  and  pointed  sepals.     Anthers  not  appendaged. 

*  *  Anthers  upright  in  the  bud,  opening  only  at  the  top.    Corolla  monopetalous,  either  glob- 

ular, urn-shaped,  bell-shaped,  or  cylindrical. 

•»-  Calyx  enlarged  and  berry-like  in  fruit. 

6.  GAULTIIERIA.    Calyx  5-cleft,  in  fruit  enclosing  the  small  many  -seeded  pod.     Anthers  4- 

awned  at  the  top. 

•»-  •*-  Calyx  dry,  not  becoming  fleshy  after  flowering. 

7.  LKUCOTHOE.    Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Corolla  cj  lindraceous.  5-toothed.    Pod  de- 

pressed, 5-lobed,  tbe  valves  entire. 

B.  CASSANDRA.    Calyx  imbricated.     Corolla  cy  lindraceous,  5-toothed.     Pod  splitting  whaa 
ripe  into  an  outer  and  inner  layer,  the  inner  of  10  raJves. 


246  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

9.  CASSUOPE.     Caljx  imbricated.     Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  deeply  4    6-cleft.     Pod 
globular-ovoid,  4  -5-valv«d,  the  valves  2-cleft 

10.  AND  ROM  E  DA.     Calya  vacate  and  very  early  open  in  the  bud.    Pod  globular.     Seed* 

mostly  hanging 

11.  OXYDENDRUM.    Calyx  valvate  and  opening  early  in  the  bud.    Pod  oblong-pyramidal 

Seeds  all  ascending. 

•  •  *  Anthers  turned  over  outwardly  in  the  bud,  afterwards  upright ;  the  cells  opening  onlt 
by  a  hole  at  the  top.    Corolla  of  5  separate  petals. 

12.  CLETHRA.     Sepals  6.    Stamens  10.     Style  3-cleft  at  the  apex.    Pod  3-valved. 

TRIB«  III.     RI1ODORE  JE.     Fruit  a  pod  opening  septicidally.     Corolla  deciduous. 

*  Anther-cells  opening  by  a  pore  at  the  top. 

«-  Flowers  not  from  scaly  buds  ;  the  bracts  leaf-like  or  coriaceous. 

13.  1'HYLLODOCE.    Corolla  ovate  or  urn-shaped     Leaves  narrow  and  heath-like. 

14.  KALMIA.     Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped  or  wheel-shaped,  with  10  pouches.     Leaves  brc   L 

•»-  «-  Flowers  developed  from  large  scaly  buds,  the  scales  or  bracts  caducous. 

15.  MENZIESIA.     Corolla  globular-bell-shaped,  4r-toothed.     Stamina  8.    Leaves  deciduoui 

16.  AZALEA.     Corolla  open  funnel-form,  6-lobed.     Stamens  5.     Leaves  deciduous. 

17.  RHODODENDRON.     Corolla  bell-shaped  or  short  funnel-form,  5-lobed.      Stamens     >. 

Leaves  evergreen. 

18.  RIIODORA.     Corolla  irregular,  ringent,  two  of  the  petals  nearly  separate  from  the  n   I 

Stamens  10.    Leaves  deciduous. 

19.  LEDUM.    Corolla  regular,  of  6  nearly  distinct  petals.    Leaves  evergreen. 

*  *  Anther  cells  opening  lengthwise.     Buds  not  scaly.     Leaves  evergreen. 

20.  LOTSELEURIA.    Corolla  deeply  5-cleft.    Stamens  5,  included. 

21.  LEIOPIIYLLUM.     Corolla  of  5  separate  petals.    Stamens  10,  exserted. 

SUBORDER  HI.    PYROLE^E.    TILE  PYROLA  FAMILY. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  petals.  Pollen,  &c. 
as  in  the  preceding.  Seeds  with  a  very  loose  and  translucent  cellular  cov- 
ering much  larger  than  the  nucleus.  —  Nearly  herbaceous ;  with  evergreen 
foliage. 

22.  PYROLA.     Flowers  in  a  raceme.    Petals  not  spreading.    Filaments  awl-shaped  :  anthers 

scarcely  2-horned.     Style  long.     Valves  of  the  pod  cobwebby  on  the  edges. 

23.  MONESES.     Flower  single.     Petals  widely  spreading.     Filaments  not  dilated  in  the  mid- 

dle :  anthers  conspicuously  2-horned.    Style  straight,  exserted :  stigiuas  5,  radiate. 
Valves  of  the  pod  smooth  on  the  edges. 

34.  CHIMAPIIILA.  Flowers  corymbed  or  umbelled.  Petals  widely  spreading.  Filaments 
dilated  in  the  middle.  Style  very  short  and  top-shaped,  covered  by  a  broad  and  or- 
bicular stigma.  Valves  of  the  pod  smooih  on  the  edges. 

SUBORDKR  IV.    MONOTROPEyE.    THE  INDIAN-PIPE  FAMILY. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Suborders  II.  or  III.,  but  the  plants  herbaceous  and 
entirely  destitute  of  green  foliage,  and  with  the  aspect  of  Bcechdrops. 
Seeds  as  in  Suborder  III.  Pollen  simple. 

*  Corolla  monopetalous  :  anthers  2-cellfd. 

26.  PTEROSP01A.     Corolla  ovate,  6-toothed,  withering-persistent.     Anthers  2-horned  on  too 

back,  opening  lengthwise. 
26.  SCinVElNlTZlA.     Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.    Anthers  opening  at  the  top. 

*  *  Corolla  of  4  or  6  separate  petals  :  calyx  imperfect  ->r  bract-like. 
VS.  MONOTROPA.     Petal*  narrow.     Anthers  kidney-soaped,  opening  across  Uio  too. 


ERICACEAE.     (H^ATH  FAMILY.)  247 

buBORDER  I.     VACCINI&X.     THE  WHORTLEBEHKY  FAMILY. 

1.     GAYJLUSSACIA,    H.  B.  K.        HUCKLEBERRY. 

Corolla  tubular,  ovoid,  or  bell-shaped  ;  the  border  5-cleft.  Stamens  10  :  an- 
thers awnless  ;  the  cells  tapering  upward  into  more  or  less  of  a  tube,  opening 
by  a  chink  at  the  end.  Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe  containing  10  seed-like  nutlets. 
—  Branching  shrubs,  with  the  aspect  of  Vaccinium,  commonly  sprinkled  with 
resinous  dots ;  the  flowers  (white  tinged  with  purple  or  red)  in  lateral  and  bracted 
racemes.  (Named  for  the  distinguished  chemist,  Gay-Lussac.) 
*  Leaves  thick  and  evergreen,  not  resinous-doited. 

1.  G.   foracliycera,    Gray.      (BOX-LEAVED    HUCKLEBERRY.)      Very 
-smooth  (1°  high) ;  leaves  oval,  finely  crenate-toothed ;  racemes  short  and  nearly 
sessile;  pedicels  very  short ;  corolla  cylindrical-bell -shaped.  —  Dry  woods,  Per- 
ry County,  Penn.,  near  Bloomficld  (Prof.  Baird),  and  mountains  of  Virginia, 
May.  —  Leaves  in  shape  and  aspect  like  those  of  the  Box. 

*  *  Leaves  deciduous,  entire,  sprinkled  more  or  less  with  resinous  or  waxy  atoms. 

2.  G.  dllinosn,  Torr.  &  Gr.    (DWARF  HUCKLEBERRY.)    Somewhat  hairy 
and  glandular,  low  (1°  high  from  a  creeping  base),  bushy;  leaves  obovate-ob- 
long,  mucronate,  green  both  sides,  rather  thick  and  shining  when  old  ;  racemes 
elongated ;  bracts  leaf-like,  oval,  persistent,  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  ovary  bristly  of 
glandular;  corolla  bell-shaped ;  fruit  black  (insipid).  —  Var.  HIRTELLA  has  tho 
young  branchlets,  racemes,  and  often  the  leaves  hairy.  —  Sandy  low  soil,  Maine 
to  Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.     June. 

3.  G.   frondosa,   Torr.   &   Gr.      (BLUE   TANGLE.      DANGLEBERRY.) 
Smooth  (3° -6°  high) ;  branches  slender  and  divergent;  leaves  obovate-oblong, 
blunt,  pale,  glaucous  beneath ;  racemes  slender,  loose ;  bracts  oblong  or  linear,  decid- 
uous, shorter  than  the  slender  drooping  pedicels ;  corolla  globular-bell-shaped ;  fruit 
dark  blue  with  aVhite  bloom  (sweet  and  edible). — Low  copses,  coast  of  New 
England  to  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May,  June. 

4.  G.  resJnosa,  Torr.  &  Gr.    (BLACK  HUCKLEBERRY.)   Much  branched, 
rigid,  slightly  pubescent  when  young  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  oval,  oblong-ovate,  or 
oblong,  thickly  clothed  and  at  first  clammy,  as  well  as  the  flowers,  with  shining 
resinous  globules ;  racemes  short,  clustered,  one-pided ;  pedicels  about  the  length 
of  the  flowers;  bracts  and  bractlets  (reddish]  small  and  deciduous;  corolla  ovoid- 
conical,  or  ^t  length  cylindrical  with  an  open  mouth ;  fruit  black,  without  bloom 
(pleasant;.  —  Woodlands  and  swamps  ;  common.     May,  June.  —  The  common 
Huckleberry  of  the  North.     It  sometimes  occurs  with  white  fruit. 

3.     VACCIIVIUM,    L.        CRANBERRY.    BLUEBERRY.    BILBERRY. 

Corolla  bell-shaped,  urn-shaped,  or  cylindrical;  the  limb  4 -5-cleft,  revolute. 
Stamens  8  :>r  10:  anthers  sometimes  2-awned  on  the  back;  the  cells  separate 
and  prolonged  into  a  tube,  opening  by  a  hole  at  the  apex.  Berry  4  -  5-celled, 
many-seeded,  or  sometimes  8-10-celIed  by  a  false  partition  stretching  from  the 
back  of  each  cell  to  the  placenta.  —  Shrubs  wiiti  solitary,  clustered,  or  racemed 
flowers  :  the  corolla  white  or  reddish.  (An  ancient  Latin  name,  c-f  obscure 
derivation.) 

10 


248  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

*  1.  OXYC6CCUS,  Tourn.  —  Ovary  4-cdled:  con.Ua  4-panid,  the  long  and  nar 
row  divisions  revolute :  anthers  8,  awnless,  tapering  upwards  into  very  long  kibes 
pedicels  slender. 

*  Stems  very  slender,  creeping  or  trailing  ;  leaves  small,  entire,  whitened  beneath,  ever 
green  :  pedicels  erect,  with  the  pale  rose-colored  flower  nodding  on  their  summit  ; 
corolla  deeply  4-parted :  berries  red,  acid. 

1.  V.  Oxyc6cctlS,   L.      (SMALL   CRANBERRY.)      Stems  very  slender 
(4' -9' long);  leaves  ovate,  acute,  with  strongly  revolute  margins  (2* -3"  long); 
pedicels  1-4,  terminal ;  filaments  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  anthers. 
(Oxycoccus  vulgaris,  Pursh.) — Peat-bogs,  New  England  and  Penn.  to  Wis- 
consin, and  northward.     June.  —  Berry  3" -4"  broad,  spotted  when  young,  sel- 
dom sufficiently  abundant  to  be  gathered  for  the  market.     (Eu.) 

2.  V.    macrocarpoii,    Ait.      (COMMON    AMERICAN    CRANBERRY.) 
Stems  elongated  ( 1  °  -  3°  long),  the  flowering  branches  ascending ;  leaves  oblong, 
obtuse,  glaucous  underneath,  less  revolute  (4" -6"  long);  pedicels  several,  be- 
coming lateral ;  filaments  scarcely  one  third  the  length  of  the  anthers.     (0.  ma- 
crocarpus,  Pers.) — Peat-bogs,  Virginia  to  Wisconsin,  and  everywhere  north- 
ward.    June.  —  Berry  £'  - 1'  long. 

*  #  Stem  upright  and  leaves  deciduous,  as  in  common  Blueberries :  flowers  axillary 

and  solitary  :  corolla  deeply  4-cle/l :  berries  turning  purple,  insipid. 

3.  V.  erythrocarpon,    Michx.     Smooth,  divergently  branched   (1° 
4°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  bristly  sen-ate,  thin.  -  —  Wooded 
hills,  mountains  of  Virginia  and  southward.    July. 

$  2.  VITIS-ID^A,  Tourn.—  Ovary  4-5-celled:  corolla  bell-shaped,  4-5-lobed: 
anthers  8-10,  awnless  ;  filaments  hairy :  flowers  in  short  and  bracted  nodding  ra- 
cemes :  leaves  evergreen  :  berries  red  or  purple. 

4.  V.  VHiS-Id&a,'  L.     (COWBERRY.)      Low  (6' -10' 'high) ;  branches 
erect  from  tufted  creeping  stems ;  leaves  obovate,  with  revolute  margins,  dark 
green,  smooth  and  shining  above,  dotted  with  blackish  bristly  points  under- 
neath;  corolla  bell-shaped,  4-cleft.  —  Higher  mountains  of  New  England,  also 
on  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  at  Danvers,  Massachusetts  (Oakcs),  and  northward. 
June.  —  Berries  dark  red,  acid  and  rather  bitter,  mealy,  barely  edible.     (Eu.) 

$  3.  BATOD^NDRON.  —  Ovary  more  or  less  completely  W-celled  by  false  parti- 
tions :  corolla  spreading -campanulate,  5-k>bed :  anthers  2-awned  on  th&back:  fila- 
ments hairy  :  berries  mawkish  and  scarcely  edible,  ripening  few  seeds :  flowers  soli- 
tary on  slender  pedicels  in  the  axils  if  the  upper  leaves,  formimj  a  sort  of  leafy 
racemes. 

5.  V.   stamincum,    L.      (DEIRBERRY.      SQUAW   HUCKLEBERRY.) 
Diffusely  branched  (2° -3°  high),  somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  oval, 
pale,  whitish  underneath,  deciduous;  tubes  of  the  anthers  much  longer  than  the 
corolla,  short-awncd  ;  berries  globular  or  oear-shaped,  greenish.  —  Dry  woods, 
Maine  to  Michigan,  and  southward.     May,  June. 

(V.  ARBOREUM,  Michx.,  the  FARKLE-BEr.uY,  a  tall  species  of  this  section, 
•with  coriaceous  and  shining  oval  lc;iv«-^.  anth.-rs  included  in  the  white  corolla, 
and  black  berries,  is  found  ia  S.  Illinois  by  Dr.  Vascy.) 


ERICACEAE.       (HEATH    FAMILY.)  2^9 

§  4.  EUVACCf  NIUM.  —  Ovary  4  -  5-celled,  with  no  trace  oj  false  partitions :  co- 
rolla urn-shaped  or  globular,  4  -  5-toothed:  anthers  2-awned  on  the  back :  filaments 
smooth :  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  or  2-3  together :  berries  blt.e  or  black :  northern 
alpine  plants,  with  deciduous  leaves. 

6.  V.  caespitdsuiil,  Michx.      (DWARF   BILBERRY.)      Dwarf  (3' -5' 
high),  tufted;  leaves  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  membranaceous,  smooth 
and  shining,  serrate ;  flowers  solitary  on  short  peduncles ;  corolla  oblong,  slightly 
urn-shaped  :  stamens  10. — Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hamp 
shire ;  and  high  northward. 

7.  V.  uligiiiosuiii,  L.     (Boa  BILBERRY.)     Low  and  spreading  (4'  -  8' 
high),  tufted ;  leaves  entire,  dull,  obovate  or  oblong,  pale  and  slightly  pubes- 
cent underneath;  flowers   single   or  2-3   together  from  a  scaly  bud,  almost 
sessile;  corolla  short,  urn-shaped;  stamens  chiejly  8.  —  Alpine  tops  of  the  high 
mountains  of  New  England  and  New  York,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

§  5.  CYANOC6CCUS.—  Ovary  more  or  less  completely  10-celled  by  false  parti- 
tions: corolla  oblong-cylindrical  or  slightly  urn-shaped,  5-toothed:  anthers  10, 
awnless :  filaments  hairy :  berries  blue  or  black  with  a  bloom  (sweet} :  Jlowers  in 
dusters  or  very  short  racemes  from  scaly  buds  separate  from  and  rather  preceding 
the  leaves,  on  short  pedicels,  appearing  in  early  spring.  (Leaves  deciduous  in  the 
Northern  species  or  proper  Blueberries.) 

8.  V.  Pennsylvaniciliii,    Lam.      (DWARF  BLUEBERRY.)      Dwarf 
(G'-  15'  high),  smooth ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong ,  distinctly  serrulate  with  bristle- 
pointed  teeth,  smooth  and  shining  both  sides  (or  sometimes  downy  on  the  midrib 
underneath) ;  corolla  short,  cylindrical-bell-shaped.  —  Var.  ANGUSTirdLiUM  is 
a  high  mountain  or  boreal  form,  3' -6' high,  with  narrower  lanceolate  leaves. 
(V.  angustifolium,  Ait.)  — Dry  hills  and  woods ;  common  from  Penn.  far  north- 
ward.—  Branches  green,  angled,  warty.     Berries  abundant,  large  and  sweet, 
ripening  early  in  July :  the  earliest  blueberry  or  blue  huckleberry  in  the  market. 

9.  V.  Canadciise,  Kalm.      (CANADA    BLUEBERRY.)      Low   (l°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptical,  entire,  downy  both  sides,  as  well  as  the 
crowded  branchlets ;  corolla  shorter :  otherwise  as  No.  8.  —  Swamps  or  moist 
woods,  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 

10.  V.  vacillans,  Solander.    (Low  BLUEBERRY.)    Low  (1°- 2|-°  high), 
glabrous  ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  pale  or  dull,  glaucous,  at  least  underneath,  minute- 
ly ciliolate-serrulate  or  entire ;  corolla  between  bell-shaped  and  cylindraccous , 
th'3  mouth  somewhat  contracted.  —  Dry  woodlands,  especially  in  sandy  soil, 
common  from  Massachusetts  and  Vermont  to  Pennsylvania.  —  Branches  yellow- 
ish-green.    Berries  ripening  later  than  those  of  No.  8. 

11.  V.   corymbosiifn,    L.      (COMMON    SWAMP-BLUEBERRY.)      Tall 
( 5° -10°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  oval,  oblong,  or  elliptical-lanceolate;  corolla  varying 
from  turgid-ovate  and  cylindrical-urn-shaped  to  oblong-cylindrical.  —  Swamps 
and  low  thickets,  everywhere  common.  —  This  yields  the  common  blueberry  or 
Uue  huckleberry  at  the  latter  part  of  the  season.     The  typical  form  has  the  leaves 
entire  and  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  least  when  young,  as  also  the  branchlets. 
The  species  exhibits  the  greatest  variety  of  forms,  -  -  of  which  the  last  here  men- 


250  ERICACEAE.       (HEATH    FAMILY.) 

tioncd  is  the  most  remarkable,  and  the  only  one  which  has  any  claims  to  ba 
regarded  us  a  species 

Var.  giabrum.     Wholly  or  nearly  glabrous  throughout;  leaves  entire. 

Var.  miiuetlimio  Leaves  bristly-ciliate,  shining  above,  green  both  sides, 
beneath  somewhat  pubescent  on  the  veins.  (V.  amo3imm,  Ait.,  &c.) 

Var.  pallid u in.  Leaves  mostly  glabrous,  pale  or  whitish-glaucous,  eapa 
cially  underneath,  serrulate  with  bristly  teeth.  (V.  pallidum,  Ait.) 

Var.  cllrocOCClim.  Leaves  entire,  downy  or  woolly  underneath  evtn 
When  old,  as  also  the  branchlets;  berries  smaller,  black,  without  bloom.  (V. 
fuscatum,  Ait.  ?  Sf  Ed.  1.) 

3.     CHI  6  GENES,    Salisb.         CREEPING  SNOWBERRY. 

Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary;  the  limb  4-parted. 
Corolla  bell-shaped,  deeply  4-cleft.  Stamens  8,  included,  inserted  on  an  8- 
toothed  epigynous  disk :  filaments  very  short  and  broad :  anther-cells  ovate- 
oblong,  quite  separate,  not  awned  on  the  back,  but  each  minutely  2-pointed  at 
the  apex,  and  opening  by  a  large  chink  down  to  the  middle.  Berry  white,  glob- 
ular, crowned  with  the  4-toothed  calyx,  rather  dry,  4-cclled,  many-seeded.  —  A 
trailing  and  creeping  evergreen,  with  very  slender  and  scarcely  woody  stems, 
and  small  Thyme-like  ovate  and  pointed  leaves  on  short  petioles,  with  revolute 
margins,  smooth  above,  the  lower  surface  and  the  branches  beset  with  rigid 
rusty  bristles.  Flowers  very  small,  solitary  in  the  axils,  on  short  nodding  pe- 
duncles, with  2  large  bractlets  under  the  calyx.  (Name  from  xi<^v^  sn<>w,  and 
yews,  offspring,  in  allusion  to  the  snow-white  berries.) 

1.  C.  llispidllla,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Vaccinium  hispidulum,  L.  Gaultheria 
Bcrpyllifolia,  Pursh.  G.  hispidula,  Muhl.)  Peat-bogs  and  mossy  mountain 
woods,  in  the  shade  of  evergreens ;  common  northward,  extending  southward  in 
the  Allcghanies.  May.  —  Plant  with  the  aromatic  flavor  of  the  Boxbcrry,  Win- 
tergreen,  or  Birch.  Leaves  J'  long.  Berries  \'  broad,  bright  white. 

SUBORDER  II.     EUICINEJE.     THE  PROPER  HEATH  FAMILY. 
4.    ARCTOSTAPIIYL.OS,    Adans.        BEARBERRY. 

Corolla  ovate  and  urn-shaped,  with  a  short  revolute  5-toothed  limb.  Stamens 
10,  included :  anthers  with  2  reflexed  awns  on  the  back  near  the  apex,  opening 
by  terminal  pores.  Drupe  berry-like,  with  5  seed-like  nutlets.  —  Shrubs  with 
alternate  leaves,  and  scaly-bracted  nearly  white  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or 
clusters.  Fruit  austere.  (Name  composed  of  apmos,  a  bear  and  ora(£vA»j, 
*  grape  or  berry,  the  Greek  of  the  popular  name.) 

1.  A.  Uva-iirsi,  Sprcng.      (BEARBERRY.)      Trailing;  leaves  thick  and 
evergreen,  obovate  or  spatulate,  entire,  smooth;  fruit  red.     (Arbutus  Uva-ursi,  L.) 
—  Rocks  and  bare  hills ;  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    May.    (Eu.) 

2.  A.  alpina,   Spivng.     (ALPINE  BEARBERRY.)     Dwarf,  tufted  and  de- 
pressed;  leans  (I'cidiioiiK,  Kirrate,  irrinklid  with  strong   netted   veins,  obovate  ; 
fruit  black.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  Meant 
Katahdin,  Maine,  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 


ERICACE.S.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  251 

9.    EPIGJEA,    L.        GROUND  LAUREL.     TRAILING  A  IBUTUS. 

Corolla  salver-form ;  the  tube  hairy  inside,  as  long  as  the  ovatc-lanceolata 
pointed  and  scale-like  nearly  distinct  sepals.  Stanuns  10,  with  slender  fila- 
ments :  anthers  oblong,  awnless,  opening  lengthwise.  Pod  depresscd-glot  alar, 
5-lobed,  5-celled,  many-seeded.  —  A  prostrate  or  trailing  scarcely  shrubby  plant, 
bristly  with  rusty  hairs,  with  evergreen  and  reticulated  rounded  and  heart-shaped 
alternate  leaves,  on  slender  petioles,  and  with  rose-colored  flowers  in  small  axil- 
lary clusters,  from  scaly  bracts.  (Name  composed  of  eVt,  upon,  and  7/7,  the  earth, 
from  the  trailing  growth.) 

1.  E.  repcns,  L.  —  Sandy  woods,  or  sometimes  in  rocky  soil,  especially 
in  the  shade  of  pines,  common  in  many  places.  —  Flowers  appearing  in  early 
spring,  and  exhaling  a  rich  spicy  fragrance.  In  New  England  called  MAT- 
FLOWER. 

6.     GAUL.THERIA,    Kalm.        AROMATIC  WINTERGREEN. 

Corolla  cylindrical-ovoid  or  a  little  urn-shaped,  5  toothed.  Stamens  10,  in- 
cluded :  anther-cells  each  2-awned  at  the  summit,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore. 
Pod  depressed,  5-lobed,  5-r,elled,  5-valved,  many-seeded,  enclosed  when  ripe  by 
the  calyx,  which  thickens  and  turns  fleshy,  so  as  to  appear  as  a  globular  red 
berry !  —  Shrubs,  or  almost  herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate  evergreen  leaves 
and  axillary  (nearly  white)  flowers :  pedicels  with  2  bractiets.  (Dedicated  by 
Kalm  to  "Dr.  Gaulthier,"  of  Quebec;  Linn,  Amoen.  Acad.  3,  p.  15  ;  very  likely 
the  same  person  as  the  M.  Gautier  who  contributed  a  paper  on  the  Sugar-Maple 
to  the  Memoirs  of  the  French  Academy ;  but  it  is  too  late  to  alter  the  original 
orthography  of  the  genus.) 

1.  O.  prociinibens,  L.  (CREEPING  WINTERGREEN.)  Stems  slender 
and  extensively  creeping  on  or  below  the  surface ;  the  flowering  branches  as- 
cending, leafy  at  the  summit  (3' -5'  high);  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  obscurely 
serrate  ;  flowers  few,  mostly  single  in  the  axils,  nodding.  —  Cool  damp  woods, 
mostly  in  the  shade  of  evergreens :  common  northward,  and  southward  along 
the  Alleghanies.  July.  —  The  bright  red  berries  (formed  of  the  calyx)  and  the 
foliage  have  the  well-known  spicy-aromatic  flavor  of  the  Sweet  Birch.  In  the 
interior  of  the  country  it  is  called  Wintergreen,  or  sometimes  Tea-berry.  East- 
ward it  is  called  Checkerberry  or  Partridge-berry  (names  also  applied  to  M-Vtrhella, 
the  latter  especially  so),  and  Boxberry. 

7.     L.EUC6THOE,    Don.        LEUCOTHOE. 

Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  not  enlarged  nor 
fleshy  in"  fruit.  Corolla  ovate  or  cylindraccous,  5-toothed.  Stamens  10:  an- 
thers naked,  or  the  cells  with  1  or  2  erect  awns  at  the  apex,  opening  by  a  pore. 
Pod  depressed,  more  or  less  5-lobed,  5-celled,  5-valved,  the  sutures  not  thick- 
ened ;  valves  entire :  the  many-seeded  placentas  borne  on  the  summit  of  the  short 
columella,  mostly  pendulous.  —  Shrubs,  with  petioled  and  serrulate  leaves,  and 
white  scaly-bracted  flowers  crowded  in  axillary  or  terminal  spiked  racemes, 
f  A  mythological  name.) 


252  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

$  1.  LEUCOTHOE  PROPER.  —  Anthers  awnless;  the  cells  sometimes  obscurely  2- 
pointed:  stigma  depressed-capitate,  5-rayed:  racemes  sessile  (dense),  produced  at 
the  tin>?  of  flowering  from  scaly  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  coriaceous  and  shining  per- 
sistent leaves  of  tJie  preceding  year,  shorter  than  they :  bracts  persistent :  bractlet* 
at  the  base  of  the  short  pedicels.  (Seed-coat  loose  and  cellular,  wing-like.) 

1.  1*.  axillaris,  Don.     Leaves  lanceolate-oblong  or  oval,  abruptly  pointed  at 
acute,  somewhat  spinulose-scrrulatc,  on  very  short  petioles;  sepals  broadly  ovate. 
(Andromeda  axillaris,  Lam.)  —  Banks  of  streams,  Virginia,  in  the  low  coun- 
try, and  southward.     Feb.  -  April.  —  Shrub  2°  -  4°  high. 

2.  li.  GatCSl>£ei.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  serrulate  with  cili- 
ate-spinu!ose  appressed  teeth,  conspicuously  petioled  (3' -6' long);  sepals  ovate- 
oblong,  often  acute.     (Andr.  Catcsbsei,  Walt.     A.  axillaris,  Michx.     A.  spinu- 
losa,  Pursh.     L.  spinulosa,  Don. )  —  Moist  banks  of  streams,  Virginia  along  the 
mountains,  and  southward.     May.  —  Shrub  2°  -4°  high,  with  long  spreading 
or  recurved  branches.  Flowers  unpleasantly  scented. 

$  2.  EtlBOTRYS,  Nutt.  —  Anthers  awned:  stigma  simple:  bractlets  close  to  the 
calyx,  and,  like  the  sepals,  of  a  rigid  texture,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  pointed:  placentce 
merely  spreading :  flowers  very  short-pedicelled,  in  long  one-sided  racemes,  which 
mostly  terminate  the  branches,  formed  with  them  in  the  summer,  but  the  flower-buds 
not  completing  their  growth  and  expanding  till  the  following  spring :  bracts  awl- 
shaped,  deciduous :  leaves  membranaceous  and  deciduous,  serrulate,  the  midrib  and 
veins  beneath  pubescent. 

^.  lt»  reci'irva.  Branches  and  racemes  recurved-spreading ;  lea  res  lanceo- 
late or  ovate,  taper-pointed ;  sepals  ovate;  anther-cells  1  -awned ;  pod  5-lobed;  seed* 
fiat  and  cellular-winged.  (Andr.  recurva,  Buckley.) — Dry  hills,  Aleghanies  of 
Virginia  and  southward.  April.  -  -  Lower  and  more  straggling  than  t{  e  next 

4.  It.  race  III  6sa.  Branches  and  racemes  mostly  erect;  leaves  oblong  or 
oval-lanceolate,  acute ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate ;  anther-cells  each  2-awned ;  pod  not 
lobed ;  seeds  angled  and  wingless.  (Andr.  racemosa  &  A.  paniculata,  L.)  —  Moist 
thickets,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  southward.  May,  June 
— Shrub  4°  -  6°  high.  Corolla  cylindrical. 

8.     CASSANDRA,    Don.        LEATHER-LEAF. 

Calyx  of  5  distinct  rigid  ovate  and  acute  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  ana 
with  a  pair  of  similar  bractlets.  Corolla  cylindrical-oblong,  5-toothed.  Sta- 
mens 10 :  anther-cells  tapering  into  a  tubular  beak,  and  opening  by  a  pore  at  the 
apex,  awnless.  Pod  depressed,  5-celled,  many-seeded ;  the  pericarp  of  2  layers, 
the  outer  5-valved,  and  later  the  cartilaginous  inner  layer  10-valved.  Seeds 
flattened,  wingless.  —  Low  and  much-branched  shrubs,  with  nearly  evergreen 
and  coriaceous  leaves,  which  are  scurfy,  especially  underneath.  Flowers  white, 
in  the  axils  of  the  upper  small  leaves,  forming  small  1-sided  leafy  racemes;  the 
flower-buds  formed  in  the  summer  and  expanding  early  the  next  spring.  (Cos- 
tandra,  a  daughter  of  Priam  and  Hecuba.) 

1.  C.  calycillata,  Don.  Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  flat.  (.Andromeda 
calyculata,  L.)  —Bogs,  common  northward.  (Eu.) 


i 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  258 

9.     CASSIOPE,    Don.        CASSIOPB. 

Calyx  without  bractlets,  of  4  or  5  nearly  distinct  ovate  sepals,  imbricated  in 
the  bud  Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  deeply  4  -  5-cleft.  Stamens  8  or  10  : 
anthers  fixed  by  their  apex ;  the  ovoid  cells  each  opening  by  a  large  terminal 
core,  and  bearing  a  long  recurved  awn  behind.  Pod  ovoid  or  globular,  4-5- 
celled,  4  -  5-valved  ;  the  valves  2-cleft :  placentae  many-seeded,  pendulous  from 
the  summit  of  the  columella.  Seeds  smooth  and  wingless.  —  Small,  arctic  or 
alpine  evergreen  plants,  resembling  Club-Mosses  or  Heaths.  Flowers  solitary, 
nodding  on  slender  erect  peduncles,  white  or  rose-color.  (Cassiope  was  the 
mother  of  Andromeda.) 

1.  C.  hypnoides,  Don.  Tufted  and  procumbent,  moss-like  (l'-4' 
high);  leaves  needle-shaped,  imbricated ;  corolla  5-cleft;  style  short  and  coni- 
cal. (Andromeda  hypnoides,  L.)  — Alpine  summits  of  the  Adirondack  Moun- 
tains, New  York  (Dr.  Parry),  White  Mountains,  N.  Hampshire,  and  Mount 
Katahdin,  Maine  ( Mr.  Young),  and  high  northward.  (Eu.) 

1 0.     A IV  I>  R  O  I?I  E  I>  A ,    L.  (in  part. )     (Andromeda,  Zenobia,  Lyonia, 
Nutt.,  &  Pieris,  Don.) 

Calyx  without  bractlets,  of  5  nearly  or  partly  distinct  sepals,  valvate  in  the 
early  bud,  but  very  eai'ly  separate  or  open.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Stamens  10  : 
anthers  fixed  near  the  middle,  the  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Pod  glob- 
ular, 5-celled,  5-valved ;  the  many-seeded  placentas  borne  on  the  summit  or 
middle  of  the  columella.  —  Shrubs,  with  umbelled,  clustered,  or  paniclcd  and 
racemed  (mostly  white)  flowers.  (Fancifully  named  by  Linnaeus  for  A.  poli- 
folia,  in  allusion  to  the  fable  of  Andromeda.) 

§  1.  ANDROMEDA  PROPER. —  Corolla  glob ular -urn-shaped :  filaments  bearded f 
not  appendaged :  anthers  short,  the  cells  each  surmounted  by  a  slender  ascending 
awn :  seeds  turned  in  all  directions,  oval,  with  a  close  and  hard  smooth  coat :  flow- 
ers in  a  terminal  umbel :  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  ovate  persistent  scaly  bracts : 
leaves  evergreen. 

1.  A.  polifolia,  L.     Smooth  and  glaucous  (6' -18' high) ;  leaves  thick, 
lanceolate  or  oblong-linear,  with  strongly  revolute  margins,  white  beneath.  — 
Cold  bogs,  from  Pennsylvania  northward.     May.     (Eu.) 

k  2.  PORTtlNA,  Nutt. —  Corolla  ovoid-urn-shaped  and  ^-angled:  filaments  not 
appendaged:  anthers  oblong,  the  cells  each  bearing  a  long  refiexed  awn  near  the  in- 
sertion :  seeds  mostly  pendulous,  and  with  a  loose  cellular  coat :  flowers  in  axillary 
and  tei-minal  racemes,  which  are  formed  in  summer,  but  the  blossoms  expanding  the 
following  spring :  pedicels  \-sided,  bracted  and  with  minute  bractfets :  leaves  thick 
and  evergreen. 

2.  A.  ilorilmmln,  Pursh.     Branches  bristly  when  young ;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  acute  or  pointed  (2'  long),  petioled,  serrulate  and  bristly-ciliate ;  racemea 
dense,  crowded  in  panicles.  —  Moist  hills,  in  the  Alleghanies  from  Virginia 
southward.     April.  —  A  very  leafy  shrub,  2° -10°  high,  bearing  abundance  of 
handsome  flowers. 


254  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

4  3.  PIERIS,  Don.  —  Corolla  ovoid-oblong  or  cylindraceous :  j -.laments  slender  and 
awl -shaped,  appendaged  with  a  spreading  or  recurved  bristle  on  each  side  at  or  below 
the  apex:  anthers  oblong,  awnless :  sutures  of  the  b-anc/ular  pod  with  a  more  or  less 
tluckentd  line  or  ridge,  which  often  falls  away  srf)anii<-ly  u:/tat  the  pod  opens  :  seeds 
turned  in  all  directions,  oblong,  with  a  thin  and  rather  loose  reticulated  coat :  flowers 
in  umbel-like  clusters  variously  arranged. 

3.  A.  Mariana,  L.     (STAGGER-BUSH.)     Nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  decid- 
uous, but  rather  coriaceous,  oval  or  oblong,  veiny ;  flowers  large  and  nodding, 
in  clusters  from  axillary  scaly  buds,  which  are  crowded  on  naked  branches  of 
the  preceding  year;  sepals  pretty  large,  leaf-like,  deciduous  with  the  leaves. — 
Sandy  low  places,  Rhode  Island  to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  southward. 
May,  June.  —  Shrub  2°  -4°  high  :  foliage  said  to  poison  lambs  and  calves. 

(A.  NfriDA,  Bartram,  the  FETTERBUSH,  belongs  to  this  group,  and  may 
grow  in  S.  Virginia.) 

t  4.  LY6NIA,  Nutt.  —  Calyx  5-cle/l:  corolla  globular,  pubescent:  filaments  and 
anthers  destitute  of  awns  or  appendages:  pods  prominently  ribbed  at  the  sutures,  the 
ribs  at  length  separating  or  separable:  seeds  slender,  all  pendulous,  with  a  hose  and 
thin  cellular  coat :  flowers  small,  mostly  in  clusters  which  are  racemose-panicled: 
Bracts  minute  and  deciduous :  leaves  pubescent  or  scurfy  beneath. 

4.  A,  ligTUStrilia,  Muhl.     Leaves  deciduous,  not  scurfy,  smoothish  when 
old,  obovate-oblong  varying  to  oblong-lanceolate ;  flowers  racemose-panicled  on 
branchlets  of  the  preceding  year.  —  Swamps  and  low  thickets,  N.  England  along 
the  coast  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     June,  July.  —  Shrub  4°  -  10°  high. 

11.     OXYDENDRUM,    DC.        SOHREL-TREE.     SOUK  WOOD. 

Calyx  without  bractlets,  of  5  almost  distinct  sepals,  valvate  in  the  bud.  CV>rol- 
la  ovate,  5-toothed,  puberulcnt.  Stamens  10  :  anthers  fixed  near  the  base,  linear, 
awnless,  the  cells  tapering  upwards,  and  opening  by  a  long  chink.  Pod  oblong- 
pyramidal,  5-ccllcd,  5-valvcd ;  the  many-seeded  placenta;  at  the  base  of  the  cells. 
Seeds  all  ascending,  slender,  the  thin  and  loose  reticulated  coat  extended  at  both 
ends  into  awl-shaped  appendages.  —  A  tree  with  deciduous,  oblong-lanceolate 
and  pointed,  soon  smooth,  serrulate  leaves,  on  slender  petioles,  and  white  flowers 
in  long  one-sided  racemes  clustered  in  an  open  panicle,  which  terminates  the 
branches  of  the  season.  Bracts  and  bractlets  minute,  deciduous.  Foliage  sou;1 
to  the  taste  (whence  the  name,  from  o^us1,  sour,  and  SsVSpoi/,  tr«). 

1.  O.  arborcillll,  DC.  (Andromeda  arhorca,  L.) — Rich  woods,  from 
Penn.  and  Ohio  southward,  mostly  along  the  Alleghanies.  June,  July.  —  Tree 
40°  -60°  high.  Leaves  in  size  and  shape  like  those  of  the  Peach. 

12.     CL.ETIIRA,    L.        WHITE  ALDER.     SWKET  PKITKRIH-SH. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  obovate-oblong 
petals.  Stamens  10,  often  exserted :  anthers  inversely  arrow-shaped,  inverted 
and  reflsxed  in  the  bud,  opening  by  terminal  pores  or  short  slits.  Style  slender, 
8-clcft  at  the  npcx.  Pod  3-valved,  3-celled,  many-seeded,  enclosed  in  the  calyx. 
Shrubs,  with  alternate  and  serrate  deciduous  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  termi 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  255 

nal  hoary  racemes.    Bracts  deciduous.    (KX^pa,  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the 
Alder,  which  this  genus  somewhat  resembles  in  foliage.) 

1.  O.  alaiilolia.}  L.     Leaves  wedge-obovate,  sharply  serrate,  entire  towards 
the  hase;  prominently  straight-veined,  smooth,  green  both  sides ;  racemes  upright, 
panic-led;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers;  filaments  smooth.  —  Wet  copses,  Maine 
to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  southward.  —  Shrub  3° -10°  high,  covered  in 
July  and  August  with  handsome  fragrant  blossoms.  —  In  the  South  are  varieties 
with  the  leaves  rather  scabrous,  and  pubescent  or  white-downy  beneath. 

2.  €.  acmniiisatsi,  Michx.     Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  pointed,  thin,  finely 
serrate  (5' -7'  long),  pale  beneath;  racemes  solitary,  drooping;  bracts  longer  than 
the  flowers ;  filaments  and  pods  hairy.  —  Woods  in  the  Allcghauies,  Virginia 
and  southward.    July.  —  A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree. 

13.     PHYLLODOCE,    Salisb.        PIIYLLODOCE. 

Corolla  urn-shaped  or  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Stamens  10 :  anthers  pointless, 
shorter  than  the  filaments,  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Pjd  5-celled,  scptic.i- 
dally  5-valved  (as  are  all  the  succeeding),  many-seeded. — Low  alpine  Heath- 
like  evergreens,  clothed  with  scattered  linear  and  obtuse  rough-margined  leaves. 
Flowers  usually  nodding  on  solitary  or  umbelled  peduncles  at  the  summit  of  the 
branches.  ("A  mythological  name.") 

1.  P.  taxiioliu,  Salisb.     Corolla  oblong-urn-shaped,  purplish,  smooth; 
style  included.     (Mcnziesia  carulea,  Smith.) — Alpine  summits  of  the  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  Mount  Katahdin,  Maine  (Youny).    July 
Shrub  4'  -  G'  high,  tufted.     (Eu.) 

14.    K.AL.UIIA,    L.        AMERICAN  LAUREL. 

Calyx  5-partcd.  Corolla  between  wheel-shaped  and  bell-shaped,  5-lobed, 
furnished  with  10  depressions  in  which  the  10  anthers  are  severally  lodged  until 
they  begin  to  shed  their  pollen :  filaments  thread-form.  Pod  globose,  5-celled, 
many-seeded.  —  Evergreen  mostly  smooth  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite 
entire  coriaceous  leaves,  and  showy  flowers.  Pedicels  bracted.  Flower-buds 
naked.  (Dedicated  to  Peter  Kalm,  a  pupil  of  Linnseus  who  travelled  in  this 
country  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  afterwards  Professor  at  Abo.) 

§  1    Flowers  in  simple  or  clustered  umbel-like  corymbs :  calyx  smaller  than  the  pod, 
.  persistent :  leaves  glabrous. 

1.  K..  lafifolin,  L.      (CALICO-BUSH.     MOUNTAIN  LAUREL.      SPOON 
WOOD.)     Leaves  mostly  alternate,  bright  qreen  both  sides,  ovate-lanceolate  or  ellipti 
cal,  tap?.ring  to  each  end,  pctioled;  corymbs  terminal,  many-flowered,  clammy 
pubescent;   pod   depressed,   glandular.  —  Rocky   hills    and    damp   soil,   rathei 
common  from  Maine  to  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  as  a  shrub  4°  — 8°  high;  but  in  the 
mountains  from  Penn.  southward  forming  dense  thickets,  and  often  tree-liko 
(10°  -  20°  high).    May,  June.  —  Flowers  profuse,  and  very  showy,  light  or  deep 
rose-color,  clammy. 

2.  K.  angiistifolm,  L.     (SHEEP  LAUREL.    LAMBKILL.)    Leaves  com- 
monly opposite  or  in  th°£S,)Yile  or  whitish  underneath,  liyht  green  above,  narrowly 


256  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

oblong,  obtuse,  petioled  ;  corymbs  lateral  (appearing  later  than  tin  branches  of  thfl 
season),  slightly  glandular,  many-flowered;  pod  depressed,  nearly  smooth. — 
Hill-sides,  common.  May -July.  —  Shrub  2° -3°  high,  upright:  the  flowers 
more  crimson,  and  two  thirds  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

3.  K.  glauca,  Ait.     (PALE  LAUREL.)     Branchlets  2-edaed ;  leaves  o;>;w- 
site,  nearly  sessile,  oblong,  white-glaucous  underneath,  with  rcvofute  mart/ins  ;  corymbs 
terminal,  few-flowered,  smooth  ;  bracts  large ;  pod  ovoid,  smooth.  —  Var.  ROB- 
MARINIF6LIA  has  linear  and  strongly  revolute  leaves.  —  Cold  peat-bogs  and 
mountains,  from  Pennsylvania  northward.     July.  —  Straggling,  about  1°  high. 
Flowers  £'  broad,  lilac-purple. 

§  2.  Flowers  scattered,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  season  :  calyx  leafy, 
larger  than  the  pod,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  at  length  deciduous :  leaves  (alter- 
nate and  opposite)  and  branches  bristly-hairy. 

4.  K.  llii'Sllta,  Walt.     Branches  terete;  leaves  oblong  >  r  lanceolate  (4" 
long),  becoming  glabrous.  —  Sandy  pine-barren  swamps,  K.  Virg  nia  and  south- 
ward.    May  —  Sept.  —  Shrub  1°  high.     Corolla  rose-color. 

15.     MENZIESIA,    Smith.        MENZIESIA. 

Calyx  very  small  and  fle*ti«h,  4-toothed  or  4-lobed.  Corolla  cylindraocous- 
urn-shapcd  and  soon  bell-shaped,  obtusely  4-lobed.  Stamens  8,  included  : 
anther-cells  opening  at  the  top  by  an  oblique  pore.  Pod  ovoid,  woody,  4-celled. 
4-valved,  manv-sccded.  Seeds  narrow,  with  a  loose  coat.  —  A  low  shrub,  with 
the  straggling  branches  and  the  oblong-obovate  alternate  deciduous  leaves  (like 
those  of  Azalea)  hairy  and  ciliate,  with  rusty  rather  chair-like  bristles.  Flowers 
small,  developed  with  the  leaves,  in  terminal  clusters  from  scaly  buds,  greenish- 
white  and  purplish,  nodding.  (Named  for  A.  Menzies,  who  in  Vancouver's 
voyage  brought  the  species  from  the  Northwest  Coast.) 

1.  M.  ferruginea,  Smith:  var.  globulferis.  Corolla  rather  shorter 
and  broader  perhaps  than"  in  the  Oregon  plant.  —  Alleghany  Mountains,  S. 
Pennsylvania  to  Virginia,  &c.  June.  —  Leaves  tipped  with  a  gland. 

16.     AZALEA,    L.        FALSE  HONEYSUCKLE.     A/ALKA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  often  minute.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  slightly  irregu- 
lar; the  lobes  spreading.  Stamens  5,  with  long  exserted  lilamems,  usually 
declined,  as  well  as  the  similar  style:  anthers  short,  opening  by  terminal  pores, 
pointless.  Pod  5-cclled,  5-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  s<  ale-like.  —  Upright 
shrubs,  with  alternate  and  obovatc  or  oblong  deciduous  leaves,  which  arc  entire, 
ciliate,  and  mncronate  with  a  glandular  point.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  often 
glandular  and  glutinous  outside,  in  umbellcd  clusters  from  large  sealy-imhri- 
cated  terminal  buds.  (Name  from  dfoXcbf,  arid,  —  most  inappropriate  as  ap- 
plied to  our  species,  which  grow  in  swamps.) 

*  Mowers  appearing  after  the  leaves. 

1    A.  arborcsoeiis,  Pursh.      (SMOOTH  AZALEA.)     Tlntm-Mcts  smooth 
teaves  obovate,  obtuse,  very  smooth  both  sides,  shntni;/  aboce,  glaucous  beneath,  the 
margins  bristly -ciliate ;  calyx-lobes  long  and  conspicuous ;  corolla  slightly  clammy; 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.,  257 

stamens  and  style  very  much  exserted.  —  Mountains  of  Penn.  to  Virginia,  and 
southward.  June.  —  Shrub  3° -10°  high,  with  thickish  leaves,  and  very  fr? 
grant  rose-colored  blossoms  larger  than  in  No.  3. 

2.  A.  viscosa,  L.      (CLAMMY  AZALEA.      WHITE  SAVAMP-HONEYSUC 
KLE.)     Branchlets  bristly,  as  well  as  the  margins  and  midrib  of  the  oblong-obo- 
vate  otherwise  smooth  leaves ;  calyx-lobes  minute ;  corolla  clammy,  the  tube  much 

longer  than  the  lobes ;  stamens  moderately,  the  style  conspicuously,  exserted 

Vur.  GLAUCA  has  the  leaves  paler  and  often  white-glaucous  underneath  or  both 
sides,  sometimes  rough-hairy.     Var.  N^TIDA  is  dwarf,  with  oblanceolate  leaves 
green  both  sides.  —  Swamps,  Maine  to  E.  Kentucky,  mostly  near  the  coast. 
June,  July.  —  Shrub  4°  - 10°  high,  very  variable,  with  clammy  fragrant  flowers, 
white  or  tinged  with  rose-color. 

*  #  Flowers  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves. 

3.  A.  ?iiu1iflor:i,  L.    (PURPLE  AZALEA.    PINXTER-FLOWER.)    Branch- 
lets  rather  hairy ;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  downy  underneath ;  calyx  very  short ; 
tube  of  the  corolla  scarcely  lonyer  than  the  ample  lobes,  slight lij  glandular;  stamens 
and  style  much  exserted.  —  Swamps,  Massachusetts  and  New  York  to  Virginia, 
and  southward.     April,  May.  —  Shrub  2°  — 6°  high,  with  very  showy  flowers 
varying  from  flesh-color  to  pink  and  purple.     There  are  numberless  varieties, 
some  of  them  exhibiting  10  or  more  stamens. 

4.  A.  calcndulftcea,  Michx.    (FLAME-COLORED  AZALEA.)    Branch- 
lets  and  obovate  or  oblong  leaves  hairy ;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  rather  conspicuous ; 
tribe  of  the  corolla  shorter  than  the  lobes,  hairy ;  stamens  and  style  much  exserted, 
— Woods,  mountains  of  Penn.  to  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May. — 
Shrub  3°  -10°  high,  covered  just  when  the  leaves  appear  with  a  profusion  ol 
large  orange  blossoms,  usually  turning  to  flame-color,  not  fragrant. 

17.  RHODODENDRON,  L.   KOSE-BAY. 

Calyx  5-parted,  minute  in  our  species.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  partly  funnel- 
form,  sometimes  slightly  irregular,  5-lobed.  Stamens  10  (rarely  fewer),  com- 
monly declined :  anthers,  pods,  &c.  as  in  Azalea.  —  Shrubs  or  low  trees,  with 
evergreen  entire  alternate  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers  in  compact  terminal 
corymbs  or  clusters  from  large  scaly-bracted  buds.  ('PoSodeySpoz/,  rose-tree;  the 
ancient  name.) 

1.  R.  maximum,  L.      (GREAT  LAUREL.)      Leaves  elliptical-oblong  or 
lance-oblong,  acute,  narrowed  towards  the  base,  very  smooth,  with  somewhat  revo- 
htte  margins  ;  corolla  bell-shaped.  —  Damp  deep  woods,  sparingly  in  New  Eng- 
land, New  York,  and  Ohio,  but  very  common  along  shaded  water-courses  in  the 
mountains  of  Penn.  and  southward.   July.  —  Shrub  or  tree  6°  -  20°  high.    Leaves 
4'  - 10'  long,  very  thick.    Corolla  1'  broad,  pale  rose-color  or  nearly  white,  green- 
ish in  the  throat  on  the  upper  side,  and  spotted  with  yellow  or  reddish. 

2.  11.   Catawbieiise,  Michx.    Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  rounded  at  both  ends, 
smooth,  pale  beneath  (3' -5'  long);  corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  lilac-purple; 
pedicels  rusty-downy.  —  High  summits  of  the  Alleghanies,  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.    June.  —  Shrub  3°  -  6°  high. 

3.  R.  Lapptiisicuni,  Wahl.     (LAPLAND    ROSE-BAY/     Dwarf,   pros- 


258  ERIOACE^K.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

trate ;  leaves  elliptical,  obtuse,  dotted  both  sides  (like  the  branches)  with  rusty  scales, 
umbels  few-flowered  ;  corolla  open  bell-shaped,  clotted  ;  stamens  5  -  10.  —  Alpine 
summits  of  the  high  mountains  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  New  York. 
July.  —  Shrub  6'  high,  forming  broad  matted  tufts ;  the  leaves  £'  long.  Corolla 
violet-purple.  (Eu.) 

18.    RIIODORA,    Duham.        RHODORA. 

Ca!yx  minute,  5-toothcy1.  Corolla  Irregular  and  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  usu 
ally  3-lobed  or  3-cleft,  and  the  lower  2-parted  or  of  2  distinct  spreading  petals. 
Scamcns  10,  and  with  the  slender  style  declined.  Otherwise  as  in  Azalea. 
(Name  from  podov,  a  rose,  from  the  color  of  the  showy  flowers.) 

1.  It.  C<liiad£nsis,  L.  —  Damp  cold  woods  and  swamps,  New  England 
to  Penn.  and  northward,  or  on  mountains.  May.  —  A  handsome  low  shrub, 
with  the  oblong  deciduous  leaves  whitish  and  downy  underneath ;  the  showy 
rose-purple  (rarely  white)  flowers  in  clusters  on  short  peduncles,  rather  earlier 
than  the  leaves. 

19.     L.EDUJVI,    L.        LABRADOR  TEA. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  very  small.  Corolla  of  5  obovatc  and  spreading  distinct 
petals.  Stamens  5-10:  anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Pod  5-cclled, 
splitting  from  the  base  upwards,  many-seeded  :  placenta;  borne  on  the  summit 
of  the  columella.  —  Low  evergreen  shrubs,  with  the  alternate  entire  leaves 
clothed  witli  rusty  wool  underneath,  the  margins  re  volute  :  slightly  fragrant 
when  bruised.  Flowers  white,  handsome,  in  terminal  umbel-like  clusters  from 
large  scaly  buds,  bracts  caducous.  (AJjSoi/,  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Cis- 
.  tus,  transferred  by  Linnaeus  to  this  genus.) 

1.  L..  liltifolilini,  Ait.  Leaves  elliptical  or  oblong;  stamens  5,  sometimes 
6  or  7  ;  pod  oblong.  —  Cold  bogs  and  damp  mountain  woods,  New  England 
to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  June.  —  Shrub  2° -5°  high. — 
(L.  I'AI.USTUK,  L.,  grows  in  British  America,  but  is  not  known  to  occur  in  th« 
United  States.  It  is  distinguished  by  its  linear  leaves,  uniformly  ID  stamens, 
and  w.a//K7/s.)  (Eu.) 

20.     I.OISnLElJRI  A,    Dcsv.        ALI-INE  AZALEA. 

Calyx  5-partcd,  nearly  as  long  as  the  rather  bell-shaped  and  deeply  5-cleft 
regular  corolla.  Stamens  5,  not  declined,  included:  anthers  opening  length- 
wise. Style  short.  Pod  ovoid,  2  -3-cclled,  many-seeded,  2  -  .'J-valvc-d  ;  the  valves 
2-deft  from  the  apex:  placenta:  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  columella.  —  A 
dwarf  and  prostrate  evergreen  shrubby  plant,  much  branched  and  tufted,  smooth, 
with  small  and  coriaceous  opposite  elliptical  leaves,  on  short  petioles,  with  re  vo- 
lute margins.  Flowers  small,  white  or  rose-color,  2-5  in  a  cluster,  from  a  ter- 
minal scaly  bud  ;  the  scales  or  bracts  thick  and  persistent.  Named  for  Loiseleui 
lJ(/uiii;c!i(iiiipfi,ii  French  botanist.) 

1.  L..  prociillibcns,  Desv.  (Azalea  procumbens,  L.) — Aipine  sum 
mits  of  the  White  Mountains,  Ne'v  Hampshire,  on  rocks.  June.  (Eu.) 


ERICACEAE.       (HEATH    FAMILY.)  259 

91.    LEIOPIll'LLUKE,    Pers.        SAND  MYRTLE. 

Calyx  5-partcd.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  obovatc-oblong  petals,  spreading.  Sta- 
mens 10,  exserted  :  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Pod  2-3-celled,  splitting  from 
the  apex  downward,  many-seeded.  —  A  low  much-branched  evergreen,  with  the 
aspect,  foliage,  &c.  of  the  preceding  genus,  but  the  crowded  leaves  often  alter- 
nate,  scarcely  petioled.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  terminal  umbel-like  clusters. 
(Name  from  Aetos,  smooth,  and  <frv\\ov,  foliage,  in  allusion  to  the  smooth  and 
shining  leaves.) 

1.  JL.  ImxiftMimn,  Ell.  —  Sandy  pine  ban-ens  of  New  Jersey,  and 
mountain-tops  in  Virginia?  and  southward.  May.  —  Shrub  6' -10'  high,  with 
the  oval  or  oblong  leaves  y  -  £'  long. 

SUBORDER  in.     PYROL.EJE.     THE  PYROLA  FAMILY. 

22.     PYBOLA,    L.        FALSE  WINTERGREEN. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  concave  and  more  or  less  converging, 
deciduous.  Stamens  10 :  filaments  awl-shaped,  naked :  anthers  turned  out- 
wards and  inverted  in  the  bud,  soon  erect,  opening  by  2  pores  at  the  scarcely 
(if  at  all)  2-homed  apex,  more  or  less  4-cellcd.  Style  long  and  generally  turned 
to  one  side :  stigmas  5,  either  projecting  or  confluent  with  the  ring  or  collar 
which  surrounds  them.  Pod  depressed-globose,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  5-valvcd  from 
the  base  upwards  (loculicidal) ;  the  valves  cobwebby  on  the  edges.  Seeds  mi- 
nute, innumerable,  resembling  saw-dust,  with  a  very  loose  cellular-reticulated 
coat.  —  Low  and  smooth  perennial  herbs,  with  running  subterranean  shoots, 
bearing  a  cluster  of  rounded  and  petioled  evergreen  root-leaves,  and  a  simple 
raceme  of  nodding  flowers,  on  an  upright  scaly-bractcd  scape.  (Name  a  dimin- 
utive of  Pyrus,  the  Pear-tree,  from  some  fancied  resemblance  in  the  foliage, 
which  is  not  obvious.) 

*  Stamens  ascending :  style  declining  and  curved,  at  length  longer  than  the  petals : 
stigmas  narrow,  soon  exserted  beyond  the  ring:  leaves  denticulate  or  entire. 

1.  P.  B'OtlllldifoiiSl,  L.  (ROUND-LEAVED  PYROLA.)  Leaves  orbicu- 
lar, thick,  shining,  usually  shorter  than  the  petiole;  raceme  elongated,  many- 
flowered  ;  calt/x-lobes  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish,  with  somewhat  spread- 
ing tips,  one  half  or  one  third  the  length  of  the  roundish-obovatc  nearly  spreading 
(chiefly  white)  petals;  anther-cells  scarcely  pointed  at  the  apex.  —  Damp  or  sandy 
woods;  common,  especially  northward.  June,  July.  —  Scape  6' -12'  high, 
many-bracted  :  flowers  f '  broad.  —  Exhibits  many  varieties,  such  as  Var. 
INCARN\TA,  with  flesh-colored  flowers ;  calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate.  — 
Var.  ASARIF6LIA,  with  oblate  or  round-reniform  leaves,  and  triangular-ovate 
calyx-lobes  of  about  J  the  length  of  the  white  or  flesh-colored  petals.  (P.  asari- 
folia,  Michx.)  Common  northward. — Var.  ULioiN6sA,  with  roundish-oval  or 
somewhat  kidney-shaped  smaller  leaves  (I'-l^'  wide),  and  ovate  acute  calyx- 
lobes  4  the  length  of  the  reddish  or  purple  petals ;  flowers  rather  smaller,  few  or 
several.  (P.  uliginosa,  Torr.  $  Gr.)  Cold  bogs,  N.  New  England  to  Wiscon- 
sin, and  northward.  (Eu.) 


260  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

2.  P.  elliptica,  Nutt.     (SHIN-LEAF.)     Leaves  thin  and  dull,  elliptical  or 
Rotate-oval,  usually  longer  than  the  margined  petiole  ;  raceme  many-flowered  ;  ca/yx- 
lobes  ovate,  acute,  not  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  obovate  rather  spreading  (green- 
ish-white) petals;   anther-cells   scarcely  pointed   at   the   apex.  —  Rich  woods, 
New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  northward ;  common.    June. 
—  Scupe  and  flowers  nearly  as  large  as  in  No.  1. 

3.  P.  chlorailtha,  Swartz.     (SMALL  PYROLA.)    Leaves  smatt  (!'  long), 
roundish,  thick,  dull,  shorter  than  the  petiole;  scape  few-jloivered,  naked  (5' -8'  high), 
calyx-lobes  roundish-ovate,  very  short;  the  elliptical  petals  converging  (greenish- 
white);   anther-cells  pointed ;  style  strongly   deflcxed,   scarcely  exserted.      (P. 
asarifulia,  Biyel.,  Sfc.)  —  Open  woods,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  and  north- 
ward.   June.     (Eu.) 

*  #  Stamens  and  style  straight:  stigmas  thick,  united  vrith  the  expanded  ring:  i.  e. 
stigma  peltate,  5-rayed. 

4.  P.  seciinda,  L.     (ONE-SIDED  PYROLA.)     Leaves  ovate,  thin,  longer 
than  the  petiole,  scattered,  finely  serrate;  racemes  dense  and  spike-like,  with  the 
numerous  small  (greenish- white)  fiowers  att  turned  to  one  side;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
very  much  shorter  than  the  oblong  and  erect  petals ;  style  long  and  exserted.  — 
Rich  woods  ;  common  eastward  and  northward.    July,  Aug.  —  Scape  3'  -  67 
high.     (Eu.) 

5.  P.  minor,  L.     (LESSER  PYROLA.)     Leaves  roundish,  slightly  crcnu- 
late,  thickish,  mostly  longer  than  the  margined  petiole ;  raceme  spiked ;  calyx- 
lobes  triangular-ovate,  very  much  shorter  than  the  nearly  glol>ose  corolla  ;  style 
short  and  included.  —  Woods,  at  the  base  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hamp- 
shire.   July,  Aug.  —  Scape  5' -10'  high.    Flowers  small,  crowded,  wlute  or 
rose-color.     (Eu.) 

23.    MONESES,    Salisb.        ONE-FLOWERED  PYROLA. 

Petals  5,  widely  spreading,  orbicular.  Stamens  10 :  filaments  awl-shaped, 
naked :  anthers  as  in  Pyrola,  but  conspicuously  2-horned  at  the  apex,  2-cclled. 
Style  straight,  exserted :  the  5  stigmas  long  and  radiating.  Valves  of  the  pod 
naked.  Otherwise  as  in  Pyrola. — A  small  perennial,  with  the  rounded  and 
veiny  sen-ate  thin  leaves  clustered  at  the  ascending  apex  of  creeping  subterra- 
nean shoots ;  the  1  -2-bractcd  scape  bearing  a  single  terminal  flower.  Parts  of 
the  flower  sometimes  in  fours.  (Name  povos,  single,  and  fjo~is,  desire,  probably 
in  allusion  to  the  handsome  solitary  flower.) 

1.  91.  HUB  flora.  (Pyrola  uniflora,  L.) — Deep  cold  woods,  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Maine,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  June.  —  Plant  2' -4'  high, 
smooth;  the  corolla  £'  broad,  white  or  slightly  rose-color.  (Eu.) 

24.     C  II  I  31  A  PHI  LA,    Pursh.        PIPSISSEWA. 

Petals  5,  concave,  orbicular,  widely  spreading.  Stamens  10 :  filaments  en 
largcd  and  hairy  in  the  middle  :  anthers  as  in  Pyrola,  but  nearly  2-cellcd,  some- 
what 2-horncd  at  the  apex.  Style  very  short,  inversely  conical,  nearly  immersed 
In  the  depressed  summit  of  the  globular  ovary :  stigma  broad  and  orbicular, 


ERICACEJE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  261 

disk  -shaped,  the  border  5-crenate.  Pod,  &c.  as  in  Pyrola,  but  splitting  from  the 
apex  downwards,  the  edges  of  the  valves  not  woolly.  —  Low,  nearly  herbaceous 
plants,  with  long  running  underground  shoots,  and  evergreen  thick  and  shining 
leaves  somewhat  whorlcd  or  scattered  along  the  short  ascending  stems  :  the 
fragrant  (white  or  purplish)  flowers  corymbed  or  umbelled  on  a  terminal  pe- 
duncle. (Name  from  x<^ia,  winter,  and  ^>iXe'&>,  to  love,  in  allusion  to  one  of  the 
popular  names,  viz.  Wintergreen.) 

1.  C.  unibellfita,  Nutt.      (PRINCE'S   PINE.      PIPSISSEWA.)      Leaves 
wedge-lanceolate,  acute   at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  not  spotted;  peduncles  4-7- 
flowercd.  —  Dry  woods;  common.     June.  —  Plant  4'  -10'  high,  leafy:  petals 
flesh-color:  anthers  violet.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  lliacnlata,  Pursh.      (SPOTTED  WINTERGREEN.)      Leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  at  the  base,  remotely  toothed,  the  upper  surface  variegated  with 
white  ;  peduncles   1  -  5-flowcred.  —  Dry  woods,  most  common  in  the   Middle 
States.     June,  July.  —  Plant  3'  -  6'  high. 

SUBORDER  IV.    MONOTROPEJE.     THE  INDIAN-PIPE  FAMILY. 

25.     FTEROSPORA,    Nutt.        PINE-DROPS. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  ovate,  urn-shaped,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Stamens 
10  :  anthers  2-celled,  awned  on  the  back,  opening  lengthwise.  Style  short  : 
stigma  5-lobed.  Pod  globose,  depressed,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  loculicidal,  but  the 
valves  cohering  with  the  columella.  Seeds  very  numerous,  ovoid,  tapering  to 
each  end,  the  apex  expanded  into  a  broad  reticulated  wing  many  times  larger 
than  the  body  of  the  seed.  —  A  stout  and  simple  purplish-brown  clammy-pubes- 
cent herb  (l°  —  2°  high)  ;  the  wand-like  stem  furnished  towards  the  base  with 
scattered  lanceolate  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  above  bearing  many  nodding 
(white)  flowers,  like  those  of  Andromeda,  in  a  long  bracted  raceme.  (Name 
from  irrfpov,  a  wing,  and  <nropd,  seed,  alluding  to  the  singular  wing  borne  by 
the  seeds.) 

1.  P.  Amlromcclea,  Nutt.  —  Hard  clay  soil,  parasitic  on  the  roots 
apparently  of  pines,  from  Vermont,  Peekskill  and  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  Penn- 
sylvania northward  and  westward  :  rare. 


26.     SCHWEINITZIA,    Ell.        SWEET  PINE-SAP. 

Calyx  of  5  oblong-lanceolate  acute  scale-like  sepals,  erect,  persistent.  Corolla 
persistent,  bell-shaped,  rather  fleshy,  5-lobed,  slightly  5-gibbous  at  the  base. 
Stamens  10  :  anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filamerts,  fixed  near  the  summit 
awnless  ;  the  2  sac-shaped  cells  opening  at  the  top.  Pod  ovoid,  5-celled,  with 
a  short  and  thick  style,  and  a  large  5-angular  stigma.  Seeds  innumerable.  —  A 
low  and  smooth  brownish  plant,  3'  -4'  high,  with  the  aspect  of  Monotropa, 
scaly  -bracted,  the  flowers  several  in  a  terminal  spike,  at  first  nodding,  flesh-color, 
exhaling  the  fragrance  of  violets.  (Named  for  the  late  L.  D.  von  Schweinitz.) 

1.  S.  odorata,  Ell.  —  Woods,  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  herbs,  Maryland 
and  southward  :  rare.  April. 


262  GALACINEJE.       (GAL AX    FAMILY.) 

27.     ITIONOTROPA,    L.        INDIAN  PIPE.    PINE-SAF. 

Calyx  of  2-5  lanceolate  bract-like  scales,  deciduous.  Corolla  of  4  or  5 
separate  erect  spatulate  or  wedge-shaped  scale-like  petals,  which  are  gibbous  or 
saccate  at  the  base,  and  tardily  deciduous.  Stamens  8  or  10  :  filaments  awl- 
shaped:  anthers  kidney-shaped,  becoming  1-celled,  opening  across  the  top. 
Style  columnar  :  stigma  disk-like,  4  — 5-rayed.  Pod  ovoid,  8-  10-groovcd,  4-5- 
celled,  loculicidal :  vhe  very  thick  placentas  covered  with  innumerable  minute 
s/ed-:,  which  have  a  very  loose  coat.  —  Low  and  flesh v  herbs,  tawnv,  reddic-h,  or 
white,  parasitic  on  roots,  or  growing  on  decomposing  vegetable  matter  like  a 
Fungus;  the  clustered  stems  springing  from  a  ball  of  matted  fibrous  r  >otlet3, 
furnished  with  scales  or  bracts  in  place  of  leaves,  1  -sevr-ral-llowered  ;  the  flow- 
ering summit  at  first  nodding,  in  fruit  erect.  (Name  composed  of  /^cWi9  one, 
and  T/JOTTO.,  turn,  from  the  summit  of  the  stem  turned  to  one  side.) 

§  1.  MONOTROPA,  Nutt.  —  Plant  inodorous,  vith  a  aiwjle  5-petalM  and  10- 
androns  flower  at  tne  summit ;  the  calyx  of  2-4  iircc/ulur  scales  or  brads:  aiit/'.trs 
transverse,  opening  by  2  chinks ;  style  short  and  thick. 

1.  RI.  liiiifldra,  L.    (INDIAN  PIPE.    CORPSE-PLANT.)    Smooth,  waxy- 
white  (turning  blackish  in  drying,  .3' -8'  high)  ;  stigma  naked.  —  Dark  and  rich 
woods:  common.     June- Aug.     (Also  in  the  Himalayas  !) 

§  2.  HYP6PITYS,  Dill.  —  Plant  commonly  fmtjmnt :  Jloicers  sfvtral  in  a  scaly 
raceme;  the  terminal  one  usually  5-j>eJu//td  and  \0-androns,  while  the  rest  are  4- 
petalled  and  8-andious;  the  bract-like  sepals  mostly  as  many  as  the  petals:  anthers 
opening  by  a  continuous  line  into  2  very  i<ii«jnul  vat  res,  the  smaller  one  erect  and  ap- 
pearing like  a  continuation  of  the  filament:  style  longer  than  the  ovary,  hollow. 

2.  M.  Ilypopitys,    L.      (PINE-SAP.     FALSE  BKECII-DROPS.)      Some- 
what pubescent  or  downy,  tawny,  whitish,  or  reddish  (4'-  12'  high) ;  pod  globu- 
lar-ovoid or  oval;  stigma  ciliate  underneath.  —  The  more  pubescent  form  is  M. 
lanuginusa,  Afichx. —  Oak  and  pine  woods  ;  common.     June-Aug.     (Ku.) 

ORDER  63.     GAL.ACINE^E.     (GALAX  FAMILY.) 

Character  that  of  the  following  genus  ;  the  true  relationship  of  whicL  ta 
still  unknown. 

1.     GALAX,    L.         GALAX. 

Calyx  of  5  small  and  separate  sepals,  persistent.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  obo 
vate-spatulate,  rather  erect,  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous  :  filaments  united 
m  a  10-toothed  tube,  slightly  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  petals,  the  5  teeth 
opposite  the  petals  naked,  the  5  alternate  ones  shorter  and  bearing  each  a  round- 
ish 1-celled  anther,  which  Opens  across  the  top.  Pollen  simple.  Style  short: 
Ftigma  .'Mobed.  Pod  ovoid,  3-celled,  loeuliHdally  3-valved  :  eoiiunella  none. 
Seeds  numerous,  the  cellular  loose  coat  tapering  to  each  end.  Embryo  straight 
in  fleshy  albnmcn,  more  than  half  its  length.  —  ^\  smooth  herb,  Avith  a  thick 
matted  tuft  of  scaly  creeping  root-stocks,  btset  with  fibrous  red  routs,  sending  up 


AQUIFOLIACE^E.       (HOLLY    FAMILY.)  263 

round-heart-shaped  crenate-toothed  and  veiny  shining  leaves  (about  2'  \nde)  on 
slender  petioles,  and  a  slender  naked  scape,  l°-2°  high,  bearing  a  wand-like 
spike  or  raceme  of  small  and  minutely-bracted  white  flowers.  (Name  from 
yaXa,  milk,  —  of  no  application  to  this  plant.) 

1.  O.  clpliyila.,  L. —  Open  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.     June. 

ORDER   64     AQUIFOLIACE^.     (HOLLY  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  small  axillary  4  —  G-merous  flowers,  a  minute  calyx 
free  from  the  4  -  ^-celled  ovary  and  the  4  -  ^-seeded  berry-like  drupe,  the 
stamens  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  almost  or  quite  4  -  G-petallcd  corolla 
and  alternate  with  them,  attached  to  their  very  base. —  Corolla  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Stigmas  4-6,  or  united  into 
one,  nearly  sessile.  Seeds  suspended  and  solitary  in  each  cell,  anatropous, 
with  a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  Leaves  simple,  mostly  alternate. 
Flowers  white  or  greenish.  —  A  small  family,  here  represented  by  only  two 
genera,  since  we  include  Prinos  under  Hex. 

1.     IL.EX,    L.     (Ilex  &  Prinos,  L.)        HOLLY. 

Flowers  more  or  less  diceciously  polygamous,  but  many  of  them  perfect. 
Calyx  4-6-toothed.  Petals  4-6,  separate,  or  united  only  at  the  base,  oval  or 
obovate,  obtuse,  spreading.  Stamens  4-6.  The  berry-like  drupe  containing 
4  -  8  little  nutlets.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Fertile  flowers  inclined  to  be  solitary, 
and  the  partly  sterile  flowers  to  be  clustered  in  the  axils.  (The  ancient  Latin 
name  of  the  Holly-Oak  rather  than  of  the  Holly.) 

V  1.  AQUIF6LIUM,  Tourn.  —  Parts  of  the  flowers  commonly  in  fours,  sometimes 
in  fives  or  sixes,  most  of  them  perfect :  drupe  red,  its  nutlets  ribbed,  veiny,  or  one- 
grooved  on  the  back :  leaves  (mostly  smooth)  coriaceous  and  every  reen. 
•HI?  Leaves  armed  with  spiny  teeth :  trees. 

1.  I.  Opfaca,  Ait.     (AMERICAN  HOLLY.)      Leaves  oval,  flat,  the  wavy 
margins  with  scattered  spiny  teeth ;  flowers  in  loose  clusters  along  the  base  of 
the  young  branches  and  in  the  axils;  calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Moist  woodlands, 
Maine  to  Perm,  near  the  coast,  and  more  common  from  Virginia  southward. 
June.  —  Tree  20° -40°  high;  the  deep  green  foliage  less  glossy,  the  berries  not 
so  bright  red,  and  their  nutlets  not  so  veiny,  as  in  the  European  Holly. 

*  *  Leaves  serrate  or  entire,  not  spiny  :  shrubs. 

2.  I.  CclSSliie,  L.     (CASSENA.    YAUI-ON.)    Leaves  lance-ovate  or  elliptical 
ite  (!'-!£'  long) ;  flower-clusters  nearly  sessile,  smooth;  calyx-teeth  obtuse, 

•Virginia  and  southward  along  the  coast.  May.  —  Leaves  used  for  tea,  as 
they  were  to  make  the  celebrated  black  drink  of  the  North  Carolina  Indians. 

3.  I.  niyrtifolia,  Walt.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  sparingly 
and  sharply  serrate  or  entire  (1'long);  peduncles  slender  and  3-9-flowcred,  or 
the  more  fertile  shorter  and  1 -flowered,  smooth ;  calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Coast  o/ 
Virginia  and  southward.     May. 


264  AQUIFOLIACE.fi.       (HOLLY    FAMILY.) 

4.  I.  Dalioon,  Walt.     (DAHOON  HOLLY.)     Leaves  oUanceolate  or  oblong, 
entire,  or  shar])ly  sen-ate  towards  the  apex,  with  revolute  margins  (2' -3'  long), 
tiie  midrib  and  peduncles  pubescent ;  calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Swamps,  coast  of  Virginia 
and  southward.    June. 

i  2.  PRINOlDES. — Parts  of  the  (polygamous)  flowers  in  fours  or  Jives  (rarely  in 
sixes) :  drupe  red  or  purple,  the  nutlets  striate-ribbed  (t/ie  dorsal  ribs  nearly  simple)  : 
leaves  membranaceous  and  deciduous  :  shrubs. 

5.  I.  decidlia,  Walt.     leaves  wedge-oblong  or  lance-obovate,  obtusely  serrate, 
downy  on  the  midrib  beneath ;  peduncles  of  the  sterile  flowers  longer  than  the 
petioles,  of  the  fertile  short ;  calyx-teeth  smooth,  acute.  —  Wet  grounds,  Vir- 
ginia, Illinois,  and  southward.     May. 

6.  I.  UlOllficola.     Leaves  ovate  or  lance-oblong,  ample  (3' -5'  long),  sworrfft, 
iharjily  serrate  ;  fertile  flowers  very  short-pcduncled  ;  calyx  ciliate.    (I.  ambigua, 
Torr.     I.  montana,  ed.  1,  not  Prinos  montanus,  Sw.)  —  Damp  woods,  Taconic 
and  Catskill  Mountains,  New  York,  and  Alleghanies  from  Penn.  southward. 

$  3.  PRiNOS,  L.  —  Parts  of  the  sterile  flmvers  in  fours,  Jives,  or  sixes,  those  of  the 
fertile  flowers  commonly  in  sixes  (rarely  in  Jives,  sevens,  or  eig/its) :  nutlets  smooth 
and  even :  shrubs. 

#  Leaves  deciduous :  flowers  in  sessile  clusters  or  solitary  :  fruit  scarlet. 

7.  I.  verticillata.     (BLACK  ALDER.     WINTERBERRY.)     Leaves  obo- 
vate,  oval,  or  wedge-lanceolate,  pointed,  acute  at  the  base,  serrate,  downy  on  the 
veins  beneath  ;  flowers  all  very  short-pad 'uncled.     (Prinos  verticillatus,  L.) — Low 
grounds  ;  common,  especially  northward.     May,  June. 

8.  I.    laBVig'ata.      (SMOOTH    WINTERBERRY.)      Leaves   lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanrcolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  appresscd-scrrulate,  shining  above,  be- 
neath mostly  glabrous ;  sterile  flowers  hny-pedunded.     (Prinos  Icevigatus,  Pursh.) 
—  Wet  grounds,  Maine  to  the  mountains  of  Virginia.     June.  —  Fruit  larger 
than  in  No.  7,  ripening  earlier  in  the  autumn. 

*  *  Leaves  coriaceous  and  everyreen,  tftining  above,  often  black-dotted  beneath  :  fnut 
black.     (Winterlia,  Mwh.) 

9.  I.  glalira.     (INKBERUY.)     Leaves  wedge-lanceolate  or  oblong,  spar- 
ingly toothed   towards    the  apex,  smooth;  peduncles  (£'  long)  of  the   sterile 
flowers  3-6-flowered,  of  the  fertile  1 -flowered;  calyx-teeth  rather  blunt.     (Pri 
DOS  glaber,  L.)  —  Sandy  grounds,  Cape  Ann,  Massachusetts,  to  Virginia  and 
southward  near  the  coast.     June.  —  Shrub  2°  -3°  high. 

2.    NEMOPANTIIES,    Raf.        MOUNTAIN  HOLLY. 

Flowers  polygamo-diojcious.  Calyx  in  the  sterile  flowers  of  4-5  minute  (Te- 
rtduous  teeth ;  in  the  fertile  ones  obsolete.  Petals  4-5,  oblong-linear,  widely 
spreading,  distinct.  Stamens  4-5:  filaments  slender.  Drupe  with  4- 5  bony 
nutlets,  light  red.  —  A  much-branched  shrub,  with  ash-gray  bark,  alternate  and 
oblong  deciduous  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  entire,  or  slightly  toothed,  smooth 
Flowers  on  long  and  slender  axillary  peduncles,  solitary,  or  sparingly  clustered, 
(Name  said  by  \he  author  of  the  genus  to  mean  "  flower  with  a  filiform  pedun- 


STYRACACEJ5.       (STORAX    FAMILY.^  265 

cle,"  therefore  probably  composed  of  vrjp-a,  a  thread,  TroCs,  a  foot,  and  av0os, 
a  Jlower.) 

1.  IV.  Caiiadc  lists,  DC.  (Ilex  Canadensis,  Michx.) — Damp  cold 
woods,  from  the  mountains  of  Virginia  to  Maine,  Wisconsin,  &c.,  chienv.  north- 
ward. May. 

ORDER  65.     STFRACACE^.     (STORAX  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  and  per- 
fect regular  flowers  ;  the  calyx  either  free  or  adherent  -to  the  2  -  ^-celled  ova- 
ry ;  the  corolla  of  4  -  8  petals,  commonly  more  or  less  united  at  the  base  ;  the 
stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  more  numerous,  monadelphous  or  poly- 
adelphous at  the  base  ;  style  1  ;  fruit  dry  or  drupe-like,  1  -  ^-celled,  the  cells 
commonly  \-seeded. —  Seeds  anatropons.  Embryo  nearly  the  length  of  the 
albumen :  radicle  slender,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  flat  cotyledons. 
Corolla  hypogynous  when  the  calyx  is  free :  the  stamens  adherent  to  its 
base.  Ovules  2  or  more  in  each  cell.  —  A  small  family,  mostly  of  warm 
countries,  comprising  two  very  distinct  groups  or  tribes. 

TRIBE  I.  STYRACE^E.  Calyx  4  - 8-toothed  or  entire.  Stamens  2-4  times  as  many  as 
the  petals :  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  adnate,  introrse.  Ovules  or  part  of  them  ascend- 
ing. —  Flowers  white,  handsome.  Pubescence  soft  and  stellate. 

1.  STYKAX.    Calyx  coherent  only  with  the  base  of  the  3-celled  ovary.     Corolla  mostly  5- 

parted.     Fruit  1-celled,  1-seeded. 

2.  UALES1A.     Calyx  coherent  with  the  whole  surface  of  the  2  -  4-celled  ovary,  which  is  2  -  4- 

wiugod  and  2  -  4-celled  in  fruit.     Corolla  4-lobed 

TRIBE  II.     SYMPIiOCINE^E.     Calyx  5  cleft.     Stamens  usually  very  numerous:  an- 
thers short,  innate     Ovules  pendulous.  — Flowers  yellow.     Pubescence  simple. 
3    SYMP LOCOS.     Calyx  coherent.    Petals  5,  united  merely  at  the  base. 

1.     STYRAX,    Tourn.         STORAX. 

Calyx  truncate,  somewhat  5-toothed,  the  base  (in  our  species)  coherent  with 
the  base  of  the  3-celled  many-ovuled  ovary.  Corolla  5-parted  (rarely  4-8- 
partcd),  large;  the  lobes  mostly  soft-downy,  various  in  the  bud.  Stamens  twice 
as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla :  filaments  fiat,  united  at  the  base  into  a  short 
tube :  anthers  linear,  adnate.  Fruit  globular,  its  base  surrounded  by  the  per- 
sistent calyx,  1 -celled,  mostly  1 -seeded,  dry,  often  3-valved.  Seed  globular, 
erect,  with  a  hard  coat.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  commonly  deciduous 
leaves,  and  axillary  or  leafy-racemed  white  and  showy  flowers  on  drooping 
peduncles.  Pubescence  scurfy  or  stellate.  (17  2rvpa£,  the  ancient  Greek  name 
of  the  tree  which  produces  storax.) 

1.  S.  gra  11  <li  folia,  Ait.     Leaves  obovate,  acute  or  pointed,  n-hite-tomen- 
tose  beneath   (3' -6'  long) ;  flowers  mostly  in  elongated  racemes;  corolla  (J'  long) 
convolute-imbricated  in  the  bud. — Light  soils,  Virginia  and  southward.    April. 

2.  S.  pulverulenta,  Michx.     Leaves  oval  or  obovato  (about  1'  longj, 
above  sparingly  puherulent,  and  scurfy -tomentose  beneath  ;  flow®  s  (^   long)  1  -3  to- 


266  EBENACEJE.       ^EBONY    FAMILY.) 

arther  in  the  axils  and  at  the  tips  of  the  branches  — Low  pine  barrens,  Virginia 
(Pursh)  and  southward.  —  Shrub  l°-4°  high. 

3.  S.  Americana,  Lam.  Leaves  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends  (V  -3' 
long),  smooth,  or  barely  pulverulent  beneath;  flowers  axillary  or  in  3-4-flowered 
racemes  (J'  long) ;  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud.  (S.  glabrum  and  S.  laeve,  Ell.)  — 
Margin  of  swamps,  Virginia  and  southward.  May.  —  Shrub  4°  -  8°  high. 

2.  II  ALE  SI  A,    Ellis.         SNOWDROP  or  SILVKJI-IJELL-TRKE. 

Calyx  inversely  conical,  4-loothed ;  the  tube  4-ribbcd,  coherent  with  the  2-4- 
cclled  ovary.  Petals  4,  united  at  the  base,  or  oftener  to  the  middle,  into  an  open 
bell-shaped  corolla,  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8-  16  :  til  a 
ments  united  into  a  ring  at  the  base,  and  usually  a  little  coherent  with  the  ba.se 
of  the  corolla  :  anthers  linear-oblong.  Ovules  4  in  each  cell.  Fruit  large  and 
dry,  2-4-winged,  within  bony  and  1  -4-cclled.  Seeds  single  in  each  cell,  cylin- 
drical.—  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  large  and  veiny  pointed  deciduous  leaves, 
and  showy  white  flowers,  drooping  on  slender  pedicels,  in  clusters  or  short  ra- 
cemes, from  axillary  buds  of  the  preceding  year.  Pubescence  partly  stellate. 
(Named  for  S.  Hales,  author  of  Vegetable  Statics,  &c.) 

1.  II.  tetraptCB"!,  L.  Leaves  oblong-ovate;  fruit  4-wingcd. — Banks 
of  streams,  upper  part  of  Virginia,  also  on  the  Ohio  River  at  Evansvillc  (Short), 
and  southward.  Fruit  1^'  long. 

3.  SYUIPLOCOS,    Jacq.     §  HOPEA,   L.         SWEET-LEAF. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  tube  coherent  with  the  lower  part  of  the  3-celled  ovary. 
Petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  lightly  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  very  nu- 
merous, in  5  clusters,  one  cohering  with  the  base  of  each  petal :  filaments  slen- 
der:  anthers  very  short.  Fruit  drupe-like  or  dry,  mostly  1 -celled  and  1 -seeded. 
—  Shrubs  or  small  trees ;  the  leaves  commonly  turning  yellowish  in  drying,  and 
furnishing  a  yellow  dye.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters  or  racemes,  yellow. 
(Name  O-I>P.TT\OKOS,  connected,  from  the  union  of  the  stamens.  Ilopca  was  dedi- 
cated to  Dr.  Hope,  of  Edinburgh.) 

1.  S.  tilictoria,  L'Hcr.  (HORSE-SUGAR,  &c.)  Leaves  clongatcd-ob- 
long,  acute,  obscurely  toothed,  thickish,  almost  persistent,  minutely  pubescent 
and  pale  beneath  (3'-5'  long);  flowers  6-14,  in  close  and  bracted  clusters, 
odorous.  —  Kich  ground,  Virginia  and  southward.  April.  —  Leaves  sweet, 
greedily  eaten  by  cattle. 

ORDER  66.     EBEIVACE^.     (EBONY  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  polygamous  regular  flow 
ers  which  have  a  calyx  free  from  the  3  -  12-celled  ovary  :  ihe  stamens  2-4 
times  as  many  as  the,  lobes  of  the  corolla,  often  in  pairs  before  them,  their 
anthers  turn  of  itnrtinfs,  and  the  fruit  a  several-celled  berry.  Ovules  1  or  2, 
suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell.  Seeds  anatropcus,  inoslly  single  in 
each  cell,  large  and  flat,  with  a  smooth  coriaceous  integument ;  the  embryo 


SAPOTACEJ5.   (SAPPODILLA  FAMILY.)  2C7 

shorter  than  the  hard  albumen,  with  a  long  radicle  ind  flat  cotyledons. 
Styles  wholly  or  partly  separate.  —  Wood  hard  and  dark-colored.  No 
milky  juice.  —  A  small  family,  chiefly  subtropical,  represented  here  by 

1.    DIOSPYKOS,    L.        DATE-PLUM.    PERSIMMON. 

Calyx  4  -  6-lobed.  Corolla  4  -  6-lobcd,  convolute  in  the  bad.  Stamens  com- 
monly 16  in  the  sterile  flowers,  and  8  in  the  fertile,  in  the  latter  imperfect. 
Berry  large,  globular,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  thick  ish  culyx,  4-8-ccllecl, 
4-8-secded.  —  Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous,  the  fertile  axillary  and  solitary, 
the  sterile  smaller  and  often  clustered.  (Name,  Ator,  ofJow,  and  irvpos,  grain.) 

1.  I>.  Virgisiifiim,  L.  (COMMON  PERSIMMON.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong, 
smooth  or  nearly  so;  peduncles  very  short;  calyx  4-parted;  corolla  between 
bell-shaped  and  urn-shaped;  styles  4,  two-lobed  at  the  apex;  ovary  8-celled. — 
Woods  and  old  fields,  Rhode  Island  and  New  York  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 
June.  —  A  small  tree  with  thickish  leaves,  a  greenish-yellow  leathery  corolla, 
and  a  plum-like  fruit,  1'  in  diameter,  which  is  exceedingly  astringent  when 
green,  yellow  when  ripe,  and  sweet  and  edible  after  exposure  to  frost. 

ORDER  67.     SAPOTACE.E.     (SAPPODILLA  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  a  milky  juice,  simple  and  entire  alternate 
leaves  (often  rusty-downy  beneath),  small  and  perfect  regular  flowers  usually 
in  axillary  clusters;  the  calyx  free  and  persistent ;  the  fertile  stamens  com- 
monly as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  hypogynous  short  corolla  and  opposite 
them,  inserted  on  its  tube,  along  with  one  or  more  rows  of  appendages  and 
scales,  or  sterile  stamens  ;  anthers  turned  outwards  ;  oianj  4  -  1'2-celled,  with 
a  single  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell ;  seeds  large.  -—  Albumen  mostly  none ; 
but  the  large  embryo  with  thickened  cotyledons.  Style  single,  pointed.  — 
A  small,  mostly  tropical  order,  producing  the  Sappodilla  or  Star-apple,  and 
some  other  edible  fruits,  represented  in  our  district  only  by  the  genus 

1.    •BUMEL.IA,    Swartz.         BUMELIA. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-cleft,  with  a  pair  of  intr-mal  appendages  at  each 
dims.  Fertile  stamens  5  :  anthers  arrow-shaped.  Sterile  stamens  5,  petal-like, 
alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  5-ceIled.  Fruit  small,  resem- 
bling a  cherry,  black,  containing  a  large  ovoid  and  erect  seed,  with  a  roundish 
scar  at  its  base.'  —  Flowers  small,  white,  in  fascicles  from  the  axil  of  the  leaves. 
Branches  often  spiny.  Leaves  often  fascicled  on  short  spurs.  Wood  very  hard. 
(The  ancient  name  of  a  kind  of  Ash.) 

1.  B.  lycioides,     Gaertn.      (SOUTHERN  BUCKTHORN.)      Spiny   (10°- 
25°  high) ;  leaves  wedge-oblong  varying  to  oval-lanceolate,  with  a  tapering  base,  often 
acute,  reticulated,  nearly  glabrous  both  sides  (2' -4'  long; ;  clusters  densely  many* 
flowered;  fruit  ovoid.  —  Moist  ground,  S.   Illinois   and  southward.    May,  June. 

2.  15.  lailUgillOSa,  Pers.     Spiny  (10° -40°  high);  leaves  oblong-obovatt 
or  v°dgc-ol)ovate,  rusty-wootty  beneath,  obtuse  (l^'-3'  long) ;  clusters  6-  12-Jlowered 


268  PLANTAQINACE^E.       (PLANTAIN     FAMILY.) 

fruit  globular.  (B.  lanuginosa  &  tomcntosa,  A.  DC.)  —  Woods,  Illinois,  oppo 
Bite  St.  Louis,  and  southward,  —  a  variety  with  the  leaves  less  woolly  aud  rusty 
beiieuth  (B.  oblongifolia,  Nutt.),  passing  towards  No.  1.  July. 

ORDER  68.     PLANTAGINACE^E.     (PLANTAIN  FAMILY.; 

Chiefly  stemless  herbs,  with  regular  A-merous  spiked  flowers,  the  staniem 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  dry  and  meiubraruiceous  vtinless  monopelalom 
corolla,  alternate  with  its  lobes  ;  —  chiefly  represented  by  the  genus 

I.     PL,  ANT  AGO,    L.        PLANTAIN.     KIBGRASS. 

Calyx  of  4  imbricated  persistent  sepals,  with  dry  membranaccous  margins. 
Corolla  salver-form,  withering  on  the  pod,  the  border  4-parted.  Stamens  4,  or 
rarely  2,  in  all  or  some  flowers  with  long  and  weak  exscrted  filaments,  and  fuga- 
cious 2-celled  anthers.  Ovary  2-  (or  falsely  3-4-)  celled,  with  1- several  ovules 
in  each  cell.  Pod  2-cclled,  2  -  several-seeded,  opening  all  round  by  a  transverse 
line,  so  that  the  top  falls  off  like  a  lid,  and  the  loose  partition  (which  bears  the 
peltate  seeds)  falls  away.  Embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Leaves  ribbed. 
Flowers  whitish,  small,  in  a  bracted  spike  or  head,  raised  on  a  naked  scape. 
(The  Latin  name  of  the  Plantain.) 

$  1 .  F Lowers  all  perfect  and  alike  :  corolla  glabrous,  the  lobes  reflexed  or  spreading : 
stamens  4,  with  long  capillary  fllaments :  pod  2-cclled,  2-  18-secded :  sods  not  hoi- 
lowed  out  on  the  inner  face:  perennials,  with  several-ribbed  (broad)  leaves. 

1.  P.  M\JOR,  L.    (COMMON  PLANTAIN.)    Smooth  or  hairy;  leaves  ovate, 
oval,  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  often  toothed,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  chan- 
nelled petiole;  spike  cylindrical ;  pod  7  -  IB-seeded.  —  Moist  grounds,  especially 
near  dwellings.    June -Sept.     Very  much  varying  in  size.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  COl'dfita,  Lam.     Very  glabrous;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  round-orate 
(3' -8'  long),  long-petiolcd,  the  ribs  rising  from  the  midrib;  spike  at  length  loose- 
ly flowered;  bracts  round-ovate,  fleshy  ;  pod  2-4-seeded. — Along  rivulets,  New 
York  to  Wisconsin  (rare),  and  southward.     April- June. 

§  2.  Floicers  all  perfect  and  alike :  corolla  pubescent  below :  stamens  4,  with  long 
Jilaiiienta :  jxxlif  2-ceilcd  and  2-seeded,  or  incompletely  3  -  4-celled  and  3  -  4-seeled : 
seed*  not  hollo  teed  on  the  face:  perennials,  with  linear  //</<•/•  and  fleshy  leaves. 

3.  P.  maritiina,  L.     (SEASIDE  PLANTAIN.)      Leaves   flat   or  fl:itti,-h 
rliiiiinrlliMl,  (MI  tin' or  rarely  few-toothed,  glabrous;  spikes  cylindrical  or  oblong; 
bracts  ovate,  convex,  about  the  length  of  the  broadly  ovate  or  oval  scarious  se- 
pals, which  have  a  thick  keel,  that  of  the  posterior  sepals  crested.  —  Var.  JUN- 
COIDES  is  usually  more  slender,  the  flowers  often  sparser,  and  the  keel  crestless. 
—  Salt  marshes  on  the  coast  from  New  Jersey  northward  ;  the  var.  only  north- 
ward.    Our  plant  is  an  annual.     (Eu). 

|  3.  Flowers  all  perfect  and  alike  ;  the.  2  anterior  icarious  sepals  generally  united  into 
one:  corolla,  stamens,  $-c.  as  in  the . first  group:  seeds  (and  ovules)  2,  hollowed  on 
ttie  face:  leaves  flat,  lanceolate,  3-  5-ribbed. 


PL  ANT  AGIN  AC  E^K.       (PLANTAIN    FAMILY.)  2C9 

4.  P.    lANCEOLXTA,    L.        (RlBGRASS.       RlPPLEGRASS.       ENGLISH    Pl.AN 

TAIN.)  Mostly  hairy;  scape  grooved-angled,  slender  (l°-2°  high),  much 
longer  than  the  leaves;  spike  short  and  thick.  1J. — Dry  fields,  mostly  east- 
ward. (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

$  4.  Flowers  all  perfect  and  commonly  fertile,  but  of  2  sorts  on  different  plants,  some 
with  small  anthers  on  short  Jilaments,  others  with  large  anthers  on  long-exserted  Jila- 
ments :  corolla  glabrous,  t/ie  broad  round  lobes  widely  spreading :  seeds  2  (one  in 
each  cell),  boat-shaped,  deef)ly  hollowed  on  the  face:  mostly  annuals,  with  narrow 
woolly  or  hairy  leaves. 

5.  P.    PutagOBlica,  Jacq.     Silky-woolly,  or  becoming  naked  ;  leaves 
1-3-nervcd;  spike  cylindrical  or  oblong,  dense;  sepals  very  obtuse,  scarious, 
with  a  thick  centre.     (Found  through  almost  the  whole  length  of  America.) 

Var.  gimpiiillioiclcs.  White  with  silky  wool;  leaves  varying  from 
oblong-linear  to  filiform;  spike  very  dense  (i1-^1  long),  woolly;  bracts  not 
exceeding  the  calyx.  (P.  Lagopus,  Pursh.  P.  gnaphalioidcs,  Nutt.) —  Dry 
plains,  W.  Wisconsin?  and  southwestward.  —  Runs  through  var.  spinulosa  and 
var.  nuda  into 

Var.  ciristatn.  Loosely  hairy  and  green,  or  becoming  glabrous ;  bracts 
awned,  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  flowers.  (P.  aristata,  Michx.,  £c.)  — Illinois 
and  southward. 

§  5.  Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous,  or  of  2  sorts  ;  the  mostly  sterile  ones  ivith  the  usual 
large  anthers  on  long  capillary  filaments,  and  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  reftexed  or 
spi-eading ;  the  truly  fertile  with  minute  anthers  on  short  included  filaments  and  the 
corolla  closed  over  the  fruit  in  the  form  of  a  beak:  stamens  4  :  pod  2-celled:  seeds  1 
or  rarely  2  in  each  cell,  nearly  flat  on  the  face:  annuals  or  biennials,  with  ratlier 
obscurely  and  few-ribbed  leaves. 

6.  P.  Virginica,    L.      Hairy  or  hoary-pubescent  (2' -9'  high);  leaves 
oblong,  varying  to  obovate  and  spatulate-lanceolatc,  3-5-nerved,  slightly  or 
coarsely  and  sparingly  toothed ;  spike  dense,  often  interrupted  or  loose  below  ; 
sepals  ovate  or  oblong.     (Includes  many  nominal  species.)  —  Sandy  grounds, 
Rhode  Island  to  Illinois  and  southward.     M  iy  -  Sept. 

$  6.  Flowers  of  2  sorts  as  in  §  5,  but  the  stamens  only  2,  and  the  corolla  of  the  truly 
fertile  not  so  much  closed:  pod  2-celled:  seeds  2-19  in  each  cell,  not  hollow&l 
on  t/ie  face :  small  annuals  or  biennials,  with  narrowly  linear  or  awl-shaped  and 
obscurely  l-ribbed  leaves. 

7.  P.  pusillcl,  Nutt.     Minutely  pubescent  (l'-4'  high);  leaves  entire; 
flowers  crowded  or  scattered  ;  pod  short-ovoid,  4-seeded,  little  exceeding  the  calyx 
and  bract.  —  Dry  hills,  New  York  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     April  -  Aug. 

8.  P.  heteropliylla,  Nutt.     Leaves  rather  fleshy,  acute,  entire,  or  den 
ticulate,  or  some  of  them  below  2-4-lobed  or  toothed  ;  scapes  2' -8'  high,  in- 
cluding the  long  and  slender  spike  of  often  scattered  flowers ;  pod  oblong-conoids, 
10-28-seecfW,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  and  bract.     (P.  pusilla, 
Dec.aic,ne,  in  DC.)  — Low  or  sandy  grounds,  from  Maryland  southward.    April - 
June. 


270  PLUMBAGINACE.fi.       (LEADWORT    FAMILY.) 

ORDER   69.     PLUMB  AGIN  AC  E^E.     (LEADWORT   FAMILY.} 

Maritime  herbs,  chiefly  stemless,  with  regular  5-mcrous  flowers,  a  plaited 
calyx,  the  5  stamens  opposite  the  separate  petals  or  the  lobes  of  the  corolla, 
and  the  free  ovary  one-celled,  with  a  solitary  ovule  hanging  from  a  long  cord 
which  rises  from  the  base  of  tJie  cell.  —  The  STATIC^^E  or  MARSH- ROSE- 
MARY TRIBE  alone  is  represented  in  our  region  by  the  genus 

1.     STATICE,    Tourn.        SEA-LAVENDER.     MARSH-ROSEMARY. 

Flowers  scattered  or  loosely  spiked  and  1-sided  on  the  branches,  2-3-bracted. 
Calyx  funnel-form,  dry  and  mcmhranaceous,  persistent.  Corolla  of  5  nearly  or 
quite  distinct  petals,  with  long  claws,  the  5  stamens  attached  to  their  bases. 
Styles  5,  rarely  3,  separate.  Fruit  membranous  and  indehiscent,  1 -seeded,  in 
the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Embryo  straight,  in  mealy  albumen.  —  Sea-side  peren 
nials,  with  thick  and  stalked  leaves ;  the  flowering  stems  or  scapes  branched 
into  panicles.  (SrariKiJ,  an  ancient  name  given  to  this  or  some  other  herb,  ou 
account  of  its  astringency.) 

1.  S»  L.I  III  6 11  ill  ill,  L.  Leaves  oblong,  spatulate,  or  obovate-lanccolate, 
1 -ribbed,  tipped  with  a  deciduous  bristly  point,  petiolcd;  scape  much-branched, 
corymbose-paniclcd  (l°-2°high);  spikelets  1-3-flowercd;  calyx-tube  hairy 
on  the  angles,  the  lobes  ovate-triangular,  with  as  many  teeth  in  the  sinuses. — 
Root  thick  and  woody,  very  astringent.  Flowers  lavender-color.  (En.) 

Var.  Carolinian  a  (S.  Caroliniana,  Walt.,  &c.),  the  plant  of  the  North- 
ern States,  has  a  hollow  scape,  with  more  erect  branches,  at  length  scattered 
flowers,  and  sharper  calyx-lobes.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  extending 
northward  (where  it  passes  into  S.  Bahusicnsis,  Fries).  Aug.,  Sept.  (Eu.) 

ARMERIA  VDLG\RIS,  the  THRIFT  of  the  gardens,  is  a  native  of  Northern 
Canada  as  well  as  of  Europe,  but  not  of  the  United  States  proper. 

ORDER  70.     PRIMULACE/E.     (PRIMROSE    FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  reyular  perfect  flowers, 
the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  nwnopelalous  (rarely  polypetalom) 
corolla  and  inserted  opposite  them  on  the  tube,  and  a  \-cclled  ovary  with  a 
central  free  placenta  rising  from  the  base,  bearing  several  or  many  seeds.  — 
Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  or  in  Samolus  partly  coherent.  (Corolla  none 
in  Glaux.)  Stamens  4-5,  rarely  6-8.  Style  and  stigma  one.  Seeds 
with  a  small  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen,  amphitropous  and  fixed  by  the 
middle,  except  in  Tribe  4. 

Synopsis. 
TRIBE  I.     PRIMUL.EJE.     Pod  entirely  free  from  the  calyx,  opening  by  valves  or  Uvth. 

*  Stemlesa  :  leaves  all  in  a  cluster  from  the  root. 

1.    PRIMULA.     Ccrolla  funnel-form  or  salver-«haped,  open  at  the  throat.     Stamens  inclu  led. 
X  AN  DUOS  ACE      Zorolla  short,  constricted  at  th«  throat.     Stamens  included. 


PRIMULACE^E.       (PRIMROSE    FAMILY.)  271 

a  DODECATHEON.    Corolla  reflexed,  5-parted.     Stamens  exserted  ;  filaments  tin  ted. 

*  *  Steins  leafy  :  corolla  wheel-shaped  (or  in  Glaux  none). 
4    TRIENTALIS.     Corolla  mostly  7-parted.     Stem  leafy  at  the  summit. 

5.  LYS1MAC1IIA.     Corolla  5-parted,  without  intermediate  teeth.     Stems  leafy. 

6.  NAUMBUUGIA      Corolla  of  6  or  6  petals,  with  intermediate  teeth. 

7.  GLAUX.     Corolla  none  :  the  calyx  petal-like. 

TEIBE  II.     AIVAGAI^LiIDE^E.     Tod  free  from  the  calyx,  opening  all  round  )y  a  tran» 
Terse  line,  the  top  falling  off  like  a  lid. 

8    ANAGALLIS.     Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx.  5  parted     Leaves  opposite. 

9.  CENTUNCULUS.     Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx,  4 -5-cleft.     Leaves  alternate. 

TRIBE  III.     SAMOL.EJE.    Pod  partly  adherent  to  the  calyx,  opening  by  valves. 

10.  SAMOLUS.     Corolla  bell-shaped  and  with  5  sterile  filaments  in  the  sinuses. 

TRIBE  IV.     HOTTO1VIEJE.     Pod  entirely  free  from   the   calyx,  opening  by  valves. 
Seeds  fixed  by  the  base,  anatropous. 

11.  HOTTONIA.    Corolla  salver-shaped.     Immersed  leaves  pectinately  dissected. 

1.     PRIMULA,    L.        PRIMROSE.     COWSLIP. 

Calyx  tubular,  angled,  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  enlarging  above  the 
insertion  of  the  stamens ;  the  5  lobes  often  notched  cr  inversely  heart-shaped. 
Stamens  5,  included.  Pod  many-seeded,  splitting  at  the  top  into  5  valves  or  10 
teeth.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  producing  a  tuft  of  veiny  leaves  at  the  root,  and 
simple  scapes,  bearing  the  flowers  iu  an  umbel.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  primus, 
from  the  flowering  of  the  true  Primrose  in  early  spring.) 

1.  P.  fariiiosa,  L.      (BIRD'S-EYE  PRIMROSE. )      Leaves   elliptical   or 
obovate-lanceolate,  the  lower  surface  and  the  3-20-flowercd  involucre,  frc.  covered 
with  a  ivhite  mealiness :  corolla  pale  lilac  with  a  yellow  eye.  —  Shores  of  Lakes 
St.  Clair,  Huron,  and  northward.     June,  July.  —  Scape  3'-  10'  high.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  ITIiStclSSiiiica,  Michx.     Leaves  spatulate  or  wedge-oblong,  thin 
and  veiny,  not  mealy ;  involucre  1  -8-flowcrcd  ;  lobes  of  the  flesh-colored  corolla 
broadly  and  deeply  obcordate.  —  Shores  of  the  Upper  Lakes :  also  Crooked 
Lake   (Sartivell)  and   Annsvillc,   Oneida   County,  New  York   (Knieskern  and 
\rasey),  Willoughby  Mountain,  Vermont  (  Wood,  frc.),  and  northward.     May. — 
A  pretty  species,  2'  -  6'  high.     (Eu.) 

P.  VERIS  and  P.  VULG\RIS  are  the  COWSLIP  and  PRIMROSE  of  Europe, 
from  which  various  cultivated  varieties  arc  derived. 

2.     ANDROSACE,    Toum.        AXDROSACE. 

Caljx  5-cleft ,  the  tube  short.  Corolla  salver-shaped  or  funnel-form,  the  tube 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  contracted  at  the  throat ;  the  limb  5-parted.  Stamens 
and  style  included.  Pod  5-valved.  —  Small  herbs,  with  clustered  root-leaves 
and  very  small  solitary  or  umbelled  flowers.  (An  old  name,  composed  ol 
oj/5j)os,  of  man,  and  aaKOf,  a  shield:  unmeaning.) 

1.  A.  ©CCicleiltialiS,  Pursh.  Smoothish;  scapes  diffuse  (2'-4'  high), 
many-flowered  ;  leaves  and  leaflets  of  the  involucre  oblong-ovate,  entire,  sessile ; 
cniyx-lobes  leafy,  triangular-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  (white)  corc.lla.  ©  — 
Hills  on  the  Mississippi,  Illinois,  and  northwestward, 

17 


272  pniMULACE.fi.     (PRIMROSE  .FAMILY.) 

3.     DODECAXHEOJV,    L.      AMERICAN  COV.-SLIP, 

Calyx  deeply  5-clcft  ;  the  divisions  lanceolate,  reflcxcd.  Corolla  with  u  very 
short  tube,  a  thickened  throat,  and  a  5-partcd  reflexed  limb;  the  divisions  long 
and  narrow.  Filaments  short,  monadelphous  at  the  base  :  anthers  long  and 
linear,  approximate  in  a  slender  cone.  —  Perennial  smooth  herbs,  with  fibrous 
roots,  a  eluster  of  oblong  or  spatulate  leaves,  and  a  simple  naked  scape,  invola- 
crate  at  the  summit,  bearing  an  ample  umbel  of  showy  flowers,  usually  nodding 
3n  slender  peduncles.  Corolla  purple-rose-color,  or  sometimes  white.  (Name 
fancifully  assumed  from  ScoSeKa,  twelve,  and  6foL,  yods.) 

1.  D.  IVIcadia,  L.  —  Rich  woods,  Penn.  and  Maryland  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southwcstward.  May,  June.  —  Very  handsome  in  cultivation.  In  the  West 
called  SHOOTING-STAR. 

4.     TRIENTAL.IS,    L.        CIIICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. 

Calyx  mostly  7-parted  ;  the  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  pointed.  Corolla 
mostly  7-parted,  spreading,  flat,  without  any  tube.  Filaments  slender,  united  in 
a  ring  at  the  base  :  anthers  oblong,  revolute  after  flowering.  Pod  few-seeded. 

—  Low  and  smooth  perennials,  with  simple  erect  stems,  bearing  a  few  alternate 
usually  minute  and  scale-like  leaves  below,  and  a  whorl  of  very  delicate  veiny 
leaves  at  the  summit.     Peduncles  one  or  more,  very  slender,  bearing  a  delicate 
white  and  Star-shaped  flower.     (A  Latin  name,  meaning  the  third  part  of  a  foot, 
alluding  to  the  size  of  the  plant.) 

1.  T.  Americana,  Pursh.  (STAR-FLOWER.)  Leaves  elongated-lan- 
ceolate, tapering  to  both  ends  ;  petals  finely  pointed.  —  Damp  cold  woods  ; 
common  northward,  and  southward  in  the  mountains.  May. 

5.     LYSIlflACIIIA,    L.        LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  with  a  very  short  tube,  and  a  spreading  5  -parted 
limb.  Stamens  5  :  filaments  often  united  in  a  ring  at  the  base.  Pod  globose, 
5-  10-valved,  few  -  many-seeded.  (Parts  of  the  flower  rarely  in  fours  or  sixes.) 

—  Perennial  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  axillary  or  racemed  flowers:  corolla 
mostly  yellow.     (Named  in  honor  of  King  Lysimachiis,  or  from  Xutriy,  a  release 
from,  P"Mi  strife.) 


t  1.  TRIPYNIA,  Raf.  —  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  sessile,  dotted:  calyx  and 
</(>/<lcn-i/f//ow  corolla  streaked  with  dark  lines  :  Jilaments  mostly  unequal,  plainly 
monadf-lf  >ltntis  at  the  base,  with  no  interposed  sterile  ones  :  anthers  short  :  pod  5- 
vitlrtd,  rijxniiKj  only  2-5  seeds. 

1.  L.  StrtCta,  Ait,  Smooth,  at  length  branched,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  oppo- 
site or  rarely  alternate,  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  ;  flowers  on  slender  pedi- 
cels in  a  long  raceme  (5'-  12'),  which  is  leafy  at  the  base  ;  or,  in  var.  PRODUCT  A, 
leafy  for  fully  half  its  length  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  lance-oblong.  Low  grounds  ; 
common.  Junc-^rg.  —  Stems  l°-2°  high,  often  bearing  oblong  or  monili- 
fc-m  bulblets  in  the  axils. 


PRIMULACE.<E.     (PRIMROSE  FAMILY.)  273 

2.  Li.  quadrifolia,  L.  Somewhat  hairy;  stem  simple  (1°  -  2°  high)  ; 
leaves  whorled  in  fours  or  fives  (rarely  in  threes  or  sixes)  ovate-lanceolate ;  flowers 
on  long  capillary  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves ;  lobes  of  the  corolla 
ovate-oblong. —  Moist  or  sandy  soil;  common.  June.  —  A  variety  has  the 
leaves  varying  to  opposite  and  partly  alternate,  some  of  the  upper  reduced  to 
bracts  shorter  than  the  peduncles.  (Near  New  York,  Washington,  &c.) 

$  2.  STEIRONEMA,  Raf.  —  Leaves  opposite,  not  dotted,  glabrous,  mostly  ciliate  at 
the  base  :  flowers  nodding  on  slender  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  : 
corolla  light  yellow,  not  streaked  or  dotted ;  the  lobes  broadly  ovate,  pointed,  with 
undulate  or  denticulate  margins,  little  exceeding  the  sepals:  filaments  nearly 
equal,  scarcely  monaddphous,  with  the  rudiments  of  a  sterile  set  interposed  at  the 
base  in  the  form  of  slender  teeth  or  processes :  anthers  linear,  at  length  curved:  pod 
5-  \Q-valved,  or  bursting  irregularly,  10-20-seeded. 

3.  Li.  Ciliata,  L.     Stem  erect  (2° -3°  high),  leaves  lanceolate-ovate  (3' -6' 
long),  tapering  to  an  acute  point,  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  all  on  long 
and  fringed  petioles  ;  corolla  longer  than  tlie  calyx.  —  Low  ground  and  thickets  ; 
common.     July. 

4.  Li.  radicailS,  Hook.     Stem  slender,  soon  reclined,  the  elongated  branch- 
es often  rooting  in  the  mud ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  rounded  at  the  base,  on 
slender  petioles :  corolla  about  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Swampy  river-banks, 
W.   Virginia   (Aikin)   and  southward. — Leaves  and  flowers  nearly  one  half 
smaller  than  in  the  last. 

5.  L..  lanceoluta,  Walt.     Stem  erect  (10' -20'  high);  leaves  lanceolate, 
varying  to  oblong  and  to  linear,  narrowed  into  a  short  margined  petiole  or  tapering 
base,  or  the  lowest  short  and  broad  on  long  petioles.  —  Var.  I-IYBKIDA  is  the 
broader-leaved  form.     Var.  ANGUSTir6LiA  (L.  angustifolia,  Lam.),  a  slender 
branching  form,  with  the  upper  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  and  acute 
at  both  ends.  — Low  grounds ;  common,  especially  westward.     June  -  Aug. 

6.  Li.  longifolia,  Pursh.     Stem  erect,  4-angled,   slender   (l°-3°  high), 
often  branched  below;  stcnv/eares  sessile,  narrowly  linear,  elongated  (2' -4'  long 
2"  -3"  wide),  smooth  and  shining,  rather  rigid,  obtuse,  the  margins  often  a  little 
revolute,  the  veins  obscure;  the  lowest  oblong  or  spatulate;  corolla  (|'-|' 
broad)  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  conspicuously  pointed.     (L.  revoluta, 
Nutt.)  —  Wet  banks',  W.  New  York  and  Penn.  to  Wisconsin.    July-  Sept. 

6.     NAUMBLJROIA,    Mcench.        TUFTED  LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx  6-  (5-7-)  parted.  Corolla  6-  (5-7-)  parted  almost  or  quite  to  the 
base  ;  the  spreading  divisions  lance-linear,  with  a  small  tooth  interposed  between 
each.  Filaments  exserted,  distinct.  Pod  few-seeded.  —  Perennial,  with  a  sim- 
ple stem,  and  opposite  lanceolate  entire  leaves,  which  are  dotted,  like  the  yellow 
flower,  &*..,  with  purplish  glands.  Flowers  small,  densely  crowded  in  stalked 
spikes  or  close  racemes,  from  the  axils  of  the  middle  leaves.  (Named  for  J.  S. 
Naumburg,  an  early  German  botanist.) 

1.  W.  tiiyrsiflora,  Reichenb.  (Lysimachia  thyrsiflora,  L.  L.  capitata, 
Pursh  )  —  Cold  swamps  ;  common  northward.  June.  (Eu.) 


274  PRIMULACE.fi.       (pRIMROdE    FAMILY.) 

7.     GLAtlX,    L.        SEA-MILK  WORT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft;  the  lohcs  ovate,  petal-like.  Corolla  wanting  Bta. 
mcns  5,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Pod  5-valved,  few- 
seeded. —  A  low  and  leafy  fleshy  perennial,  with  opposite  oblong  and  entire  ses- 
sile leaves,  and  solitary  nearly  sessile  (purplish  and  white)  flowers  in  their  axils, 
(An  ancient  Greek  name,  from  yAavKoy,  sea-green.) 

1.  O.  marfitinia,  L.— Sea-shore  of  New  England  from  Cape  Cod 
northward.  June.  (Eu.) 

8.     AN  A  GALL  18,    Tourn.        PIMPERNEL. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  almost  no  tube,  5-parted,  longer 
than  the  calyx ;  the  divisions  broad.  Stamens  5  :  filaments  bearded.  Pod  mem- 
branaccous,  circumcissile,  the  top  falling  off  like  a  lid,  many-seeded.  —  Low, 
spreading  or  procumbent  herbs,  with  opposite  or  whorled  entire  leaves,  and  soli- 
tary flowers  on  axillary  peduncles. 

1  A.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (COMMON  PIMPERNEL.)  Leaves  ovate,  sessile,  short- 
er than  the  peduncles  ;  petals  obovate,  obtuse,  fringed  with  minute  teeth.  (T) 
—  Waste  sandy  fields.  June -Aug.  —  Flowers  variable  in  size,  scarlet,  some- 
times purple,  blue,  or  white,  quickly  closing  at  the  approach  of  bad  weather; 
whence  the  popular  name  of  "  Poor  Man's  Weather-glass."  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

9.    CENTUNCUL-US,    L.        CHAFFWEED. 

Calyx  4 -5-parted.  Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx,  4 -5-cleft,  wheel-shaped, 
with  an  um-shaped  short  tube,  usually  withering  on  the  summit  of  the  pod 
(which  is  like  that  of  Anagallis).  Stamens  4-5:  filaments  beardless.  —  Very 
small  annuals,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  inconspicuous  flowers  in 
their  axils.  (Derivation  obscure.) 

1.  C.  minimus,  L.  Stems  ascending  (2'- 5'  long);  leaves  ovate,  obo- 
vate, or  spatulate-oblong ;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  the  parts  mostly  in  fours.  (C. 
lanccolatus,  Midix.)  — Low  grounds,  Illinois  and  southward.  (Eu.) 

1O.     SAJTIOL.US,    L.        WATER  PIMPERNEL.     BROOK-WEED. 

Calyx  5-cleft;  the  tube  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Corolhi  somewhat 
bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  commonly  with  5  sterile  filaments  in  the  sinuses.  Stamens 
5,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included.  Pod  5-valved  at  the  summit,  many- 
seedcd.  —  Smooth  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  in 
racemes.  ("  According  to  Pliny,  an  ancient  Druidical  name,  probably  same  as 
slanlus  in  Celtic,  the  healing-herb") 

1.  S.  Valeriindi,  L.  Stem  erect  (6' -12'  high),  leafy;  leaves  obovate; 
bracts  none;  bractlcts  on  the  middle  of  the  slender  ascending  pedicels;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  (Eu.) 

Var.  America  mis.  More  slender,  becoming  diffusely  branched;  ra- 
cemes often  panicled,  the  pedicels  longer  and  spreading  ;  bractlcts,  flowers,  and 
pods  smaller.  (S.  florib(;ndus,  H.  B.  K.)  — Wet  places ;  common.  June-  Sept 


LENTIBULACE^.       (BLADDERWORT    FAMILY.)  275 

11.     IIOTT&WIA,    L.        FEATHERFOIL.     WATER  VIOLEI. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  linear.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  with  a  short 
tube  ;  the  limb  5-parted.  Stamens  5,  included.  Pod  many-seeded,  5  valved ; 
ihe  valves  cohering  at  the  base  and  summit.  Seeds  attached  by  their  base, 
anatropous.  —  Aquatic  perennials,  with  the  immersed  leaves  pectinate,  and  the 
erect  hollow  flower-stems  almost  leafless.  Flowers  white  or  whitish,  whorlcd  at 
the  joints,  forming  a  sort  of  interrupted  raceme.  (Named  for  Prof.  Ilotton,  a 
botanist  of  Leyden,  in  the  17th  century.) 

1.  II.  iiiflitUi,  Ell.  Leaves  dissected  into  thread-like  divisions,  scattered 
on  the  floating  and  rooting  stems,  and  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  cluster  of  pe- 
duncles, which  are  strongly  inflated  between  the  joints ;  pedicels,  corolla,  an- 
thers, and  style  short. — Pools  and  ditches,  New  England  to  Kentucky,  and 
southward.  June.  —  The  singularly  inflated  peduncles  are  often  as  thick  as 
one's  finger. 


ORDER  71.    LENTIBULACEJE.     (BLADDERWORT  FAMILY.) 

Small  herbs  (growing  in  water  or  wet  places),  with  a  2-lipped  calyx,  and  a 
2-lipped  personate  corolla,  2  stamens  with  (cenfiuentlg)  one-celled  anthers, 
and  a  one-celled  ovary  with  a  free  central  placenta,  bearing  several  anatro- 
pous seeds,  ivitli  a  thick  straight  embryo,  and  no  albumen.  —  Corolla  deeply 
2-lipped,  spurred  at  the  base  in  front ;  the  palate  usually  bearded.  Ovary 
free :  style  very  short  or  none :  stigma  1  -  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  larger 
and  revolute  over  the  approximate  anthers.  Pod  often  bursting  irregular- 
ly. Scapes  1  -  few-flowered.  —  A  .small  family,  consisting  mostly  of  the 
two  following  genera :  — 

1.     UTRICULARIA,  L.        BLADDERWORT. 

Lips  of  the  2-parted  calyx  entire,  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  personate,  the  palate 
on  the  lower  lip  projecting,  and  often  closing  the  throat. — Aquatic  and  im- 
mersed, witli  capillary  dissected  leaves  bearing  little  bladders,  which  are  filled 
with  air  and  float  the  plant  at  the  time  of  flowering ;  or  rooting  in  the  mud,  and 
sometimes  with  few  or  no  leaves  or  bladders.  Scapes  1  -  few-flowered.  (Name 
from  utriculns,  a  little  bladder.) 
#  Upper  leaves  in  a  whorl  on  the  otherwise  naked  scape,  floating  by  means  of  large 

bladders  formed  of  the  inflated  petioles  ;  the  lower  dissected  and  capillary,  bearing 

little  bladders :  rootlets  few  or  none. 

1.  U.  infliata, •  Walt.  (INFLATED  BLADDERWORT.)  Swimming  free; 
bladder-like  petioles  oblong,  pointed  at  the  ends,  and  branched  near  the  apex, 
bearing  fine  thread-like  divisions;  flowers  5-10  (large,  yellow);  the  oppressed 
spur  half  the  length  of  the  corolla;  style  distinct.  —  Ponds,  Maine  to  Virginia, 
and  southward,  near  the  coast.  Aug. 
fe  #  Scapes  naked  (except  some  small  scaly  bracts),  from  immersed  Iranching  stews, 

whidt  commonly  swrn  free,  ar,  i  bear  capillary  dissected  Icai  t>s  furnished  icilh  smaH 


27C  LENTIBULACE.E.       (BLADDERWORT    FAMILY.) 

air-bladders  on  their  lobes :  roots  few  and  not  affixed,  or  none.     (Mostly 
propagated  from  year  to  year  by  a  sort  of  buds.) 

t-  Flowers  all  alike,  yellow,  several  in  a  raceme  :  pedicels  nodding  in  fruit. 
2.  TJ.  Vlllgaris,  L.  (GREATER  BLADDERWORT.)  Immersed  stems 
(l°-3°  long)  crowded  with  2  -  3-pinnately  many-parted  capillary  leaves,  bearing 
many  bladders;  scapes  5  -  12-flowered  (6'-  12'  long) ;  lips  of  the  corolla  closed,  the 
sides  rcflexed  ;  spur  conical,  stretched  out  towards  the  lower  lip,  shorter  than  it. 
—  Ponds  and  slow  streams ;  common.  June  -  Aug.  —  Corolla  £'  -  §'  broad  ; 
the  spur  rather  less  broad  and  blunt  than  in  the  European  plant.  (Eu.) 

3    U.  minor,  L.     (SMALLER  BLADDERWORT.)     Leaves  scattered  on  the 
thread-like  immersed  stems,  2-4  times  forked,  short;  scapes  weak,  3  -  7-flow- 
ered  (3' -7    high) ;  upper  lip  of  the  gaping  corolla  not  longer  than  the  depressed  pal- 
ate ;  spur  very  short,  blunt,  turned  down,  or  almost  none.  —  Shallow  water,  N.  New 
York  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    July.  —  Corolla  2"  -  3"  broad.    (Eu.) 
-  •«-  Flowers  of  2  sorts ;  viz.  the  usual  sort  (3-7)  in  a  raceme,  their  pedicels  ascend- 
ing, the  corolla  yellow ;  and  more  fertile  ones  solitary  and  scattered  along  the  leafy 
steins,  on  short  soon  reflexed  peduncles,  fruiting  in  the  bud,  the  corolla  minute  and 
never  expanding. 

4.  U.  claildestlna,  Nutt.     Leaves  numerous  on  the  slender  immersed 
stems,  several  times  forked,  capillary,  copiously  bladder-bearing ;  scapes  slen- 
der (3' -5'  high) ;  lips  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal  in  length,  the  lower  broader 
and  3-lobed,  somewhat  longer  than  the  approximate  thick  and  blunt  spur.  — 
Ponds,  E.  Massachusetts,    Rhode   Island,   W.  New  York,  and  New  Jersey. 
July.  — Flowers  as  large  as  in  No.  7. 

•*-•»-•»-  Floivers  all  alike,  few  (1-5)  :  pedicels  erect  in  fruit. 
•»-«•  Corolla  yellow :  scape  and  pedicels  Jiliform. 

5.  U.  intermedia,  Hayne.     Leaves  crowded  on   the   immersed    stems, 
^-ranked,   4-5   times  forked,   rigid;    the   divisions   linear-awl-shaped,    minutely 
bristle-toothed  along  the  margins,  not  bladder-bearing,  the  bladders  being  on  sep- 
arate leafless  branches ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  much  longer  than  t/«  /><il</ti< :  spur 
conical -oblong,  acute,  oppressed  to  the  lower  lip  and  nearly  as  long  as  it. —  Shallow 
pools,  New  England  to  Ohio,  Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  ran-.     June,  July. — 
Leafy  stems  3' -6'  long.     Scapes  3' -7'  high.     Flowers  £'  broad.     (Eu.) 

6.  U.  Stl'iata,  Lc  Conte.     Leaves  crowded  or  whorled  on  the  small  im- 
mersed stems,  srrcnil  times  forked,  capillary,  bladder-beaming ;  flowers  2-5,  on  lor.g 
pedicels;  lips  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal,  broad  and  expanded,  the  upper  undu- 
late, concave,  plaited-striatc  in  the  middle  ;  spur  marly  linctn;  obtuse,  approaching 
and  almost  equalling  the  lower  Up.  —  Shallow  pools  in  pine  barrens,  Long  Island, 
New  Jersey,  and  southward.    July,  Aug.  —  Scape  8'- 12'  high.    Flowers  Abroad. 

7.  U.  gibba,  L.     Scape  (l'-3'  high),  1  -2-fowred,  at  the  base- furnished 
with  very  slender  short  branches,  hearing  sparingly  dissected  capillary  root-like 

,  with  scattered  bladders;  lips  of  the  corolla  broad  and  rounded,  nearly 
equal  ;  the  Inuvr  with  the  sides  reflexcd  (4" -5"  long),  tjr,-«lin</  the  (ip/imniiuth 
thick  mid  blunt  gibbous  spur.  —  Shallow  water,  Massachusetts  to  lllinoi.-,  and  south 
\vai\l  al;:  g  the  mountains.  Julio  -  Aug. 


BIGNOIVIACE^E.       (BIGNONIA    FAMILY.)  277 

•*-*•  +•»•  Corolla  violet-purple. 

8    U.  ptirpurea,  Walt.     (PURPLE  BLADDERWORT.)     Leaves  whorled 
along  the  long  immersed  free  floating  stems,  petioled,  decompound,  capillary, 
bearing  many  bladders;  flowers  2-4  (£' wide) ;  spur  apprcssed  to  the  lower 
3-lobed  2-saecate  lip  of  ths  corolla  and  about  half  its  length.  —  Ponds,  Maine  to 
Virginia,  and  soutlnvard.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Scape  3'  -  6'  high,  not  scaly  below. 
*  *  *  Scape  solitary,  slender  and  naked,  or  with  a  few  small  scales,  the  base  rooting  in 
the  mud  or  soil:  leaves  small,  awl-shaped  or  grass-like,  often  raised  out  of  the  water, 
commonly  few  or  fugacious:  air-bladders  few  on  the  leaves  or  rootlets,  or  none. 
H-  Flower  purple,  solitary  :  leaves  bearing  a  few  delicate  lobes. 

9.  U.  rcstlpimita,  Greene.     Scape  (2'  -  8'  high)  2-bracted  above  ;  leaves 
thread-like,  on  delicate  creeping  branches ;  corolla  (4"  -  5"  long)  deeply  2-parted ; 
spur  oblong-conical,  very  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  dilated  lower  lip  and  remote 
from  it,  both  ascending,  the  flower  resting  transversely  on  the  summit  of  the  scape. 
—  Sandy  margins  of  ponds,  Maine  (Mr.  Chute),  E.  Massachusetts,  and  Rhode 
Island.     Aug. 

•»-  -»-  Flowei's  2-10,  yellow :  leaves  entire,  rarely  seen. 

10.  U.  SiilHilata,  L.      (TiNY  BLADDERWORT.)     Stem   capillary   (3'- 
5' high) ;  pedicels  capillary ;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  fiat  or  with  its  margins  re- 
curved, equally  3-lobed,  much  larger  than  the  ovate  upper  one ;  spur  oblong,  acute, 
straight,  appressed  to  the  lower  lip,  which  it  nearly  equals  in  length.  —  Sandy 
swamps,  pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  and  southward.     June.  —  Co- 
rolla 3" -4"  broad. 

11.  U.    corntita,    Michx.      (HORNED    BLADDERWORT.)      Stem    strict 
(^°-l°  high),  2  -  10-flowercd  ;  pedicels  not  longer  than  the  calyx ;  lower  lip  of  the 
corolla  large  and  helmet-shaped,  its  centre  very  convex  and  projecting,  while  the 
sides  are  strongly  reflexcd  ;  upper  lip  obovate  and  much  smaller ;  spur  awl-shaped, 
turned  downward  and  outward,  about  as  long  as  the  lower  lip.  —  Peat-bogs,  or 
r.andy  swamps  ;  common.     June -Aug.  —  Flowers  close  together,  large. 

2.     PINOUICUl.A,    L.        BUTTERWORT. 

Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  3-cleft,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  with  an  open  hairy 
or  spotted  palate.  —  Small  and  stcmless  perennials,  growing  on  damp  rocks, 
with  1 -flowered  scapes,  and  broad  and  entire  leaves,  all  clustered  at  the  root, 
soft-fleshy,  mostly  greasy  to  the  touch  (whence  the  name,  from  pinguis,  fat). 

1    P.  vtilgfiris,  L.     Leaves  ovate  or  elliptical ;  scape  and  calyx  a  little 
pubescent ;  lips  of  the  violet  corolla  very  unequal,  the  tube  funnel-form  ;  spur 
straightish.  —  Wet  rocks,  W.  New  York  to  Lake   Superior,  and  northward 
July.'     (Eu.) 

ORDER  72.     BIGNONIACE^E.     (BIGNONTA  FAMILY.) 

Woody  or  rarely  herbaceous  plants,  monopetcdous,  didynamous  or  dian- 
drous,  with  the  ovary  commonly  ^.-celled  by  the  meeting  of  the  t wo  placentae,  or 
of  a  projection  from  them,  many-seeded :  the  large  seeds  with  a  jlat  embryo 
and  no  albumen.  —  Calyx  2-lipped,  5-cleft,  or  entire.  Corolla  tubular  or 


278  BIGNONIACE^E.       (BIGNONIA    FAM.LT.) 

bell-shaped,  5-  obed,  somewhat  irregular  and  2-lipped,  decid  ious  ;  the  low- 
er lobs  largest.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla ;  the  fifth  or  posterior  one, 
and  sometimes  the  shorter  pair  also,  sterile  or  rudimentary :  anthers  of  2 
diverging  cells.  Ovary  free,  bearing  a  long  style,  with  a  2-lipped  stigma. 
—  Leaves  compound  or  simple,  opposite,  rarely  alternate.  Flowers  large 
and  showy.  —  Chiefly  a  tropical  family ;  only  two  species  indigenous  within 
our  limits.  It  includes  two  suborders,  viz :  — 

SUBORDER  I.    BIGNONIE^E.    THE  TRUE  BIGNONIA  FAMILY. 

Woody  plants,  with  1  -  2-celled  and  2-valved  pods,  the  valves  separating 
from  the  partition  when  there  is  any.  Seeds  transverse,  very  flat,  winged ; 
the  broad  and  leaf-like  cotyledons  notched  at  both  ends. 

1.  BIGNONIA.     Pod  flattened  "parallel  with  the  partition.    Leaves  compound. 

2    TECO.MA.    Pod  with  the  convex  valves  contrary  to  the  partition      Leaves  compound 

8.  CATALPA.    Pod  as  in  No.  2.     Leaves  simple.    Fertile  stamens  only  2. 

SUBORDER  II.     SESAME^E.     THE  SESAMUM  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  the  fruit  more  or  less  4  -  5-celled.  Seeds  attached  by  one 
end,  not  winged  ;  the  cotyledons  thick  and  entire. 

4.  MARTYNIA.     Fertile  stamens  2  or  4.     Fruit  fleshy  without  and  woody  within,  beaked. 

1.     BIGNONIA,    Tourn.        BIGNONIA. 

Calyx  truncate,  or  slightly  5-toothed.  Corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  5-lob((d 
and  rather  2-lipped.  Stamens  4,  often  showing  a  rudiment  of  the  h'fth.  Pod 
long  and  narrow,  2-celled,  flattened  parallel  with  the  valves  and  partition.  Seeds 
transversely  winged.  —  Woody  vines,  with  chiefly  compound  leaves,  climbing  bj 
tendrils.  (Named  for  the  Abbe  Biynon.) 

1.  B.  caprcolata,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  of  2  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets 
and  a  branched  tendril,  often  with  a  pair  of  accessory  leaves  in  the  axil  resem- 
bling stipules;  peduncles  few  and  clustered,  1  -flowered.  •*— Rich  soil,  Virginia, 
Kentucky,  Illinois,  and  southward.  April.  —  Stems  climbing  tall  trees  ;  a  trans- 
verse section  of  the  word  showing  a  cross.  Corolla  orange,  2'  long.  Tod  6' 
long.  Seeds  with  the  wing  1|'  long. 

2.     TECOUIA,    Juss.        TRUMPET-FLOWER. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothcd.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobcd,  a  little  irregular. 
Stamens  4.  Pod  long  and  narrow,  2-celled,  the  partition  contrary  to  the  convex 
valves.  Seeds  transversely  winged. — Woody  vines,  with  compound  leaves. 
(Abridged  from  the  Mexican  name.) 

1.  T.  radtaaiis,  Juss.  (TRUMPET  CREEPER.)  Climbing  by  rootlets , 
leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  5  - 11,  ovate,  pointed,  toothed;  flowers  coryrubcd  ;  sta- 
mens not  protruded  beyond  the  tulmlar-funncl-fonn  corolla.  (Bi^nonia  radi 
cans,  A.)  — Kich  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward;  but  cultivated 
farther  north.  July.  —  Corolla  2'  -3'  long,  orange  and  scarlet,  showy. 


OROBANCHACE.fi.       (BROOM-RAPE    FAMIL  f.)  279 

3.     CATAL.PA,    Scop.,  Walt.        CATALPA.    INDIAN  BEAN. 

Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  swelling  ;  the  undulate  5-lobed 
spreading  border  irregular  and  2-lipped.  Fertile  stamens  2,  or  sometimes  4 ; 
the  1  or  3  others  sterile  and  rudimentary.  Pod  very  long  and  slender,  nearly 
cylindrical,  2-celled  ;  the  partition  contrary  to  the  valves.  Seeds  broadly  winged 
on  each  side,  the  wings  cut  into  a  fringe.  (The  aboriginal  name.) 

1.  C,  BIGNONIOIDES,  Walt.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed,  downy  beneath; 
flowers  in  open  compound  panicles.  —  Cultivated  in  the  Northern  State?  :  a  well- 
known  ornamental  tree,  with  large  leaves,  and  showy  flowers,  which  are  white, 
slightly  tinged  with  violet,  and  dotted  with  purple  and  yellow  in  the  throat, 
opening  in  July.  Pods  hanging  till  the  next  spring,  often  1°  long.  (Adv. 
fiooi  S.  W.  States'?) 

4.     MARTYNIA,    L.        UNICORN-PLANT. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  mostly  unequal.  Corolla  gibbous,  bell-shaped,  5-lobed  and 
somewhat  2-lipped.  Fertile  stamens  4,  or  only  2,  Pod  fleshy,  and  with  the 
inner  part  soon  woody,  terminated  by  a  long  beak,  which  at  length  splits  into 
2  hooked  horns,  and  opens  at  the  apex  between  the  beaks,  imperfectly  5-celled, 
owing  to  the  divergence  of  the  two  plates  of  each  of  the  two  partitions  or  pla- 
centae, leaving  a  space  in  the  centre,  while  by  reaching  and  cohering  with  the 
walls  of  the  fruit  they  form  4  other  cells.  Seeds  several,  wingless,  with  a 
thick  and  roughened  coat.  —  Low  branching  annuals,  clammy-pubescent,  exhal- 
ing a  heavy  odor :  stems  thickish :  leaves  simple,  rounded.  Flowers  racemed, 
large.  (Dedicated  to  Prof.  Martyn,  of  Cambridge,  a  well-known  botanist  of 
the  last  century.) 

1.  M.  PHOBOscfDEA,  Glox.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  oblique,  entire,  or  undu- 
late, the  upper  alternate ;  the  woody  endocarp  crested  on  one  side,  long-horned. 
—  Escaped  from  gardens  in  some  places.  Corolla  dull  white,  tinged  or  spotted 
with  yellow  and  purplish.  (Adv.  from  S.  W.  States.  Native  on  the  Mississippi.) 


ORDER  73.     OROBANCHACE^E.     (BROOM-RAPE   FAMILY.) 

Herbs  destitute  of  green  foliage  (root-parasites),  monopetalous,  didyria- 
wiw.s,  the  ovary  one-celled  with  2  or  4  parietal  placentce  ;  pod  very  many- 
needed:  seed*  minute,  with  albumen,  and  a  very  minute  embryo. —  Calyx  pe.  - 
BJstent,  4-5-toothed  or  parted.  Corolla  tubular,  more  or  less  2-lipped, 
ringent,  persistent  and  withering;  the  upper  lip  entire  or  2-lobed,  the  lo^- 
er  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla: 
anthers  2-celled,  persistent.  Ovary  free,  ovoid,  pointed  with  a  long  style 
which  is  curved  at  the  apex  :  stigma  large.  Pod  1 -celled,  2-valved;  the 
valves  each  bearing  on  their  face  one  placenta  or  a  pair.  Seeds  very  nu- 
merous, minute,  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  transpar- 
ent albumen.  —  Low  thick  or  fleshy  herbs,  bearing  scales  in  place  of  lea^  es, 
lurid  vellowish,  or  brownish  throughout.  Flowers  solitary  or  spiked. 


280  OROBANCHACEJE.       (BROOM- RAPE    FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

*  Flowers  of  two  sorts. 

1.  ET  JPHEGUS      Upper  flowers  sterile,  with  a  tubular  corolla ;  the  lower  fertile,  with  tha 

corolla  minute  and  not  expanding     Bracts  inconspicuous. 
«  *  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect. 

2.  CONOPHOLIS.     Flowers  spiked.    Calyx  with  2  bractlets,  split  on  the  lower  side.    Stamen* 

protruded.     Corolla  2-lipped. 

8.  PHELIP^A.  Flowers  spiked  or  panicled.  Calyx  with  2  bractlets,  regularly  5-cleft.  Co. 
rolla  2-lipped.  Stamens  included. 

4.  APHYLLON.  Flowers  solitary,  without  bractlete.  Calyx  regularly  5-cleft  Corolla  al- 
most regular.  Stamens  included. 

1.     EPIPIIEGUS,    Nutt.        BEECH-DROPS.     CANCER-ROOT. 

Flowers  racemose  or  spiked,  scattered  on  the  branches ;  the  upper  sterile,  with 
a  long  tubular  corolla  ^nd  long  filaments  and  style ;  the  lower  fertile,  with  a 
very  short  corolla  which  seldom  opens,  but  is  forced  off  from  the  base  by  the 
growth  of  the  pod ;  the  stamens  and  style  very  short.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Stigma 
capitate,  a  little  2-lobed.  Pod  2-valved  at  the  apex,  with  2  approximate  placentas 
on  each  valve.  —  Herbs  slender,  purplish  or  yellowish-brown,  much  branched, 
with  small  and  scattered  scales,  6' -12' high.  (Name  composed  of  eVi,  upon, 
and  <£nvo£»  the  Beech,  because  it  grows  on  the  roots  of  that  tree.) 

1.  FU    "irgini ana,  Bart.     (E.  Americanus,  Nutt.)  —  Common  under  the 
shade  of  Beech-trees,  parasitic  on  their  roots.     Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Corolla  of  the 
upper  (sterile)  flowers  whitish  and  purple,  6'  -8"  long,  curved,  4-toothed. 

2.  CON6PIIOL.IS,    Wallr.        SQUAW-ROOT.     CANCER-ROOT. 

Flowers  in  a  thick  scaly  spike,  perfect,  with  2  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  irreg- 
ularly 4 -5-toothed  calyx  ;  the  tube  split  down  on  the  lower  side.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar, swollen  at  the  base,  strongly  2-lippcd  ;  the  upper  lip  arched,  notched  at  the 
summit ;  the  lower  shorter,  3-parted,  spreading.  Stamens  protruded.  Stigma 
depressed.  Pod  with  4  placentae,  approximate  in  pairs  on  the  middle  of  each 
valve.  —  Upper  scales  forming  bracts  to  the  flowers ;  the  lower  covering  each 
other  in  regular  order,  not  unlike  those  of  a  fir-cone  (whence  the  name,  from 
Kupor,  a  cone,  and  <£>oXt's,  a  scale). 

1.  C.  Americana,  Wallroth.  ( OroWnche  Americana,  L.)  —  Oak  woods; 
aet  rare,  growing  in  clusters  among  fallen  leaves.  May,  June. — A  singular 
plant,  chestnut-colored  or  yellowish  throughout,  as  thick  as  a  man's  thumb, 
3-6'  long,  covered  with  scales  which  are  at  first  fleshy,  then  dry  and  hard. 

3.     PHELIPJEA,    Tourn.        BROOM-RAPE. 

Flowers  perfect,  crowded  in  a  spike,  raceme,  or  clustered  panicle,  with  a  pair 
of  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  regular  4 -5-cleft  calyx.  Corolla  2-lipped;  the 
upper  lip  2-lobcd  or  notched ;  the  lower  3-parted.  Stamens  included.  Ovary 
with  a  gland  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side.  Pod  with  4  placentae,  two  on  the 
middle  of  each  valve.  —  Stems  rather  thick,  scaly.  (Named  for  L.  $  J. 
peaux,  patrons  of  science  in  the  time  of  Tournefort. ) 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  281 

1.  P.  laidoviciana,  Don.  Glandular-pubescent,  branched  (3' -12- 
high)  ;  the  flowers  spiked  in  close  clusters ;  corolla  somewhat  curved,  1  «rice  the 
length  of  the  narrow  lanceolate  calyx-lobes;  the  lips  equal  in  length. — Illinois 
(Mr.  E.  Hall)  and  westward.  Oct. 

4.     APHYL.L.O1V,    Mitchell.        NAKED  BROOM-RAPE. 

Flowers  perfect,  solitary  on  long  naked  scapes  or  peduncles,  without  bractlers. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  regular.  Corolla  with  a  long  curved  tube  and  a  spreading  bor- 
der, somewhat  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  deeply  2-cleft,  its  lobes  similar  to  the  3 
of  the  lower  lip.  Stamens  included.  Stigma  broadly  2-lipped.  Capsule  with 
4  equidistant  placentae,  2  borne  on  each  valve  half-way  between  the  midrib  and 
the  margin.  Plants  brownish  or  yellowish.  Flowers  purplish,  and  scapes  mi- 
nutely glandular-pubescent.  (Name  from  a  privative  and  (£vAXoi/,  foliage,  allud- 
ing to  the  naked  stalks.)  — Perhaps  rather  a  section  of  Phelipaa. 

1.  A.  lliiifloriuii,  Torr.  &  Gr.    (ONE-FLOWERED  CANCER-ROOT.)    Stem 
subterranean  or  nearly  so,  very  short,  scaly,  often  branched,  each  branch  sending 
up  1  -3  slender  one-flowered  scapes  (3' -5'  high) ;  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance-awl- 
shaped,  half  the  length  of  the  corolla.     (Orobanche  uniflora,  L.)  —  Woods; 
rather  common.     April,  May.  —  Corolla  1 '  long,  with  2  yellow  bearded  folds  in 
the  throat,  the  lobes  obovate. 

2.  A.  fas<  M  nl  jtmii,  Torr.  &  Gr.      Scaly  stem  erect  and  rising  3' -4' 
out  of  ground,  mostly  longer  than  the  crowded  peduncles ;  divisions  of  the  calyx 
triangular,  very  much  shorter  than  the  corolla,  which  has  rounded  short  lobes. 
(Orobanche  fascicrf; /  a,  Nutt.) — Islands   ia  Lake  Mlelii  ,a.i   (Engelmannj)  N. 
Illinois.  (Vasey.}  an  i  "erthward.     May. 

ORDER  74.    SCROPHULARIACE^E.     (FIGWORT  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  ivith  didynamous  or  diandrous  (or  very  rarely  5  perfect)  sta- 
mens inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  ^-lipped  or  more  or  less  irregular  corolla,  the 
lobes  of  which  are  imbricated  in  the  bud :  fruit  a  2-celled  and  usually  many- 
seeded  pod  mtli  the  placentce  in  the  axis :  seeds  anatropous  with  a  small  em- 
bryo in  copious  albumen.  —  Style  single  :  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed.  Leaves 
and  inflorescence  various ;  but  the  flowers  not  terminal  in  any  genuine  rep- 
resentatives of  the  order.  —  A  large  order  of  bitterish,  some  of  them  nar- 
cotic-poisonous plants,  represented  by  two  great  groups  (which  are  not  differ- 
ent enough  to  be  classed  as  suborders  *)  ;  —  to  which  an  anomalous  genus 
(Gelsemium)  is  appended  :  but  that  belongs  to  Loganieao,  p.  169. 

*  The  technical  distinction  between  the  so-called  suborders  is  principally  in  the  aestivation 
of  the  corolla,  which  is  not  likely  to  be  entirely  constant.  Some  years  ago,  my  former  pupil, 
Mr.  Henry  James  Clark,  showed  me  that  in  Mimulus  one  or  both  of  the  lateral  lobes  of  the 
lower  lip  are  occasionally  exterior  in  the  bud,  and  I  have  since  noticed  a  similar  exception  in 
species  of  Pentstemon. 

The  plants  of  Tribes  8,  9,  and  10  (which  incline  to  turn  blackish  in  drying),  are  most,  if  not  all, 
of  them  partial  root-parasites.  This  has  been  for  some  time  known  in  Tribe  10  ;  and  has  lately 
been  shown  to  b«  the  cas«  in  Gerardia  also,  by  Mr.  Jacob  Stauffer,  of  Mount  Joy,  Pennsylvania 


282  SCROPHULAfclACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

I.  ANTIRRHINIDE^:.     Upper  Up  of  the  corolla  covering  the  lower  in 

the  bud  (\vith  occasional  exceptions  in  Mimulus,  &c.).     Pod  usually 
septicidal. 

TRIBE  I.     VERJ1ASCE.K.    Corolla  nearly  wheel-shaped.    Flowers  in  a  simple  spike  or 

raceme.     Leaves  all  alternate. 
1.  VERBASCUM.    Stamens  6,  all  with  anthers,  and  3  or  all  of  them  with  bearded  laments. 

TRIBE  H.    ANTIRRHINE.E.     Corolla  tubular,  with  a  spur  or  sac  at  the  base  below, 
the  throat  usually  with  a  palate.    Pod  opening  by  chinks  or  holes.    Flowers  in  simple 
racemes  or  axillary.     Lower  leaves  usually  opposite  or  whorled. 
8.  LINARIA.    Corolla  spurred  at  the  base  ;  the  palate  seldom  closing  the  throat. 

3.  ANTIRRHINUM      Corolla  merely  saccate  at  the  base ;  the  palate  closing  the  thro&e. 

TRIBE  m.  CIIELOA'E^E.  Corolla  tubular,  or  deeply  2-lipped,  not  spurred  nor  saccate 
below.  Pod  2-4-valved.  Leaves  opposite.  Inflorescence  compound;  the  flowers  in 
small  clusters  or  cymes  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  bracts  ;  the  ciiustew  spiked  or 
racemed.  (Stamens  4,  and  the  rudiment  of  the  fifth.) 

4.  SCROPHULARIA.    Corolla  inflated,  globular  or  oblong,  with  four  erect  lobes  atd  one 

spreading  one.     Rudiment  of  the  sterile  stamen  a  scale. 

6.  COLLINSIA.    Corolla  2-cleft,  the  short  tube  saccate  on  the  upper  side  ;  tho  middle  lobe  of 
the  lower  lip  sac-like  and  enclosing  the  declined  stamens. 

6.  CHELONE.    Corolla  tubular,  inflated  above.    Sterile  stamen   shorter  than   the  others 

Seeds  winged. 

7.  PENTSTEMON.     Corolla  tubular.    Sterile  stamen  about  as  lo_jg  as  the  rest.    Seeds  wingless. 

TRIBE  IV.  GRATIOLiEJE.  Corolla  tubular,  not  saccate  nor  spurred.  Pod  2-valved. 
Inflorescence  simple ;  the  flowers  single  in  the  axil  of  the  bracts  or  Jeaves,  the  peduncles 
bractless.  Leaves  all  or  the  lower  opposite. 

#  Stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing  and  oimilar. 

8.  MIMULUS.     Calyx  prismatic,  6-angled,  5-toothed.     Corolla  elongated. 
9    CONOBEA.    Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  equal.    Corolla  short. 

10.  IIERPESTIS.    Calyx  5-parted,  unequal,  the  upper  division  largest.    Corolla  shor.. 

*  *  Anther-bearing  stamens  2  :  sometimes  also  a  pair  of  sterile  filaments. 

II.  GRATIOLA.    Calyx  5-parted.     Stamens  included  ;  the  sterile  pair  short  or  none. 

12    ILYSANTHES.    Calyx  5-parted.    Stamens  included  ;  the  sterile  filaments  protruded. 

13.  HEMIANTIIUS.    Calyx  4-toothed.     Sterile  filaments  none.     Corolla  irregular. 

11.  RHINANTHIDE^E.     Under  lip  or  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla 

covering  the  upper  in  the  bud.     Pod  commonly  loculicidal. 

TRIBE  V.  SIBTHORPIE.K.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  bell-shaped.  Leaves  alternate, 
or  (with  the  axillary  flowers)  fascicled  in  clusters 

14.  LIMOSELLA.    Calyx  5-toothed.     Corolla  5-cleft.    Stamens  4.     Leaves  fleshy. 

TRIBE  YI.  IMGlTALEjE  *  Corolla  tubular  or  somewhat  bell-shaped.  Leaves  altwr 
nate.  Flowers  in  a  spike  or  raceme 

15.  8YNTIIYR1S.    Calyx  4-parted.     Corolla  irregular      Stamens  2,  rarely  4. 

TRIBE  VII.  VERONICE^E.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  salver-shaped.  Stamens  not  ap- 
proaching each  other.  Leaves  mostly  opposite.  Flowers  in  racemes. 

16.  VERONIC  V.    Calyx  4-  (rarely  3-5-)  parted      Corolla  son  ewhat  irregular.     Stamens  2. 

TRIBE  VIII.  BUCHNEREJE.  Corolla  salver-shaped.  Stamens  4,  approximate  in 
pairs  :  anthers  1-ceHed  Upper  leaves  alternate.  Flowers  in  a  spike. 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGVTOST    FAMILY.)  283 

17.  BUOHNERA.    Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.    Limb  of  th»  salver-shaped  elongated  corolla  6- 

cleft. 

TEIBE  IX.  GER  ARDIEJE.  Corolla  inflated  or  tubular,  with  a  spreading  and  slightly 
unequal  5-lobed  limb.  Stamens  4,  approximate  in  pairs  :  anthers  2-celled.  T>-aves  op- 
posite, or  the  uppermost  alternate. 

18.  SEYMERIA.    Calyx  deeply  5-cleft     Tube  of  th«  corolla  broad,  not  longer  than  the  lobea. 

Stamens  nearly  equal. 
19    GERARDIA.     Calyx  5-toothed  or  cleft.     Stamens  strongly  unequal. 

TBIBE  X.  EUPHRASIE-flS.  Corolla  tubular,  2-lipped  j  the  upper  lip  narrow,  erect  or 
arched,  enclosing  the  4  strongly  didynamous  stamens. 

*  Anther-cells  unequal  and  separated.     Pod  many -seeded. 
20.  CASTILLEIA.    Calyx  cleft  down  the  lower,  and  often  also  on  the  upper,  side. 

*  *  Anther-cells  equal.     Pod  niauy  -  several-seeded. 

21    SCHWALBEA.     Calyx  5-toothed,  very  oblique,  the  upper  tooth  smallest. 
22.  EUPHRASIA.     Calyx  4-cleft.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-lobed.     Pod  oblong. 
28.  RHINANTHUS.    Calyx  inflated,  ovate.    Pod  orbicular :  seeds  winged. 
W.  PEDICULARIS.    Calyx  not  inflated.    Pod  ovate  or  sword-shaped  :  seeds  wingless. 

*  *  *  Anther-cells  equal.     Pod  1  -  4-seeded. 
25.  MELAMPYRUM.    Calyx  4-cleft.    Ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled.    Pod  flat,  oblique. 

V*  GELSEMINE/E. 

96.  GELSEMIUM.    Corolla  equally  5-lobed.    Stamens  5.    Stigmas  2,  two-parted. 

1.     VERBASCUItt,    L.        MULLEIN. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-lobed,  open  or  concave,  wheel-shaped ;  the  lobes 
broad  and  rounded,  a  little  unequal.  Stamens  5 ;  all  the  filaments,  or  the  3 
upper,  woolly.  Style  flattened  at  the  apex.  Pod  globular,  many-seeded. — 
Tall  and  usually  woolly  biennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  those  of  the  stem 
sessile  or  decurront.  Flowers  in  large  terminal  racemes,  ephemeral.  (The 
ancient  Latin  name,  altered  from  Barbascum.) 

1.  V.  TnApsus,  L.     (COMMON  MULLEIN.)     Densdy  woolly  throughout ;  stem 
tall  and  stout,  simple,  winged  by  the  decurrent  bases  of  the  oblong  acute  leaves  ; 
flowers  (yellow)  in  a  prolonged  and  very  dense  cylindrical  spike ;  lower  stamens 
usually  beardless.  —  Fields,  &c. ;  common.    (A  white-flowered  variety  was  gath- 
ered at  Montrose,  Penn.,  Mr.  Riley.)     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  V.  BLATTARIA,  L.     (MOTH  MULLEIN.)     Green  and  smoothish,  slender; 
lower  leaves  petioled,  oblong,  doubly  serrate,  sometimes  lyre-shaped,  the  upper 
partly  clasping;  raceme  loose;  filaments  all  bearded  with  violet  wool. — Road- 
sides ;  rather  common.     Corolla  either  yellow,  or  white  with  a  tinge  of  purple. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  V.  LYCHNtxis,  L.      (WHITE  MULLEIN.)     Clothed  with  a  thin  powdery 
woolliness ;  stem  and  branches  angled  above ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  not  decurrent, 
greenish  above;  Jlowers  (yellow,  rarely  white)  in  a  pyramidal  panicle;  filaments 
with  whitish  wool.  —  Road-sides,  Penn  v  rare,  and  sandy  fields  at  the  head  of 
Oneida  Lake,  New  York ;  —  where  it  hybridizes  freely  with  the  common  Mullein. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 


284  SCROPHULAItlACEJE.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

2.    L.  IN  ARIA,    Tourn.        TOAD-FLAX. 

Calyx  5-pai  ted.  Corolla  personate,  with  the  prominent  palate  often  niarly 
closing  the  throat,  spurred  at  the  base  on  the  lower  side.  Stamens  4.  Pod 
thin,  opening  below  the  summit  by  one  or  two  pores  or  chinks,  toothed.  Seeds 
many.  —  Herbs,  with  at  least  all  the  upper  leaves  alternate.  (Name  from 
Linum,  the  Flax,  which  the  leaves  of  some  species  resemble.) 
#  Leaves  sessile,  narrow. 

1.  L..  Canadcnsis,  Spreng.     (WILD  TOAD-FLAX.)     Smooth;  stem  slen 
der,  erect,  mostly  simple,  with  scattered  linear  leaves ;  those  from  prostrate  shoots 
oblong,  crowded,  and  mostly  opposite  or  whorled ;  flowers  blue  (very  small),  in 
a  slender  raceme,  short-pedicelled ;  spur  thread-shaped  (occasionally  wanting). 
©  (D  —  Sandy  soil ;  common,  especially  southward.     June  -  Aug. 

2.  L.  VULGARIS,  Mill.      (TOAD-FLAX.     BUTTER-AND-EGGS.     RAMSTED.) 
Smooth  and  pale,  erect  (1°  — 3°  high) ;  leaves  alternate,  crowded,  linear  or  lance 
olate,  acutish ;  flowers  crowded  in  a.  dense  raceme,  yellow,  pretty  large  (!'  long)  ; 
spur  awl-shaped;   seeds  flattened  and  margined.     1J. —  Old  fields  and  road-sides ; 
common  eastward  :  a  showy  but  pernicious  weed.     Aug.  —  The  Pdoria  state, 
with  a  regular  5-cleft  border  to  the  corolla,  5  spurs,  and  5  stamens,  has  been  ob- 
served in  Pennsylvania  by  Dr.  Darlinyton.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  L.  GENISTIF6LIA,  Mill.     Very  smooth  and  glaucous,  paniculate-branched  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  often  partly  clasping ;  flowers  scattered,  yellow  (smaller 
than  in  No.  2);  seeds  am/led  and  wrinkled.     ]\. —  Road-sides,  New  York,  near 
the  city  (H.  J.  Clark,  Lesquereux).     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  #  Leaves  petioled,  broad,  veiny. 

4.  L.  ELATINE,  Mill.     Hairy,  branched,  procumbent ;  leaves  alternate,  ovate 
and  halberd-shaped,  mostly  shorter  than  the  slender  axillary  peduncles ;  flowers 
small,  yellow  and  purplish;  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acute.     Q)  —  Fields  and 
banks,  E.  Massachusetts  to  Virginia;  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.     ANTIRRHINUM,    L.        SNAPDRAGON. 

Corolla  saccate  at  the  base,  the  throat  closed  by  the  large  bearded  palate. 
Seeds  oblong-truncate.  Otherwise  nearly  as  Linaria.  Corolla  commonly 
showy,  resembling  the  face  of  an  animal  or  a  mask ;  whence  the  name  (from 
airi,  in  comparison  with,  and  piVj  a  snout). 

1.  A.  OR^NTIUM,  L.  Stem  erect  (6' -12' high) ;  leaves  lance-linear;  spikes 
loosely  few-flowered  ;  sepals  longer  than  the  purplish  corolla.  (5)  —  Fields, 
Virginia,  &c. ;  scarce.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

A.  MAJDS,  L.,  is  the  common  cultivated  SNAPDRAGON. 

4.     SCROPHULiARIA,    Tourn.        FIGWORT. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  somewhat  globular  tube ;  the  4  upper 
lobes  of  the  short  border  erect  (the  two  upper  longer),  the  lower  spreading. 
Stamens  4,  declined,  with  the  anther-cells  transverse  and  confluent  into  one;  the 
restipe  of  the  fifth  stamen  forms  a  scale-like  rudiment  at  the  summit  of  the  tube 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  285 

of  the  corolla.  Pod  many-seeded.  —  Rank  herbs,  with  mostly  opposite  leaves 
and  small  greenish-purple  or  lurid  flowers  in  loose  cymes,  forming  a  tfiminal 
narrow  panicle.  (So  called  because  a  reputed  remedy  for  scrofula.) 

1.  S.  nodosa,  L.  Smooth  (3° -4°  high);  stem  4-sided;  leaves  ovate, 
oblong,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  cut-serrate,  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base. 
1|.  (S.  Marilandica,  L.,  and  S.  lanceolata,  Pursh.) — Damp  copses  and  banks. 
July.  (Eu.) 

5.     COL.L.INSIA,    Nutt.        COLLINSIA. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  declined,  with  the  tube  saccate  or  bulging  at 
the  base  on  the  upper  side,  deeply  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  2-clcft,  its  lobes  partly 
folded  backwards ;  the  lower  3-cleft,  its  middle  lobe  keeled  and  sac-like,  enclos- 
ing the  4  declined  stamens  and  style.  Fifth  stamen  a  slender  rudiment.  Pod 
many-seeded.  —  Slender  branching  annuals,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  handsome 
party-coloi-ed  flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters,  appearing  whorled  in  the  axils  of 
the  upper  leaves.  (Dedicated  to  the  late  Zaccheus  Collins,  of  Philadelphia,  an 
accurate  botanist.) 

1.  C.  verna,  Nutt.     Slender  (6' -20'  high) ;  leaves  ovate;  the  lower  peti- 
oled ;  the  upper  ovate- lanceolate,  clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base,  toothed ; 
whork  about  ^-flowered ;  flowers  long-peduncled ;  corolla  (blue  and  white)  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx.  —  Rich  shady  places,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  Ken- 
tucky.    May,  June. 

2.  C.  parviflora,  Dougl.     Small ;  lower  leaves  ovate  or  rounded,  peti- 
oled ;  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  entire ;  whorls  2  -  ^-flowered ;  flowers 
short-pedunded ;  the  small    (blue)   corolla   scarcely   exceeding   the  calyx.  —  South 
shore  of  Lake  Superior  (Pitcher) ;  thence  westward. 

C.  BfcoLOR,  Benth.,  a  showy  Californian  species,  has  become  common  in 
cultivation. 

6.     C  SI  EL. ONE,    Toura.        TURTLE-HEAD.     SNAKE-HEAD. 

Calyx  of  5  distinct  imbricated  sepals.  Corolla  inflated-tubular,  with  the 
EtDUth  a  little  open;  the  upper  lip  broad  and  arched,  keeled  in  the  middle, 
notched  at  the  apex ;  the  lower  woolly -bearded  in  the  throat,  3-lobed  at  the  apex, 
the  middle  lobe  smallest.  Stamens  4,  with  woolly  filaments  and  very  woolly 
heart-shaped  anthers ;  and  a  fifth  sterile  filament  smaller  than  the  others.  Seeds 
many,  wing-margined.  —  Smooth  perennials,  with  upright  branching  stems,  op- 
posite serrate  leaves,  and  large  white  or  purple  flowers,  which  are  nearly  sessile 
in  spikes  or  clusters,  and  closely  imbricated  with  round-ovate  concave  bracts 
and  bractlets.  (Name  from  ^eXtoi/i/,  a  tortoise,  the  corolla  resembling  in  shape 
the  head  of  a  reptile.) 

1.  C.  glabra,  L.  Leaves  very  short-petioled,  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong, 
pointed,  variable  in  width,  &c. :  the  flowers  white,  rose-color,  or  purple.  Also 
C.  obliqua,  L.,  &c.  —  Wet  places ;  common.  July  -  Sept.  —  Called  ajar  SHEM/- 
FLOWER,  BALMONT,  &c. 


286  SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (F1GWORT    FAMILY.) 

7.     PfiJNTSTEJttOlV,    Mitchell.      BEARD-TONGUE.    PENTBTEMOW 

Calyx  5-partcd.  Corolla  tubular  and  more  or  less  inflated,  either  decidedly 
or  slightly  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  and  the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  4, 
declined  at  the  base,  ascending  above ;  and  a  fifth  sterile  filament  usually  as 
long  as  the  others,  either  naked  or  bearded.  Seeds  numerous,  wingless.  —Pe- 
rennials, branched  from  the  base,  simple  above,  with  opposite  leaves,  the  upper 
sessile  and  mostly  clasping.  Flowers  showy,  thyrsoid-panicled.  (Name  from. 
TTfvrc ,  five,  and  <rr^/io)i>,  stamen;  the  fifth  stamen  being  present  and  conspicu- 
ous, although  sterile.) 

*  Sterile  filament  bearded  down  one  side :  flowers  in  a  loose  panicle,  somewhat  clam- 
my, white  or  bluish ;  peduncles  slender. 

1.  P.  pllbcisccns,  Solander.     More   or  less   pubescent    (l°-3°  high)  ; 
stem-leaves  lanceolate  from  a  clasping  base,  serrate  or  sometimes  entire ;  corolla 
Z-lipped,  gradually  widened  upwards,  fattened  and  one-ridged  on  the  upper  side, 
and  with  2  infolded  lines  on  the  lower  which  are  bearded  inside ;  lower  lip  longer 
than  the  upper.  —  Varies  greatly  in  the  foliage,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous, 
when  it  is  P.  laevigatus,  Soland.,  &c.  —  Dry  banks,  Connecticut  to  Wisconsin, 
and  southward.    June  -  Sept. 

2.  P.  Digitalis,  Nutt.     Nearly  glabrous  (2° -4°  high);  stem-leaves  ob- 
long- or  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping,  serrulate  or  entire;  corolla  slightly  2-lij>j»d, 
abruptly  inflated  and  almost  bell-shaped  from  a  narrow  base,  beardless.  —  Moist 
ground,    Illinois    and   southward. — Flowers  larger  than  in  the  last,  showy. 

*  *  Sterile  filament  nearly  smooth :  flowers  purple,  racemose. 

3.  P.  grandiflorilS,  Fraser.     Very  smooth  and  glaucous ;  stems  sim- 
ple (l°-3°  high);  1  saves  thick,  ovate  or  rounded,  the  upper  clasping;  flowers 
(showy,  2'  long)  on  short  pedicels,  in  a  long  and  narrow  raceme  rather  than 
panicle  ;  corolla  oblong-bell-shaped,  almost  regular.  —  Prairies,  W.  Wisconsin  ? 
(Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  Lapham.     Dubuque,  Iowa,  Dr.  Hor.) 

8.     iriimiTLUS,    L.        MONKEY-FLOWER. 

Calyx  prismatic,  Wangled,  5-toothed,  the  upper  tooth  largest.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar; the  upper  lip  erect  or  rcflexed-spreading,  2-lobed;  the  lower  spreading, 
3-lobed.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  2-lipped,  the  lips  ovate.  Seeds  numerous.  — 
Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  mostly  handsome  flowers  on  solitary  axillary 
peduncles.  (Name  from  fufia>,  an  ape,  on  account  of  the  gaping  corolla.) 
*  Erect,  glabrous :  leaves  feather-veined :  corolla  violet- pur  file. 

1.  HI.  ringens,  L.  Stem  square  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
pointed,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  serrate ;  peduncles  longer  than  the 
flower;  calyx-teeth  taper-pointed.  1|. — Wet  places;  common.  July -Sept. 
—  Flower  !'-!£' long. 

•2.  Iff.  a  I  at  US,  Ait.  Stem  somewhat  winged  at  the  angles;  leayuoMoty- 
ovate,  taperiny  into  a  petiole ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx,  which  has  verj 
short  and  abruptly  pointed  teeth  :  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Low  grounds,  Con- 
necticut to  Illinois,  and  southward. 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  287 

#  *  Diffusely  spreading :  leaves  several-nerved  and  veiny :  corolla  yellow. 

3.  BI.  Janiesii,  Torr.  Smooth,  stems  creeping  at  the  base ;  stem-leaves 
lound  or  kidney-shaped,  nearly  sessile,  equalling  the  peduncles ;  calyx  ovate, 
inflated  in  fruit,  the  upper  tooth  much  the  largest.  —  In  cool  springs,  Mackinaw, 
Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  westward. — Flowers  small. 

M.  LtiTEUS,  with  its  varieties,  and  M.  MOSCHATUS,  the  MUSK-PLANT,  from 
Oregon,  are  common  in  cultivation. 

9.    CONG  BE  A,  Aublet.        (CAPRARIA,  Michx.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  equal.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  3-lobed,  the  lower  3-parted. 
Stamens  4,  fertile  :  anthers  approximate.  Style  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lobes 
wedge-form.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Low  branching  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and 
small  solitary  flowers  on  axillary  2-bractleted  peduncles.  (Name  unexplained.) 

1.  C.  lllllltificla,  Benth.  Diffusely  spreading,  much  branched,  minutely 
pubescent ;  leaves  petiolcd,  pinnately  parted,  the  divisions  linear-wedge-shaped ; 
corolla  (greenish-white)  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  (5)  —  Sandy  river- 
banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  July  -  Sept 

10.     IIERPESTIS,    Gsertn.        HERPESTIS. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  upper  division  broadest,  the  innermost  frequently  very 
narrow.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  entire,  notched,  or  2-cleft ;  the  lower  3-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  all  fertile.  Style  dilated  or  2-lobcd  at  the  apex.  Seeds  numerous. 
Low  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  solitary  axillary  flowers.  (Name  from 
fpTrrjo~Tr)s,  a  creeping  thing,  the  species  being  chiefly  procumbent.) 

*  Upper  lip  of  the  blue  corolla  merely  notched :  leaves  many-nerved. 

1.  H.  rotimdifolia,  Pursh.      Nearly   smooth,  creeping;   leaves  round- 
obovate,  half  clasping  (^'- 1'  long) ;  peduncles  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of -the  calyx, 
the  upper  sepal  ovate.     1J.  —  Wet  places,  Illinois  and  southward.     Aug. 

2.  H.  amplcxicaulis,  Pursh.      Stems   hairy,  creeping   at  the  base; 
leaves  ovate,  clasping ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  upper  sepal  heart-shaped. 
1J. —  Wet  places,  New  Jersey  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Aromatic  when  bruised. 
*  #  Corolla  (bluish)   almost  equally  5-cleft,  the  upper  lip  being  2-parted:  stamens 

almost  equal :  leaves  nearly  nerveless. 

3.  II.  Monniera,  H.  B.  K.     Smooth,  somewhat  creeping;  leaves  obo- 
vate or  wedge-shaped ;  peduncles  rather  long,  2-bracted  at  the  apex.     1J.  — 
River-banks,  Maryland  and  southward  along  the  coast. 

11.     GRATIOL.A,    L.        HEDGE-HYSSOP. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  narrow  and  nearly  equal.  Upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  entire  or  2-cleft,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  included,  poste- 
rior ;  the  anterior  mere  sterile  filaments,  or  wanting.  Style  dilated  or  2-lipped 
at  the  apex.  Pod  4-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Low  herbs,  mostly  perennial,  with 
opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  axillary  1 -flowered  peduncles,  usually  with  2  bract- 
lets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx.  (Name  from  gratia,  grace  or  favor,  on  account  of 
its  supposed  excellent  medicinal  properties.) 


288  SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

|  1.  Anthers  with  a  broad  connective:  the  cells   transverse:   stems  mostly  diffusely 

branched,  sojl  viscid-pubescent  or  smooth. 
*  Sterile  filaments  minute  or  none :  corolla  whitish,  with  the  tube  yellowish. 

1.  O.  Virginiana,  L.     Stem  rather  clammy-pubescent  above,  loosely 
branched   (4' -6'  high);  leaves   lanceolate,   narrowed   at   the   base,   sparingly 
toothed  ;  peduncles  almost  equalling  the  leaves  (£'  -  1'  long)  ;  pod  ovoid  (2''  long). 
—  Wet  places ;  very  common.     June  -  Aug. 

2.  G.  spliacrociirpa,  Ell.     Smooth,  rather  stout  (5' -10'  high);  leaves 
lance-ovate  or  oblong,  toothed,  peduncles  scarcely  lonyer  than  the  calyx  and  the 
large  ( #  )  globular  pod.  —  Wet  places,  Virginia  ?  Illinois,  and  southward. 

*  Sterile  filaments  slender,  tipped  with  a  little  head:  leaves  short  (£'-!'  long). 

3.  O.  Yiscosa,   Schweinitz.     Clammy -pubescent  or  glandular;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  toothed,  mostly  shorter  than  the  peduncles  ;  corolla 
whitish,  yellow  within.  —  Wet  places,  Kentucky  and  southward.     July.  —  Stems 
4'- 10'  high  from  a  rooting  base,  as  in  the  next. 

4.  O.  aiirea,  Muhl.      Nearly  glabrous;   leaves   lanceolate   or  oblong-linear, 
entire,  equalling  the  peduncles;  corolla  golden  yellow  (£'  long).  —  Sandy  swamps, 
Vermont  1   New  Hampshire,  to  Virginia,  and  southward.    June  -  Sept. 

§  2.  Anthers  with  no  broad  connective;  the  celh  vertical:  hairy  plants,  with,  erect  rigid 
stems:  sterile  filaments  tipped  with  a  bead. 

5.  O.  pilosa,  Michx.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  sparingly  toothed,  sessile 
(£'-§'  long) ;  flowers  nearly  sessile ;  corolla  white,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx 

—  Low  ground,  Maryland  and  southward. 

12.     IL.YSANTHES,    Raf.        (LINDERNIA,  Muhl.) 

Calyx  J>-parted,  nearly  equal.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  short,  erect,  2-lobed ; 
the  lower  larger  and  spreading,  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  included,  posterior ; 
the  anterior  pair  sterile,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  2-lobed,  without 
anthers ;  one  of  the  lobes  glandular ;  the  other  smooth,  usually  short  and  tooth- 
like.  Style  2-lipped  at  the  apex.  Pod  ovate  or  oblong,  many-seeded.  —  Small 
smooth  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  axillary  (purplish)  flowers,  or  the 
upper  racemed.  (Name  from  tXws,  mud  or  mire,  and  av6os,fiower.) 

1.  1.  gratiololdes,  Benth.  (FALSE  PIMPERNEL.)  Much  branched, 
diffusely  spreading  (4 '-8' high);  leaves  ovate,  rounded,  or  oblong,  sparingly 
toothed  or  entire,  the  upper  partly  clasping;  pod  ovoid-oblong.  ®  (Capraria 
gratioloides,  L.  Lindernia  dilatata,  &  L.  attenuata,  Muhl.) — Low  grounds, 
and  along  rivulets ;  common.  June  -  Sept. 

13.     I II?  HI  Aft  Til  US,    Nutt.        HEMIANTHUS. 

Calyx  4-toothed,  equal.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  very  short,  entire  , 
the  lower  3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  elongated  and  spreading.  Stamens  2, 
anterior,  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  the  filaments  :  sterile  filaments  none.  Style 
short.  Pod  globular,  membranaceous,  the  thin  partition  vanishing.  Seeds 
rather  numerous.  —  A  very  small  and  inconspicuous  annual,  creeping  and  root 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIG WORT    FAMILY.)  289 

lug  on  the  wet  muddy  banks  of  rivers,  with  crowded  opposite  round  lea\es,  and 
minute  solitary  flowers  sessile  in  their  axils.  ^  Name  from  ^ju,  half,  and  avtfoy, 
flower,  in  reference  to  the  unequally  divided  ccrolla.) 

1.  H.  micraiitliemoides,  Nutt. — Low  banks  of  the  Delaware  below 
Philadelphia.  (Perhaps  only  Micranthemum.) 

14.     I.IRIOSEL.L.A,    L.        MUDWORT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  short,  widely  bell-shaped,  5-cleft, 
nearly  regular.  Stamens  4  :  anthers  confluently  1 -celled.  Style  short,  club- 
shaped.  Pod  globular,  many-seeded ;  the  partition  thin  and  vanishing.  —  Small 
annuals,  growing  in  mud,  usually  near  the  sea-shore,  creeping  by  slender  run* 
uers.  without  ascending  stems;  the  entire  fleshy  leaves  in  dense  clusters  around 
the  simple  1 -flowered  peduncles.  Flowers  small,  white  or  purplish.  (Name  a 
diminutive  of  limus,  mud,  in  which  these  little  plants  delight  to  grow.) 

1.  It.  aqiu'itica,  L. :  var.  teiiui  folia,  Hoffm.  Leaves  (with  no 
blade  distinct  from  the  petiole)  awl-shaped  or  thread-form.  (L.  tenuifolia,  J^utt. 
L.  subulata,  Ives.)  —  In  brackish  mud,  from  New  Jersey  northward.  Aug. — 
Plant  1'- 2' high.  (Eu.) 

15.     SYNTHYRIS,    Benth.         STNTHTRIS. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  variously  2  -  4-lobed  or  cleft. 
Stamens  2,  inserted  just  below  the  sinuses  on  each  side  of  the  upper  lobe  of  the 
corolla,  occasionally  with  another  pair  from  the  other  sinuses,  exserted :  anther- 
cells  not  confluent  into  one.  Style  slender:  stigma  simple.  Pod  flattened, 
rounded,  obtuse  or  notched,  2-grooved,  2-celled  (rarely  3-lobed  and  3-celled), 
many-seeded,  loculicidal ;  the  valves  cohering  below  with  the  columella.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  the  simple  scape-like  stems  beset  with  partly-clasping  bract- 
like  alternate  leaves,  the  root-leaves  rounded  and  petioled,  crenate.  Flowers  in 
a  raceme  or  spike,  with  bracted  pedicels.  (Name  composed'of  (rvv,  together,  and 
Gvpis,  a  little  door;  evidently  in  allusion  to  the  closed  valves  of  the  pod.) 

1.  S.  Hoilghtoniana,  Benth.  Hairy;  root-leaves  round-ovate,  heart- 
shaped  ;  raceme  spiked,  dense  (5' -12') ;  corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  usu- 
ally 2-3-parted.  —  High  prairies  and  hills,  Wisconsin,  Houghton,  Lapham. 
Michigan,  Wright.  Illinois,  Mead.  May.  —  Corolla  greenish-white,  for  the 
most  part  deeply  2-parted,  with  the  upper  lip  entire,  a  little  longer  and  narrower 
than  the  lower,  which  is  3-toothed ;  often  3-parted,  with  the  upper  lip  notched 
or  2-lobed.  When  there  are  4  stamens  the  lower  are  later  than  the  others. 

16.    VERONICA,    L.        SPEEDWELL. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  salver-shaped,  the  border  4-parted 
(rarely  5-parted) ;  the  lateral  lobes  or  the  lower  one  commonly  narrower  than 
the  others.  Stamens  2,  one  each  side  of  the  upper  lobe  ol  the  corolla,  exserted  : 
anther-cells  confluent  at  the  apex.  Style  entire  :  stigma  single.  Pod  flattered, 
usually  obtuse  or  notched  at  the  apex,  2-celled,  few  -  many-seeded.  —  Chi  if1y 


290  SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

herbs,  with  the  leaves  mostly  opposite  or  whorled ;  the  flowers  blue,  flesh-color, 
or  white.     (Name  of  doubtful  derivation;  perhaps  the  flower  of  St.  Veronica.) 

§  1.  Tall  perennials,  with  mostly  whorled  leaves:  racemes  terminal,  dense,  spiked: 
bracts  very  small :  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  its  limb  and  much  longer  than  the 
calyx.  (Leptandra,  Xittt.) 

1.  V.  Virgiiiica,  L.    (CULVER'S-ROOT.    CULVER'S  PHYSIC.)    Smooth 
or  rather  downy;  stem  simple,  straight  (2° -6°  high)  ;  leaves  whorled  in  fours 
to  sevens,  short-pctioled,  lanceolate,  pointed,  finely  serrate ;  spikes  panicled ; 
stamens  much  exserted.  —  Rich  woods,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward: 
often  cultivated.     July.  —  Corolla  small,  nearly  white.     Pod  oblong-ovate,  not 
notched,  opening  by  4  teeth  at  the  apex,  many-seeded. 

§  2.  Perennials  with  opposite  usually  serrate  haves  :  flowers  in  axillary  opposite  ra- 
cemes :  corolla  wheel-shaped  (pale  blue)  :  pod  rounded,  notched,  rather  many-seeded 

2.  V.  Aiiagtfllis,  L.     (WATER  SPEEDWELL.)     Smooth,  creeping  and 
rooting  at  the  base,  then  erect ;  leaves  sessile,  most  of  them  clasping  by  a  hmrt-s/urped 
base,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  or  entire  (2' -3    long);  pedicels  spreading; 
pod  slightly  notched. — Brooks  and  ditches,  especially  northward;  not  so  com- 
mon as  the  next.    June  -  Aug.  —  Corolla  pale  blue  with  purple  stripes.    (Eu.) 

3.  V»  Americana,  Schweinitz.     (AMERICAN  BROOKLIME.)    Smooth, 
decumbent  at  the  base,  then  erect  ( 8' -15' high) ;  leaves  mostly  petioled,  ovate  or 
oblong,  acutish,  serrate,  thickish,  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base ; 
the  slender  pedicels  spreading;  pod  turgid.     (V.  Beccabunga,  Amer.  authors.) 

—  Brooks  and  ditches ;  common  northward.     June  -  Aug.  —  Flowers  as  in  the 
last ;  the  leaves  shorter  and  broader. 

$  3.  Perennials,  with  diffuse  or  ascending  branches  from  a  decumbent  base :  leaves 
opposite:  racemes  axillary,  from  alternate  axils  :  corolla  wheel-shaped:  pod  strongly 
flattened,  several-seeded. 

4.  V.  scutclliita,    L.     (MARSH    SPEEDWELL.)      Smooth,  slender  and 
weak  (6'-  12'  high) ;  leaves  sessile,  linear',  acute,  remotely  denticulate. ;  racemes  1  or 
2,  very  slender  and  zigzag  ;  flowers  few  and  scattered,  on  elongated  spreading  or 
retlexed  pedicels  ;  pod  very  flat,  much  broader  than  long,  notched  at  both  ends. 

—  Bogs;  common  northward.     June -Aug.     (Eu.) 

5.  V.  officiiialis,  L.     (COMMON  SPEEDWELL.)     Pubescent;  stem  pro*. 
irate,  rooting  at  the  base  ;  leaves  short-petioled,  obovate-elliptical  or  wedge-oblong,  ob- 
{,<*•',  su-rati' ;  rummx  ih-nsely  many-flowered ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  pod 
obovatc-triangular,  broadly  notched. — Dry  hills  and  open  woods;  certainly  in- 
digenous in  many  places,  especially  in  the  Alleghanies.     July.     (Eu.) 

$  4.  fjcaves  opposite :  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  the  lower  bracts  resembling  tie 

stem-leaves:  corolla  wheel-shaped:  pods  flat,  several-seeded. 

#  Perennials  (mo&hj  turning  blackish  in  drying). 

6.  V.  alplna,  L.      (ALPINE  SPEEDWELL.)      Stem   branched   from  tne 
base,  erect,  simple  (2' -6' high)  ;  lea  res  dliptintl,  or  the  lowest  rounded,  entire 
or    toothed,    nearly   sessile ;  ran  nn'    hairy,  f<-ir-Jh»rcml,    rrmrdfd ;    pod    obovate, 
notched.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire.     (Eu.} 


BCROPHULARIACEuE.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  291 

7.  V.    serpyllifolia,    L.      (THYME-LEAVED    SPEEDWELL.      PA  PL'S 

BETONY.)  Much  branched  at  the  creeping  base,  nearly  smooth ;  branches  as- 
cending and  simple  (2' -4' high);  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obscurely  crenate,  the 
lowest  petioled  and  rounded,  the  upper  passing  into  lanceolate  bracts ;  raceme 
loose.;  pod  rounded,  broader  than  long,  obtusely  notched.  —  Road-sides  and 
fields;  common:  introduced  and  indigenous.  May -July.  —  Corolla  whitish, 
or  pale  blue,  with  deeper  stripes.  (Eu.) 

-*  *  Annuals :  floral  leaves  like  those  of  the  stem,  so  that  the  flowers  appear  axillary 
and  solitary :  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx, 

8.  V.  peregrina,  L.     (NECKWEED.    PURSLANE  SPEEDWELL.)    Near- 
ly smooth,  erect  (4' -9'  high),  branched;  lowest  leaves  petioled,  oval-oblong,  toothed, 
thickish ;  the  others  sessile,  obtuse ;  the  upper  oblong-linear  and  entire,  longer 
than  the  almost  sessile  (whitish)  flowers;  pod  orbicular,  sligMy  notched,  many- 
seeded.  —  Waste  and  cultivated  grounds ;  common  :  appearing  like  an  intro- 
duced weed.     April  -  June. 

9.  V.  ARVENSIS,  L.     (CORN  SPEEDWELL.)     Simple  or  diffusely  branched 
(3' -8' high),  hairy;  lower  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  crenate;  the  uppermost  sessile, 
lanceolate,  entire ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx;  pod  inversely  heart-shaped, 
the  lobes  rounded.  —  Cultivated  grounds ;  rather  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

$  5.  Annuals  (prostrate-spreading,  hairy] :  stem-leaves  opposite  (all  petioled),  the 
upper  alternate  and  bearing  solitary  peduncled  flowers  in  their  axils :  corolla  wheel- 
shaped  :  pod  flat :  se-eds  cup-sJiaped. 

10.  V.  AGRESTIS,  L.     (FIELD  SPEEDWELL.)     Leaves  round  or  ovate,  cre- 
nate-toothed  ;  the  floral  somewhat  similar,  about  the  length  of  the  recurved  pedun- 
cles ;  calyx-lobes  oblong  ;  flower  small ;  ovary  many-ovuled,  but  the  nearly  orbicu- 
lor  and  sharply  notched  pod  1  -  2-seeded. — Sandy  fields ;  rare.    (Adv.  from  Eu. ) 

11.  V.  BUXBAUMII,  Tenore.     Leaves  round  or  heart-ovate,  crenately  cut- 
toothed  (§'-!'  long),  shorter  than  the  peduncles;  flower  large   (nearly  %'  wide, 
blue) ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  widely  spreading  in  fruit.;  pod  obcordate-triangular, 
broadly  notched,  16  -  24-secded. — Waste  grounds,  Philadelphia  :  rare.     Milton, 
Massachusetts,  D.  Murray.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

12.  V.    HEDERJEF6LIA,    L.       (IVY-LEAVED    SPEEDWELL.)       Leaves    rounded 

or  heart-shaped,  3  -  7 '-toothed  or  ld)ed,  shorter  than  the  peduncles ;  calyx-lobes  some- 
what heart-shaped  ;  flowers  small ;  pod  turgid,  2-lobed,  2  -  ^-seeded.  —  Shaded 
places,  Long  Island  to  Pennsylvania;  scarce.  April- June.  (Adv.  from  Eu,) 

17.     BUCHNERA,    L.        BLUE-HEARTS. 

Calyx  tubular,  obscurely  nerved,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-form,  with  a 
straight  or  curved  tube,  and  an  almost  equally  5-cleft  limb  :  the  lobes  oblong  or 
wedge-obovate,  flat.  Stamens  4,  included,  approximate  in  pairs  :  anthers  one- 
celled  (the  other  cell  wanting).  Style  club-shaped  and  entire  at  the  apex.  Pod 
2-valved,  many-seeded. — Perennial  rough-hairy  herbs  (doubtless  root-parasites), 
turning  blackish  in  drying,  with  opposite  leaves,  or  the  uppermost  alternate  ;  the 
flowers  opposite  in  a  terminal  spike,  bracted  and  with  2  bractlets  (Named  io 
honor  of  J.  G.  Buchner,  an  early  German  botanist.) 


292  SCROPHULARIACE.E.       (FIGWO1.T    1AMILT  ) 

1.  B.  Americana,  L.  Rough-hairy;  stem  wand-like  (1°  2°  high1)  , 
lower  leaves  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  the  others  oblong  and  lanceolate,  sparingly 
and  coarsely  toothed,  veiny ;  the  uppermost  linear-lanceolate,  entire ;  spike  in. 
terrupted ;  calyx  longer  than  the  bracts,  one  third  the  length  of  the  deep-purple 
pubescent  corolla.  —  Moist  places,  W.  New  York  to  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and 
southward.  June  -  Aug. 

18.     SEYITIEKIA,    Pursh.        SEYMERIA. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  short  and  broad  tube,  noi 
longer  than  the  5  ovate  or  oblong  nearly  equal  and  spreading  lobes.  Stamens 
4,  somewhat  equal :  anthers  approximate  by  pairs,  oblong,  2-celled ;  the  cells 
equal  and  pointless.  Pod  many-seeded.  — Erect.branching  herbs,  with  the  leaves 
mostly  opposite  and  dissected  or  pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  alternate  and  bract- 
like.  Flowers  yellow,  interruptedly  racemed  or  spiked.  (Named  by  Pursh  af- 
ter Henry  Seymer,  an  English  naturalist.) 

1.  S.  macropliylla,  Nutt.  (MULLEIN-FOXGLOVE.)  Rather  pubes- 
cent (4° -5°  high) ;  leaves  large,  the  lower  pinnately  divided,  with  the  broadly 
lanceolate  divisions  pinnatifid  and  incised ;  the  upper  lanceolate ;  tube  of  the 
corolla  incurved,  very  woolly  inside,  as  are  the  filaments  except  their  apex ; 
style  short,  dilated  and  notched  at  the  point ;  pod  ovate,  pointed.  —  Shady  river- 
banks,  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southwestward.  July. 

19.     GERARDIA,    L.        GERARDIA. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  bell-shaped  -  funnel-form,  or 
somewhat  tubular,  swelling  above,  with  5  more  or  less  unequal  spreading  lobes, 
the  2  upper  usually  rather  smaller  and  more  united.  Stamens  4,  strongly  di- 
dynamous,  included,  hairy :  anthers  approaching  by  pairs,  2-cellcd  ;  the  cells  par- 
allel, often  pointed  at  the  base.  Style  elongated,  mostly  enlarged  and  flattened 
at  the  apex.  Pod  ovate,  pointed,  many-seeded.  —  Erect  branching  herbs  (clan- 
destine root-parasites),  with  the  stem-leaves  opposite,  or  the  upper  alternate, 
the  uppermost  reduced  td  bracts  and  subtending  1 -flowered  peduncles,  which 
often  form  a  raceme  or  spike.  Flowers  showy,  purple  or  yellow.  (Dedicated 
to  the  celebrated  herbalist,  Gerard.) 

i  1.  GERARDIA  PROPER.  —  Calyx-teeth  short:  corolla  purjtle  or  rose-color:  an- 
thers all  alike,  nearly  pointless :  leaves  linear,  entire.     (Our  species  are  all  branch- 
ing annuals.) 
*  Peduncles  shorter  (or  in  No.  3  only  twice  longer)  than  the  calyx :  stem  erect. 

1.  G.  purpiirca,  L.    (PURPLE  GERARDIA.)    Stern  (8' -20' high)  with 
long  and  rigid  widely  spreading  branches ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  rough-margined ; 
flowers  large  (!' long),  bright  purple,  often  downy);  cabfx-teelh  sharp-pointed, 
shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Low  grounds  ;  most  common  eastward  and  near  the 
Coast.      July,  AH;;. 

2.  G.  inaritima,  llaf.     (SEA-SIDE  GERARDIA.)     Low  (4'  -  12'  high), 
wi'.h  shorter  brandies  ;  leaves  rather  fleshy  and  obtuse,  as  are  the  short  calyx -tetfh  ; 
wrolla  £'  long.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast.     Aug. 


SCKOPHULARIACE^:.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  293 

8.  G,  ;lspcra,  Dougl.  Sparingly  branched  (l°-2°high);  leaves  long 
and  narrowly  linear,  rough ;  pedicels  once  or  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  which 
has  lanceolate  acute  teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  corolla  larger  than  in  No.  1. 
—  Damp  grounds,  Illinois  and  northwestward.  Aug. 

*  *  Peduncles  long  and  filiform,  commonly  exceeding  the   leaves :   stems   diffusely 
branched,  slender  (8f-20'  high) :  corolla  light  purple,  5" -7"  long. 

4.  O.  teilllifolia,  Vahl.     (SLENDER  GERARDIA.)     Leaves  nairowly  lin- 
ear, acute,  the  floral  ones  mostly  like  the  others ;  calyx-teeth  very  short,  acute ; 
pod  globular,  not  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Dry  woods ;  common.     Aug. 

5.  O.  setacea,  Walt.     Leaves  bristle-shaped,  as  are  the  branchlets,  or  the 
lower  linear ;  pod  ovate,  mostly  longer  than  the  calyx,  which  has  short  setaceous 
teeth.     (G.  Skinneriana,  Wood.) — Dry  grounds,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin, 
and  southward.     Aug. 

$  2.  DASYSTOMA,  Raf.—  Calyx  5-cleJl,  the  lobes  often  toothed:  corolla  yellow; 
the  tube  elongated,  woolly  inside,  as  well  as  the  anthers  and  filaments :  anthers  all 
alike,  scarcely  included,  the  cells  awn-pointed  at  the  base  :  leaves  rather  large,  all  oj 
them  or  the  lower  pinnatifid  or  toothed.  (Perennial.) 

6.  O.  flava,  L.  partly.     (DOWNY  FALSE  FOXGLOVE.)     Pubescent  with  a 
fine  close  down  ;  stem  (3° -4°  high)  mostly  simple;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire,  or  the  lower  usually  sinuate-toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  peduncles  very 
short ;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  rather  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Open  woods  ; 
common,  especially  in  the  Middle  States.     Aug.  —  Corolla  1^'  long. 

7.  G.  qnercifolia,  Pursh.     (SMOOTH  FALSE  FOXGLOVE.)    Smooth  and 
glaucous  (3°  -6°  high),  usually  branching  ;  lower  leaves  twice-pinnatifid ;  the  upper 
oblong -lanceolate,  pinnatifid  or  entire  ;  peduncles  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  lance- 
linear  acute  lobes  of  which  are  as  long  as  the  at  length  inflated  tube.  —  Rich 
woods;  common,  especially  southward.     Aug.  —  Corolla  2'  long. 

8.  G.  integrifolia.     Smooth,  not  glaucous;  stem    (l°-2°  high)   mostly 
simple  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  or  the  lowest  obscurely  toothed  ;  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  calyx.     (Dasysto'ma  quercifolia,   var.  ?   integrifolia,   Benth.)  — 
Woods   and   ban-ens,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward   along  the  mountains. 
Aug.  —  Corolla  1 '  long. 

9.  G.  pedicularia,  L.     Smoothish  or  pubescent,  much  branched  (2°- 
3°  high,  very  leafy);  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  cut  and  toothed; 
pedicels  longer  than  the  hairy  calyx.  —  Dry  copses  ;  common.     Aug.  —  Corolla  1' 
or  more  in  length. 

§  3.  OTOPHYLLA,  Benth.  —  Calyx  deeply  5-clefl,  the  lobes  unequal :  corolla  pur- 
ple (rarely  white),  sparingly  hairy  inside,  as  well  as  the  very  unequal  stamens: 
anthers  pointless,  those  of  the  shorter  pair  much  smaller  than  the  others.  (Annual?) 

10.  G.  auriculata,  Michx.      Rough-hairy;   stem  erect,  nearly  simple 
(9' -20' high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  ;  the  lower  entire ; 
the  others  with  an  oblong-lanceolate  lobe  on  each  side  at  the  base ;  flowers 
nearly  sessile  in  the  axils.  —  Low  grounds,  Penn.  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and 
southward.     Aug.  —  Corolla  nearly  1'  long. 


294  SCROPHULARIACE/iC.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

20.  CASTILTEIA.    Mutis.        PAINTED-CUP. 

Calyx  tubular,  flattened,  cleft  at  the  summit  on  the  anterior,  and  usually  u« 
the  posterior  side  also ;  the  divisions  entire  or  2-lobed.  Tube  of  the  corolla  in- 
cluded in  the  calyx  ;  upper  lip  long  and  narrow,  arched  and  keeled,  flattened 
laterally,- enclosing  the  4  unequal  stamens;  the  lower  short,  3-lobed.  Anther- 
cells  oblong-linear,  unequal,  the  outer  fixed  by  the  middle,  the  inner  pendulous. 
Pod  many-pcedcd. —  Herbs  (parasitic  on  roots),  with  alternate  entire  or  cut- 
lobed  leaves  ;  the  floral  ones  dilated,  colored,  and  usually  more  showy  than  the 
pale  yellow  or  purplish  spiked  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Castillejo,  a  Spanish 
botanist.) 

1.  C.  COCCinea,    Spreng.      (SCARLET    PAINTED-COP.)      Hairy;   stem 
simple  ;  root-leaves  clustered ;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate,  mostly  incised  ;  the 
floral  3-cleft,  briyht  scarlet  towards  the  summit ;  calyx  almost  equally  2-cleft,  the 
lobes   nearly  entire,  about  the  length  of  the  greenish-yellow   corolla,      (l)    (2) 
(Euchroma  coccinea,  Nutt. )  —  Low  grounds  ;  not  uncommon.     May -July. — 
A  variety  is  occasionally  found  with  the  bracts  dull  yellow  instead  of  scarlet. 

2.  C.  pall  Ida,  Kunth.    (MOUNTAIN  PAINTED-CUP.)    Smooth  or  sparingly 
hairy,  the  stern  woolly ;  leaves  lanceolate,  often  incised ;  the  flower  oblong  or 
obovate,  incised  or  toothed,  whitish,  rarely  tinned   with   purple;   calyx  cleft 
•more  deeply  in  front,  the  dh'iaS.ons  '2-clcft.  the  ovnte-oblong  lobes  mostly  shorter 
than  the  whitish  corolla  ,  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  not  vcr y  nhort.      11  (Burtsia 
pallida.  Bifid.) — Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and 
Green  Mountains,  Vermont ;  also  northward.     August.     (Eu.) 

3.  C.  SCSSiliflora,  Pursh.     Hairy,  low   (6' -9'  high);  leaves  mostly  3- 
cleft,  with  narrow  diverging  lobes ;  the  floral  broader  and  tcarulij  colored:  spike 
many-flowered,  crowded ;  calyx  deeper  clejl  in  front,  t/ie  divisions  2-cleft,  shorter 
than  tho  tube  of  the  long  and  narrow  greenish-yellow  corolla ;  which  has  the 
lobes  of  the  lower  lip  slender,  pointed,  half  the  length  of  the  upper.  —  Prairies, 
Wisconsin  (Lapham),  Illinois,  and  westward.  —  Corolla  2'  long. 

21.  SCIIWALBEA,    Gronov.        CHAFF-SEED. 

Calyx  oblique,  tubular,  1 0  - 1 2-ribbed,  5-toothed  :  the  posterior  tooth  much 
smallest,  the  2  anterior  united  much  higher  than  the  others.  Upper  lip  of  tho 
corolla  arched,  oblong,  entire;  tho  lower  rather  shorter,  erect,  2-plaited,  with  3 
very  short  and  broad  obtuse  lobes.  Stamens  4,  included  in  the  upper  lip  :  an 
ther-cclls  equal  and  parallel,  obscurely  pointed  at  the  base.  Pod  ovate,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  linear,  with  a  loose  chaff-like  coat.  —  A  perennial  minutely  pu- 
bescent upright  herb,  with  leafy  simple  stems,  terminated  by  a  loose  spike  of 
rather  large  dull  purplish-yellow  flowers ;  the  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  3-ncrved, 
entire,  ovate  or  oblong,  the  upper  gradually  reduced  into  narrow  bracts.  Pedi- 
cels very  short,  with  2  bractlets  under  the  calyx.  (Dedicated  to  C.  G.  Schwalbe, 
an  obscarft  Outch  botanist.) 

I.  S.  Americana,  L.  — Wet  sandy  soil,  from  Sandwich,  Massachusetts, 
wul  Sew  Jersey,  southward,  near  the  coast :  rare. ,  May  -  July.  —  Plant  1°  -  2° 
high. 


SCROPHULARIACE.E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILf)  295 

22.     EUPHRASIA,    Tourn.        EYEBRIGHT. 

CaJyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  4-cleft.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  scarcely  arched, 
2-lobed,  the  lobes  broad  and  spreading ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft,  the  lobes 
obtuse  or  notched.  Stamens  4,  under  the  upper  lip  :  anther-cells  equal,  pointed 
at  the  base.  Pod  oblong,  flattened.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Herbs  with  branching 
stems,  and  opposite  toothed  or  cut  leaves.  Flowers  small,  spiked.  (Name 
tvcftpaa-ia,  cheerfulness,  in  allusion  to  its  reputed  medicinal  properties.) 

1.  IS.  ofiiciuiilis,  L.  Low;  leaves  ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  the 
lowest  crenate,  the  floral  bristly-toothed ;  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  of  the  (whitish, 
yellowish,  or  bluish)  corolla  notched.  (i)  — Alpine  summits  of  the  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire  (Oakes),  L.  Superior,  and  northward.  A  dwarf 
variety,  l'-5'  high,  with  very  small  flowers.  (E.  pusilla,  Godet,  mss.)  (Eu.) 

23.  It  II  IN  A  NT  II  US,    L.        YELLOW-RATTLE. 

Calyx  membranaceous,  flattened,  much  inflated  in  fruit,  4-toothed.  Upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  arched,  ovate,  obtuse,  flattened,  entire  at  the  summit,  but  fur- 
nished with  a  minute  tooth  on  each  side  below  the  apex ;  lower  lip  3-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  under  the  upper  lip :  anthers  approximate,  hairy,  transverse ;  the 
cells  equal,  pointless.  Pod  orbicular,  flattened.  Seeds  many,  orbicular,  winged. 
—  Annual  upright  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves ;  the  lower  oblong  or  linear ;  the 
upper  lanceolate,  toothed  ;  the. floral  rounded  and  cut-serrate  with  bristly  teeth  ; 
the  solitary  yellow  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  their  axils,  and  crowded  in  a  one- 
sided spike.  (Name  composed  of  piV,  a  snout,  and  avOos,  a  flower,  from  the 
beaked  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  in  some  species  formerly  of  this  genus.) 

1.  R.  C,-rista-gitlIi,  L.  (COMMON  YELLOW-RATTLE.)  Leaves  oblong 
or  lanceolate ;  seeds  broadly  winged  (when  ripe  they  rattle  in  the  large  inflated 
calyx,  whence  the  English  popular  name).  —  Moist  meadows,  Plymouth,  Mass, 
(introduced'?),  White  Mountains,  N.  Hampshire,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

24.  PEDICULARIS,    Tourn.        LOUSEWORT. 

Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  variously  2  -  5-toothed,  and  more  or  less  cleft 
in  front.  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  arched,  flattened,  often 
beaked  at  the  apex ;  the  lower  erect  at  the  base,  2-crested  above,  3-lobed ;  the 
lobes  commonly  spreading,  the  lateral  ones  rounded  and  larger.  Stamens  4, 
under  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  transverse;  the  cells  equal,  pointless.  Pod  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  mostly  oblique,  several-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  chiefly 
pinnatifid  leaves,  the  floral  bract-like,  and  rather  large  flowers  in  a  spike. 
(Name  from  pediculus,  a  louse  ;  of  no  obvious  application.) 

1.  P.  Canadensis,  L.  (COMMON  LOUSEWORT.  WOOD  BETONY.) 
Hairy;  stems  simple,  clustered  (5' -12'  high) ;  leaves  scattered;  the  lowest  pin* 
nately  parted;  the  others  half-pinnatifid ;  spike  short  and  dense;  calvx  split  in 
front,  otherwise  almost  entire,  oblique ;  upper  lip  of  the  (dull  greenish-yellow 
and  purplish)  corolla  hooded,  incurved,  2-toothed  under  the  apex;  pod  flat,  some- 
idiot  sword-shaped.- — Copses  and  banks  ;  common.  May  -July. 

18 


296  ACANTHACE2E.   (ACANTHUS  FAMILY.) 

2.  P.  lanceolata,  Michx.  Stem  upright  (l°-3°  high),  nearly  simple, 
mostly  smooth :  leaves  partly  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate,  doubly  cut-toothed ;  spike 
crowded ;  calyx  2-lobcd,  leafy-crested ;  upper  lip  of  the  (pale  yellow)  corolla 
incurved,  and  bearing  a  short  truncate  beak  at  the  apex  ;  the  lower  erect,  so  as 
nearly  to  close  the  throat;  pod  ovate,  scarcely  lonqer  than  the  calyx.  (P.  pallida, 
Pursh.)  —  Swamps,  Connecticut  to  Virginia  and  Wisconsin.  Aug.,  Sept. 

25.    MELAMPYRUJH,    Tourn.        COW-WHEAT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4-cleft ;  the  taper  lobes  sharp-pointed.  Tube  of  the  corol- 
la cylindrical,  enlarging  above;  upper  lip  arched,  compressed,  straight  in  front; 
the  lower  erect-spreading,  biconvex,  3-lobed  at  the  apex.  Stamens  4,  under  the 
upper  lip :  anthers  approximate,  oblong,  nearly  vertical,  hairy ;  the  equal  cells 
minutely  pointed  at  the  base.  Ovary  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Pod  flat- 
tened, oblique,  1-4-seeded.  —  Erect  branching  annuals,  with  opposite  leaves, 
the  lower  entire,  the  upper  mostly  larger  and  fringed  with  bristly  teeth  at  the 
base.  Flowers  scattered  and  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  in  our 
species.  (Name  composed  of  /AtXay,  black,  and  rrupoy,  wheat;  from  the  color 
of  the  seeds  of  field  species  in  Europe,  as  they  appear  mixed  with  grain.) 

1.  ME.  Americanum,  Michx.  Leaves  lanceolate,  short-petioled,  the 
lower  entire ;  the  floral  ones  similar,  or  abrupt  at  the  base  and  beset  with  a  few 
bristly  teeth ;  calyx-teeth  linear-awl-shaped,  not  half  the  length  of  the  slender 
tube  of  the  pale  greenish-yellow  corolla.  (M.  pratense,  var.  Americanum, 
Benth.)  —  Open  woods ;  common.  June-Sept. — Plant  6'-12' high.  Corolla-  5" 
long,  more  slender  than  in  M.  pratense,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple. 

26?     GEL.SEMIUM,  Juss.        YELLOW  (FALSE)  JESSAMINE. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  open-funnel-form,  5-lobed,  somewhat  oblique  ;  the 
lobes  almost  equal,  the  posterior  outermost  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  with  oblong 
sagittate  anthers.  Style  long  and  slender.  Stigmas  2,  each  2-parted  ;  the  di- 
visions linear.  Pod  elliptical,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition,  2-cellcd, 
septicidally  2-valvcd,  the  valves  keeled :  cells  each  ripening  5  or  6  large  flat  and 
winged  seeds.  Embryo  straight  in  fleshy  albumen ;  the  ovate  flat  cotyledons 
much  shorter  than  the  slender  radicle.  —  A  smooth  and  twining  shrubby  plant, 
with  opposite  and  entire  ovate  or  lanceolate  shining  nearly  persistent  leaves, 
on  very  short  petioles,  and  large  and  showy  very  fragrant  yellow  flowers,  1-5 
together  in  the  axils.  (Gelsemino,  the  Italian  name  of  the  Jessamine.) 

1.  G.  scmpcrvirens,  Ait.  (G.  nitidum,  Michx.)  —  Rich  moist  soil 
along  the  coast,  Virginia  and  southward.  March. 


ORDER  76.     ACANTHACEJE.     (ACANTHUS  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  opposite  simple  leaves,  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamen* , 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  more  or  less  2-lipped  corolla,  the  lobes  of  which 
are  convolute  in  the  bud ;  fruit  a  2-ceUed,  4  -  1 2-seedcd  pod ;  seeds  anatro- 
pous,  without  albumen,  usually  flat,  supported  ly  hooked  projections  of  the 


ACANTHACE^E.   (ACANTHUS  FAMILY.)  297 

placenta. — Flowers  much  bracted.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Style  thread- form: 
stigma  simple  or  2-cleft.  Pod  loculicidal,  usually  flattened  contrary  to  the 
valves  and  partition.  Cotyledons  broad  and  flat.  —  Mucilaginous  and 
slightly  bitter,  not  noxious.  A  large  family  in  the  tropics,  represented  in 
the  Northern  States  only  by  two  genera. 

1.    DIANTHERA,    Gronov.        WATEK- WILLOW. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  notched ;  the 
lower  spreading,  3-partcd.  Stamens  2 :  anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  placed  one 
lower  down  than  the  other.  Pod  obovate,  flattened,  contracted  at  the  base  into 
a  short  stalk,  4-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  growing  in  water,  with  narrow  and 
entire  leaves,  and  purplish  flowers  in  axillary  peduncled  spikes  or  heads.  (Name 
from  fit's,  double,  and  dvQrjpd,  anther;  the  separated  cells  giving  the  appearance 
of  two  anthers  on  each  filament.) 

1.  D.  Americana,  L.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated ;  spikes  ob- 
ong,  dense,  long-peduncled.  (Justicia  peduneulosa,  Michx.) — Borders  of 
streams  and  ponds,  N.  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  Virginia,  and  southward. 
July -Sept. 

2.    DIPTERACANTHUS,    Nees.        (  RUELLI  A  partly,  L.) 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form,  the  spreading  ample  limb  almost 
equally  and  regularly  5-cleft.  Stamens  4,  included,  didynamous :  cells  of  the 
somewhat  arrow-shaped  anthers  parallel  and  nearly  equal.  Pod  somewhat  flat- 
tened, and  stalked  at  the  base,  8  -  12-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  mucilaginous  coat- 
ing. —  Perennial  herbs,  not  aquatic,  with  ovate  or  elliptical  nearly  entire  leaves 
and  large  and  showy  blue  or  purple  flowers,  solitary,  few,  or  clustered  in  the  axils, 
with  a  pair  of  leafy  bracts  (whence  the  name,  from  SiTrrepos,  two-winged,  and 
axavdos,  the  Acanthus). 

1.  D.  ciliosilS,  Nees.      Hirsute  with   soft  whitish   hairs    (l°-3°high); 
leaves  nearly  sessile,  oval  or  ovate-oblong  (l^'-2'  long) ;  flowers  1-3  and  almost 
sessile  in  the  axils ;  tube  of  the  corolla  (!'-  1^'  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  th« 
setaceous  calyx-lobes;  the  throat  short.     (Ruellia  ciliosa,  Pursh.     R.  hybridus, 
Pursh.,  is  only  a  Southern  variety  of  this.)  — Dry  soil,  Michigan  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.     June  -  Sept. 

2.  1>.  StrepeilS,  Nees.      Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent    (l°-4°high); 
leaves  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole,  ovate,  obovate,  or  mostly  oblong  (2^'  -  5' 
long);  tube  of  the  corolla  (about  1'  long)  little  longer  than  the  dilated  portion, 
$lightly  exceeding  the  lanceolate  or  linear  calyx-lobes. — Fl<>tvers  1-5  fn  each  axil, 
rarely  on  a  slender  peduncle,  usually  almost  sessile ;  sometimes  many  and  closely 
crowded,  and  mostly  fruiting  in  the  bud,  the  corolla  small  and  not  expanding 
(when  it  is  D.  micranthus,  Engelm.  Sf  Gr.).  —  Rich  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Wis- 
consin, and  southward.     July  -  Sept. 

Dici/fi'TERA  BRAcmXxA,  Spreng.  (Justicia  brachiata  Pursh),  probably 
jpxrvs  in  the  southern  part  of  Virginia. 


298  VERBENACE^E.       (VERVAIN    FAMILY.) 

ORDER   76.     VERBENACEJE.     (VERVAIN  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves,  more  or  less  2-lipped  or  irregular 
corolla,  and  didynamous  stamens,  the  2  -  ^-celled  fruit  dry  or  drupaceous, 
usually  splitting  when  ripe  into  as  many  \-seeded  indehiscent  nutlets  ;  differ- 
ing from  the  following  order  in  the  ovary  not  being  4-lobed,  the  style  there- 
fore terminal,  and  the  plants  seldom  aromatic  or  furnishing  a  volatile  oil. — 
Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen  ;  the  radicle  of  the  straight  embryo  point- 
ing to  the  base  of  the  fruit.  —  Mostly  tropical  or  nearly  so ;  represented 
here  only  by  some  Vervains,  a  Lippia,  and  a  Callicarpa ;  to  which  we  may 
still  append  Phryma,  which  has  been  promoted  into  an  order  (of  a  single 
species),  because  its  ovary  and  fruit  are  1 -celled  and  1 -seeded,  and  the 
radicle  points  to  the  apex  of  the  fruit 

1.     VERBENA,    L.        VERVAIN. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  one  of  the  teeth  often  shorter  than  the  others.  Co- 
rolla tubular,  often  curved,  salver-form  ;  the  border  somewhat  unequally  5-cleft. 
Stamens  included ;  the  upper  pair  occasionally  without  anthers.  Style  slender : 
stigma  capitate.  Fruit  splitting  into  4  seed-like  nutlets.  —  Flowers  sessile,  in 
single  or  often  panicled  spikes,  bracted.  (The  Latin  name  for  any  sacred  herb : 
derivation  obscure.)  —  The  species  present  numerous  spontaneous  hybrids. 

6  1.  Anthers  not  appendaged :  erect  herbs,  with  slender  spikes. 
•*  Leaves  undivided :  root  perennial. 

1.  V.  angustifolia,  Michx.     Low  (6'-  1 8'  high),  often  simple;  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  sessile,  rougliish,  slightly  toothed ; 
spikes  few  or  single ;  the  purple  flowers  crowded,  larger  than  in  the  next.  —  Dry 
soil,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     July  -  Sept. 

2.  V.  liastata,    L.   (BLUE  VERVAIN.)     Tall  (4° -6° high);  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  cut-serrate,  peiioled,  the  lower  often  lobed  and 
sometimes  halberd-shaped  at  the  base ;  spikes  linear,  erect,  densely  flowered,  corymbed 
or  panicled.     (V.  paniculata,  Lam,,  when  the  leaves  are  not  lobcd.)  — Low  and 
waste  grounds,  common.     July -Sept. 

3.  V.  urticifolia,  L.  (NETTLE-LEAVED  or  WHITE  VERVAIN.)    Rather 
tall ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  pttioled ;  spikes  very  slender,  at 
length  much  elongated,  with  the  flowers  remote,  loosely  panicled,  very  small,  white. 
—  Old  fields  and  road-sides. 

4.  V.  strict  a,  Vent.    (HOARY  VERVAIN.)    Downy  with  sojl  whitish  hairs , 
stem  nearly  simple  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  sessile,  obovate  or  oblong,  serrate;  spikes 
thick  and  wry  <A-«.W//  flowered,  somewhat  clustered,  hairy.  —  Bin-runs,  Ohio  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Flowers  blue,  pretty  large. 

*  *  L((ii'(*  cl<ft  or  jtinnntifld,  narrowed  at  the  base  :  root  perennial? 

5.  V.  OFFICIX.XLIS,  L.      (COMMON    VERVAIN.)      Erect,  loosely  branched 
(l°-3°  high)  ;  l<-<irrs  fiiunatijid  or  3-cleft,  oblong-lannulult ,  sessile,  smooth  above, 
ihe  lobes  cut  and  toothed ;  spikes  panicled,  very  slender ;  bracts  siii'dl,  much 


VEP.BENAOtLE.       (VERVAIN    FAMILY.)  299 

shorter  than  the  very  small  purplish  flowers.     (V.  spuria,  L.) — Road-sides; 
scarce.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.  V.  bracteosa,  Michx.      Widely  spreading  or  procumbent,  hairy;  leaves 
wedge-lanceolate,  cut-pinnatifid  or  3-cleft,  short-petioled ;  spikes  single,  remotely 
flowered  ;  bracts  large  and  leafy,  the  lower  pinnatifid,  longer  than  the  small  purple 
flowers.  — "Waste  places  Wisconsin  to  Kentucky.     Ang. 

$  2.  Anthers  of  the  longer  stamens  tipped  with  a  glandular  appendage. 

7.  V.  Allbletia,  L.     Rather  hairy,  spreading  or  ascending;  leaves  obo- 
vate-oblong  with  a  wedge-shaped  base,  3-cleft  and  cut  or  pinnatifid ;  spikes 
peduncled,  flat-topped  in  flower ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  flowers  showy, 
light  purple.     (j) — Prairies,  from  Illinois  southward.     Also  cultivated.     July. 

2.    tlP  PI  A,    L.        (ZAPANJA,  Juss.) 

Calyx  often  flattened,  2  -  4-toothed,  or  2-lipped.  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped  : 
upper  lip  notched  ;  the  lower  much  larger,  3-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Style 
slender :  stigma  obliquely  capitate.  Fruit  2-celled,  2-seeded.  (Dedicated  to 
Lippi,  an  Italian  naturalist  and  traveller. ) 

1.  It.  lasiceolffita,  Michx.  (FOG-FRUIT.)  Procumbent  or  creeping, 
Dughish,  green  ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  wedge-spatulate,  serrate  above ;  pedun- 
cles axillary,  slender,  bearing  solitary  closely  bracted  heads  of  bluish-white 
flowers;  calyx  2-cleft,  the  divisions  sharply  keeled.  •  (Zapania  lanceolata,  &  Z. 
nodiflora,  N.  Amer.  authors.) — River-banks,  W.  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.  July  -  Sept. 

3.     CAL.LICARPA,    L.        CALLICARPA. 

Calyx  4-5-toothed,  short.  Corolla  tubular-bell-shaped,  4-5-lobed,  nearly 
regular.  Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  exserted :  anthers  opening  at  the  apex. 
Style  slender,  thickened  upwards.  Fruit  a  SB  >all  drape,  with  4  nutlets.  —  Shrubs, 
with  scurfy  pubescence  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  cymes.  (Name  formed  of 
raXXos,  beauty,  and  Kappas,  fruit.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  L.  (FRENCH  MULBERRY.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong 
with  a  tapering  base,  toothed,  whitish  beneath ;  calyx  obscurely  4-toothed ; 
fruits  small,  violet-color.  —  Rich  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.  May  -  July.  — 
Shrub  3°  high. 

4.    PHRVMA,    L.        LOPSEED. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  of  3  bristle-awl-shaped  teeth ;  the 
lower  shorter,  2-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  notched ;  the  lower  much 
larger,  3-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Style  slender :  stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  ob- 
long, 1-celled  and  1 -seeded !  Seed  orthotropous.  Radicle  pointing  upwards: 
cotyledons  convolute  round  their  axis. — A  perennial  herb,  with  slender  branch- 
ing stems,  and  coarsely  toothed  ovate  leaves,  the  lower  long-pctioled ;  the  small 
opposite  flowers  in  elongated  and  slender  terminal  spikes,  reflexed  in  fruit,  and 
bent  close  against  the  common  peduncle.  Corolla  purplish  or  pale  rose-color 
(Derivation  of  the  name  unknown.) 


300  LABIAT^E.       (HINT    FAMlLf.) 


1.  P.  Leptostacliya,  L.—  Rich  copses,  common     July  —  Plant  2° - 
3°  high  :  leaves  3' -5'  long,  thin.     (Also  in  the  Himalaya  Mountains  !) 


ORDER  77.     LABIAT^E.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  square  stems,  opposite  aromatic  leaves,  more  or  less  2« 
lipped  corolla,  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens,  and  a  deeply  ±-lobed  ovary, 
which  forms  in  fruit  4  little  seed-like  nutlets,  or  achenia,  surrounding  the  base 
of  the  single  style  in  the  bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx,  each  Jilled  with  a  sin- 
gle erect  seed.  —  Albumen  mostly  none.  Embryo  straight  (except  in  Scu- 
tellaria)  :  radicle  at  the  base  of  the  fruit.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2- 
lobed  or  sometimes  entire ;  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens,  as  in  all  the  al- 
lied families,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Style  2-lobed  at  the 
apex.  Flowers  axillary,  chiefly  in  cymose  clusters,  which  are  often  aggre- 
gated in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Foliage  mostly  dotted  with  small 
gJands  containing  a  volatile  oil,  upon  which  depends  the  warmth  and  aro- 
ma of  most  of  the  plants  of  this  large  and  well-known  family.  (More  abun- 
dant in  the  Old  World  than  the  New.  One  third  of  our  genera  and  many 
of  the  species  are  DILI  -ly  introduced  plants.) 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     AJUGOIDE.flE.    Stamens  4,  ascending  (curved  upwards)  and  parallel,  usually 
projecting  from  the  notch  of  the  upper  aide  of  the  (not  evidently  2-lipped)  5-lobed  coroll*. 
Nutlets  reticulated  and  pitted,  obliquely  attached  by  the  inside  near  the  base 
*  Lobes  of  the  corolla  all  declined  (turned  forwards) :  stamens  exserted. 

1.  TEUCRIUM.     Lower  lobe  of  the  corolla  much  larger  than  the  others.     Calyx  5-toothed. 

2.  TRICHOSTEMA.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  scarcely  unequal.    Calyx  5-cleft,  oblique. 

*  #  Lobea  of  the  corolla  almost  equally  spreading  :  stamens  nearly  included. 

3.  ISANTHUS.     Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  almost  equalling  the  small  corolla. 

TKIBE  II.     SATUREIE.3E.     Stamens  4,  the  inferior  pair  longer,  or  only  2,  distant, 
straight,  diverging,  or  converging  under  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  2-celled     Lobes  of  the 
corolla  flat  and  spreading     Nutlets  smooth  or  minutely  roughened,  fixed  by  the  base. 
»  Corolla  not  evidently  2-lipped,  but  almost  equally  4-lobed.     Stamens  erect,  distant. 
4   MENTHA.    Fertile  stamens  4,  nearly  equal. 

6.  LYCOPUS.     Fertile  stamens  2  ;  and  often  2  sterile  filaments  without  anthera. 

»  *  Corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped ;  the  tube  naked  within. 
i-  Stamens  only  2,  distant :  no  rudiments  of  the  upper  pair. 
6    CUNILA.     Calyx  very  hairy  in  the  throat,  equally  6-toothed.     Corolla  small. 
•*-  •«-  Stamens  4,  all  with  anthers. 

7.  HYSSOPUS.    Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  naked  in  the  throat,  equally  6-toothed.     Stamen. 

exserted,  diverging. 

8.  PYCNANTIIEMUM      Calyx  ovate  or  short-tubular,  10- 13-nerved,  naked  in  the  throac, 

equally  5-toothed  or  somewhat  2-lipped.    Flowers  in  dense  heads  or  clusters 

9.  ORIGANUM.     Calyx  ovate-bell-shaped,  hairy  in  the  throat,  13-nerved,  5-toothed.    Stamens 

diverging.     Flowers  spiked,  and  with  large  colored  bracts. 

10    THYMUS.     Calyx  ovate,  nodding  in  fruit,  hairy  in  tho  throat,  10  - 13  nerved,  2-lipped 
Stamens  distant.     Bracts  minute     Leaves  very  small 


LABIATE.       ^MINT    FAMILY.)  301 

1L  8ATUREIA.  Calys  bell-shaped,  naked  in  the  throat,  10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed.  Sta- 
mens somewhat,  ascending. 

12.  CALAMINTHA.  Calyx  tubular,  often  hairy  in  the  throat,  13-nerved,  2-lipped.  Tube  of 
the  corolla  straight.  Stamens  connivent  at  the  summit  in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip. 

18.  MELISSA.  Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  2-lipped,  flaUish  on  the  upper  side.  Tube  of  the 
corolla  curved  upwards.  Stamens  curved  above,  connivent  under  the  erect  upper  lip. 
4-  4-  *-  Stamens  only  2  with  anthers,  ascending,  and  a  pair  of  small  sterile  filaments. 

14.  HEDEOMA.     Calyx  gibbous  on  the  lower  side,  hairy  in  the  throat.     Flowers  loose. 

*  *  *  Corolla  2-lipped,  with  a  bearded  ring  inside  at  the  bottom  of  the  enlarged  throat.  Sta- 
mens 2  or  4,  long,  diverging. 

16.  COLLINSONIA.  Calyx  enlarged  and  declined  in  fruit,  2-lipped  Low«r  lobe  of  the  coroll* 
much  larger  than  the  other  four. 

TRIBE  HI.  MONAR.Df3.33.  Stamens  2  (sometimes  with  mere  rudiments  of  the  upper 
pair),  ascending  and  parallel :  anthers  apparently  or  really  1-celled.  Corolla  2-lipped. 
Nutlets  as  in  Tribe  II. 

16.  SAL  VIA.     Calyx  2-lipped     Anthers  with  a  long  connective  astride  the  filament,  bearing 

a  linear  cell  at  the  upper  end,  and  none  or  an  imperfect  one  on  the  lower. 

17.  MONARDA.     Calyx  tubular  and  elongated,  equally  5-toothed.    Anthers  of  2  cella  conflu- 

ent into  one  :  connective  inconspicuous. 

18.  BLEPHILIA.     Calyx  ovate-tubular,  2-lipped.    Anthers  as  in  No  17. 

TRIBE  IV.  NEPETE^E.  Stamens  4,  the  superior  (inner)  pair  longer  than  the  inferior ! 
ascending  or  diverging.  Corolla  2-lipped :  the  upper  lip  concave  or  arched,  tha  lower 
spreading.  Calyx  mostly  15-nerved.  Nutlets  as  in  Tribes  II.  and  III. 

19.  LOPHANTHUS.    Stamens  divergent ;  the  upper  pair  curved  downwards  ;  the  lower  as- 

cending:  anther-eel's  nearly  parallel. 

20.  NEPETA.     Stamens  aii  ascending;  the  anthers  approximate  in  pairs  ;  the  cells  at  length 

widely  diverging     Calyx  curved. 

21.  DRACOCEPHALTJ  \r      ^aiuens  nearly  as  in  No.  20.    Calyx  straight,  the  upper  lip  or  tooth 

commonly  larger. 

22.  CEDRONELLA.     Stamens  all  ascending.    Anther-cells  parallel 

TKIBE  V.  STACHYDE^E.  Stamens  4,  ascending  and  parallel ;  the  inferior  (outer) 
pair  longer  than  the  superior,  except  in  No.  33  Anthers  usually  approximate  in  pairs. 
Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  concave  or  arched.  Calyx  6-10  nerved.  Nutlets  as  ill 
the  preceding. 

*  Calyx  not  2-lipped,  thin  and  membranaceous,  inflated-bell  -shaped  in  fruit. 

23.  SYNANDRA.     Calyx  4-lobed  !     Anther-cells  widely  diverging  from  each  other. 

24.  PHYSOSTEG1A.     Calyx  5-toothed.     Anther-cells  parallel. 

*  *  Calyx  2-lipped,  closed  in  fruit. 

25  BRUNELLA.     Calyx  nerved  and  veiny  ;  upper  lip  flat,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft 

26  SCUTELLARIA.     Calyx  with  a' helmet-like  projection  on  the  upper  side ;  the  lips  entire. 

*  *  *  Calyx  not  2-lipped,  nor  the  tube  inflated,  5  -  10-toothed 
•t-  Stamens  included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

27.  MARRUB1UM.    Calyx  tubular,  5  -  10-nerved,  and  with  5  or  10  awl-shaped  teeth 

•»-  •«-  Stamens  projecting  beyond  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
•M-  Anthers  opening  transversely  by  2  unequal  valves  ;  the  smaller  valve  ciliate. 

28.  GALEOPS1S.     Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped  ;  the  5  teeth  spiny-pointed. 

++  -H-  Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

29.  STACHYS      Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped.    Nutlets  rounded  at  the  top.    Stamens  after  shed- 

ding the  pollen  often  turned  downward. 

80.  LEONURUS.    Calyx  top-shaped,  the  rigid  and  spiny-pointed  teeth  soon  spreading     Nut- 
lets truncate  and  acutely  3-angled  at  the  top. 

Bl.  LAMTUM.     Calyx-teeth  not  spiny  pointed.     Nutlets  sharply  3-angled,  truncate  at  the  top. 


302 


LABIATE.     (MINT 


2.  BALLOTA.  Calyx  somewhat  funnel-form,  the  6  -10-teeth  united  at  the  base  into  a  spread- 
ing border.  Nutlets  roundish  at  the  top.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect. 

J.  PIILOMIS.  Calyx  tubular,  the  6  short  and  broad  teeth  abruptly  awned  Upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  arched. 


1.     TEUCRIUM,    L.        GERMANDER. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  the  4  upper  lobes  nearly  equal,  cblong,  turned 
forward,  so  that  there  seems  to  be  no  upper  lip ;  the  lower  one  much  larger. 
Stamens  4,  exserted  from  the  deep  cleft  between  the  2  upper  lobes  of  the  corolla : 
anther-cells  confluent.  (Named  for  Teucer,  king  of  Troy.) 

1.  T.  Caiiadeiise,  L.  (AMERICAN  GERMANDER.  WOOD  SAGE.) 
Herbaceous,  downy;  stem  erect  (l°-3°  high)  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate, 
rounded  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  hoary  underneath  ;  the  floral  scarcely  longer 
than  the  oblique  unequally-toothed  calyx ;  whorls  about  6-flowered,  crowded  in 
a  long  and  simple  wand-like  spike,  ty  —  Low  grounds;  not  rare.  July. — 
Corolla  pale  purple,  rarely  white. 

AJOGA  CHAMJEPITHYS,  L.,  the  YELLOW  BUGLE  of  Europe,  gathered  in 
Virginia  by  Clayton,  has  not  been  noticed  since. 

2.     TRICHOSTEMA,    L.        Bn  E  CURLS. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  oblique,  deeply  5-cleft ;  the  3  upper  teeth  elongated  and 
partly  united,  the  2  lower  very  short.  Corolla  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  narrowly  ob- 
long, declined,  nearly  equal  in  length ;  the  3  lower  more  or  less  united.  Sta- 
mens 4,  with  very  long  capillary  filaments,  exserted  much  beyond  the  corolla, 
carved :  anther-cells  divergent  and  at  length  confluent.  —  Low  annuals,  some- 
what clammy-glandular  and  balsamic,  branched,  with  entire  leaves,  and  mostly 
solitary  1 -flowered  pedicels  terminating  the  branches,  becoming  lateral  by  the 
production  of  axillary  branchlets,  and  the  flower  appearing  to  be  reversed, 
namely,  the  short  teeth  of  the  calyx  upward,  £c.  Corolla  blue,  varying  to  pur- 
ple, rarely  white,  small.  (Name  composed  of  6pi£,  hair,  and  orr^a,  stamen, 
from  the  capillary  filaments.) 

1.  T.  <ii<  liotomtllll,    L,      (BA.STARD   PENNYROYAL.)      Leaves  lance- 
oblong    or  rhombic-lanceolate,  rarely   lance-linear,  short-petioled  —  Sandy   fields, 
New  England  to  Kentucky,  and  southward,  chiefly  eastward.     July -Sept. — 
The  curved  stamens  £'  long. 

2.  T.  lineare,  Nutt.     Leaves  linear,  nearly  smooth.  —  Sandy  pine  ban-ens 
of  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  —  Rather  taller  and  less  forked  than  the  last 
(8'  - 12  high),  the  corolla  larger. 

3.     IS  A  ft  Til  US,    Michx.         FALSE  PENNYROYAL. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-lobcd,  equal,  enlarged  in  fruit,  Corolla  little  longer  th*a 
the  calyx ;  the  border  bell-shaped,  with  5  nearly  equal  and  obovate  spreading 
lobes.  Stamens  4,  slightly  didynamous,  incurved-ascending,  scarcely  exceeding 
the  corolla.  —  A  low,  much  branched,  annual  herb,  clammy-pubescent,  with 
nearly  entire  lance-oblong  3-nerved  leaves,  and  small  pale  blue  flowers  on  ehorl 


(MINT  FAMILY.)  .      303 

axillary  1  -  3-flowered  peduncles.     (Name  from  tcrof,  equal,  and  civdos,  ^flower, 
referring  to  the  almost  regular  corolla.) 

1.  I.  caerilleilS,  Michx.  —  Gravelly  banks,  Maine  to  Illinois,  and  south- 
ward. July,  Aug.  —  Corolla  2"  long. 

4.    MENTIIA,    L.        MINT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  tubular,  5-toothed,  equal  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  with  a 
short  included  tube ;  the  bell-shaped  border  somewhat  equally  4-cleft ;  the  upper 
lobe  broadest,  entire  or  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  4,  equal,  erect,  distant 
(either  exserted  or  included  in  different  individuals  of  the  same  species).  —  Odor- 
ous herbs,  with  the  small  flowers  mostly  in  close  clusters,  forming  axillary  capi- 
tate whorls,  sometimes  approximated  in  interrupted  spikes.  Corolla  pale  purpl^ 
or  whitish.  (MtvQrj  of  Theophrastus,  from  a  Nymph  of  that  name,  fabled  to 
have  been  changed  into  Mint  by  the  jealous  Proserpine.) 

1.  I?I.  vfuiDis,  L.      (SPEARMINT.)      Nearly  smooth  ;    leaves   almost   sessile, 
ovate-lancwlate,  unequally  serrate ;  whorls  of  flowers  approximate  in  loose  pani- 
cled  spikes,     ty — Wet  places;  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  ITI.  PIPERITA,  L.     (PEPPERMINT.)      Smooth  leaves  petioled,  ovate-oblong, 
acute,  serrate  ;  whorls  crowded  in  short  obtuse  spikes,  interrupted  at  the  base.    1J. 
—  Low  grounds,  and  along  brooks  :  less  naturalized  than  the  last.    Aug.  —  Mul- 
tiplying, like  the  Spearmint,  by  running  under-ground  shoots.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

,3.  I?I.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (CORN  MINT.)  Stem  hairy  dowmuards ;  leaves  peti- 
oled, ovate  or  oblong,  serrate ;  the  floral  similar  and  longer  than  the  globose 
remote  whorls  of  flowers.  1[  —  Fields,  Perm,  and  Ohio  :  rare.  —  Odor  like 
that  of  decayed  cheese.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  M.  CanaclcnsiS,  L.  (WILD  MINT.)  Stems  ascending  (l°-2a 
high),  whitish-hairy ;  leaves  petioled,  oblong,  tapering  to  both  ends,  the  upper- 
most lanceolate ;  flowers  crowded  in  globular  axillary  whorls.  ( Odor  like  Penny- 
royal).  Var.  GLAHRATA,  Bcnth,,  is  smoothish,  the  leaves  usually  less  tapering 
at  the  base,  "the  smell  pleasauter,  more  like  that  of  Monarda"  (Porter).  (M. 
jorealis,  Michx.)  1}.  — Wet  banks  of  brooks,  New  England  to  Kentucky,  and 
northward.  July  -  Sept. 

5.     L,i.rCOPU§,    L.        WATER  HOREIIOUND. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4  -  5-toothcd,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  bell-shaped, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  nearly  equally  4-lobed.  Stamens  2,  distant ;  tho 
upper  pair  either  sterile  rudiments  or  wanting.  Nutlets  with  thickened  mar- 
gins.—  Perennial  low  herbs,  resembling  Mints,  with  sharplv  toothed  or  pin- 
natifid  leaves,  the  floral  ones  similar  and  much  longer  than  the  dense  axillary 
whorls  of  small  mostly  white  flowers.  (Name  compounded  of  \VKOS,  a  wolf,  and 
irovs,  fool,  from  some  fancied  likeness  in  the  leaves.) 

1.  L..  Virgiiiicus,  L.  (BUGLE-WEED.)  Stem  obtusely  4-anglcd  (6'- 
18'  high),  producing  long  and  slender  runners  from  the  base,  leaves  oblong  or 
ovate-lam  relate,  tootaed,  entire  towards  the  base,  short-petioled ;  calyx-teeth  4, 


304  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

ovate,  bluntish  and  pointless.  —  Shady  moist  places ;  common,  especially  north' 
ward.  Aug.  —  Smooth,  often  purplish,  with  small  capitate  clusters  of  very 
small  flowers. 

2.  L..  Europ&llS,  L.  Stem  sharply  4-angled  (l°-3°  high;,  with  or 
without  runners  from  the  base ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  MUU- 
ate-toothcd  or  pinnatifid,  more  or  less  petioled ;  whorls  many-flowered ;  calyx- 
teeth  5,  triangular-lanceolate,  tapering  too  riyid  very  sharp  point ;  nutlets  (smooth  or 
glandular-roughened  at  the  top)  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx-tube.  (Eu.) 
—  Includes  sdveral  nominal  species,  among  them  in  our  district  is 

Var.  simialHS.  {L.  sinuatus,  Benth.  L.  cxaltatus  &  L,  sinuatus,  Ell.} 
Much  branched,  smooth  or  smoothish ;  runners  short  or  none ;  leaves  mostly 
more  tapering  to  both  ends  than  in  the  European  form,  varying  from  cut-toothed 
'to  pinnatifid.  —  Common  in  wet  grounds.  July,  Aug.. 

Var.  intcgrifolilis.  Stems  more  simple,  often  producing  slender  run- 
ners; leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  varying  to  narrowly  lanceolate  (L.  angustifolius, 
Nutt,  &c.),  much  acuminate  at  both  ends  (2' -4'  long),  sharply  serrate. — 
Common  westward. 

6.     CUNILA,    L.        DITTANY. 

Calyx  ovate-tubular,  equally  5-toothcd,  very  hairy  in  the  throat.  Corolla  2- 
lipped ;  upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  mostly  notched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft. 
Stamens  2,  erect,  exserted,  distant:  no  sterile  filaments. — Perennials,  with 
small  white  or  purplish  flowers,  in  corymbed  cymes  or  clusters.  (An  ancient 
Latin  name,  of  unknown  origin.) 

1.  C.  Mariana,  L.  (COMMON  DITTANY.)  Stems  tufted,  corymbosely 
much  branched  (1°  high);  leaves  smooth,  ovate,  serrate,  rounded  or  cordate 
at  the  base,  nearly  sessile,  dotted  (!'  long) ;  cymes  peduncled  ;  calyx  striate. — 
Dry  hills,  S.  New  York  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward.  July  -  Sept. 

•7.     HYSSOPUS,    L.        HYSSOP. 

Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla 
short,  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  obscurely  notched  ;  the  lower  3-clt  ft,  with 
the  middle  lobe  larger  and  2-cleft.  Stamens  4,  exserted,  diverging.  —  A  peren- 
nial herb,  with  wand-like  simple  branches,  lanceolate  or  linear  entire  leaves,  uud 
Lluc-purple  flowers  in  small  clusters,  crowded  in  a  spike.  (The  ancient  name.) 

1.  II.  OFFICINALIS,  L. —  lioad-sides,  Michigan,  &c. ;  escaped  from  garden*, 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

8.     PYCNANTHEUIUUI,    Michx.      MOUNTAIN  MINT.     BASIL 

Calyx  ovate-oblong  or  tubular,  about  13-nerved,  equally  5-toothcd,  or  the 
three  upper  teeth  more  or  less  united,  nuked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  short,  more 
or  less  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  straight,  nearly  flat,  entire  or  slightly  notched; 
the  lower  3-elcft,  its  lobes  all  ovate  and  obtuse.  Stamens  4,  distant,  the  lower 
pair  rather  longer:  anther-cells  parallel.  — Perennial  upright  herbs,  wilh  a  pun- 
gent mint-like  flavor,  corymbosely  branched  above;  the  floral  lea\es  often 


LABIATE.       (MINT    FAMILY.)  805 

whitened;  the  many-flowered  wKoils  dense,  crowded  with  bracts,  and  usually 
forming  terminal  heads  or  close  cymes.  Corolla  whitish  or  purplish,  the  lipa 
mostly  dotted  with  purple.  Varies,  like  the  Mints,  with  the  stamens  cxserted 
or  included  in  different  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  TTVKVOS,  dense,  and  cMe/ioc, 
a  blossom ;  from  the  inflorescence.) 

*  Calyx  scarcely  at  all  2-lipped,  the  teeth  and  bracts  awl-shaped  and  awn-pointed' 
rigid,  naked,  as  long  as  the  corolla :  flowers  in  rather  dense  mostly  terminal  heads  : 
kai^es  rigid,  slightly  petioled. 

1.  P.  atistatuni,  Michx.  Minutely  hoary-puberulent  (l°-2°  high); 
leaves  ovate-oblong  and  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sparingly  denticulate-serrate 
(1 '-  2'  long),  roundish  at  the  base.  — Fine  ban-ens,  from  New  Jersey  southward. 

Var.  liyssopifoliuni.  Leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  broadly  linear,  nearly 
tatire  and  obtuse.  (P.  hyssopifolium,  Benth.)  — Virginia  and  southward. 

*  *  Calyx  2-lipped  from  the  greater  union  more  or  less  of  the  3  upper  teeth,  which  f 
with  the  bracts,  are  subulate  and  bearded  with  some  spreading  hairs :  flowers  in 
dense  and  compound  flattened  cymes,  which  become  considerably  expanded  in  fruit : 
leaves  membranaceous,  petioled. 

2.  P.  i  lie  fin  lint,  Michx.     Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  remotely  toothed, 
downy  above  and  mostly  hoary  with  whitish  wool  underneath,  the  uppermost  whitened 
both  sides ;  cymes  open ;  bracts  linear-awl-shaped  and,  with  the  calyx-teeth,  more 
or  less  awn-pointed.  —  Rocky  woods  and  hills,  New  England  to  Michigan,  and 
southward.     Aug.  —  Plant  2°  -  4°  high,  the  taste  intermediate  between  that  of 
Pennyroyal  and  Spearmint,  as  in  most  of  the  following  species.     Very  variable. 

3.  P.  Clinopodioid.es,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  scarcely 
toothed,  short-petioled,  not  whitened ;  the  upper  surface  often  smooth,  the  lower 
as  well  as  the  stem  downy;  cymes  contracted;  bracts  and  calyx-teeth  short  subu- 
late, the  latter  nearly  one  half  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Dry  copses  Penn.  &  New 
York.     Aug.,  Sept.  — Perhaps  an  extreme  state  of  No.  2. 

#  *  *  Calyx  usually  almost  equally  5-toothed:  flotvers  crowded  in  loose  heads  or  dense 
clv-sters  at  the  end  of  the  brandies  and  in  the  uppermost  axils ;  the  bracts  shorter 
than  the  2-lipped  corollas  :  leaves  almost  sessile. 

4.  P.  Torreyi,  Benth.      Somewhat  pubescent;  stem    strict   and  nearly 
simple  (2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  thin,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends  (mostly 
2'  long  and  2" -3"  wide),  nearly  entire;  the  awl-shaped  calyx-teeth  and  bracts 
canescent. —  Dry  soil,  S.  New  York  and  New  Jersey.     Aug.  —  Intermediate  in 
aspect  between  No.  3  and  No.  7. 

5.  P»  pilosum,  Nutt.     More  or  less  downy  with  long  and  soft  whitish  hairs, 
much  branched  above ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute   rJ  both  ends,  or  the  lower  ovate- 
fanceolate,   nearly   entire,  tlie  floral   not   whitened;  calyx-teeth   ovate-lanceolate, 
•acute,  and  with  the  bracts  hoary-haired.  —  Dry  hills  and  plains,  W.  Penn., 
Ohio,  to  Illinois,  and  southward  in  the  Allcghanies.     July-  Sept.  — A  smoother 
form  of  this,  approaching  the  next,  is,  if  I  mistake  not,  Brachystemum  verticil- 
latum,  Michx.     (Mountains  of  Penn.  and  southward.) 

6.  P.  Illllticiim,  Pers.     Minutely  hoary  throughout,  or  almost  smooth, 
corymbosely  m  ich  branched  (l°-2^°  high) ;  leaves  ovate  or  broadly  ovate-lanceo 


306  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

hie,  varying  to  lanceolate,  rather  rigid,  acute,' rounded  or  sligfdly  hean  shaped  at 
ihe  base,  mostly  sessile  and  minutely  sharp-toothed,  prominently  veined,  green 
when  old  ;  tlie  floral  ones,  bracts,  and  triangular-ovate  calyx-teeth,  hoary  with 
a  fine  dose  down.  —  Dry  hills,  Maine  to  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  Aug. 
—  Flowers  in  very  dense  clusters ;  the  outer  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  and  pointed, 
the  others  pointless. 

*  *  *  *  Calyx  equally  5-toothed:  flowers  collected  in  dense  and  globular,  often  fasci- 
cled, small  and  numerous  heads,  which  are  crowded  in  terminal  corymbs:  bract* 
rigid,  closely  oppressed,  shorter  t/tan  the  flowers :  lips  of  the  corolla  very  short  .- 
leaves  narrow,  sessile,  entire,  rigid,  crowded  and  clustered  in  the  axils. 

7.  P.  laiiceoliitllin,  Pursh.     Smoothish  or  minutely  pubescent  (2°  high); 
leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-linear,  obtuse  at  the  base ;  heads  downy ;  calyx-teeth  sltoit 
and  triangular.  —  Dry  thickets  ;  common.     July  -  Sept. 

8.  P.  lillifolilim,  Pursh.      Smooth  or  nearly  so   (l°-2°  high);  leaves 
narrower  and  heads  less  downy  than  in  the  last ;  the  narrower  bracts  and  lance- 
ani-shaped  calyx-teeth  pungently  pointed. —  Thickets,  S.  New  England  to  Illinois, 
and  southward.     July  -  Sept. 

*****  Calyx  equally  5-toothed:  flowers  collected  in  few  and  solitary  large  and 
globular  heads  (terminal,  and  in  the  upper  axils  of  the  membranaceous  petiole^ 
leaves) ;  the  bracts  loose,  ciliate-beardcd. 

9.  P.  moiltanmil,  Michx.     Stem  (1° -3°  high)  and  ovate- or  oblong 
lanceolate  serrate  leaves  glabrous;  bracts  very  acute  or  awl-pointed,  the  outer- 
most ovate  and  leaf-like,  the  inner  linear ;  teeth  of  the  tubular  calyx  short  and 
acute.  —  Alleghanies,  from  S.  Virginia  southward.     July.  —  Flavor  warm  and 
pleasant.     Foliage  and  heads  like  a  Monarda. 

9.    ORIGANUM,    L.        WILD  MARJORAM. 

Calyx  ovate-bell-shaped,  hairy  in  the  throat,  striate,  5-toothed.  Tube  of  the 
corolla  about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  2-lippcd;  the  upper  lip  rather  erect  ana 
slightly  notched  ;  the  lower  longer,  of  3  nearly  equal  spreading  lobes.  Stations 
4,  cxseitcd,  diverging. — Perennials,  with  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  pur;  lish 
flowers  crowded  in  cylindrical  or  oblong  spikes,  which  arc  imbricated  with  col- 
crcJ  bracts.  (An  ancient  Greek  name,  said  to  be  from  opoj,  a  mountain,  and 
•yuror,  delight.) 

1.  O.  VULOA.RE,  L.  Upright,  hairy,  corymbose  at .the  summit ;  leaves  peti- 
oleil,  round-ovate ;  bracts  ovate,  obtuse,  purplish  —  Dry  banks,  sparingly  intro- 
duced eastward.  June -Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

10.     THinUUS,    L.        THYME. 

Calyx  ovate,  2-lipped,  13-nerved,  hairy  in  the  throat;  the  upper  lip  3-toothed, 
spreading ;  the  lower  2-cleft,  with  the  awl-shaped  divisions  ciliate.  Corolla 
short,  slightly  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  straight  and  flattish,  notched  at  the  apex ; 
the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  straight  and  distant,  usually  exscrtcd.  —  Low  pe- 
rennials, with  small  and  entire  strongly-veined  leaves,  and  purplish  or  whitish 


LABIATE.       (MINT    FAMILY.;  807 

flowers,     (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Thyme,  probably  from  0u«,  to  burr 
perfume,  because  it  was  used  for  incense.) 

1.  T.  SJSRPYLLUM,  L.  (CREEPING  THYME.)  Prostrate  ;  leaves  green, 
fiat,  ovate,  entire,  short-petioled,  flowers  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches.  — 
Old  fields,  E.  New  England  and  Penn. :  rare.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

T.  VULGARIS,  L.,  is  the  GARDEN  THYME,  or  STANDING  THYME. 

11.    SATUREIA,    L.        SAVORY. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla 
2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  nearly  entire,  the  lower  nearly  equally  3-cleft. 
Stamens  4,  somewhat  ascending.  — Aromatic  plants,  with  narrow  entire  leaves, 
often  clustered  in  the  axils,  and  somewhat  spiked  purplish  flowers.  (The  an- 
cient Latin  name.) 

1.  S.  HORTENSIS,  L.  (SUMMER  SAVORY.)  Pubescent;  clusters  few-flow- 
ered ;  bracts  small  or  none.  ®  —  Prairies  of  Illinois,  and  rocky  islands  at  the 
Falls  of  the  Ohio,  Short:  escaped  from  gardens.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

12.     CALAMINTHA,    Mcench.        CALAMINTH. 

Calyx  tubular,  13-nerved,  mostly  hairy  in  the  throat,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip 
3-cleft,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube  and  an  inflated  throat, 
distinctly  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  entire ;  the  lower  spreading,  3- 
parted,  the  middle  lobe  usually  largest.  Stamens  4,  mostly  ascending;  the 
anthers  usually  approximate  in  pairs.  —  Perennials,  with  mostly  purplish  or 
whitish  flowers :  inflorescence  various.  (Name  composed  of  /caXoy,  beautiful, 
and  fiivda,  Mint.) 

§  1.  CALAMtNTHA  PROPER,  Benth.—  Calyx  striate,  scarcely  gibbous  at  the 
base :  clusters  of  flowers  loose  and  peduncled  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  forming 
a  raceme  at  the  summit :  bracts  minute. 

1.  C.  NEPETA,  Link.     (BASIL-THYME.)     Soft  hairy ;  stem  ascending  ( 1  °  - 
3°  high);  leaves  petioled,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  creuate;  corolla  (3"  long) 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  — Dry  hills,  Virginia,  &c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

$  2.  CALOMELtSSA,  Benth.  —  Calyx  nearly  as  §  1  :  whorls  few-several-ftoio- 
ered,. sessile;  flowers  on  slender  naked  pedicels ;  the  bracts  at  their  base  linear  or 
oblong,  leafiike. 

2.  C.  glabella,  Benth.      Smooth;  stems  diffuse  or  spreading   (l°-2° 
long) ;  leaves  slightly  petioled,  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  nan-owed  at  the  base 
(§'-!'  long,  or  the  largest  l£'-2'  long),  sparingly  toothed,  or  nearly  entire; 
clusters  6  -  10-flowered;  corolla  (purplish,  5" -6"  long)  fully  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx,  the  teeth  of  the  latter  awl-pointed.    (Cunila  glabella,  Michx.    Mi- 
cromeria,  Benth.) — Limestone  banks,  near  Frankfort,  Kentucky  (Short),  and 
southward.     June. 

Var.  Nllttallii*  Smaller;  the  flowering  stems  more  upright  (5'  -9'  high), 
with  narrower  mostly  entire  leaves  and  fewer-flowered  clusters ;  while  sterile 
the  runners  from  the  base  bear  ovate  tnickish  leaves  only  2'  -  5"  long.  (C.  Nut> 


808  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

tallii,  Benth.  M%romeria  glabella,  var.  angustifolia,  Torr.)  —  Wet  limestona 
rocks,  Niagara  Falls  to  Wisconsin,  Central  Ohio  (Sullivant],  and  southwestward. 
July-  Sept. — Appearing  very  distinct,  but  united  by  Soutnwestcm  forms.  &c. 

i  3.  CLINOPODIUM,  L.  —  Calyx  more  or  less  gibbous  below:  clusters  sessile  and 

many-Jloivered,  crowded  with  awl-sSiaped  bracts. 

3.  C.  CLINOPODIUM,  Bcnth.  (BASIL.)  Hairy,  erect  (1°- 2°  high) ;  leaves 
ovate,  petioled,  nearly  entire ;  flowers  (pale  purple)  in  globular  clusters ;  hairy- 
bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx.  (Clinopodium  vulgare,  L.) — Borders  of  thicketo 
and  fields.  July.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

13.    MELISSA,    L.        BALM. 

Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  flattened  and  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla 
with  a  recurvcd-ascending  tube.  Stamens  4,  curved  and  conniving  under  the 
upper  lip.  Otherwise  nearly  as  Calamintha.  —  Clusters  few-flowered,  loose, 
one-sided,  with  few  and  mostly  ovate  bracts  resembling  the  leaves.  (Name  from 
/meX«r<ra,  a  bee;  the  flowers  yielding  abundance  of  honey.) 

1.  UI.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  (COMMON  BALM.)  Upright,  branching;  leaves 
broadly  ovate,  crenate-toothed,  exhaling  the  odor  of  lemons  ;  the  corolla  whito 
or  cream-color.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

14.     HEDEOMA,    Pers.        MOCK  PENNYROYAL. 

Calyx  ovoid  or  tubular,  gibbous  on  the  lower  side  near  the  base,  13-ncrved. 
bearded  in  the  throat,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Co- 
rolla 2-lippcd ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  notched  at  the  apex ;  the  lower  spread- 
ing, 3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2 ;  the  upper  pair  reduced  to  sterile  ii laments  or 
wanting.  —  Low,  odorous  plants,  with  small  leaves,  and  loose  axillary  clusters 
of  flowers,  often  forming  terminal  leafy  racemes.  (Altered  from  'HSuooyioi/, 
an  ancient  name  of  Mint,  from  its  sweet  scent.) 

1.  II.  pulegioidcs,  Pcrs.    (AMERI CAN  PENNYROYAL.)    Erect,  branch- 
ing, hairy  ;  leaves  petioled,  oblong-ovate,  obscurely  serrate,  the  floral  similar;  whorls 
few-flowered ;  corolla  (bluish,  pubescent)  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx ;  sterile 
filaments  tipped  with  a  little  head.     ®  —  Open  ban-en  woods  and  fields  ;  com- 
mon.    July  -  Sept.  —  Plant  6'- 10'  high,  with  nearly  the  taste  and  odor  of  the 
trne  Pennyroyal  (Mcntha  Pulegium)  of  Europe. 

2.  II.  llispida,  Pursh.     Erect  hairy   (2;-5'  high);  leaves  sessile,  kraai, 
entirv  the  floral  similar  and  exceeding  the  flowers ;  corolla  scarcely  longer  than 
the  ciliate  hispid  calyx.     (J)  —  Illinois,  opposite  St.  Louis,  and  southwestward. 

15.    COLL.INSONIA,    L.        HORSE-BALM. 

Calyx  ovate,  enlarged  and  declined  in  fruit,  2-lipped;  upper  lip  truncate  and 
flattened,  3-toothcd,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  elongated,  expanded  at  the 
throat,  somewhat  2-lipped;  the  4  upper  lobes  nearly  equal,  but  the  lower  much 
larger  and  longer,  pendent,  toothed  or  lacerate-fringed.  Stamens  2  (sometimes 
4,  the  upper  pair  shorter),  much  exserted,  diverging:  anther-cells  divergent. — 


nes 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  309 

Strong-scented  perennial?,  with  large  ovate  leaves,  and  yellowish  flowers  on 
slender  pedicels,  in  loose  and  panicled  terminal  racemes.  (Named  in  honor  of 
Peter  Col/inson,  a  well-known  patron  of  science  and  correspondent  of  Limujeus, 
and  who  introduced  this  plant  into  England.) 

1.  C.  Csiimdeiisis,  L.  (RICH-WEED.  STONE-ROOT.)  Nearly  smooth 
(l°-3°  high);  leaves  serrate,  pointed,  petioled  (3' -9  long);  panicle  loose, 
many-flowered;  stamens  2. —  Rich  moipt  woods,  New  England  to  Michigan, 
Kentucky,  and  southward.  July  -  Sept.  -  Corolla  f '  long,  exhaling  the  odor 
of  lemons. 

16.    SAI^VIA,    L.        SAGE. 

Calyx  naked  in  the  throat,  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  3-tcothed  or  entire,  the 
lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  deeply  2-lippcd,  ringent ;  the  upper  lip  straight  or  scythe- 
phaped,  entire  or  harely  notched;  the  lower  spreading  or  pendent,  3-lobed,  the 
middle  lobe  larger.  Stamens  2,  on  short  filaments,  jointed  with  the  elongated 
transverse  connective,  one  end  of  which  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  bears  a 
linear  1-celled  (half-)  anther,  the  other  usually  descending  and  bearing  an  im- 
perfect or  deformed  (half-)  anther.  —  Flowers  mostly  large  and  showy,  in  spiked, 
racemed,  or  panicled  whorls.  (Name  from  salvo,  to  save,  in  allusion  to  the 
reputed  healing  qualities  of  Sage.) 

1.  S.  lyrata,  L.     (LYRE-LEAVED  SAGE.)    Low  (10'-20'  high),  someirhat 
hairy ;  stem  nearly  simple  and  naked ;  root-leaves  olwate,  lyre-shaped  or  sinuate- 
pinnatifid,  sometimes  almost  entire  ;  those  of  the  stem  mostly  a  single  pair,  smaller 
and  narrower;  the  floral  oblong-linear,  not  longer  than  the  calyx;  whorls  loose 
and  distant,  forming  an  interrupted  raceme ;  upper  lip  of  the  blue-purple  pubes- 
cent corolla  short,  straight,  not  vaulted.     1J.  —  Woodlands  and  meadows,  New 
Jersey  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward.     June. 

2.  S.  lirticifolia,  L.     (NETTLE-LEAVED   SAGE.)     Downy  with  clammy 
hairs,  leafy ;    leaves  rhombic-ovate,  pointed,  crenate,  rounded  or  slightly  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole,  the  floral  nearly  similar; 
whorls  remote,  many-flowered  ;  upper  lip  of  the  blue  corolla  erect,  one  third  tho 
length  of  the  lower ;  style  bearded.     1J.  —  Woodlands,  from  Maryland  south- 
ward.—  Corolla  £'  long;  the  lateral  lobes  dcflexed,  the  middle  notched. 

S.  OFFICIN\LIS,  L.,  is  the  well-known  GARDEN  SAGE.  *  Several  scarlet 
species  from  Tropical  America  are  cultivated  for  ornament. 

17.    JT10NARDA,    L.        HORSE-MINT. 

Calyx  tubular,  elongated,  15-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  usually  hairy 
in  the  throat.  Corolla  elongated  with  a  slightly  expanded  throat,  and  a  strongly 
2-lipped  limb ;  the  lips  linear  or  oblong,  somewhat  equal ;  the  upper  erect,  en- 
tire or  slightly  notched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lateral 
lobes  ovate  and  obtuse,  the  middle  one  narrower  and  slightly  notched.  Sta- 
mens 2.  elongated,  ascending,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla :  anthers  1m 
ear  (the  divaricate  cells  confluent  at  the  junction).  —  Odorous  erect  herbs,  with 
entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  pretty  large  flowers  in  a  few  whorled  heads,  closely 
aurrounded  with  bracts.  (Dedicated  to  Monardez,  an  earty  Spanish  botanist.) 


310  LABIAL:.     (MINT   FAMILY.) 

*  Stamens  and  tfyh  exsciicd  beyond  the  very  narrow  aid  acut6  upper  Up  of  the  corol- 
la :  root  perennial. 

\.  1?I.  dirfyma,  L.  (OSWKGO  TEA.)  Somewhat  hairy ;  loaves  petiolcd. 
ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base;  the  floral 
ones  and  the  large  outer  bracts  tinned  with  red  ;  calyx  smooth,  incurved,  nearly 
it«!:«l  in  the  throat;  corolla  smooth,  much  elont/atrd  (-2'  long),  briaht  red.  —  Moist 
woods  by  streams,  N.  England  to  Wisconsin  northward,  and  southward  in  the 
AlieghahHM  :  often  cultivated  (under  the  name  of  Balm  or  Bee-Balm).  July. — 
Plant  2°  high,  with  very  showy  ilowers. 

2.  Mf.  fistlllosa,  L.     (WiLD  BERGAMOT.)    Smoothish  or  downy ;  leave* 
pctioled,  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base  ;  the  upper- 
most and  outer  bracts  somewhat  colored  (whitish  or  purplish) ;  calyx  slightly 
curved,  very  hairy  in  the  throat ;  corolla  purplish,  rose-color  or  almost  white,  smooth 
or  hairy.  —  Woods  and  rocky  banks,  W.   Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  south- 
ward, principally  westward.     July -Sept.  —  Very  variable  in  appearance,  2°- 
5°  high ;  the  pale  corolla  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

3.  1?I.  Bradbliriana,  Beck.     Leaves  nearly  sessile ,  orate-lanccolate,  round- 
ed at  the  bane,  clothed  with  long  soft  hairs,  especially  underneath;  the  floral  and  the 
outer  bracts  somewhat  heart-shaped,  purplish  ;  calyx  smoothish,  contracted  above., 
very  hairy  in  the  throat,  ivith  ttv&skaped  aimed  teeth  ;  corolla  smoothish,   bearded 
at  the  tip  of  the  upper  lip,  scarcely  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  pale  purplish, 
the  lower  lip  dotted  with  purple. — Oak  -openings  and  woods,  Ohio  to  Illinois, 
and  westward.     May  —  July. 

*  *  Stamens  not  exceeding  the  notched  upper  lip  of  the  short  corolla. 

4.  M.  pllllCtata,  L.     (IIoR8E-MiNT.)     Minutely  downy  (2° -3°  high) 
leaves  petioled,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  obtuse  at 
the  base,  sessile,  yellowish  and  purple ;  teeth  of  the  downy  calyx   short  and 
rigid,  awn  less ;  corolla  nearly  smooth,  yellowish,  the  upper  lip  spotted  with  pur 
pie,  the  tube  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Sandy  fields  and  dry  banks,  New 
York  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Very  odorous  and  pungent. 

18.     BLEPHILIA,    Kaf.        BLEI-IIILIA. 

Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  13-ncrved,  2-lipped,  naked  in  the  throat;  upper  lip  with 
3  awned  teeth,  the  lower  with  2  nearly  awnless  teeth.  Corolla  inflated  in  tire 
throat,  strongly  and  nearly  equally  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  erect,  entire;  tho 
lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  with  the  lateral  lobes  ovate  and  rounded,  larger  than 
the  oblong  and  notched  middle  one.  Stamens  2,  ascending,  cxscrn  d  (the  rudi- 
ments of  the  upper  pair  minute  or  none):  anthers.  &e.  as  in  Monarda. —  Pe- 
rennial herbs,  with  nearly  the  foliage,  &c.  of  Monarda:  the  small  pale  bluish 
purple,  flowers  crowded  in  axillary  and  terminal  globose  capitate  whorls 
(Name  from  /3Xe<£ap/s,  tlie.  u/tlanh,  in  reference  to  the  hairy-fringed  bracts  and 
calyx-teeth.) 

1.  B»  Ciliata,   Kaf.     Somewhat  downy;  Iran-*  almost  s«-ssi/et  <>l>l<»/:/ 
narrowed  at^the  base,  whitish-downy  underneath;  outer  bracls  orate,  acute,  col- 
ored, ciliate,  as  long  As  the  calyx.     (Monarda  eiliata,  />.)  —  Dry  open  places, 


LAPIAT^E.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  311 

Perm,  to  Kentucky  and  Wisconsin.     July. — Plant  1°- 2°  high,  less  brnn  :h«l 
than  the  next,  the  hairy  corolla  shorter. 

2.  B.  llii'Slila,  Benth.  Hairy  throughout ;  leaves long-pctioled,  ovate, polntetL, 
rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base  ;  the  lower  floral  ones  similar,  the  uppermost 
and  the  bracts  linear-awl-stiaped,  shorter  than  the  long-haired  calyx.  (B.  nepe- 
toides,  Raf.  Monarda  hirstita,  Pursh.)  —  Damp  rich  woods,  N.  New  York  to 
Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  July.  —  Plant  2°  -  3°  high,  with  spreading  branches, 
and  numerous  close  whorls,  the  lower  remote.  Corolla  smoothish,  pale,  with 
darker  purple  spots. 

19.     L.OPHANTIIUS,    Benth.         GIANT  HYSSOP. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  15-nerved,  oblique,  5-toothcd,  the  upper  teeth  rather 
longer  than  the  others.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  nearly  erect,  2-lobed  ; 
the  lower  somewhat  spreading,  3-cleft,  with  the  middle  lobe  crenate.  Stamens  4, 
exserted  ;  the  upper  pair  declined  ;  the  lower  and  shorter  pair  ascending,  so  that 
the  pairs  cross.  Anther-cells  nearly  parallel.  —  Perennial  tall  herbs,  with  pctioled 
serrate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  crowded  in  interrupted  terminal  spikes.  (Name 
from  X(X/>os,  a  crest,  and  avdos,  a  /lower.} 

1.  Li.  nepetoicles,  Benth.     Smooth,  or  nearly  so;  leaves  ovate,  some- 
what pointed,  coarsely  crenate-toothed  (2' -4'  long) ;  calyx-teeth  ovate,  rather  ob- 
tuse, little  shorter  than  the  pale  greenish-yellow  corolla. — Borders  of  woods,   W. 
Vermont  to   Wisconsin,  and  southward.      Aug.  —  Stem    stout,  4° -6°   high, 
sharply  4-angled.     Spikes  2' -6'  long,  crowded  with  the  ovate  pointed  bracts. 

2.  L,.  SCroplllllariacfolillS,  Benth.      Stem    (obtusely  4-anglcd)  and 
lower  surface   of  the   ovate  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  acute  leaves  more  or 
less  pubescent ;  calf] x-teeth  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  purptith  corolla  (spikes 
4'  — 15  long)  :  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Same  geographical  range. 

3.  Li.  anisatus,    Benth.     (ANISE    HYSSOP.)     Smooth,   but  the  ovate 
acute  leaves  glaucous-white  underneath  with  minute  down  ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate, 
acute. — Plains,  Wisconsin?  and  northwestward.  —  Foliage  with  the  taste  and 
smell  of  anise. 

20.     NEPETA,    L.        CAT-MINT. 

Calyx  tubular,  often  incurved,  obliquely  5-toothed.  Corolla  dilated  in  the 
throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  rather  concave,  notched  or  2-cleft;  the  low- 
er spreading,  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  largest,  either  2-lobed  or  entire.  Stamens 
4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  the  lower  pair  shorter.  Anthers  approximate 
in  pairs;  the  cells  divergent.  —  Perennial  herbs.  (The  Latin  name,  thought  to 
be  derived  from  Nepete,  an  Etrurian  city.) 

§  1.  Cyrnose  clusters  rather  dense  and  mam/- flowered,  forming  interrupted  spikes  or 

racemes:  upper  floral  leaves  small  and  bract-like. 

1.  IV.  CAT\RIA,  L.  (CATNIP.)  Downy,  erect,  branched;  leaves  heart- 
shaped,  oblong,  deeplv  crenate,  whitish-downy  underneath  ;  corolla  whitish,  dot- 
ted with  purple.  —  Manured  and  cultivated  grounds,  a  very  common  weed 
July,  Aug.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


312  LABIATE.     (MIXT  FAMILY.) 

$  2.   GLECHC-MA,  L.  — Leaves  all  alike ;  the  axillanj  dusters 

2.  N.  GLECH6MA,  Benth.  (GROUND  IVY.  GILL.)  Creeping  and  trailing ; 
leaves  petioled,  round  kidney-shaped,  crenate,  green  both  sides ;  corolla  thrice 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  light  blue.  (Glcchoma  hedcracca,  L.)  —  Shaded,  waste 
grounds  near  dwellings.  May -Aug.  —  Anthers  with  the  cells  diverging  at  a 
right  angle,  each  pair  approximate  and  forming  a  cross.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

21.     DRACOCEPHALUM,    L.        DRAGON-HEAD. 

Calyx  tubular,  13- 15-ncrved,  straight,  5-toothcd ;  the  upper  tooth  usually 
much  largest.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  slightly  arched  and  notched ;  the 
lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  with  its  middle  lobe  largest  and  2-cleft  or  notched  at  the 
end.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip ;  the  lower  pair  shorter.  An- 
thers approximate  by  pairs,  the  cells  divergent.  — Whorls  many-flowered,  mostly 
spiked  or  capitate,  and  with  awn-toothed  or  fringed  leafy  bracts.  (Name  from 
Sputtoi/,  a  dnu/vn,  and  Ke0aA^,  head,  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  corolla.) 

1.  D.  pnrviflorilin,  Nutt.  Stem  erect,  leafy  (8' -20'  high);  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  cut-toothed,  petioled ;  whorls  crowded  in  a  terminal 
head  or  spike ;  upper  tooth  of  the  calyx  ovate,  nearly  equalling  the  bluish  small 
slender  corolla.  (2^  —  Koeky  places,  Jefferson  and  St.  Lawrence  Counties, 
New  York  ;  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northwestward.  May -Aug. 

22.     CEDRONEL.LA,    Mceych.         CEDROXELLA. 

Calyx  rather  obliquely  5-toothed,  many-nerved.  Corolla  ample,  expanded  at 
the  throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  flattish  or  concave,  2-lobed ;  the  lower  3- 
cleft,  spreading,  the  middle  lobe  largest.  Stamens  4,  ascending;  the  lower  pair 
shorter.  Anther-cells  parallel.  —  Sweet-scented  perennials,  with  pale  purplish 
flowers.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  /ce'8/noi/,  oil  of  Cedar,  from  the  aromatic  leaves 
of  the  originial  species,  C.  triphylla,  the  Balm-of-GUead  of  English  gardens.) 

1.  C.  CO I'diita,  Benth.  Low,  with  slender  runners,  hairy  ;  leaves  broadly 
heart-shaped,  crenate,  petioled,  the  floral  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  whorls  fe-w- 
flowcrcd,  approximate  at  the  summit  of  short  ascending  stems  ;  corolla  hairy 
inside  (H;  long) ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  upper  lip.  (Draeoccphalum  corda- 
tum,  Nutt.)  — Low  shady  banks  of  streams,  W.  Pcnn.  to  Kentucky,  and  south- 
ward along  the  mountains.  June. 

23.     SYNANDRA,    Nutt.        SYNANDRA. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  inflated,  membranaccous,  irregularly  veiny,  almost  equally 
4-toothed  !  Corolla  with  a  long  tube,  much  expanded  above  and  at  the  throat ; 
the  upper  lip  slightly  arched,  entire  ;  the  lower  spreading  and  3-cleft,  with  ovate 
lobes,  the  middle  one  broadest  and  notched  at  the  end.  Stamens  4,  ascending 
filaments  hairy :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip ;  the  two 
upper  each  with  one  fertile  and  one  smaller  sterile  cell,  the  latter  cohering  with 
each  other  (whence  the  name;  from  <rvi/,  toyetJier,  and  avrjp,  for  anth<-r). 

1.  S.  gramliflora,  Nutt.  —  Shaded  banks,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  ami  south- 
ward. June.  — A  perennial?  hairy  herb,  1°  high.  Lower  leaves  long-petioietl, 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  333 

broadly  avate,  heart-shaped,  crenatc,  thin ;  the  floral  sessile,  gradually  reduced 
to  bracts,  each  with  a  single  sessile  flower.     Corolla  l£;  long,  yellowish-white. 

24.     PHYSOSTEGIA,    Benth.        FALSE  DRAGON-HEAD. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  5-toothcd,  obscurely  10-nerved,  short-tubular  or  bell- 
shaped,  enlarged,  and  more  or  less  inflated  in  fruit.  Corolla  funnel-form  with  a 
much  inflated  throat,  2-lipped ;  th£  upper  lip  rather  erect,  concave,  nearly 
entire ;  the  lower  3-parted,  spreading,  small :  its  middle  lobe  larger,  broad  and 
rounded,  notched.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  approxi- 
mate; the  cells  parallel.  —  Perennial  smooth  hu-bs,  with  upright  wand-like 
stems,  and  sessile  lanceolate  or  oblong  mostly  serrate  leaves.  Flowers  large 
and  showy,  rose  or  flesh-color  variegated  with  purple,  opposite,  crowded  in  sim- 
ple or  panicled  terminal  leafless  spikes.  (Name  from  (pvaa,  a  bladder,  and  ore-yco, 
to  cover,  on  account  of  the  inflated  corolla  and  fruiting  calyx.) 

1.  P.  Virginiaiia,  Benth.  (Dracocephalum  Virginianum,  L.,  &c.)  — 
Low  or  wet  banks  of  streams,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
July  — Sept.  —  Varies  from  l°-4°  high,  stout  or  slender;  the  leaves  from  ob- 
long-obovate  (the  lower)  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  and  from  very  sharply  toothed 
to  nearly  entire ;  the  flowers  either  crowded,  imbricated,  or  scattered ;  the  in- 
flated fruiting  calyx  varying  from  obovate  or  ovate  to  globular ;  the  corolla  from 
6"  or  7"  to  12"  long  :  no  definite  marks  are  yet  found  for  distinguishing  two  or 
more  species. 

25.     BRimELL-A,    Tourn.    (Prunella,  L.)         SULF-HEAL. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  somewhat  10-nerved  and  reticulated-veiny,  flattened 
on  the  upper  side,  naked  in  the  throat,  closed  in  fruit,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip 
broad  and  flat,  truncate,  with  3  short  teeth  ;  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  ascend- 
ing, slightly  contracted  at  the  throat,  and  dilated  at  the  lower  side  just  beneath  it, 
2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  arched,  entire ;  the  lower  reflexcd-spreading,  3-clcft ; 
its  lateral  lobes  oblong ;  the  middle  one  rounded,  concave,  crenulate.  Stamens 
4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip:  filaments  2-toothed-at  the  apex,  the  lower 
tooth  bearing  the  anther.  Anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  their  cells  diverging. 
—  Low  perennials,  with  nearly  simple  stems,  and  3-flowered  clusters  of  flowers 
sessile  in  the  axils  of  round  and  bract-like  mcmbranaceous  floral  leaves,  imbri- 
cated in  a  close  spike  or  head.  (Name  said  to  be  taken  from  the  German  braune, 
a  disease  of  the  throat,  for  which  this  plant  was  a  reputed  remedy.) 

1.  15.  vulgaris,  L.  (COMMON  SELF-HEAL  or  HEAL-ALL.)  Leaves 
ovate-oblong,  entire  or  toothed,  petioled,  hairy  or  srnoothish :  corolla  (violet  or 
flesh-color)  not  twice  the  length  of  the  purplish  calyx.  —  Woods  and  fields  • 
common.  June  —  Sept.  (Eu.) 

26.     SCUTELLARIA,    L.        SKULLCAP. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  in  flower,  2-lipped ;  the  lips  entire,  closed  in  fruit,  the  upper 
with  a  helmet-like  at  length  concave  and  enlarged  appendage  on  the  back  (the 
upper  sepal) ;  calyx  splitting  to  the  base  at  maturity,  the  upper  lip  usually  fali- 


314.  LABIAT/E.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

ing  away.  Corolla  with  an  elongated  curved  ascending  tube,  dilated  at  (lie 
throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  arched,  entire  or  barely  notched ;  the  lateral  Ic.hes 
mostly  connected  with  the  upper  rather  than  the  lower  lip ;  the  lower  lobe  or  lip 
spreading  and  convex,  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  tho 
tipper  lip  :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  ciliate  or  bearded  ;  those  of  the  lover 
stamens  1-celled  (halved),  of  the  upper  2-celled  and  heart-shaped.  —  Bitter  pe- 
rennial herbs,  not  aromatic,  with  axillary  excise  spiked  or  racemed  flowers  ;  the 
short  peduncles  chiefly  opposite,  1-flowcred,  often  1-sided.  (Name  from  scutella, 
a  dish,  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  appendage  to  the  fruiting  calyx.) 
*  Flowers  (blue)  in  terminal  racemes;  the  floral  leaves,  except  the  lower  ones,  l*ing 

small,  and  reduced  to  bracts. 

•»-  Lips  short,  nearly  equal  in  lenath ;  the  lateral  lobes  rather  distinct,  and  almost  as 
long  as  the  strai(jhtlsh  or  scarcely  incurved  upper  Up  :  leaves  on  slender  petioles. 

1.  S.  vcrsicolor,  Nutt.     Soft  hairy,  the  hairs  of  the  inflorescence,  £c. 
partly  viscid-glandular;  stem  mostly  erect  (l°-3°high);  leaves  orate  or  round- 
ovate,  chiefly  heart-shaped,  crenate-toothed,  very  veiny,  ruyose,  the  floral  reduced 
to  broadly  ovate  entire  bracts  about  equalling  the  glandular-hairy  calyx  ;  ra- 
cemes mostly  simple.  —  River-banks,  &c.,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
July.  —  Corolla  |'  long,  with  a  slender  tube,  below  whitish,  the  lower  lip  purple- 
spotted  ;  the  upper  deep  blue ;  the  lateral  lobes  belonging  as  much  to  the  lower 
as  to  the  upper  lip.  —  S.  saxatilis,  var.  ?  pilosior,  Benth.,  is  probably  a  smaller 
form  of  this,  as  is  S.  rugosa,  Wood.     (Harper's  Ferry,  Allan,  Wood.) 

2.  S.  savfitilis,  Riddcll.     Smoothish  or  sll'jhtl;/ hainj ;  stem  weak,  ascend- 
ing (6'- 18'  long),  often  producing  runners,  branched  ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong 
and  mostly  heart-shaped,  coarsely  crenate-toothed  (l'-2'  long), ///?'»,  obtuse;  upper 
bracts  oblong  or  ovate,  small;  racemes  loose.  —  Moist  shaded  banks,  8.  Ohio, 
Virginia,  and  Kentucky,  and  southward  in  the  mountains.     June,  July.  —  Co- 
rolla f  long,  the  lateral  lobes  connected  with  the  straightish  upper  lip. 

«-  •«-  Lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  small,  much  shorter  than  the  decidedly  arched  or 
incurved  up] xr  lip,  and  connected  with  it:  stem  erect:  leaves  moderately  pctloled, 
except  in  No.  6. 

3.  S.  CillieSCCIlS,  Nutt.     Stem  branched  (2° -4°  high),  above,  with  the 
panicled  many-flowered  racemes,  JJoiccrs,  and  the,  foirer  surface  of  ikf.  nratr  or  lanrc- 
ovate  acute  (at  the  base  acute,  obtuse,  or  cordate)  crcinit>-  /><tr,s,  irhifish  ?rft/i  jinc 
s»fl  {f(»ni,  often  becoming  rather  glabrous  ;  bracts  oblong  or  lanceolate;  upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  shorter  than  the  lower.  —  Rich  ground,  Penn.  to  Illhnis   and 
southward.     July.  —  Corolla  %'  long. 

4.  S.  scrrsita,  Andrew?.     Grim  atid  nearly  f/htJirwis ;  stem  rather  simple 
(l°-30  high),  with  single  loosely-flowered  racemes;  leaves  serrate,  acuminate  at 
both  ends,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  ;  calyx,  £c.  somewhat  hairy  ;   '//«  of  the  corolla 
t.ijna1  in  length  (corolla  1'  long,  the  tube  more  tapering  below  than  in  the  last 
which  this  resembles).  —  Woods,  Maryland,  Illinois,  and  southward.     July. 

5.  S.  pilosa,    Michx.      Pubescent  trifh  sprcadi'iiy  hairs;  stem  nearly  sim- 
ple (1° -3°  high)  ;  leaves  rather  distant,  crenate,  of>l>n(/-or<iti>,  obtuse,   varying  to 
roundish-ovate,  the  lower  abrupt  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  long-petloled 
the  upper  on  short  margined  petioles,  veiny  ;  bracts  oblong  spat ulate;  racemes 


ed, 

' 


LABIATE.       (MINT    FAMILY.)  315 

short,  often  branched;  corolla  (£'-§'  long)  rather  narrow,  the  lower  lip  a  little 
shorter.  (S.  hirsuta,  Short,  is  a  large  form.) — Dry  open  woods,  &c.,  S.  New 
York  to  Michigan  and  southward.  June -Aug. 

6.  S.  integrifolia,  L.    Downy  all  over  with  a  minute  hoariness :  stem  com- 
monly simple  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  entire,  obtuse, 
very  short -petioled ;  raceme  often  branched ;  corolla  (!'  long)  much  enlarged  above, 
the  ample  lips  equal  in  length.  —  Borders  of  thickets,  &c.  from  Bridgewater, 
Mass.  (Mr.  Howard),  to  Pennsylvania  and  southward.     June -Aug. 

*  #  Flowers  (blue  or  violet,  short-pedunclcd)  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  mostly 

sessile  leaves,  which  are  similar  to  the  lower  ones. 

•+-   Corolla  (2" -3"  long)  seldom  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  the  short  lips  nearly 
equal  in  length,  the  upper  Up  concave. 

7.  S.  nervosa,  Pursh.     Smooth,  simple   or   branched,  slender   (10' -20' 
high ) ;  lower  leaves  roundish ;  the  middle  ones  ovate,  toothed,  somewhat  heart-shaped 
(1'long);  the  upper  floral  ovate-lanceolate,  entire ;  the  nerve-like  veins  promi- 
nent underneath.     (S.  gracilis,  Nutt.)  —  Moist  thickets,  New  York  to  Illinois 
and  Kentucky.     June. 

8.  S.  parvilla,  Michx.     Minutely  downy,  dwarf  (3' -6'  high),  branched 
and  spreading ;  lowest  leaves  round-ovate ;  the  others  ocate  or  lance-ovate,  obtuse,  all 
entire  or  nearly  so,  slightly  heart-shaped  {£'-§'  long).     (S.  ambigua,  Nutt.)  — 
Dry  banks,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     May,  June. 

H-  •*-  Corolla  (f '  - $'  long),  with  a  slender  tube :  lower  lip  large  and  rattier  longer  than 
the  somewhat  arched  upper  lip. 

9.  S.  galericulata,  L.     Smooth  or  a  little  downy,  erect  (l°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  roundish  and  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the 
base    (!'  — 2'   long).  —  Wet  shady   places;    common   everywhere    northward. 
Aug.     (Eu.) 

*  *  ^  Flowers  small  (blue,  3"  long),  in  axillary,  and  often  also  in  terminal  one-sided 

racemes ;  the  lower  floral  leaves  like  the  others,  the  upper  small  and  bract-like. 

10.  S.  latcriflora,  L.     Smooth;  stem  upright,  much  branched  (l°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate-ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  coarsely  serrate,  round- 
ed at  the  base,  petioled  (2' -3'  long).  —  Wet  shaded  places;  common.     Aug. 

—  A  quack  having  formerly  vaunted  its  virtues  as  a  remedy  for  hydrophobia, 
this  species  bears  the  name  of  Mad-dog  Skullcap. 

27.     MARRUBIUM,    L.        HOHEHOUXD. 

Calyx  tubular,  5  -  10-nerved,  nearly  equally  5  -  10-toothed  ;  the  teeth  more  or 
less  spiny-pointed  and  spreading  at  maturity.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect, 
notched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  its  middle  lobe  broadest.  Stamens  4, 
included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Nutlets  not  truncate.  —  Whitish-woolly  bitter- 
aromatic  perennials,  branched  at  the  base,  with  rugose  and  crenate  or  cut  leaves, 
and  many-flowered  axillary  whorls.  (A  name  of  Pliny,  said  to  be  derived  from 
the  Hebrew  mar  rob,  a  bitter  juice.) 

1.  M.  VULGA.RE,  L.  (COMMON  HOREHOUND.)  Stems  ascending;  leaves 
round-ovate,  petioled,  crenate-toothed ;  whorls  capitate;  calyx  with  10  recurved 


316  LABIATJS.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

teeth,  the  alternate  ones  shorter;  corolla  small,  white.  —  Es<apcd  from  gardens 
into  waste  places.     (Nut.  from  Eu.) 

28.     GALEOPSIS,    L.        HEMP-NETTLE. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  about  5-ncrvCvl,  with  5  somewhat  equal  and  spiny- 
tipped  teeth.  Corolla  diluted  at  the  throat;  the  upper  lip  ovate,  arched,  entire; 
the  lower  3-cleft,  spreading ;  the  lateral  lobes  ovate,  the  middle  one  inversely 
heart-shaped;  palate  with  2  teeth  at  the  sinuses.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under 
the  upper  lip  :  anther-cells  transversely  2-valved;  the  inner  valve  of  each  cell  bristly- 
fringed,  the  outer  one  larger  and  naked.  —  Annuals,  with  spreading  branches, 
and  several  -  many-flowered  whorls  in  the  axils  of  floral  leaves  which  are  nearly 
like  the  lower  ones.  (Name  composed  of  yaXe^,  a  weasel,  and  o\Jas,  resem- 
blance, from  some  likeness  of  the  corolla  to  the  head  of  a  weasel.) 

1.  O.  TETRAHIT,  L.     (COMMON  HEMP-NETTLE.)     Stem  swollen  Mow  the 
joints,  bristly-hairy  ;  leaves  orate,  coarsely  serrate  ;  corolla  purplish,  or  variegated, 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  or,  in  var.  GUANDIFLORA,  3-4  times  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  often  yellowish  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  lower  lip.  — 
Waste  places,  rather  common.     Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  G»  LADANUM,  L.      (RED  HEMP-NETTLE.)      Stem  smooth  or  pubescent  ; 
leaves  oblony-lanccolate,  more  or  less  downy;  corolla  red  or  rose-color  (the  throat 
often  spotted  with  yellow),  usually  much  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Chelsea  Beach, 
near  Boston,  Bigetow.    Aug.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

29.     STACHYS,    L.        HEDGE-NETTLE. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  5-10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  or  the  upper  teeth 
united  to  form,  an  upper  lip.  Corolla  not  dilated  at  the  throat;  die  upper  lip 
erect  or  rather  spreading,  often  arched,  entire  or  nearly  so;  the  lower  usually 
longer  and  spreading,  3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  nearly  entire. 
Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  (often  reflcxed  on  the  throat  after 
doweling):  anthers  approximate  in  pairs.  Nutlets  obtuse,  not  truncate. — 
Whorls  2  -  many-flowered,  approximate  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  spike  (whence 
tin.-  name,  from  ara^vy,  a  spike). 

#  Root  annual:  stems  decumbent,  low. 

1.  S,  ARVEXSIS,  L.     (WOUNDWORT.)     Hairy;  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  ob 
tuse,  crenate,  heart-shaped  at  the  base;  axillary  whorls  4  -  6-flowered,  distant, 
corolla  (purplish)   scarcely  longer  than  the  soon  declined  unarmed  calyx. — 
Waste  places,  E.  Massachusetts;  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Root  perennial :  stem  erect. 

2.  S.  pillustris,  L.     Stem  4-anglcd   (2° -3°  high),   leafy,   hirsute  with 
spread in-r  or  rcflexed  hairs,  especially  on  the  angles ;  leaves  sessile,  or  the  lower 
r^liort-pctiolod,  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  crcnately  serrate,  rounded   or  heart- 
phapcd  at  the  base,  dovny  or  hairy-pubescent,  obtusish  (2' -4'  !ong),  the  upper 
floral  ones  shorter  than  the  nearly  sessile  calyx  ;  whorls  6- 10-llowered.  the  up- 
per crowded  into  an  interrupted  spike;  calyx  hispid,  the  lance-subulate  teeth 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  317 

somewhat  spiny,  half  the  length  of  the  purple  corolla,  diverging  in  fruit. — Wet 
hanks  of  streams,  &c.,  mostly  northward.  June -Aug.  (Eu.) —  To  this,  for 
»,he  present,  we  must  refer  all  the  following  as  varieties,  different  as  some  of  them 
*re :  — 

Var.  iispcra.  (S.  aspera,  Michx.)  Stem  more  commonly  smooth  on  the 
sides,  the  angles  beset  with  stiff  reflcxcd  bristles ;  leaves  hairy  or  smoothish, 
pointed,  the  lower  petioled,  the  lower  floral  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  spike  often 
slender  and  more  interrupted  ;  calyx-tube  rather  narrower  and  the  teeth  more 
awl-shaped  and  spiny.  —  Common  in  wet  grounds.  —  This  passes  into 

Var.  grlfibra.  (S.  glabra,  Riddell,  suppl  cat.  Ohio  pi.  1836.)  More  slen- 
der, smooth  and  ylabrous  throng/tout,  or  with  few  bristlv  hairs  ;  leaves  oblong-  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  more  sharply  toothed,  mostly  rounded  or  trun- 
cate at  the  base,  all  petioled.  —  W.  New  York  (Sartwell)  to  Michigan  and  south- 
westward. 

Var.  COI'data.  (S.  cordata,  Riddell,  1.  c.  S.  Nuttallii,  Shnttkiv.)  Stem 
beset  with  spreading  or  refiexed  bristly  hairs  ;  leaves  hairy  or  smoothish,  oblong, 
keart-sliaped  at  the  narrowed  base,  all  more  or  less  petioled ;  calyx-teeth  some- 
times shorter.  —  Common  westward  and  southward. 

3.  S.  Iiyssopifolia,  Michx.  Smooth  and  glabrous,  or  nearly  so ;  stems 
slender  (1°  high),  the  angles  sometimes  reflexed  bristly ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  01 
•utrrou'ly  linear,  sessi/e,  obscurely  toothed  towards  the  apex  ;  whorls  4  -  G-flowered, 
rather  distant ;  corolla  (light  purple)  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  triangu- 
lar-awl-shapcd  spreading  calyx-teeth,  ty — Wet  sandy  places,  Massachusetts  to 
Michigan,  and  southward  :  rather  rare.  July. 

BETONICA  OFFICIN\LIS,  the  WOOD  BETOXY  of  Europe, — of  a  genus  hard- 
ly distinct  from  Stachys,  —  was  found  by  C.  J.  Sprague  in  a  thicket  at  Newton, 
Massachusetts. 

30.     L-EOIVIIRUS,    L.        MOTHERWORT. 

Calyx  top-shaped,  5-nerved,  with  5  nearly  equal  teeth  which  are  awl-shaped, 
and  when  old  rather  spiny-pointed  and  spreading.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla 
oblong  and  entire,  somewhat  arched  ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed  ;  its  mid- 
dle lobe  larger,  broad  and  inversely  heart-shaped,  the  lateral  ones  oblong. 
Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  the 
valves  naked.  Nutlets  truncate  and  sharply  3-anglcd. —  Upright  herbs,  with 
cut-lobed  leaves,  and  close  whorls  of  flowers  in  their  axils.  (Name  from  Xeo>i>, 
a  lion,  and  oupa,  tail,  i.  e.  Lion's-tail.) 

1.  li»  CARD^ACA,  L.     (COMMON  MOTHERWORT.)     Tall;  leaves  long-peti- 
oled  ;  the  lower  rounded,  palmately  lobed  ;  the  floral  wedge-shaped  at  the  base. 
3-cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate ;  upper  lip  of  the  pale  purple  corolla  bearded.     1|. 
—  Waste  places,  around  dwellings,  &c.    July-  Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  Li.  MARRUBIASTRUM,  L.      Tall,  with  elongated  branches;  stem-leaves 
oblong-ovate,  coarsely  toothed ;  corolla  (whitish)  shorter  than  the  calyx -teeth; 
the  tube  naked  within  ;  lower  lip  rather  erect.     ©  —  R&in  sides,  Pennsylvania : 
rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.i 


318  LABIATES.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

31.    L  A  jtl  I II  HI ,    L.        DEAD-NETTLE. 

Calyx  tubular-bell- shaped,  about  5-nervcd,  with  5  nearly  equal  awl-pointed 
teeth.  Corolla  dilated  at  the  throat;  the  upper  lip  ovate  or  oblong,  arched, 
narrowed  at  the  base ;  the  middle  lobe  of  the  spreading  lower  lip  broad,  notched 
at  the  apex,  contracted  as  if  stalked  at  the  base ;  the  lateral  ones  small,  at  the 
margin  of  the  throat.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  ap- 
proximate in  pairs,  2-celled,  the  cells  divergent.  Nutlets  truncate  at  the  apex. 
—  Herbs,  decumbent  at  the  base,  the  lowest  leaves  small  and  long-petiolcd,  the 
middle  ones  heart-shaped  and  doubly  toothed,  the  floral  similar  but  nearly  ses- 
sile, subtending  the  axillary  wliorlcd  clusters  of  flowers.  (Name  from  Aai/«»r, 
the  throat,  in  allusion  to  the  ringent  corolla.)  See  Addend. 

1.  I--.  AMPLEXICAULE,  L.     Leaves  rounded,  deeply  crenatc-toothed  or  cut, 
the  upper  ones  clasping  ;  corolla  (purple)  elongated,  upper  lip  bearded,  the  lower 
spotted;  lateral  lobes  truncate,     (l) —  Cultivated  grounds.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  FURTUREUM,  L.     Leaves  roundish  or  oblong,  heart-shaped,  crcnate- 
toothcd,  all  pet ioled,  —  Cult,  grounds,  Pennsylvania.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

32.     BALLOT  A,    L.        FETID  HOREHOUND. 

Calyx  nearly  funnel-form,  the  10-ribbed  tube  expanded  above  into  a  spreading 
regular  border,  with  5-10  teeth.  Anthers  exserted  beyond  the  tube  of  the  co- 
rolla, approximate  in  pairs.  Otherwise  much  as  in  Marrubium.  (The  Greek 
name,  of  uncertain  origin.) 

1.  B.  NIGRA,  L.  (BLACK  HOREHOUND.)  More  or  less  hairy,  but  green, 
erect ;  leaves  ovate,  toothed ;  whorls  many-flowered,  dense  ;  calyx-teeth  5,  long- 
er than  the  tube  of  the  purplish  corolla.  1J.  — Waste  places,  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut:  scarce.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

33.     PIILONIIS,    L.        JERUSALEM  SAGE. 

Calyx  tubular,  5 -10-ribbed,  truncate  or  equally  5-toothed.  Upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  arched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  use-ending  and  approx- 
imate in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip  ;  the  filaments  of  the  upper  pair  with  an  awl- 
shaped  appendage  at  the  base,  longer  than  the  others  in  P.  tuberosa,  &c. :  anther- 
cells  divergent  and  confluent.  —  Leaves  rugose.  Whorls  dense  and  many-flow- 
ered, axillary,  remote,  bracted.  (An  old  Greek  name  of  a  woolly  species, 
of  obscure  derivation.) 

1.  P.  TUBEROSA,  L.  Tall  (3° -5°  high),  nearly  smooth;  leaves  ovate- 
hoart-shaped,  crcnate,  petioled ;  the  floral  oblong-lanceolate;  bracts  awl-shaped, 
hairy;  upper  lip  of  the  purple  corolla  densely  bearded  with  white  hairs  on  the 
inside.  1J.  —  Shore  of  Lake  Ontario  near  Rochester,  Prof.  Had/e//,  Prof.  Dciucy. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

The  familiar  cultivated  plants  of  this  family,  not  mentioned  above,  are  the 
SWEET  BASIL  (Oci/mutH  Basilicum) ;  the  LAVENDER  (Lavdndula  vera);  and 
the  SWEET  MARJORAM  (<Jri<janum  Majorana). 


BORRAGINACE2E.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.)  319 

OKDER  78.     BORRAGINACE^E.     (BORAGE  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  rf>u,gh-hal"ti  herbs  (not  aromatic),  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and 
t^-jimetrical  flowers  -tuiJi  a  b-parted  calyx,  a  regular  5-lobed  corolla  (except 
ir»  No.  1),  5  stamens  inserted  on  its  tube,  a  single  style  and  a  deeply  4-lobed 
ovary  (aft  in  Labiatse),  which  forms  in  fruit  4  seed-like  nutlets,  each  ivith  a 
single  seed.  —  Albumen  none.  Cotyledons  plano-convex :  radicle  pointing 
to  the  apex  of  the  fruit.  Stigmas  1  or  2.  Calyx  valvate,  the  corolla  im- 
bricated (in  Myosotis  convolute)  in  the  bud.  Flowers  axillary,  or  on  one 
side  of  the  branches  of  a  reduced  cyme,*  which  is  rolled  up  from  the  end, 
and  straightens  as  the  blossoms  expand,  often  bractless.  (Innocent,  muci- 
laginous, and  slightly  bitter  plants ;  the  roots  of  many  species  yielding  a 
red  dye.)  A  rather  large  family. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     BORRAGE^E.     Ovary  devply  4-parted,  forming  as  many  separate  1-seeded 
nutlets  in  fruit ;  the  style  rising  from  the  Centre  between  them.     (Root  frequently  red.) 
»  Corolla  naked  and  open  (without  scales)  in  tn«  throat,  somewhat  irregular  !     Nutlets  fixed 
by  their  base  (separate  froui  «ne  style) ;  the  scar  flat. 

1.  ECHTUM.     Corolla  funnel-form,  unequally  C-k^ed      Stamens  protruded. 

»  *  Corolla  with  5  scales  closing  the  throat      Nutlets  not  prickly,  fixed  hy  their  base  (separate 
from  the  style) ;  the  scar  bio^u  and  hollowed  out. 

2.  LYCOPSIS.     Corolla  funnel-form,  slightly  curve**  «ud  oblique  :  scales  blunt  and  hairy. 

8.  SYMPIIYTUM.     Corolla  tubular,  and  enlarged  al  ,Ae  summit :  scales  awl-shaped. 

*  *  *  Corolla  naked  and  open,  or  with  folds  rather  than  scales  in  the  throat,  regular     Nutlets 
not  prickly,  fixed  by  their  base  (separate  from  the  style) ;  the  scar  very  small  and  flat. 

•*-  Lobes  of  the  tubular  corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

4.  ONOSMODIUM.     Nutlets  stony,  smooth.     Lobes  01  the  corolla  acute,  and  erect. 
6.  LITIIOSPEUMUM.     Nutlets  stony,  smooth.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  spreading,  rounded- 

6.  MEKTENSIA.     Nutlets  rather  fleshy,  oblique.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded. 

•t-  -i-  Lobes  of  the  short  salver-shaped  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud. 

7.  MYOSOTIS.    Nutlets  hard  and  smooth.     Flowers  all  of  them,  or  all  but  the  lowest,  bract- 

less. 
«  *  #  *  Corolla  with  5  scales  closing  the  throat.    Nutlets  prickly,  laterally  fixed  to  the  central 

column  or  the  base  of  the  style. 
a  ECIIINOSPERMUM.    Corolla  salver-shaped      Nutlets  erect,  prickly  on  the  margin. 

9.  CYNOGLOSSUM.     Corolla  funnel-form.     Nutlets  oblique  or  depressed,  prickly  all  over. 

TRIBE  lx.     HELIOTROPES.     Ovary  not  lobed,  tipped  with  the  simple  style :  ltd 
fruit  separating  when  ripe  into  2  or  4  nutlets 

10.  IIEL10TROPIUM.     Throat  of  the  short  salver-shaped  corolla  open.    Nutlets  1-celled. 

11.  HEL10PIIYTUM.     Throat  of  the  corolla  contracted.     Nutlets  2,  each  2-celled. 

1.    ECH1UUI,    Toum.        VIPER'S  BUGLOSS 

Corolla  with  a  cylindraccous  or  funnel-form  tube,  and  a  more  or  less  unequal 
spreading  5-lobed  border;  the  lobes  rounded,  the  expanded  throat  naked.  Sta- 


*  In  the  descriptions  we  call  these  clusters  raceme*  or  spikes,  for  convenience,  since  they 
so  closely  imitate  them.  But  the  flowers  are  not  in  the  axils  of  the  bracks  when  these  an 
present. 

19 


820  BORRAGINACE^.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.) 

mcns   mostly  exserted,  unequal.      Style  thread-form.     Nutlets  roughened   or 
wrinkled,  fixed  by  a  flat  base.     (A  name  of  Dioscorides,  from  e^is,  a  viper.) 

1.  E.  VULG\RE,  L.  (BLUE-WEED.)  Rough-bristly ;  stem  erect  (2°  high), 
mostly  simple ;  stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile ;  flowers  showy,  in  short 
lateral  spikes,  disposed  in  a  long  and  narrow  raceme ;  corolla  reddish-purple 
changing  to  brilliant  blue  (rarely  pale).  (2)  — lioad-sides  and  meadows  :  rather 
rare  northward;  a  troublesome  weed  in  Virginia.  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.     JLYCOPSIS,    L.        BUGLOSS. 

Corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  a  curved  tube  and  a  slightly  unequal  limb ;  the 
throat  closed  with  5  convex  obtuse  bristly  scales  placed  opposite  the  lobes. 
Stamens  and  style  included.  Nutlets  rough-wrinkled,  hollowed  out  at  the  base. 
—  Annuals.  (Name  from  XVKOS,  a  wolf,  and  ctyiy,  face.) 

1.  Jit.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (SMALL  BUGLOSS.)  Very  rough-bristly  (Thigh); 
leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  in  leafy  racemes ;  calyx  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the 
small  blue  corolla.  —  Dry  or  sandy  fields,  New  England  to  Virginia:  scarce. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.     SYUIPHYTUM,    Toura.         COMFREY. 

Corolla  oblong-tubular,  inflated  above,  5-toothed  ;  the  short  teeth  spreading  ; 
the  throat  closed  with  5  converging  linear-awl-shaped  scales.  Stamens  in- 
cluded :  anthers  elongated.  Style  thread  form.  Nutlets  smooth,  ovate,  fixed 
by  a  large  hollowed  base.  —  Coarse  perennial  herbs,  with  thickened  mucilagi- 
nous roots  ;  the  nodding  racemes  either  single  or  in  pairs.  (Name  from  <ru/^>etp, 
to  grow  together,  probably  in  allusion  to  its  reputed  healing  virtues.) 

1.  S.  OFFICINALE,  L.  (COMMON  COMFREY.)  Hairy,  branched,  winged 
above  by  the  decurrent  leaves ;  the  lower  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  into  a 
petiole,  the  upper  narrower;  corolla  yellowish-white,  rarely  purplish.  —  Moist 
places;  sparingly  escaped  from  gardens.  June.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.     ONOSIttOWIUITI,    Michx.        FALSE  CROMWELL. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  divisions  linear  and  erect.  Corolla  tubular  or  tubular* 
funnel-form,  naked  in  the  throat  (the  sinuses  minutely  hooded-inflcxed) ;  the  5 
acute  lobes  converging  or  somewhat  spreading.  Anthers  oblong-linear  or  arrow- 
shaped,  mucronate,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Style  thread-form,  much 
exserted.  Nutlets  bony,  ovoid,  smooth,  fixed  by  the  base ;  the  scar  minute,  not 
hollowed  out.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  coarse  and  hispid,  with  oblong  and 
sessile  ribbed-veined  leaves,  and  white,  greenish,  or  -  ellowish  flowers,  in  at  length 
elongated  and  erect  leafy  racemes.  —  Our  species  all  belong  to  ONOSMODI  c  M 
PKOPKU,  having  the  anthers  all  included,  smooth,  and  on  very  short  filaments; 
the  corolla. only  once  or  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  (Named  from  the  re- 
semblance to  the  genus  Onosma.) 

1.  O.  Virgilliaillini,  DC.  Clothed  all  over  with  har*h  and  rigid  oppressed 
bristles;  stems  rather  slender  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  nairowlt/  oblong,  or  oblong- 


BORRAGINACE.E.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.)  321 

lanceolate  (1  -2^' long),  the  lower  narrowed  at  the  base;  corolla  rather  longer 
than  the  calyx  (3''  long) ;  the  lobes  lanceolate-awl-shaped,  bearded  with  long  bristles 
outside;  anthers  oblong-arrow-shaped,  on  very  short  flattened  filaments.  (O. 
hispidum,  Michx.  Lithospermum  Virginianum,  L.!) — Banks  and  hill-sides, 
S.  New  England  to  Virginia  and  southward.  June -Aug. 

2.  O.  Cai'OliBliitilUBll,  DC.  (excl.  syn.  Michx.)     Clothed  all  over  with 
long  and  spreading  bristly  hairs ;  stem  stout,  upright  (3° -4°  high);  leaves  ovate' 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  twice  the -length  of  the  calyx;  the  lobes 
deltoid-ovate,  obtusish;  anthers  oblong,  longer  than  the  narrow  filaments.     (0. 
molle,  Deck,  &c.     Lithosp.  Cai  olinianum,  Lam.)  — River-banks,  W.  New  York, 
Wisconsin,  Virginia,  and  southward.     June,  July.  —  Stouter  and  larger-leaved 
than  the  last,  thickly  clothed  with  less  rigid  but  long  and  shaggy  whitish  hairs. 
Lobes  of  the  corolla  more  or  less  hairy  on  the  back,  appearing  slightly  heart- 
shaped  by  the  inflexion  of  the  sinuses.     This  has  been  confounded  by  some 
authors  with  No.  1 ;  by  others  with  No.  3,  which  it  most  resembles. 

3.  O.  molle,  Michx.      Hoary  with  fine  and  close  strictly  oppressed  hairs; 
leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtusish,  soft -downy  underneath;  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx,  the 
lobes  lance-ovate  or  triangular,  acute ;  anthers  linear,  much  longer  than  the  verti- 
cally dilated  filaments.  —  Dry  grounds,  Illinois  and  southward.     Corolla  rathei 
larger  than  in  the  last ;  the  lobes  more  or  less  hairy  along  the  middle. 

5.     I^ITIIOSPERMUM,    Tourn.        GROMWELL.     PUCCOOJT. 

Corolla  funnel-form,  or  sometimes  salver-shaped ;  .the  open  throat  naked,  or 
with  a  more  or  less  evident  transverse  fold  or  scale-like  appendage  opposite  each 
lobe ;  the  spreading  limb  5-cleft ;  its  lobes  rounded.  Anthers  oblong,  almost 
sessile,  included.  Nutlets  ovate,  smooth  or  roughened,  mostly  bony  or  stony, 
fixed  by  the  base;  the  scar  nearly  flat.  —  Herbs,  with  thickish  and  commonly 
red  roots,  sessile  leaves,  and  axillary  or  often  spiked  or  racemed  leafy -bracted 
flowers  (occasionally  of  2  forms  as  to  stamens  and  style,  as  in  Oldenlandia,  p. 
171,  &c.).  (Name  compounded  of  Xi#os,  stone,  and  o-Trep/za,  seed,  from  the  hard 
nutlets.) 

$  1.   Nutlets  tubercled  or  rough-wrinkled  and  pitted,  gray  and  dull:  throat  of  tfa 
(nearly  white)  corolla  destitute  of  evident  folds  or  appendages. 

1.  1,.  ARVENSE,  L.      (CORN  GROMWELL.)     Minutely  rough-hoary;   sterna 
erect  (6'  - 12'  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  veinless ;  corolla  scarcely  longer 
than  the  calyx.     (J) — Sandy  banks  and  road-sides,  New  England  to  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Michigan.     May -Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

$  2.  Nutlets  smooth  and  shining,  mostly  white  like  ivory,  occasionally  dotted  with  pores: 
corolla  in  our  species  greenish-white  or  cream-color,  small,  with  5  small  but  distinct 
pubescent  scales  in  the  throat.  (Root  j)erennial.) 

2.  .L.  aiigustifolillill,  Michx.     Minutely  and  slightly  hoary,  roughish, 
much  branched,  erect  or  spreading  (6' -15'  high) ;  leaves  linear,  rigid,  1  -nerved , 
corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx ;  the  short  peduncles  in  fruit  mostly  recurved ; 
nutlets  more  or  less  pitted  when  young,  rarely  bright  white   but  smooth  and  shin 
ing.  —  River-bunks,  from  Illinois  southward  und  westward.     May. 


322  BORRAGINACE.E.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.) 

3.  I*.  OFFICIN\LE,  L.     (COMMON  CROMWELL.)     Much  branched   above, 
erect  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  thlnnish,  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  with  a  few  distinct 
veins,  rough  above,  soft-pubescent  beneath;  corolla  exceeding  the  calyx;  nutlet* 
very  smooth  and  even.  —  Road-sides,  &c. :  rather  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  1..  latifoliuill,  Miehx.     Stem  loosely  branched,  erect  (2° -3°  high), 
rough;  haves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  taper-pointed  (even  the  floral  onea 
2' -4' long),  ribbed-veined,  roughish  above,  finely  soft-pubescent   beneath,   the 
root-leaves  large  and  rounded;  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx;  nutlets  very  smooth 
or  s]>ar/n(//y  impre-ssed-punctate,  shining,  turgid   (2"  long).  —  Borders  of  woods, 
Michigan  to  Kentucky.     June. 

\  3.  Nutlets  smooth  and  shining:  corolla  large,  salver-shaped  or  nearly  so,  deep  orange- 
yellow,  somewhat  pubescent  outside :  the  tube  2-4  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  the 
throat  more  or  less  appcndagcd.  (Hoots  perennial,  long  and  deep,  yielding  a  red 
dye.)  (Batschia,  Gmel.) 

*  Tube  of  the  corolla,  from  one  half  to  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  not  much  longer 
than  its  ample  limb,  the  lobes  entire ;  the  appendages  glandular  and  adherent  (espe- 
cially in  the  state  with  the  stamens  at  the  base  of  the  tube),  or  slightly  arched. 

5.  It.  llil'tllUl,  Lehm.     (HAIRY  PUCCOON.)      Hispid  with  bristly  hairs 
(l°-2°  high) ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  those  of  the  flowering  branches 
ovate-oblong,  bristly-ciliate ;  corolla  woolly-bearded  at  the  base  inside  ;  Jlowers  dis- 
tinctly p<dunded;  fruiting  calyx   (£'  long)  3-4  times  longer  than   the  nutlets. 
(Also  L.  sericeum,  Lehm.     Batschia  Carolinicnsis,  Gmd.     B.  Gmelini,  Michx.) 
—  Dry  woods,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  Virginia,  and  southward  and  northwest- 
ward.   April  -  June.  —  Flowers  crowded,  showy :  limb  of  the  corolla  f '- 1  broad. 

6!  L.  cani'SCeilS,  Lehm.  (HOARY  PUCCOON  or  ALKANET.)  Softly 
hairi/  and  more  or  less  hoary  (6'— 15'  high);  leaves  obtuse,  linear-oblong,  or  tho 
upper  ovate-oblong,  more  or  less  downy  beneath  and  roughish  with  close  ap- 
pressed  hairs  above ;  corolla  naked  at  the  base  within  ;  Jlowers  sessile  ;  fruiting  calyx 
(3"  long)  barely  twice  the  length  of  the  nutlets.  (Batschia  cancsccns,  Mic/t.r.)  — 
Open  woods  and  plains,  W.  New  York  to  Kentucky,  Wisconsin,  and  northwest- 
ward. May.  —  Limb  of  the  showy  corolla  smaller  and  the  calyx  shorter  than 
in  the  last. 

#  #  Tube  of  the  corolla  2-4  times  Hie  length  of  the  calyx,  and  of  its  erose-toothed  or 
crenulate  lobes;  the  appendages  at  the  throat  more  projecting  or  arched.     (Pentalo- 
phus,  A.  DC.) 

7.  L,.  longiflonim,  Sprcng.  Minutely  strigosc-hoary ;  stem  simple 
(6' -18'  high) ;  leaves  linear;  tube  of  the  corolla  much  longer  than  Ihe  calyx 
(§'-!£' long).  (Batschia  longiflora,  Pursh.  L.  incisum,  />/</«.  Pentalophus 
longiflorus,  A.  DC.) — Prairies  and  plains,  from  W.  Illinois  and  Wisconsin 
westward.  May. 

6.    JflERT^NSIA,    Roth.        SMOOTH  Luxowoux. 

Corolla  trumpet-shaped  or  bell-funnel-shaped,  much  longer  than  the  deeply  f> 
cleft  or  5-parted  calyx,  naked,  or  with  5  small  glandular  folds  or  appendages  in 
the  open  throat ;  the  spreading  lx>rder  5-lobed.  Stamens  protruding  from  the 


BORRAGINACE^E.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.)  323 

throat  filaments  equalling  or  longer  than  the  oblong  or  somewhat  arrow-shaped 
anthers.  Style  long  and  thread-form.  Nutlets  ovoid,  fleshy  when  fresh,  smooth 
or  wrinkled,  obliquely  attached  next  the  base  by  a  prominent  internal  angle ;  the 
Bear  small.  —  Smooth !  or  soft-hairy  perennial  herbs,  with  pale  and  entire  leaves, 
and  handsome  purplish-blue  (rarely  white)  flowers,  in  loose  and  short  panicled 
or  corymbed  racemes,  only  the  lower  ones  leafy-bracted  :  pedicels  slender. 
(Named  for  Prof.  Mertens,  an  early  German  botanist.) 

1 .  Corolla  perfectly  naked  in  the  throat ;  the  broad  trumpet-mouthed  limb  slightly  5 

lobed :  filaments  narrow,  much  longer  than  the  anthers. 

1.  HI.  Virgliiica,  DC.    (VIRGINIAN  COWSLIP  or  LUNGWORT.)    Very 
smooth,  pale,  erect  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  thin,  obovate,  veiny,  those  of  the  root 
(4' -6'  long)  petioled ;  corolla  trumpet-shaped,  1' long,  many  times  exceeding 
the  calyx,  rich  purple-blue,  rarely  white.     (Pulrnonaria  Virginica,  L.)  —  Allu- 
vial banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 
May.  —  Cultivated  for  ornament. 

2.  Corolla  with  5  glandular  folds  or  appendages  at  the  throat ;  the  limb  more  deeply 

lobed :  filaments  shorter  and  broader. 

2.  HI.  limritinm,  Don.     (SEA  LUNGWORT.)     Spreading  or  decumbent, 
smooth,  glaucous;  leaves  fleshy,  ovate  or  obovate,  the  upper  surface  becoming  pa- 
pillose ;  corolla  bell-funncl-form,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  (3"  long) ;  nutlets 
smooth,  flattened.  —  Sea-coast,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts  (Russell],  Maine  1  and 
northward.     (Eu.) 

3.  HI.  pailicillflta,  Don.     Roughish  and  more  or  less  hairy,  erect  (l°-2° 
high),  loosely  branched;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  thin;  co- 
rolla somewhat  funnel-form,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  hairy  calyx  (^'  long) ; 
nutlets  rough-wrinkled  when  dry.     (Probably  also  M.  pilosa,  DC.]  —  Shore  of 
Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 

"7.    HIYOSOTIS,    L.        SCORPION-GRASS.    FORGET-ME-NOT. 

Corolla  salver-form,  the  tube  about  the  length  of  the  5-toothed  or  5-ckft  calyx, 
the  throat  with  5  small  and  blunt  arching  appendages  opposite  the  rounded 
lobes ;  the  latter  convolute  in  the  bud  !  Stamens  included,  on  very  short  fila- 
ments. Nutlets  smooth,  compressed,  fixed  at  the  base ;  the  scar  minute.  —  Low 
and  mostly  soft-hairy  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  and 
with  small  flowers  in  naked  racemes,  which  are  entirely  bractless,  or  occasion- 
ally with  one  or  two  small  leaves  next  the  base,  prolonged  and  stuiighteried 
in  fruit.  (Name  composed  of  [ivs,  mouse,  and  ovs1,  wros,  ear,  in  allusion  to  the 
aspect  of  the  short  and  soft  leaves  in  some  species :  one  popular  name  is 
MOUSE-EAR.) 

*  Calyx  open  in  fruit,  its  hairs  appressed,  none  of  them  hooked  nor  glandular . 

1.  HI.  palaastris,  With.  (TRUE  FORGET-ME-NOT.)  Stems  ascending 
from  an  obliquely  creeping  base  (9' -20' high),  loosely  branched,  stnoothish  ; 
leaves  rough-pubescent,  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong ;  calyx  moderately 
5-cleft,  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicels;  corolla  (rather  large  in  the  genuine 
plant)  pale  blue  with  a  yellow  ej  •».  ty —  Cultivated  occasionally.—  Varies  into 


3*24  BORRAGINACE.fi.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.) 

,<mialler-flo\vered  forms,  among  »ririch  high  authorities  rank  M.  caespitosn,  am] 
(>vith  yet  more  reason)  the  intermediate 

Var.  l;'ix:i.  (M.  laxa,  Lehm.)  Creeping  base  of  the  stem  short;  flowers 
$•  or  £  smaller;  pedicels  longer.  —  Wet  places  ;  common,  especially  northward. 
May -Aug.  (Eu.) 

*  *    Calyx  closing,  or  the  lobes  erect  in  fruit,  clothed  with  spreading  hairs,  a  part  of 
them  minutely  hooked  or  glandular  at  the  apex. 

2.  Iff.  arvensis,  L.  Hoffm.     Hirsute  with  spreading  hairs,  erect  or  as- 
cending (G'-IS'  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish  ;  racemes  naked  at  tht 
base  and  stalked;  corolla  small,  blue  (rarely  white);  pedicels  spreading  in  fruit 
and  larger  than  the  5-cleJl  equal  calyx.     (1)  (g;  (M.  intermedia,  Link.     M    scor- 
pioides,  var.  arvensis,//.)  —  Fields,  &c. ;   not  very  common.     (Indigenous?) 
May -Aug.     (Eu.) 

3.  M.  vC'i'iia,  Nutt.     Bristly-hirsute,  branched  from  the  base,  erect  (4'- 
12'  high);  leaves  obtuse,  linear-oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulate-oblong ;  mcemes 
leafy  at  the  base ;  corolla  very  small  and  white,  with  a  short  limb ;  pedia  Is  in 
fruit  erect  and  oppressed  at  the  base,  usually  abruptly  bent  outwards  near  the 
apex,  rather  shorter  than  the  deejrfy  5-cleft  unequal  (somewhat  2-lippcd)  very  hispid 
calyx.     (£)  (2)    (M.  inflexa,  Engelm.     M.  stricta,  ed.  1.     M.  arvensis,  Torr.  fl. 
N.  Y.)  —  Dry  hills,  &c.,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     May- 
July. 

8.  ECIII1VOSPERUIUUI,    Swartz.         STICKSEED. 

Corolla  salver-form,  short,  nearly  as  in  Myosotis,  but  imbricated  in  the  bud , 
the  throat  closed  with  5  short  scales.  Stamens  included.  Nutlets  erect,  fixed 
laterally  to  the  base  of  the  style  or  central  column,  triangular  or  comprosed, 
the  back  armed  with  1-3  marginal  rows  of  prickles  which  are  barbed  at  the 
apex,  otherwise  naked.  —  Rough-hairy  and  grayish  herbs,  with  small  blue  flow- 
ers in  braeted  racemes.  (Name  compounded  of  c'^ii/o?,  a  hedgehog,  and  o-?rep/ia, 
seed,  from  the  prickly  nutlets.) 

1.  E.  LAPPULA,  Lehm.  Stem  upright,  branched  above  (1°- 2°  high)  ;  the 
shoit  pedicels  erect;  leaves  lanceolate,  rough-hairy;  nutlets  eaeh  with  a  double 
row  of  prickles  at  the  margins,  and  tuhcrcled  on  the  back,  (ij  — Wa^tc 
places;  common.  July.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

9.  CYNOGLOSSURI,    Tourn.         Houxi/s-ToNGfE. 

Corolla  funnel-form ;  the  tube  about  the  length  of  the  f>-parted  calyx;  the 
throat  closed  with  5  obtuse  scales;  the  lobes  rounded.  Stamens  included. 
Nutlets  depressed  or  convex,  oblique,  fixed  near  the  apex  to  the  base  of  tluj- 
style,  roughened  all  over  with  short  barbed  or  hooked  prickles.  —  Course  he ;•!>:-, 
with  a  strong  unpleasant  scent,  and  mostly  paniclcd  racemes  which  arc  naked 
above  but  usually  braeted  at  the  base.  Lower  leaves  pctioled.  (Name  from 
KVV>VI  a  d»tj,  and  -yXcooraa,  tont/ue ;  from  the  shape  and  texture  of  the  leaves.) 

1.  C.  OFFICIN.XLE,  L.  (COMMON  HOUND'S-TOXOUE.)  Clothed  trill,  short 
so/I  hairs,  l«tfi/,  jtanicled  above;  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  closely  sessile  by  a 
xmuded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base;  mcemes  ncarty  bractless ;  corolla  i eddish- 


BORRAGINACE^E.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.)  325 

purple  (rarely  white,  Sartwell) ;  nutlets  flat  on  the  broad  upper  face,  somewhat 
margined.  @ — Waste  grounds  and  pastures:  a  familiar  and  troublesome 
weed;  the  large  nutlets  adhering  to  the  fleeee  of  sheep,  £c.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  C.  Virgin icuiM,  L.     (WiLD  COMFREY.)      Roughish  with  spreading 
bristly  hairs ;  stem  simple,  few-leaved  (2° -3°  high);  stem-leaves   lanceolate-ob 
long,  clasping  by  a  deep  heart-shaped  base  ;  racemes  Jew  and  coryinbed,  raised  on 
a long  naked  peduncle,  bractlcss  ;  corolla  pale  blue;  nutlets  strongly  convex,      y. 
—  Jfich   woods,   Vermont  to  Virginia   along   the   mountains,   and   westward 
June. — Flowers  much  smaller  than  in  the  last,  much  larger  than  in  the  next. 

3.  C.  Rlorisoili,  DC.     (BEGGAR'S  LICE.)      Stem  hairy,  very  broadly 
branched,  leafy  (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  also  tapering 
at  the  base,  thin,  minutely  downy  underneath  and  roughish  above  ;  racemes  pani- 
cled,  forking,  diverging,  hairy,  leafy-bracted  at  the  base ;  corolla  white  or  pale  blue 
(minute);  pedicels  reflcxed  in  fruit;  nutlets  convex,  the  prickles  with  barbed 
points.  (Myosotis  Virginica,  L.     Echinospermum,  Lehm.)  —  Copses  ;  com- 
mon.    July. — A  vile  weed. 

1O.     HELSOTROPIUM,    Tourn.        HELIOTROPE. 

Corolla  salver-shaped,  short,  5-lobed ;  the  sinuses  more  or  less  plaited  in  the 
bud ;  the  throat  open.  Anthers  nearly  sessile.  Style  short :  stigma  conical. 
Nutlets  4,  when  young  united  by  their  whole  inner  faces  into  a  4-celled  ovary, 
but  separating  when  ripe,  each  1-seeded.  —  Herbs  or  low  shrubby  plants,  th* 
small  flowers  in  1-sided  spikes.  (The  ancient  name,  from  rjXtos,  the  sun,  and 
rpoTrr),  a  turn.) 

I.  II.  EUROPIUM,  L.     Erect  (6' -18' high),  hoary-pubescent;  leaves  oval, 
long-petioled ;  lateral  spikes  single,  the  terminal  in  pairs ;  calyx  spreading  in 
fruit,  hairy,     (l) —  Waste  Dlaces,  Maryland,   Virginia,   £c.   in  a  few  places 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

II.  CURASSAVICUM,  L.,  has  been  gathered  at  Norfolk,  Virginia:  probably 
brought  in  the  ballast  of  vessels.     It  also  grows  at  St.  Louis. 

H.  PERUVIANUM,  L.,  is  the  well-known  SWEET  HELIOTROPE  in  cultivation. 

11.     HELIOPII  YTUM,  (Cham.)   DC.       INDIAN  HELIOTROPE. 

Corolla  constricted  at  the  throat.  Style  very  short.  Nutlets  2,  each  2-celled 
(i.  e.  4,  in  pairs),  and  sometimes  with  a  pair  of  empty  false  cells  besides :  other- 
vise  nearly  as  in  Heliotropium.  (Name  composed  of  ipuos,  sun,  and  <pvrcvt 
plant.} 

1.  II.  INPICUM,  DC.  Erect,  hairy;  leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  oval  and 
somewhat  heart-shaped  ;  spikes  single ;  fruit  2-cleft,  mitre-shaped,  splitting  into 
2  halves  with  an  empty  false  cell  before  each  seed-bearing  cell,  and  these  at 
length  separable  again  into  2  one-seeded  and  2-celled  nutlets,  (fi  (Heliotropium 
Indicum,  L.)  —  Waste  places,  Illinois,  opposite  St.  Louis,  and  southward. 
(Adv.  from  India.) 

BOUR\GO  OFriCTX\Lis,  L.,  the  cultivated  BORAGE,  is  sometime?  suonta 
neous  in  gardens. 


826  nYDROPHYLLACE^.       (WATERLEAF    FAMILY.) 

ORDKR  79.     HYDROPHYLLACE^E.     (WATERLEAF  FAM.) 

Herbs,  commonly  hairy,  with  mostly  alternate  and  cul-lobed  leaves,  regular 
5-merous  and  5-cindrous  Jlowers,  in  aspect  between  the  foregoing  and  the  next 
order;  but  the  ovary  ovoid  and  entire,  1-celltd,  with  2  parietal  4-many- 
ovuled  placentas.  —  Style  2-cleft  above.  Pod  globular  or  oblong,  2-valved, 
4  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  reticulated  or  pitted,  amphitropous,  with  a  small 
embryo  in  cartilaginous  albumen.  —  Flowers  chiefly  blue  or  white,  in  one- 
sided cymes  or  racemes,  which  are  mostly  coiled  from  the  apex  when  young, 
and  bractless,  as  in  the  Borage  Family.  (A  small  order  of  plants,  of  no 
marked  properties,  some  of  them  cultivated  for  ornament.)  See  Addend. 

Synopsis. 

•  Ovary  lined  with  the  broad  and  fleshy  placentae,  which  enclose  the  ovules  and  seeds  (in  OBI 

plants  only  4  in  number')  like  an  inner  pericarp. 
4-  Corolla-lobes  convolute  in  the  bud. 

1.  HYDROPIIYLLUM.     Stamens  exserted  :  anthers  linear.     Calyx  unchanged  in  fruit. 

2.  NEMOl'lIlLA.     Stamens  included  :  anthers  ovoid      Calyx  wi'.h  appendages  at  the  sinuses, 

somewhat  enlarged  in  fruit. 

i-  t-  Corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
8.  ELLISIA.     Stamens  included.     Calyx  destitute  of  appendages,  enlarged  in  fruit. 

*  *  Ovary  with  narrow  parietal  placentae,  in  fruit  projecting  inwards  more  or  less. 
4.  PUACELIA.    Corolla  with  its  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.    Calyx  destitute  of 
appendages. 

1.     IIYDROPHYLLUUI,    L.        WATERLEAF. 

Calvx  5-parted,  sometimes  with  a  small  appendage  in  each  sinus,  early  open 
in  the  hud.  Corolla  hell-shaped,  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud;  the 
tube  furnished  with  5  longitudinal  linear  appendages  opposite  the  lobes,  which 
cohere  by  their  middle,  while  their  edges  are  folded  inwards,  forming  a  nec- 
tariferous groove.  Stamens  and  style  mostly  exserted  :  filaments  more  or  less 
bearded.  Ovary  bristly-hairy  (as  is  usual  in  the  family)  ;  the  2  (leshy  placentae 
expanded  so  as  to  line  the  cell  and  nearly  fill  the  cavity,  soon  free  from  the 
walls  except  at  the  top  and  bottom,  each  bearing  a  pair  of  ovules  on  the  inner 
face.  Tod  ripening  1-4  seeds,  spherical.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  pctioled  am- 
ple leaves,  and  white  or  pale  blue  cymose-clustered  flowers.  (Name  formed  of 
v&atp,  water,  and  <f>v\\ov,  leaf;  of  no  obvious  application  to  these  plants., 

*  Calyx   naked  or  occasionally  with   minute  appendages  at  the  sinuses :  1  sotstocks 

creeping,  thickish,  scaly -toothed. 

1.  II.  lliaci'opliylllllll,  Nutt.     Itonyh-hairy  ;  leaves  oblong,  pinnate,  and 
\nnnatijid;  the  divisions  9-13,  orate,  obtuse,  coarsely  cut-toothed;  peduncle  very 
long;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-pointed  from  a  broad  base,  very  hairy.  —  Rocky, 
shaded  banks,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     July.  —  Root-leave* 
1°  long  :  cyme  globular,  crowded 

2.  II.  VirgilliCUIll,  L. .    Sniouthish    (l°-2°high);  leaves   pinnnttly   di- 
vided; the  divisions   f>-7.  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  pointed,  sharply  -cut-toothed, 


HYDROPHYLLACEJ5.   (WATERLEAF  FAMILY.)       327 

the  lowest  mostly  2-parted,  the  uppermost  confluent;  peduncles  longer  than  the 
petioles  of  the  upper  leaves,  forked ;  calyx -lobes  narrowly  linear,  bristly-ciliate. 
—  Damp  rich  woods,  Maine  to  Virginia  and  westward.  June. — Peduncles 
forked  :  clusters  rather  dense. 

3.  II.  CaiiadeilSe,  L.     Nearly  smooth  (1°  high) ;  leaves  palmately  5-7- 
lobed,  rounded,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  unequally  toothed ;  those  from  the  root 
sometimes  with  2-3  small  and  scattered  lateral  leaflets;  peduncles  much  shorter 
than  the  long  petioles,  forked,  the  crowded  (nearly  white)  flowers  on  very  short 
pedicels ;  calyx-lobes   linear-awl-shapcd,  nearly  smooth.  —  Damp  rich  woods, 
W.  New  England  to  the  mountains  of  Virginia,  and  northward.     June,  July.  — 
Rootstocks  thickened  and  very  strongly  toothed  in  2  rows  by  the  persistent  bases 
of  the  stout  petioles  :  leaves  3' -5'  broad. 

*  *  Calyx  with  a  small  reflexed  appendage  in  each  sinus:  stamens  sometimes  not  ex- 
serted  [probably  two  forms  of  flowers,  as  in  some  Borraginacece,  p.  321,  $'C.). 

4.  II.  appcndicillatuni,  Michx.     (HAIRY  WATEKLEAF.)      Hairy; 
stem-leaves   palmately  5-lobed,  rounded,  the   lobes  toothed   and   pointed,  the 
lowest  pinnately  divided  ;  cymes  rather  loosely  flowered  ;  pedicels  (at  length 
slender)  and  calyx  bristly-hairy.  —  Open  woods,  W.  New  York  to  the  Alle- 
j^hanies  of  Virginia,  Wisconsin,  and  westward.    June. 

2.    NEMO  PHIL,  A,    Nutt.        NEMOFHILA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  and  with  a  reflexed  tooth  or  appendage  in  each  sinus,  more 
or  less  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  almost  wheel-shaped  ;  the  lobes 
convolute  in  the  bud ;  the  tube  mostly  with  10  small  folds  or  scales  inside.  Sta- 
mens included:  anthers  ovoid  or  heart-shaped.  Placentae  (bearing  each  2-12 
ovules),  pod,  and  seeds  much  as  in  Hydro phy Hum ;  the  embryo  larger. — Dif- 
fuse and  fragile  annuals,  with  opposite  or  partly  alternate  pinnatifid  or  lobed 
leaves,  and  one-flowered  peduncles  ;  the  corolla  white,  blue,  or  marked  with  pur- 
ple. (Name  composed  of  vfjj.o$,  a  grove,  and  (/nXe'co,  to  love;  from  the  place  of 
growth  they  affect.) 

1.  N.  niicrocalyx,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Small,  roughish-pubescent ;  stems 
diffusely  spreading  (2' -8'  long) ;  leaves  parted  or  deeply  cleft  into  3-5  round 
ish  or  wedge-obovate  sparingly  cut-lobed  divisions,  the  upper  leaves  all  alter- 
nate ;  peduncles  opposite  the  leaves  and  shorter  than  the  long  petioles  ; 
flowers  minute ;  corolla  white  (1^"  long),  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  placentae  each 
2-ovuled  ;  pod  1  -  2-seedcd.  (Ellisia  microcalyx,  Nutt.  Neniophila  evanescens, 
Darby.)  —  Rich  moist  woods,  Virginia  (near  Washington),  and  southward. 
April- June. 

N.  iNsfGNis,  N.  MACUiAxA,  &c.  are  showy  California!!  species,  now  com« 
mon  in  gardens. 

3.     EL,I,ISIA,    L.        ELLISIA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  without  appendages,  enlarged  and  foliaceous  in  fruit.  Corol- 
la bell-shaped,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  5-lobed  above;  the  lobes  imbricated 
(n  the  bud,  the  tube  with  5  minute  appendages  within.  Stamens  included. 


828       HYDROPHYLLACEJE.   (wATERLKAF  FAMILY.) 


Placentae  (each  2-ovuled),  fruit,  and  seeds  much  as  in  Hydrophyllum  — Delicate 
and  branching  annuals,  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  the  lower  opposite,  and 
small  whitish  flowers.  (Named  for  John  Ellis,  a  distinguished  naturalist,  long  a 
correspondent  of  Linnaeus.) 

1.  E.  Nyctelea,  L.  Minutely  or  sparingly  roughish-hairy,  divergently 
branched  (G'-12'  high)  ;  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7-13  lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong  sparingly  cut-toothed  divisions;  peduncles  solitary  in  the  forks  or  oppo- 
site the  leaves,  1 -flowered;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  peduncle,  longer  than  the  whitish  corolla,  in  fruit  becom- 
ing almost  £'  long.  —  Shady  places,  from  Pennsylvania  (opposite  Trenton, 
New  Jersey,  Mr.  Laning)  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southwestward.  May- 
July. 

4.     PHAC^LIA,    Juss.         (Pl.acclia  &  Eutoca,  R.  Dr.) 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  sinuses  naked.  Corolla  open-bell-shaped,  5-lobed ;  tn* 
lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Filaments  slend  T,  often  (with  the  2-cleft  style) 
exserted :  anthers  ovoid  or  oblong.  Ovary  with  2  narrow  linear  placentas  ad- 
herent to  the  walls,  in  fruit  usually  projecting  inwards  more  or  less,  the  two  often 
forming  an  imperfect  partition  in  the  ovoid  4  -  many-seeded  pod.  (Ovules  2- 
.30  on  each  placenta.) — Perennial  or  mostly  annual  herbs,  with  either  simple, 
lobed,  or  divided  leaves,  and  commonly  handsome  (blue,  purple,  or  white) 
flowers  in  one-sided  racemes.  (Name  from  <pdi<e\os,  a  fascicle ;  the  flowers 
or  racemes  being  often  clustered.) 

$  1.  PHACELIA  PROPER.  —  Seeds  and  ovules  only  4   (two  on  each  placenta) 
corolla  with  narrow  folds,  appendages,  or  scales  within  ;  the  lobes  entire. 

1.  P.  bipinnatifidcl,  Michx.      Stem   upright,  much   branched,   hain 
(l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  long-petioled,   pinnately   3-5-divided;  the   divisions  o» 
leaflets  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and  often  sparingly  cut-lobed  or 
pinnatifid  ;    racemes   elongated,   loosely    many-flowered,   gland ulur-«mbescent  • 
pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  spreading  or  recurved.     1J.  ?  —  Shaded 
banks,  in  rich  soil,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  southward  along  the  moun- 
tains.    May,  June.  —  Corolla  bright  blue,  £'  broad,  with  5  pairs  of  longitudinal 
folds.     Stamens  bearded  below .  these,  with  the  style,  are  cither  somewhat  in- 
cluded (P.  brevistylis,  Buckley)  or  exserted  in  different  individuals. 

§  2.  COSMANTHUS.  (Cosmanthus,  NoUe.  Sect.  Eucosmanthus,  A.  DC., 
in  part. )  —  Seeds  and  ovules  only  4  :  corolla  naked  within  ;  its  lobes  beautifully 
fringe-toothed :  filaments  villous-bearded  below:  leaves  pinnatijid,  the  upper  clasp- 
ing at  the  base :  flowers  long-pedicclled. 

2.  P.  Pursllii,    Buckley.      Sparsely   hairy;    stem   erect  or    ascending, 
branched  (8' -12'  high) ;  lobes  of  the  stem-leaves  5-9,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute , 
raceme  many-flowered;  calyx-lobes  lance-linear ;  corolla  blue  (about  £'  in  diameter), 
Q)  (P-  fimbriata,  Pursh.,  not  of  Michx.     Cosmanthus  fimbriatus,  AW/e,  ^c.)  — 
Moist  wooded  banks,  W.  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward.     April  -  Jane. 

3.  P.  filiibriitta,  Michx.     Slightly  hairy,  slender;  stems  spreading  or 
Mccading  (5' -8'  long),  few-leaved;  lowest  leaves  3 -5- divided  into  roundish 


POLEMONIACE^E.       (POLEMONIUM    FAMILY.)  £29 

leaflets;  the  upper  5 - 7-cleft  or  cut-toothed,  the  lobes  obtuse;  raceme  3~lO-flow< 
ered;  calyx-lobes  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  becoming  spatulate;  corolla  white  Ci'-J' 
broad),  (i)  —  Woods,  high  mountains  of  Virginia,  and  southward.  May. 

§  3.  EtlTOCA.  (Eiitoca,  R.  Br.)  —  Seeds  (or  at  least  the  ovules)  several  or  many, 
rarely  only  3  or  4  on  each  placenta :  corolla  usually  with  small  and  inconspicuous 
folds  or  appendages  within,  its  lobes  entire. 

4.  P.  parviflora,  Pursh.     Somewhat  hairy,  slender,  diffusely  spreading 
(3' -8'  high) ;  leaves  piunately  cleft  or  the  lower  divided  into  3-7  short  lobes; 
racemes  solitary,  loosely  5  —  1 5-flowered ;  pedicels  filiform,  at  length  several  times 
longer  than  the  oblong  calyx-lobes;  corolla  bluish  or  white  ({'-%'  broad) ;  pod 
few-seeded.    ®  —  Shaded  banks,  Penn.  to  Virginia  and  southward.    April  -  June. 

5.  P.  Franklinii.     Soft-hairy;  stem  erect  (6' -15'  high),  rather  stout; 
leaves  pinnately  parted  into  many  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear  lobes,  which  are 
crowded  and  often  cut-toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  racemes  short,  dense,  crowded  into  an 
oblong   spike ;  calyx-lobes   linear ;   corolla   blue ;  pod  many-seeded.     (T)  (Eutoca 
Franklinii,  R.  Br.)  —  Shore  of  Lake  Superior  (Prof.  Joy,  $-c.) ;  thence  north- 
ward and  westward. 

ORDER   80.     POLEMONIACE^E.     (POLEMONIUM   FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  regular  5-merous  and  b-androus 
flowers,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  (in  one  tribe  imbricated')  in  the  bud, 
a  3-celled  ovary  and  3-lobed  style  ;  the  pod  ^-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal,  few  ~ 
many-seeded;  the  valves  usually  breaking  away  from  the  triangular  central 
column.  —  Seeds  amphitropous,  the  coat  frequently  mucilaginous  when 
moistened  and  emitting  spiral  threads.  Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  co- 
pious albumen.  Calyx  persistent,  usually  imbricated.  Corolla  with  a 
5-parted  border.  Anthers  introrse.  Flowers  cymose-panicled.  (Insipid 
and  innocent  plants ;  many  are  ornamental  in  cultivation.) 

TRIBE  I.  POL.EMONIEJE.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  the  lobes  convolute  in  the 
bud  Filaments  filiform,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  cells  of  the  anther  parallel, 
opening  lengthwise. 

1.  POLEMONIUM.    Calyx  and  corolla  open-bell-shaped.    Filaments  slender,  equal. 

2.  PHLOX.    Calyx  narrow.    Corolla  salver-shaped,  with  a  long  tube,  including  the  unequally 

inserted  filaments. 

TRIBE  II.  DIAPENSIE^E.  Calyx  of  5  sepals.  Corolla  with  the  lobes  imbricated  in 
the  bud,  and  with  the  broad  and  flat  filaments  in  the  sinuses.  Anthers  with  the  cella 
opening  transversely. 

8.  DIAPENSIA.    Anther-cells  pointless,  opening  by  an  obliquely  transverse  line. 

4    PYXIDANTHEHA.     Anther-cells  awn-pointed  underneath,  opening  straight  across. 

1.     POL.EMOMIUM,    Toura.        GREEK  VALERIAN. 

Calyx  bell-shaped.  Stamens  equally  inserted  at  the  summit  of  the  very  short 
tube  of  the  open-bell-shaped  corolla;  filaments  slender,  declined,  hairy-appen- 
iaged  at  the  base.  Pod  few  -  several-seeded. — Low,  branching  herbs,  with  al. 


330  POLEMONIACEJS.       (POLEMONIUM    FAMILY.) 

ternate  pir.nate  leaves,  the  upper  leaflets  sometimes  confluent ;  th-2  (blue  Df 
white)  corymbose  flowers  nearly  bractless.  (An  ancient  name,  from  woAf/uos, 
war,  of  doubtful  application.)  See  Addend. 

1.  P.  rcptans,  L.  (JACOB'S  LADDER.)  Smooth,  weak,  diffusely  branched 
(6' - 10'  high) ;  leaflets  7-11,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong ;  corymbs  few-flowered ; 
flowers  (blue)  nodding;  calyx-lobes  acute;  pods  about  3-scedel.  1J. — Shady 
river-banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  May  — Smaller  and 
much  fewer-flowered  than  the  P.  OERtiLEUM,  which  is  common  :n  gardens. 

2.     PHLOX,    L.        PHLOX. 

Calyx  narrow,  somewhat  prismatic,  or  plaited  and  angled.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  with  a  long  tube.  Stamens  very  unequally  inserted  in  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  included.  Pod  ovoid,  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell.  —  Chiefly  peren- 
nials, with  opposite  and  sessile  perfectly  entire  leaves,  the  floral  often  alternate. 
Flowers  cymosc,  mostly  bracted ;  the  open  clusters  terminal  or  crowded  in  the 
upper  axils.  (*Xo^,  flame,  an  ancient  name  of  Lychnis,  transferred  to  this 
North  Amei-ican  genus.) 

*  Stem  strictly  upright :  panicle  pyramidal  or  ol)long,  many-flowered :  peduncles  and 

pedicels  very  short :  lobes  of  the  corolla  entire. 

1.  I*,  paniciilata,  L.     Stem  stout  (2°-4°  high),  smooth;  leaves  ob- 
long-lanceolate and  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  large,  tapering  at  the  base,  the 
upper  often  heart-shaped  at  the  base;  panicle  ample,  pyramidal-corymbed  f  calyx- 
teeth  awn-pointed.     (P.  undulnta,  Ait.,  &c.)  —  Var.  ACIJMINA.TA  (P.  acuminata, 
Pursh)  has  the  broader  and  taper-pointed  leaves  beneath  downy,  like  the  stem, 
which  is  also  sometimes  rough-hairy  and  occasionally  spotted  below.  —  llich 
woods,  from  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     June,  July.  — Common  in  gar- 
dens.    Flowers  pink-purple,  varying  to  white. 

2.  P.  Iliacillata,  L.     (WiLD  SWEET-WILLIAM.)     Smooth,  or  barely 
roughish ;  stem  spotted  with  purple,  rather  slender  (l°-2°  high)  ;  lower  leaves 
lanceolate,  the  upper  nearly  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  apex  from  the 
broad  and  rounded  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  base  ;  panic//'  narrow,  oblong,  leafy 
below;   calyx-teeth   triangular-lanceolate,   short,   scarcely  pointed}    corolla   purple 
(sometimes  white,  when  it  is  P.  suaveolens,  Ait.).     Lower  branches  of  the  pani- 
cle rarely  elongated,  so  as  to  become  pyramidal,  when  it  is  P.  pyramidiilis, 
Smith.  —  Rich  woods  and  river-banks,  common  from  N.  Penn.  to  Michigan, 
Kentucky,  and  southward  :  very  common  in  gardens.    June. 

*  *  Stems  ascending  or  upright,  often  from  a  decumbent  base ;  flowers  in  terminal 
corymbcd  cymes :  the  whole  plant  smooth  and  glabrous :  lobes  of  the.  corolla  round 
and  entire :  caly.r-tcrth  short,  triangular-lanceolate. 

3.  P.  Carolina,  L.     Stems  ascending  (^°- 2°  high),  often  from  a  pros- 
trate base;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  upper  omte-lanceolate,  and  sometimes 
heart-shaped  at  the  base,  acute  or  pointed  ;  flowers  crowded,  short-pcd uncled  ; 
cali/x-tot/i  irrntr.  —  Var.  ovXTA,  Boil/i.,  has  broad  loaves  (P.  ovata,  L).     Var. 
NfTiDA,  B'tith.,  has  narrower  leaves  (P.  nitida,  I^itrsh.),  and  verges  to  the  next. 
—  Woods,   W.  Penn.  to    Michigan,  Virginia,  and   southward.     June,  July.--* 
Corolla  1'  long;  the  limb  1'  broad,  pink-purple. 


POLEMONIACE^E.       (POLEMON.JM    FAMILY  )  331 

4.  P.  glaberrillta,  L.     Stems  slender,  erect  (1°-3C  high) ;  leaves  linear* 
IcuweolatA  or  rarely  oblong-lanceolate,  very  smooth  (except  the  rough  and  sometimes 
revolute  margins),  tapering  gradually  to  a  point  (3' -4'  long);  cymes  few- 
flowered  and  loosely  corymbed;  flowers  peduncled  (pink  or  whitish) ;  calyx-teeth 
sharp-pointed.      (P.   carnea,  Sims.     P.   revoluta,  Aikin.)  —  Prairies   and    rpen 
woods,  Ohio  and  Wisconsin  to  Virginia  and  southward.     July. 

•*  *  *  Stems  ascending  (or  in  No.  5  often  erect]  from  a  spreading  or  prostrate  base, 
more  or  less  clammy-pubescent,  as  well  as  the  calyx  and  the  ollong,  lanceolate,  or 
linear  leaves :  flowers  in  terminal  corymbed  cymes,  mostly  peduncled :  zcilyx  deeply 
cleft,  the  teeth  li near-awl-shaped  or  setaceous. 

5.  P.  pilosa,    L.      Stems  slender,  nearly  erect  (l°-l£°  high),  usually 
hairy,  as  are  the  lanceolate  or  lance-linear  leaves,  which  commonly  taper  to  a  sharp 
point ;  cymes  at  length  open ;  calyx-teeth  slender  awl-shaped  and  awn-like,  longer 
than  the  tube ;  lobes  of  the  pink  or  rose-red  corolla  obovate,  entire.    (P.  aristata, 
Michx.     P.  aristata  &  pilosa  in  part,  Benth.  in  D C.)  —  Borders  of  thickets  and 
prairies,  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     May,  June.  — Leaves  1'  -  2' 
long,  l£"-3"  wide. 

Var.1?  Walteii.  Stems  ascending  (£°-l£°  high),  mostly  simple ;  leaves, 
broadly  linear,  lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  abruptly  acute  or  blunt  (I'-l^'  long,  on 
sterile  shoots  often  ovate) ;  cyme  compact,  and  sessile,  leafy-bracted ;  calyx-teeth 
rather  shorter  and  broader;  corolla  purple.  (P.  pilosa,  Walt.,  Michx.,  Ell.t 
Benth.  in  part,  not  of  L.}  — Barrens  of  Kentucky  (Short),  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward. May.  —  Ordinarily  this  appears  quite  distinct  from  the  Linnaean  P. 
pilosa,  which  is  the  P.  aristata  of  Michaux. 

6.  P.  r£f>tailS,  Michx.    Runners  creeping,  bearing  roundish-obovate  smooth* 
ish  and  thickish  leaves;  flowering  stems  (4' -8'  high)  and  their  oblong  or  ovate 
obtuse  leaves  (^'  long),  clammy-pubescent;  cyme  close,  few-flowered;  calyx-teeth 
awl-shaped-linear,  acutish,  about  the  length  of  the  tube ;  lobes  of  the  reddish-pur- 
ple corolla  round-obovate,  entire.  —  Damp  woods,  Penn.,  Kentucky,  and  southward : 
also  cultivated.     May,  June.  —  Flowers  showy:  tube  of  the  corolla  1'  long; 
limb  1'  broad. 

7.  P.  divaricata,  L.     Stems  spreading  or  ascending  from  a  decumbent 
base  (9'- 18'  high) ;  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  the  lower  oblong-lanceolate  (H'  long), 
acutish  ;    cyme   corymbose-panicled,    spreading,    loosely-flowered  ;    peduncles 
slender ;  calyx-teeth  slender  awl-shaped,  much  longer  than  the  tube ;  lobes  of  the. 
pale  lilac  or  bluish  corolla  obcordate  or  wedge-obovate  and  notched  at  the  end,  or  often 
entire  (var.  Laphamii,  Wood],  £'-§'  long,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  tube, 
with  rather  wide  sinuses  between  them.  —  Rocky  damp  woods,  mountains  of 
Virginia  to  N.  New  York,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     May. 

8.  P.  l>ifida,  Beck.     Stems  ascending,  branched  (5' -8'  high) ;  leaves  lin- 
ear, becoming  nearly  glabrous  (^'-1^' long, -1^"  wide) ;  flowers  few,  on  slen- 
der peduncles  ;  calyx-teeth  awl-shaped,  about  the  length  of  the  tube;  lobes  of  the 
vale  purple  corolla  2-cleft  to  or  below  the  middle  (£'  long),  equalling  the  tube,  the 
divisions  linear-oblong.  —  Prairies  of  Illinois,  Mead  (and  Missouri).     May. 

#  *  #  *  Stems  creeping  and  tufled  in  broad  mats,  the  s/iort  flowering  shoots  ascf  tid- 
ing glandular-pubescent;  the  rigid  narrow  leaves  crowded  and  fascicled 


332       CONVOLVULACE^E.   (CONVOLVALUS  FAMILY.) 

9.  P.  silbulfita,  L.  (GROUND  or  Moss  PINH..)  Depressed;  leaves 
awl-shaped,  lanceolate,  or  narrowly  linear  (i'-£'  long);  cymes  few-flowered; 
calyx-teeth  awl-shaped,  rigid ;  corolla  pink-purple  or  rose-color  with  a  darker 
centre  (sometimes  white),  the  lobes  wedge-shaped,  notched,  rarely  entire.  (P. 
setacea,  L.)  Dry  rocky  hills  and  sandy  banks,  S.  New  York  to  Michigan  and 
southward.  April,  May.  —  Commonly  cultivated  ;  the  broad  matted  tufts  very 
handsome  in  blossom. 

P.  DRUMMONDII,  Hook.,  a  showy  annual  from  Texas,  is  now  common  in 
gardens. 

3.     DIAPENSIA,    L.        DIAPENSIA. 

Calyx  of  5  concave  imbricated  sepals.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobcd ;  the  lobes 
rounded.  Filaments  broad  and  flat,  adherent  to  the  corolla  up  to  the  sinuses, 
short :  anthers  adnatc,  of  2  ovoid  pointless  cells,  diverging  below,  each  opening 
therefore  by  a  transverse-descending  line.  Pod  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  cartilagi- 
nous ;  the  cells  few-seeded.  —  An  alpme  dwarf  evergreen,  growing  in  very  dense 
convex  tufts,  with  the  stems  imbricated  below  with  cartilaginous  narrowly  spat- 
ulate  mostly  opposite  leaves,  terminated  by  a  nearly  naked  scape-like  1 -flow- 
ered peduncle,  3-bracted  under  the  calyx.  Corolla  white  (£'  wide).  (The  an- 
cient Greek  name  of  the  Sanicle,  of  obscure  meaning,  strangely  applied  by 
Linnaeus  to  this  plant.) 

1.  D.  I>:»|>i»oiii<';i,  L. — Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire,  and  Adirondack  Mountains,  N.  New  York.  July.  (Eu.) 

4.     PYXIDANTIIERA,    Michx.        PYXIDANTHERA. 

Anther-cells  awn-pointed  at  the  base,  opening  by  a  strictly  transverse  line. 
Otherwise  much  as  in  Diapensia.  —  A  small  prostrate  and  creeping  evergreen, 
with  narrowly  oblanceolate  and  awl-pointed  crowded  leaves,  which  are  mostly 
alternate  on  the  sterile  branches,  and  somewhat  hairy  near  the  base.  Flowers 
solitary  and  sessile,  very  numerous,  white  or  rose-color.  (Name  from  TTV£I'S, 
a  small  box,  and  dvdtjpa,  anther,  the  anther  opening  as  if  by  a  lid.) 

1.  P.  barbulata,  Michx.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and 
southward.  April,  May. 


ORDER  81.     CONVOLVULACE^E.     (CONVOLVULUS  FAM.) 

Chiefly  twining  or  trailing  herbs,  often  with  some  milky  juice,  with  alternate 
leaves  (or  scales)  and  regular  5-androus  flowers ;  a  calyx  of  5  imbricated 
sepals ;  a  5-plaited  or  5-lobed  corolla  convolute  or  twisted  in  the  bud ;  a  2- 
celled  (rarely  ^-celled)  ovary,  or  in  one  tribe  2  separate  pistils,  with  a  pair  of 
erect  ovules  in  each  cell,  the  cells  sometimes  doubled  by  a  false  partition  be- 
tween the  seeds,  so  becoming  ^-celled;  the  embryo  large,  curved  or  coiled  in 
mucilaginous  albumen.  —  Fruit  a  globular  2  -  G-seeded  pod.  Flowers  most- 
ly showy :  pedicels  articulated,  often  2-bracted.  (Many  are  cultivated  fo 


CONVOLVULACE^E.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)       333 

ornament,  and  one,  the  Sweet  Potato,  for  its  edible  farinaceous  roots :  those 
of  several  species  are  cathartic ;  e.  g.  Jalap.)  —  There  are  three  suborders, 
or  rather  strongly  marked  tribes. 

Synopsis. 

TEIBE  I.     CONVOLVULE^:.    Embryo  with  broad  and  foliaceous  cotyledons  crumpled 
in  the  seed.    Ovary  2  -  3-  (or  falsely  4-)  celled.    Pod  usually  septifragal  —  Leafy  plants. 

*  Style  1.  undivided. 
H-  Calyx  naked,  i.  e.  not  enclosed  or  surrounded  by  bracts. 

1.  QUAMOCLIT.    Stamens  exserted.     Corolla  cylindrical-tubular,  with  a  spreading  border. 

Stigma  capitate-2-lobed.     Pod  4-«elled  ;  the  cells  1-seeded. 

2.  1POMCEA.     Stamens  included.     Corolla  funnel-form  or  bell-shaped.    Stigma  capitate,  of- 

ten 2  -  3-lobed.     Pod  2  -  3-celled ;  cells  2-seeded. 

8.  CONVOLVULUS.     Stigmas  2,  elongated,  linear.    Otherwise  much  as  in  No.  2. 
•i-  +-  Calyx  surrounded  by  2  broad  bracts. 

4.  CALYSTEGIA.     Stigmas  2,  linear  or  oblong.     Pod  imperfectly  2-celled,  4-seeded. 

*  *  Style  2-cleft,  or  styles  2,  rarely  3. 

5.  STYLISMA.    Styles  or  their  divisions  simple :  stigma  depressed-capitate. 

TRIBE  II.     DICHOIVDRE^K.     Pistils  2,  separate.     Otherwise  nearly  as  Tribe  I. 

6.  DICHONDRA.     Corolla  bell-shaped.     Pods  2,  each  1-seeded. 

TKIBE  III.     CUSCTJTINEJE.     Embryo  spiral,  slender,  destitute  of  cotyledons.    Ovary 
2-celled.  —  Leafless  parasitic  twiners. 

7    CUSCUTA.     The  only  genus  of  the  group. 

1.     <£UAITIOCr,IT,    Tourn.        CYPRESS-VINE. 

Sepals  mostly  mucronate  or  awnecl.  Corolla  cylindrical-tubular,  with  a  small 
spreading  border.  Stamens  and  style  protruded.  Stigma  capitate-2-lobed. 
Pod  4-celled ;  the  cells  1-sceded.  — Annual  twiners,  with  red  or  crimson  flowers* 
(An  aboriginal,  probably  Mexican,  name.) 

1.  C£.  cocciNEA,  Moench.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  acuminate,  entire,  or 
angled;  sepals  awn-pointed;  corolla  light  scarlet  (!'  long).  (Ipomoea  coccinea, 
L.) — Elver-banks,  £c.,  Ohio,  Virginia,  and  southward.  (Nat.  from  Trop. 
Amer.  or  Ind. ) 

Q.  VULG\RIS,  the  cultivated  CYPRESS-VINE,  is  becoming  spontaneous  iu 
the  South. 

2.    IPOM4EA,    L.        MORNING-GLORY. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  funnel-form,  &c.  Stamens 
included.  Stigma  capitate,  often  2 -3-lobed.  Pod  2-cclled,  or  in  one  group  3- 
celled ;  the  cells  2-seeded.  (Name,  ex  L.  from  ity,  ITTOS,  a  Bindweed  [which  it  is 
not],  and  opoios,  like.) 

§  1 .  PHARBITIS,  Choisy.  —  Pod  3-  (rarely  4-)  celled;  the  cells  2-seeded. 
t.  I.  PURFtiREA,  Lam.     (COMMON    MORNING-GLORY.)     Stems  rctrorsel/ 
hairy  :  leaves  heart-shaped,  'icuminat?-   entire ;  peduncles  long  umbellataly  3-5- 
flowered ;  calyx  bristly-hai  y  below ;  corolla  funnel-form  (2  long),  purple  vary 


334      CONVOLVULACE^E.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

rug  to  white.     ®    (Convolvulus  purpureus,  L.     Pharbitis  hispida,  Choky.)-- 
Around  dwellings,  escaping  from  cultivation.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

2.  I.  NIL,  Roth.    (MORNING-GLORY.)    Stems  retrorsely  hairy ;  leaves  heart 
jhaped,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate ;  peduncles  short,  or  rather  long, 
1  - 3-flowcrcd ;  calyx  densely  hairy  below;  corolla  white  and  purple  or  pale 
blue,     (i)  (Conv.  Nil.  &  C.  hcderJceus,  L.) — Banks  and  near  dwellings,  from 
Maryland  southward.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.  ?) 

§  2.  IPOMQEA,  Choisy.  —  Pod  ^-celled;  the  cells  2-seeded. 

3.  I.  lacimosa,  L.     Rather  smooth;  stem  twining  and  creeping,  slen- 
der; leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed,  entire  or  angled-lobcd,  long-petioled ;  peditn- 
*:les  short,  I  -  3-flowered ;  sepals  lance-oblong,  pointed,  bristly-ciliate  or  hairy,  hall 
tliC  length  of  the  sharply  5-lobcd  (white)  corolla;  pod  sparingly  hairy,    (j)  (C- 
micranthus,  Ridddl.)  —  Woods  and  fields,  Penn.  to  Illinois,  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward.    Aug.  —  Corolla  £' '-  $'  long. 

4.  I.  paiHluralci,  Meyer.   (  WILD  POTATO-VINE.  MAN-OF-THE-EARTH.) 
Smooth  or  nearly  so  when  old,  trailing  or  sometimes  twining ;  leaves  regularly 
heart-shaped,  pointed,  occasionally  some  of  them  contracted  at  the  sides  so  as 
to  be  fiddle-shaped  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles ;  1  —  5-flowered ;  sepals  smooth, 
ovate-ol>lonq,  very  obtuse;  corolla  open-funncl-form  (3'  long),  white  with  purple  in 
the  tube.     1J.  —  Sandy  fields  and  dry  banks,  from  Connecticut  to  Illinois  and 
southward.     June- Aug.  —  Stems  long  and  stout,  from  a  huge  thick  root,  which 
often  weighs  10-20  pounds.     Flowers  opening  in  bright  sunshine. 

I.  SAG  ITT  ATA  (Conv.  sagittifolius,  Michx.)  is  said  by  Pursh  to  grow  in 
Virginia;  but  it  has  not  lately  been  met  with  so  far  north.  —  I.  COMMUT\TA, 
/2cm.  $•  Sch.  (I.  triconcarpa,  Ell.)  with  purple  flowers  larger  than  those  of  No.  3, 
is  likely  to  occur  in  S.  Virginia  and  Kentucky. 

BATATAS  EDULIS,  Choisy  (Conv.  Batatas,  L.),  is  the  cultivated  SWEET 
POTATO. 

3.     CONVOLVULUS,  L.        BINDWEED. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base.  Corolla  mostly  bell-shaped.  Stamens  included. 
Style  1  :  stigmas  2,  linear,  often  revolute.  Pod  2-celled ;  the  cells  2-seeded.  — 
Stems  twining,  procumbent,  or  often  erect-spreading.  Flowers  mostly  opening 
at  dawn.  (Name  from  convolve,  to  entwine.) 

1.  C.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (BINDWEED.)  Stem  procumbent  or  twining,  and 
low;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  arrow-shaped,  with  the  lobes  at  the  base  acute ;  pe- 
duncles mostly  1 -flowered;  bracts  minute,  remote ;  corolla  (f  long)  white  or 
tinged  with  reddish.  1J.  —  Fields,  near  the  coast:  likely  to  become  a  trouble 
some  weed.  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.     CAL.VSTEGIA,    R.  Br.        BRACTED  BINDWEED.. 

Calyx  enclosed  in  2  large  and  mostly  heart-shaped  leafy  bracts  :  sepals  equal. 
Corolla  bell-funnel-form,  the  border  obscurely  5-lobel  or  entire.     Stai icns  in- 
eluded.     Style  1  :  stigmas  2,  linear  or  oblong.     Poc   imperfectly  2-celled  or  1 
celled,  4-sceded.  —  Perennials,  with  heart-shaped  or  arrow-shaped  learns,  and 


CON  VOM  CLACE.E.       (CONVOLVULUS    FAMILF.)  333 

axillary  1 -dowered  peduncles.     (Name  from  KaXu£,  calyx,  and  orryw,  to  cover, 
alluding  to  the  bracts  enclosing  the  calyx.) 

1.  C.  septum,  R.  Br.     (HEDGE    BINDWEED.)     Smooth;  stem  twining; 
leaves  broadly  arrow-shaped  or  triangular-halberd-form,  pointed,  the  lobes  at  the 
base  obliquely  truncate  and  ofteli  somewhat  toothed ;  peduncles  4-angled ;  co- 
rolla white,  or  rose-color  (l£'-2'  long).     (Convolvulus  septum,  L.) — Var. 
REPENS  (Convolvulus  repciis,  L.)  is  more  or  less  prostrate,  the  flowers  tinged 
with    pink;  a  form  growing  on  gravelly  shores. — Moist  grounds;  common. 
June,  July.     Var.  puli&scens.     Illinois  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  SjMtlmi2i;f>£l,  1'ursh.     (Low  BINDWEED.)     Downy;  stem  low  and 
mostly  simple,  upright  or  ascending  (6' -12'  long)  ;  leaves  oblong,  with  a  more  or 
less  heart-shaped  or  auricled  base,  obtuse  or  pointed  at  the  apex;  peduncles 
usually  longer  than  the  leaf ;  corolla  white  (2' long).     Open  sandy  woods  and 
plains,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     July. 

5.     STYLISMA,    Raf.        STTLISMA. 

Styles  2  (rarely  3).  distinct  and  simple,  or  united  to  above  the  middle:  stig- 
mas (small)  depressed-capitate.  Otherwise  as  in  Convolvulus  and  Evolvulus. 
—  Stems  slender,  branched,  prostrate  or  spreading.  Corolla  white,  somewhat 
downy  outside.  (Name  compounded  of  orOXos,  style,  and  'iar pa,  foundation ;  per- 
haps because  the  style  is  divided  to  the  base  in  the  original  species.) 

1.  S.  evolvtiloides,  Choisy.     Soft-pubescent;  leaves  linear,  lanceolate, 
or  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends  or  obscurely  heart-shaped  at  the  base   (§'-!£' 

.long),  short-petioled ;  peduncles  1  -  5-flowered ;  bracts  awl-shaped,  shorter  than  the 
pedicels;  styles  distinct  or  nearly  so.  1J.  (Convolvulus  aquaticus,  Walt,  C.  tri- 
chosanthes,  Michx.  C.  tenellus,  Lam.,  frc.)  —  Sandy  woods,  Ohio,  Ridddl  (?), 
Virginia,  and  southward.  June-  Sept.  —  Corolla  5" -8"  long. 

2.  S.  Piclteriilgii.     Soft  and  loosely  pubescent ;  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  scarcely  petioled ;  peduncles  mostly  1-flowered  ;  bracts  re- 
sembling the  leaves,  equalling  the  Jlower  ;  styles  united  to  far  above  the  middle.     1J. 
(Convolvulus  Pickcringii,  Torr.}  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  (and  N. 
Carolina) .     July  -  Sept.  —  Stems  prostrate,  2°  ~  3°  long.     Corolla  3''  -  5"  long. 

6.     DICIIONDRA,    Forst.        DICHONDRA. 

Calyx  5-^arted.  Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Stamens  included. 
Styles,  ovaries,  and  the  utricular  1  -  2-seedcd  pods  2,  distinct.  Stigmas  thick.  — 
Small  creeping  perennial  herbs,  soft-pubescent,  with  kidney-shaped  entire  leaves, 
and  axillary  1-flowered  bractless  peduncles.  Corolla  small,  yellowish  or  white. 
(Name  composed  of  Si's,  double,  and  %6vdpos,  grain,  or  roundish  mass;  from  the 
fruit.) 

1.  D.  re  pens,  Forst.:  var.  Caroliiicnsis,  Choisy.  Leaves  round- 
kidney-shaped,  pubescent,  green  both  sides ;  corolla  not  exceeding  the  calyx 
(1"  - 1 j"  long).  (D.  Carolinensis,  MicJif.)  —  Moist  ground,  Virginia,  near  Nor- 
folk, and  southward.  (Widely  diffused  in  the  Southern  hemisphere. ) 


Sflfi  CONVOLVUIACE^.       (CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY.) 

7.     CUSCUTA,    Tourn.        DODDER. 

Cal}x  5-  (rarely  4-)  cleft,  or  of  5  sepals.  Corolla  globular-urn-shaped,  bell- 
shaped,  or  somewhat  tubular,  the  spreading  border  5-  (rarely  4-)  cleft.  Stamens 
furnished  with  a  scale-like  often  fringed  appendage  at  their  base.  Ovary  2- 
celled,  4-ovuled  :  styles  distinct,  or  rarely  united.  Pod  mostly  4-sceded.  Em- 
bryo thread-shaped,  spirally  coiled  in  the  rather  fleshy  albumen,  destitute  of 
cotyledons  !  sometimes  with  a  few  alternate  scales  (belonging  to  the  plumule1?) : 
germination  occurring  in  the  soil. — Leafless  herbs,  chiefly  annuals,  yellowish 
or  reddish  in  color,  with  thread-like  stems,  bearing  a  few  minute  scales  in  place 
of  leaves ;  on  rising  from  the  ground  becoming  entirely  parasitic  on  the  bark  jf 
herbs  and  shrubs  over  which  they  twine,  and  to  which  they  adhere  by  means  of 
papilla?  developed  on  the  surface  in  contact.  Flowers  small,  cymosc-clustered, 
mostly  white.  (Name  of  uncertain,  supposed  to  be  of  Arabic,  derivation.) 

The  following  account  of  our  species  is  contributed  by  DR.  ENGELMANN. 

$  1 .  Stigmas  elongated :  pod  opening  regularly  around  the  base  by  circumcissile  deJtis- 
cence,  leaving  the  partition  behind.     (Natives  of  the  Old  World.) 

1.  C.  EPILINUM,  Weihe.     (FLAX  DODDER.)     Stems  very  slender ;  flowers 
sessile  in  dense  scattered  heads;  corolla  globular,  5-partcd,  cylindrical,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  broadly  ovate  acute  divisions  of  the  calyx,  left  surrounding  the 
pod  in  fruit ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  limb ;  scales  short,  broad,  crenulate, 
shorter  than  the  globose  ovary.  —  In  Flax-fields,  where  it  is  sometimes  very 
injurious :  sparingly  introduced  with  flax-seed  into  the  Northern  States.    June. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4  2.  Stigmas  capitate :  pods  indehiscent,  rarely  bursting  irregularly.  ^ 

#  Flowers  more  or  less  pedicelltd :  bracts  few  and  distant :  calyx  4  -  5-cleJt. 
•*-  Corolla  cylindrical,  in  fruit  covering  the  top  of  the  pod. 

2.  C.  teilliiflora,  Engelm.     Much  branched,  twining  high,  pale-colored , 
flowers  at  length  pcduncled  and  in  rather  loose  cymes  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  (ven- 
tricose  after  flowering)  tivice  the  length  of  the  obtuse  spreading  lobes  and  of  the  ovate 
obtuse  calyx-lobes  ;  scales  ovate,  cut-fringed ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  lobos  of 
the  corolla;  pod  depressed,  membranaceous,  thin,  yellowish.     (C.  Ccphah'mthi, 
Engelm.)  —  Swamps,  Illinois  and  westward;  on  Ccphalanthus  and  various  tall 
herbs.  —  Flower  the  narrowest  of  all  our  Northern  species. 

3.  C.  Ulllbl'OScl,  Bey  rich.     Flowers  pedunclcd  in  umbel-like  cymes  ;  tube 
of  Hie  (mostly  4-clcft)  fleshy  corolla  as  long  as  the  ovate  acutix/t  and  minutely  crenate 
erect  inflexed  lobes  and  the  acute  keeled  calyx-lobes  ;  scales  minute  and  few-toothed, 
appressed  ;  pod  depressed,  somewhat  umbonate,  of  a  thicker  texture,  brown, 
covered  or  surrounded  with  the  remains  of  the  corolla.     (C.  Coryli,  Engelm.)  — 
Prairies  and  barrens,  in  rather  dry  soil,  on  Hazels,  Ccanothus,  and  other  shrubs 
or  herbs ;  from  W.  Virginia  and  Illinois  southward  and  westward. 

H-  •*-  Corolla  bell-shaped,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  ripe  pod. 

4.  C.  arveiisis,  Beyrich  (in  herb.   Berlin).       Low  ;   flowers   small,   &- 
parted,  peduncled  in  loose  umbel-like  c^mes ;  tube  of  the  corolla  included  in  or 
attle  exceed  ng  the  broad-lobed  calyx,  shorter  than  its  lanceolate  acuminate 


CONVOLVDLACE^E.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)       337 

spreading  or  reflexed  lobes ;  stamens  much  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla , 
scales  ovate,  fimbriate,  converging  and  often  exceeding  the  tube ;  pod  globose, 
thin,  yellowish.  (C.  pentagona,  Engelm.)  — In  fields,  prairies,  and  barrens,  from 
Virginia  southward  and  westward  to  Illinois  and  Missouri ;  on  smaller  herbs, 
and  flowering  (in  June  and  July)  earlier  than  any  other  of  our  species.  —  Stems 
low,  scarcely  over  a  foot  high ;  flowers  smaller  than  in  any  of  our  species,  arid 
quite  variable :  when  with  a  large  5-angled  calyx  it  is  C.  pentagona  (.Virginia)  : 
with  a  small  one,  it  is  var.  microcalyx  (Illinois) :  with  a  large  and  hemispheri- 
cal one,  var.  calycina  (Texas) :  with  a  fleshy  verrucose  calyx,  it  is  C.  verrucosu, 
Engelm.  (Texas). 

5.  C.  clfiiorocjirpa,  Engelm.     Low,  orange-colored ;  flowers  mostly  4- 
cleft,  short-pedicelled,  in  scattered  clusters ;  corolla  open  bell-shaped,  the  tube 
nearly  the  length  of  the  acute  lobes  and  calyx -teeth ;  stamens  as  long  as  the 
lobes ;  scales  small,  appressed,  incised ;  the  thick  styles  as  long  as  the  largo 
depressed  ovary;  pod  depressed,  thin,  yellowish.     (C.  Polygon orum,  Engelm.) 
—  Low  grounds  on  Polygonum  and  other  herbs,  in  the  Western  States.  — Flow- 
ers much  larger  than  in  any  of  the  preceding  species ;  the  ovary  usually  pro- 
truding from  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 

6.  C.  Grondvii,  Willd.     Stems  coarse,  climbing   high;  flowers  mostly 
5-cleft,  pcduncled,  in  close  or  mostly  open  paniculate  cymes ;  corolla  bell-shaped, 
the  tube  longer  than   (or  sometimes  only  as  long  as)   the  ovate  obtuse  entire 
spreading  lobes;  scales  large,  converging,  copiously  fringed,  confluent  at  the 
base ;  pod  globose,  umbonate,  brown.    (C.  Americana,  Pursh,  &c.    C.  vulgivaga, 
Engelm.     C.  umbrosa,  Torr.)  — Low,  damp  grounds,  especially  in  shady  places ; 
everywhere  common  both  east  and  west,  and  the  only  species  northward  and  east- 
wai-d  :  chiefly  on  coarser  herbs,  also  on  Rubus,  Ccphalanthus,  and  other  shrubs. 
Aug.  -  Oct.  —  The  close-flowered  forms  occur  in  the  Northeastern  States  ;  the 
loosely-flowered  ones  westward  and  southward ;  a  form  with  4-parted  flowers 
was  collected  in  Connecticut.     C.  Saururi,  Engelm.,  is  a  form  with  more  open 
flowers,  of  a  finer  texture,  in  the  Mississippi  valley. 

7.  C.  rostrata,  Shuttleworth.      Stems   coarse,   climbing   high  ;   flowers 
(large)  5-parted,  peduncled,  in  umbel-like  cymes;  corolla  deep  bell-shaped,  the 
tube  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse  teeth  of  the  calyx  and  its  ovate  obtuse 
entire  spreading  lobes ;  the  large  scales  fimbriate,  confluent  at  the  base ;  styles 
slender,  as  long  as  the  acute  ovary;  the  large  pod  pointed. —  Shady  moist  vaj- 
leys  of  the  Alleghanies,  from  Maryland  and  Virginia  southward ;  on  tall  herbs, 
rarely  on  shrubs.     The  flowers  (2" -3"  long)  and  fruit  larger  than  in  any  other 
of  our  species. 

*  *  Flowers  sessile  in  compact  and  mostly  continuous  clusters :  calyx  of  5  separate 
sepals  surrounded  by  numerous  similar  bracts ;  remains  of  the  corolla  borne  on  the 
top  of  the  globose  somewhat  pointed  pod.  (LepidAnchc,  Enydm,) 

8.  C.  COinpacta,  Juss.     Stems  coarse;  bracts  (3-5)  and  sepals  orbicular,, 
concave,  slightly  crenate,  oppressed,  nearly  equalling  or  much  shorter  than  the  cy- 
lindrical tube  of  the  corolla ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  oblong  obtuse  spreading 
lobes  of  the  latter ;  scales  pinnatifid-fringed,  convergent,  confluent  at  the  base. 
C.  coronata,  Beyricli.,  (C.  compacta,  Choisy,}  is  the  Eastern  and  Southern  form 


338  SOL  ANA'JEJE.       (NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.) 

with  a  smaller,  slenderer,  more  exserted  corolla ;  C.  (Lepidanche)  adpres«&, 
Enijdm.,  is  the  Western  form,  with  a  larger,  shorter,  nearly  included  corolla. 
Both  grow  almost  entirely  on  shrubs;  the  first  in  the  Alkghanies,  from  Pennsyl- 
vania southward ;  the  latter  from  Western  Virginia  to  the  Mississippi  and 
Missouri,  in  fertile  shady  bottoms.  The  clusters  in  fruit  are  sometimes  2'  in 
diameter. 

9.  C.  gloillCl'Jfifa,  Choisy.  Flowers  very  densely  clustered,  forming 
knotty  masses  closely  encircling  the  stem  of  the  foster  plant,  much  imbricated 
with  scarious  oblong  bracts  ivith  recurved-spreadinq  tips ;  sejxils  nearly  similar, 
shorter  than  the  oblong-cylindrical  tube  of  the  corolla;  stamens  nearly  as  long 
as  the  oblong-lanceolate  obtuse  spreading  or  reflexcd  lobes  of  the  corolla;  scales 
large,  fringed-pinnatifid ;  styles  slender,  longer  than  the  pointed  ovary ;  the 
pointed  pod  mostly  1  -  2-seeded.  (Lepidanche  Compositarum,  Enyelm.)  —  Moist 
prairies,  from  Ohio  and  Michigan  south-westward  :  growing  mostly  on  tall  Com- 
posite.—  The  orange-colored  stems  soon  disappear,  leaving  only  the  close  coils 
of  flowers,  appearing  like  whitish  ropes  twisted  around  the  stems. 

ORDER  82.     SOL,  AN  AC  E^.     (NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (or  rarely  shrubs),  with  a  colorless  juice  and  alternate  leaves,  regu- 
lar b-merous  and  b-androus  flowers,  on  bractlexs  pedicels  ;  the  corolla  plaited- 
imbricate,  plaited-convolute,  'or  infolded-valvate  in  the  bud,  and  the  fruit  a 
^-celled  (rarely  3  -  b-celled)  many-seeded  pod  or  berry.  —  Seeds  campy- 
lotropous  or  amphitropous.  Embryo  mostly  slender  and  curved  in  fleshy 
albumen.  Calyx  usually  persistent.  Stamens  mostly  equal,  inserted  on  the 
corolla.  Style  and  stigma  single.  Placentae  in  the  axis,  often  projecting 
far  into  the  cells.  (Foliage  and  usually  the  fruits  more  or  less  narcotic, 
often  very  poisonous.)  —  A  large  family  in  the  tropics,  but  very  few  indige- 
nous in  our  district.  It  shades  off  into  Scrophulariaceae,  from  which  the 
plaited  regular  corolla  and  5  equal  stamens  generally  distinguish  it. 

Synopsis. 

•  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-parted  or  cleft;  the  lobes  valvate  with  the  margins  turned  Inward* 

in  the  bud.    Anthers  connivent.    Fruit  a  b»jrry. 
I.  SOLANUM     Anthers  opening  by  pores  or  chinks  at  the  tip. 

•  *  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  bell-funnel-form,  somewhat  5-lobed  or  entire,  plaited  in  the  bud. 

Anthers  geptuute.     Calyx  enlarged  and  bladdery  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  berry. 
2    I'HVSALIS.     Calyx  5-cleft.     Berry  juicy,  2-celled. 
8.  NICAMWA.     C;ilyx  6-parted.     Corolla  nearly  entire.     Berry  dry,  3-5-celled. 

•  *  *  Corolla  funnel-form  or  tubular,  the  spreading  border  5-lobed  or  toothed,  plaited  in  the 

bud.     Anthers  separate.     Fruit  a  dry  pod. 
i-  Pod  enclosed  in  the  urn-shaped  calyx,  opening  by  a  lid. 
4.  IIYOSCYAMUS.     Corolla  with  a  short  tube,  the  border  somewhat  unequal. 

«-  ••-  Pod  opening  lengthwise.     Corolla  elongnn  1. 

6.  DATURA.     Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed     Pod  prickly,  more  or  less  4-celled,  caked- 
5   NJCOTJANA.    Calyx   tubular-bell-shaped,  6--.left.    Pod  smooth,  «nclo?ed  in  the  calyx, 
2-relled. 


SOLANACE^E.       (NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.)  339 

1.     SOL.AIVUM,    L.        NIGHTSHADE. 

Calyx  and  the  wheel-shaped  corolla  5-parted  or  5-clcft  (rarely  4-10  parted), 
the  latter  plaited  in  the  bud,  with  the  margins  of  the  lobes  indupiicate.  Sta- 
mens exserted,  converging  around  the  style :  filaments  very  short :  anthers 
opening  at  the  tip  by  two  pores  or  chinks.  Berry  usually  2-celled.  —  Herbs,  or 
shrubs  in  warm  climates,  the  larger  leaves  often  accompanied  by  a  smaller  lateral 
(rameal)  one;  the  peduncles  also  mostly  lateral  and  extra-axillary.  (Name  of 
unknown  derivation.) 

*  Anthers  Hunt.      (Plants  not  prickly .) 

1.  S.  DULCAMARA,  L.     (BITTERSWEET.)     Stem  somewhat  shrubby,  climbing, 
nearly  smooth ;  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  the  upper  halberd-shaped,  or  with  two 
ear-like  lobes  at  the  base ;  flowers  (purple)  in  small  cymes ;  berries  oval,  scarlet. 

—  Moist  banks  and  around  dwellings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  N!GRUM,  L.     (COMMON  NIGHTSHADE.)    Annual,  low,  much  branched 
and  often  spreading,  rough  on  the  angles;  leaves  ovate,  wavy-toothed;  flowers 
(very  small,  white)   in  small  and  umbel-like  lateral  clusters,  drooping;   berries 
globular,  black.  —  Shaded  grounds,  and  fields;   common.      July,   Aug.  —  A 
homely  weed,  said  to  be  poisonous.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Anthers  elongated,  lanceolate,  pointed.     (Plants  mostly  prickly.) 

3.  S.  Caroliiieiisc,  L.     (HORSE  NETTLE.)     Perennial,  low  (1°  high) ; 
stem   erect,  prickly ;    leaves   ovate-oblong,   acute,   sinuate-toothed   or   angled, 
ronghish  with  stellate  pubescence,  prickly  along  the  midrib,  as  also  the  calyx ; 
flowers  (pale  blue  or  white,  large)  in  simple  loose  racemes;  berries  globular, 
orange-yellow.  —  Sandy  soil ;   Connecticut  to  Illinois  and  southward,     June- 
Aug.     (S.  Virginianum,  L.,  is  not  here  identified  as  distinct.) 

S.  MAMMOSUM,  L.,  is  not  a  native  of  our  district. 

S.  TUBER6suM,  L.,  is  the  cultivated  POTATO,  and  S.  MELONGENA,  L.,  the 
EGG-PLANT. 

LYCOPERSICUM  ESCULENTUM,  Mill.,  is  the  TOMATO,  now  separated  from 
Bolannm. 

2,     PIIYSAL.IS,    L.        GROUND  CHERRY. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  reticulated  and  enlarging  after  flowering,  at  length  much  in- 
flated and  enclosing  the  2-celled  globular  (edible)  berry.  Corolla  sprcading- 
bell-shaped  or  somewhat  funnel-form,  with  a  very  short  tube,  marked  with  5 
concave  spots  at  the  base ;  the  plaited  border  somewhat  5-lobed  or  5-toothed. 
Stamens  5,  erect:  anthers  separate,  opening  lengthwise.  —  Herbs  (in  this  coun- 
try), with  the  leaves  often  unequally  in  pairs,  and  the  1-flowercd  nodding  pe- 
duncles extra-axillary.  Corolla  greenish-yellow  in  our  species,  often  with 
brownish  spots  in  the  throat.  (Name,  <pvaa\is,  a  bladder,  from  the  inflated 
calyx.) 

#  Root  annual :  anthers  blue  or  violet. 

1.  P.  itnglllfitsi,  L.  Glabrous,  erect,  much  branched  (2° -3°  high); 
leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  often  very  sharply  toothed;  corolla  soirewhat  5- 


3K)  SOLAXACE^E.     (NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.) 

lobed,  small  (3" -4"  long),  not  spotted;  calyx  with  broadly  trianguhir-subiriata 
teeth  as  long  as  the  tube,  in  fruit  conical-ovate  and  sharply  5-angled  (l'-H 
long).  —  Light  soils,  not  rare  southward.  Perhaps  introduced. 

Var.  ?  PllilcUlelpIliCtl.  Nearly  glabrous ;  calyx-teeth  shorter  and  broader, 
less  closed  or  open  at  the  summit  in  fruit ;  corolla  sometimes  brownish  in  tha 
throat.  (P.  Philadelphia,  Lam.,  &c.) — New  England?  to  Illinois  and  south- 
ward. July  -  Sept. 

2.  P»  pllbcSCCHS,  L.     Pubescent  or  clammy-hairy,  diffusely  much  branched 
or  at  length  decumbent;  leaves  ovate  or  heart-shaped  (very  variable);  corolla 
(4'  -5''  long)  dark  brown  in  the  throat;  calyx  with  triangular-lanceolate  acute 
teeth,  in  fruit  ovate-pointed.     (P.  hirsuta,  Dunal.     P.  obscura,  Michx.  in  part, 
&c.) — Low  grounds;  common  southward  and  westward. 

*  *  Root  perennial :  anthers  yellow.     (Corolla  £'-§  long.} 

3.  P,   viscosa,,    L.      Clammy-pubescent,  diffusely  much  branched   and 
widely  spreading,  or  at  first  erect  (£°-2°  high) ;  leaves  ovate  or  slightly  heart- 
shaped,  sometimes  oblong,  often  roughish-downy  underneath,  rcpand-toothed, 
obtusely  toothed,  or  entire  ;  corolla  almost  entire,  brownish  in  the  throat ;  teeth 
of  the  clammy-hairy  calyx  ovate-lanceolate.     (P.  Pennsylvania,  L.,  P.  hetero- 
phylla,  Nees,  and  P.  nyctaginea,  Dunal,  appear  to  be  only  states  of  this.)  — 
Light  or  sandy  soils,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward ;  very  common. 
July- Sept.  —  Corolla  |'-1'  broad  when  expanded. 

3.  NICANDRA,    Adans.        APPLE  OF  PERU. 

Calyx  5-partcd,  5-angled,  the  divisions  rather  arrow-shaped,  enlarged  and 
bladder-like  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  3  -  5-cclled  globular  dry  berry.  Corolla 
open-bell-shaped,  the  plaited  border  nearly  entire.  Otherwise  much  like  Phy- 
salis.  —  An  annual  smooth  herb  (2° -3°  high),  with  ovate  sinuate-toothed  or 
angled  leaves,  and  solitary  pale  blue  flowers  on  axillary  arid  terminal  peduncles. 
(Named  after  the  poet  Nicander  of  Colophon.) 

1.  N.  PHYSALoloES,  Gaertn.  —  Waste  grounds,  near  dwellings.  (Adv. 
<Vom  Peru.) 

4.  HYOSClrAIttUS,    Tourn.        HENBANE. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  um-shapcd,  5-lobed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  oblique,  with 
a  5-lobed  more  or  less  unequal  plaited  border.  Stamens  declined.  Pod  en- 
closed in  the  persistent  calyx,  2-cclled,  opening  transversely  all  round  near  the 
apex,  which  fills  off  like  a  lid.  —  Clammy-pubescent,  fetid,  narcotic  herbs,  with 
lurid  flowers  in  the  axils  of  angled  or  toothed  leaves.  (Name  composed  of 
us,  t>os,  a  /to/,  and  Kva/Aos,  a  bean;  the  plant  said  by  ^Elian  to  be  poisonous  to 
gwine.) 

1.  II.  NIGER,  L.  (BLACK  HENBANE.)  Leaves  clasping,  sinuate-toothed 
and  angled;  iowcrs  sessile,  in  one-sided  leafy  spikes;  corolla  dull  yellowish, 
«trongly  reticulated  with  purple  veins.  ©  —  Escaped  from  gardens  to  road 
aides.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


oad 


GENTIANACE.E.       (GENT11N    FAMILY.)  341 

fc.     DATURA,    L.        JAMESTOWK-WEED.     THORN-APPLE. 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed,  separating  transversely  above  the  base  in  fruit, 
the  upper  part  falling  away.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  a  large  and  spreading 
5  -  10-toothed  plaited  border.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Pod  globular,  prickly,  4-valved, 
2-celled,  with  2  thick  placentae  projected  from  the  axis  into  the  middle  of  the 
cells,  and  connected  with  the  walls  by  an  imperfect  false  partition,  so  that  the 
pod  is  4-celled  except  near  the  top,  the  placentae  seemingly  borne  on  the  middle 
of  the  alternate  partitions.  Seeds  rather  large,  flat — Rank  weeds,  narcotic- 
poisonous,  with  a  rank  odor,  bearing  ovate  angular-toothed  leaves,  and  large 
and  showy  flowers  on  short  peduncles  in  the  forks  of  the  branching  stem.  (Al- 
tered from  the  Arabic  name  Tatorah.) 

1.  I>.  STRAM&NIUM,  L.  (COMMON  STRAMONIUM.)  Leaves  ovate,  smooth ; 
stem  green ;  corolla  white,  with  5  teeth.  —  Var.  T!TULA  has  the  stem  and 
corolla  tinged  with  purple.  (T)  —  Waste  grounds ;  a  well-known  weed,  with 
large  flowers  (3' long).  July -Sept.  (Adv.  from  Asia  or  Trop.  Amer.) 

6.     NICOTIANA,    L.        TOBACCO. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shapcd,  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form,  usu- 
ally with  a  long  tube;  the  plaited  border  5-lobed.  Stigma  capitate.  Pod  2- 
celled,  2  -  4-valved  from  the  apex.  Seeds  minute.  —  Rank  acrid-narcotic  herbs, 
mostly  clammy-pubescent,  with  ample  entire  leaves,  and  lurid  racemed  or  paui- 
cled  flowei-s.  (Named  after  John  Nicot,  who  was  thought  to  have  introduced  the 
Tobacco  into  Europe.) 

1.  N.  RUSTICA,  L.  (WILD  TOBACCO.)  Leaves  ovate,  petioled;  tube  of 
the  dull  greenish-yellow  corolla  cylindrical,  two  thirds  longer  than  the  calyx, 
the  lobes  rounded.  (5)  —  Old  fields,  from  New  York  westward  and  southward  : 
a  relic  of  cultivation  by  the  Indians.  (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

N.  TABACUM,  L.,  is  the  cultivated  TOBACCO. 

ATROPA  BELLADONNA,  L.  (DEADLY  NIGHTSHADE),  a  plant  with  pur- 
plish-black poisonous  berries,  has  escaped  from  gardens  in  one  or  two  places. 

LYCIUM  BARBARUM,  L.  (BARBARY  BOX-THORN,  or  MATRIMONY-VINE), 
a  slightly  thorny  trailing  shrubby  vine,  well  known  in  cultivated  grounds,  is  yet 
hardly  spontaneous. 

CAPSICUM  ANNUUM,  L.,  is  the  CAYENNE,  or  RED  PEPPER  of  the  gardens. 

ORDER  83.     GENTIANACK^E.    (GENTIAN  FAMILY.) 

Smooth  herbs,  until  a  colorless  bitter  juice,  opposite  and  sessile  entire  and 
ttmple  leaves  (except  in  Tribe  II.)  vnthout  stipules,  regular  Jlowers  with  the 
ttamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  wliich  are  convolute  (rarely  im- 
bricated, and  sometimes  valvate)  in  the  bud,  a  l-celled  ovary  with  2  parietal 
placentce ;  the  fruit  mostly  a  2-valved  (s  ''pticidaF)  many-seeded  pod.  —  Flow- 
ers solitary  or  cyip™0  Calyx  persistent.  Corolla  mostly  withering-per 


342  GEXTIANACEAS.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY.) 

sistent;  I  he  stamens  inserted  on  its  tube.  Seeds  anatropons,  with  a  minuta 
embryo  in  fleshy  albumen,  sometimes  covering  the  entire  face  of  the  peri- 
carp !  (Bitter-tonic  plants.) 

Synopsis. 

TEIBE  I.  GENTIAIVE^E.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  (twisted  to  the  right)  in  the 
bud  (with  the  sinuses  mostly  plaited),  in  Obolaria  imbricated.  Leaves  almost  alwayi 
opposite  or  whorled,  entire,  those  of  the  stem  sessile.  Seeds  very  small  and  numerous, 
with  a  cellular  coat ;  in  Obolaria,  Bartonia,  and  several  Gentians,  the  ovules  and  seodJl 
covering  the  whole  face  of  the  pericarp. 

*  Style  distinct  and  slender,  deciduous. 

1.  SABBATIA.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  6-12-parted  :  anthers  curved. 

2.  ERYTI1RJ2A.     Corolla'funnel-fonu  or  salver-shaped,  4 -5-cleft :  anthers  spiral. 

*  *  Style  (if  any)  and  stigmas  persistent:  anthers  straight. 

•*-  Corolla  with  a  glandular  spot  or  hollow  spur  to  each  lobe. 
8    PHASER  A.     Corolla  4  parted,  wheel-shaped,  spurless.    Pod  flat 
4.  I1ALEN1A.     Corolla  4- 5-cleft,  bell-shaped,  and  with  as  many  spurs  from  the  base. 
••-  •«-  Corolla  without  glands  or  spurs. 

6  GENTIANA.     Calyx  4  -  5-cleft.    Corolla  mostly  with  plaited  folds  at  the  sinuses. 
6.  BARTONIA.     Calyx  4-parted.     Corolla  4-parted,  with  no  plaits  at  the  sinuses. 

7  OBOLARIA.     Calyx  2-leaved.     Corolla  tubular-bell-shaped,  4-lobed    with  no  plaits,  tho 

lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud ! 

TRIBE  II.  MEN  YAIVTIIEJE.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud,  with  the  edges 
turned  inwards.  Stem-leaves  alternate,  petioled  Seed-coat  hard  or  bony. 

8.  MENYANTHES.     Corolla  bearded  inside.     Leaves  3-foliolate. 

9.  LDINANTI1EMUM.     Corolla  smooth  above.    Leaves  simple,  rounded. 

1.     S  A  K  IS  ATI  A  ,    Adans.    -    AMERICAN  CEXTAURT. 

Calyx  5 - 1 2-parted,  the  divisions  slender.  Corolla  5-  12-parted,  wheel- 
shaped.  Stamens  5-12:  anthers  recurved.  Style  2-parted,  slender.  —  Bien- 
nials or  annuals,  with  slender  steins,  and  eymose-panicled  handsome  (white  or 
rose-purple)  flowers.  (Dedieated  to  Sabbati,  an  early  Italian  botanist.) 

*  Corolla  5-parted,  or  rarely  6  -  7 '-parted. 
•»-*  Corolla  white,  often  tummy  ydlowish  in  drying:  cymes  corymbcd,  wany-flowercd 

1.  S.   pailicillilta,  Pursh,  Ell.     Stem  bruchiatc/y  much-branched  (l°-2° 
high),  rather  terete,  hut  angled  with  4  sharp  lines;  hares  limar  or  the  hirer  ol>- 
lony,  olititse,  \-nerced,  nearly  equalling  the  imcrnodcs  ;  calyx-lobes  linear-thread- 
form,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla. — Damp  pine  woods,  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.    June -Aug. 

2.  S.  laiirrolfita,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stem  simple  (1°- 3°  high)  bearing  a  Ihit- 
topped  cyme ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  3-nerved,  the  upper  acute,  much 
shorter  than  the  intcrnodes ;  calyx-lohcs  longer  than  in  No.  1  ;  the  flowers  lur- 
gcr.     (Chironia  him-colata,  Walt.     S.  corymbosa,  Baldw.)  —  Wet  pine  barrens, 
from  New  Jersey  southward.     June,  July. 

«-  •«-  Corolla  rose-color  or  pink,  rarely  white,  mostly  teitli  a  yellowish  or  yreemsh  eye. 
•w-  Erect,  pi/raniidttllij  nianij-JJowcn-d :  branches  opposite,  cnrtfxh  :  pextuncba  short. 

3.  S.  brsiclliftfa,   Ell.     Stem  slightly  «;»»//«/,  simple  helow  (1°-  2°  high) ; 
leaves  linear  and  lincar-oi>lonq,  d>t\iset  or  the   upper  acute  ;  branches  rather  few 


GENTIANACE^E.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY.)  3<13 

flowered,  forming  an  oblong  panicle;  calyx-lobes  ^  or  J  shorter  than  the  corol- 
la. (S.  concinna,  Wood,  ex  char.) — Dryish  grassy  places,  Virginia,  Indiana 
(  Wood),  and  southward.  June- Aug. —  Corolla  1'-  1|'  broad;  the  lobes  nar- 
rower than  in  the  next. 

4.  S.  aiigularis,  Pursh.     Stem  somewhat  4-winged-angled,  much  branched 
above  (l°-2^°  high),  many-flowered;  leaves  ovate,  acutish,  5-nerved,  with  a 
someivhat  heart-shaped  clasping  base ;  calyx-lobes  J  to  ^  the  length  of  the  corolla. 
—  Dry  river-banks,  £c.,  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward.     July,  Aug.  — 
Corolla  1^'  wide,  deep  rose-purple;  the  lobes  obovate. 

**  -M.  Erect  or  soon  diffuse,  loosely  branched;  the  branches  alternate  or  forking  (stems 
terete  or  slightly  ^-angled) :  peduncles  elongated  and  I  flowered. 

5.  S.  calycosa,  Pursh.     Diffusely  forking    (^°-l°  high),   pale;  leaves 
oblong  or  lance-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base   (l£'-2'  long);  calyx-lobes  foliaceous, 
spatulate-lanceolate   (!'-!'  long),  exceeding  the  almost  white  corolla.  —  Marshes, 
coast  of  Virginia,  and  southward.     June  -  Sept. 

6.  S.  StellariS,  Pursh.     Loosely  branched  and  forking   (5' -15'  high); 
leaves  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  or  the  upper  linear ;  calyx-lobes  awl-shaped-linear, 
varying  from  half  to  nearly  the  length  of  the  bright  rose-purple  corolla*  —  Salt  marsh- 
es, Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     July  -  Sept.  —  This  may  run 
into  the  next. 

7.  S.  gTiiciliS,   Salisb.     Stem  very  slender,  at  length  diffusely  branched 
(l°-2°high);  the  branches  and  long  peduncles  filiform ;  leaves  linear,  or  tho 
lower  lance-linear,  the  uppermost  similar  to  the  setaceous  calyx-lobes,  which  equal  the 
rose-purple  corolla.     (Chironia  campanulata,  L.)  —  Brackish  marshes  and  river- 
banks,   New  Jersey    (Burlington,    Mr.    Cooley)    to  Virginia,   and    southward. 
June  -  Sept. 

*  #  Corolla  9-  12-parted,  large  (about  2'  broad).     (Lapithea,  Griseb.) 

8.  S.  cllloroides,  Pursh.     Stem   nearly  round    (l°-2°   high),   loosely 
panicled  above ;  the  peduncles  slender,  1-flowered ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate ; 
calyx-lobes  linear,  half  the  length  of  the  deep  rose-colored  (rarely  white)  corol- 
la. —  Borders  of  brackish   ponds,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  to  Virginia,  and 
southward.     July-  Sept.  —  One  of  our  handsomest  plants. 

2.     EKYTHRJEA,    Pers.         CENTAURY. 

Calyx  4  -  5-parted,  the  divisions  slender.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-torra, 
with  a  slender  tube  and  a  4 -5-parted  limb,  which  in  witheiing  twists  on  the 
pod.  Anthers  exserted,  erect,  twisting  spirally.  Style  slender,  single :  stigma 
capitate  or  2-lipped. — Low  and  small  branching  annuals,  chiefly  with  rose- 
purple  or  reddish  flowers ;  whence  the  name,  from  cpvdpos,  red.  [All  our 
Northern  species  were  probably  introduced  from  Europe,  and  occur  <mly  in  a 
few  localities.) 

1.  E.  CENT AtiniUM,  Pers.  (CENTAURY.)  Stem  upright,  corymbosely  branched 
above;  leaves  oblong  or  elliptical,  acutish;  the  uppermost  linear;  cymes  clus- 
tered, fat-topped,  the  flowers  all  nearly  sessile ;  tub*  of  the  (purplc-rose-colorcd) 

20 


844  GENTIANACE^E.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY.) 

corolla  not  twize  the  length  of  the  oval  lobes.  —  Oswego,  New  Yoik,  near  the 
old  fort.     July.  —  Plant  6'  -  1 2'  liigh  :  corolla  3"  -  4"  long.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  E.  RAMOsfssiMA,  Pcrs.,  var.  PULCHELLA,  Griscb.     Low  (2' -6' high); 
stem  many  times  forked  above  and  fuming  a  diffuse  cyme  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or 
oval ;  flowers  all  on  sltort  ptdicels;  tube  of  the  (pink-purple)  corolla  thrice  the 
length  of  the  elliptical-oblong  lobes.     (E.  Muhlenbergii,  Griseb.,  as  to  Penn. 
plant.     Exacum  pulchellum,  Pursh.)  —  Wet  or  shady  places,  Long  Island  to  E. 
Virginia:  scarce. — Flowers  smaller  than  in  No.  1.     (ISut.  from  Eu.) 

3.  E.  SPicXxA,  Pers.     Stem  strictly  upright ;  the  powers  sessile  and  spiked 
along  one  side  of  the  simple  or  rarely  forked  branches ;  leaves  oval  and  oblong, 
rounded  at  the  base,  acutish;  tube  of  the  (rose-colored  or  whitish)    corolla 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  oblong.     (E.  Pickeringii,  Oakes.)  — 
Sandy  shore,  Massachusetts  (Nantucket,  Oakes)  and  Virginia  (Norfolk,  Rugel). 
—  Plant  6'-  10'  high,  remarkable  for  the  spike-like  arrangement  of  the  flowers. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.?) 

3.  FRASERA,    Walt.        AMERICAN  COLUMBO. 

Calyx  deeply  4-parted.  Corolla  deeply  4-parted,  wheel-shaped,  each  division 
with  a  glandular  and  fringed  pit  on  the  upper  side.  Filaments  awl-shaped, 
usually  somewhat  monadelphous  at  the  base :  anthers  oblong,  versatile.  Style 
persistent:  stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  oval,  flattened,  4-14-sceded.  Seeds  large 
and  flat,  wing-margined.  —  Tall  and  showy  herbs,  with  upright  and  mostly 
simple  stems,  bearing  whorled  leaves,  and  numerous  peduncled  flowers  in  open 
cymes,  which  are  disposed  in  an  ample  elongated  panicle.  (Dedicated  to  John 
Fraser,  a  well-known  and  indefatigable  collector  in  this  country  towards  the 
close  of  the  last  century.) 

1.  F.  CarolincilSiS,  Walt.  Smooth,  tall  (3°  -8°  high) ;  leaves  mostly 
in  fours,  lance-oblong,  the  lowest  spatulatc  (1°  long),  veiny  ;  panicle  pyramidal, 
loosely  flowered ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  oblong,  mucronate,  longer  than  the 
narrowly  lanceolate  calyx-lobes,  each  with  a  large  and  round  gland  on  their 
middle;  pod  much  flattened  parallel  with  the  flat  valves.  U  ©  ^  —  Rich  dry 
soil,  S.  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky,  and  southward.  July.  — 
Root  veiy  thick  and  bitter.  Corolla  1'  broad,  light  greenish-yellow,  marked 
with  brown-purple  dots. 

4.  HAL.ENIA,    Borkh.      .  SPURRED  GENTIAN. 

Calyx  4  -  5-partcd.  Corolla  short  bell-shaped,  4  -  5-clcft,  without  folds  or 
fringe,  prolonged  at  the  base  underneath  the  erect  lobes  into  spurs,  which  are 
glandular  in  the  bottom.  Stigmas  2,  sessile,  persistent  on  the  oblong  flattist 
pod.  Seeds  rather  numerous,  oblong.  —  Small  and  upright  herbs,  with  yellow- 
ish or  purplish  panicled-cymose  flowers.  (Name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

1.  H.  dcflexa,  Griseb.  Leafy  (9' -18'  high),  simple  or  branched  above; 
leaves  3-5-ncrved,  the  lowest  oblong-spatulate  and  pctioled  ;  the  others  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  ;  spurs  cylindrical,  obtuse,  curved  and  descending,  half  the 
length  of  the  acutely  4-lobed  corolla.  (J)  ^>  I  Sw6rtia  comiculuta,  L-,  partly.) 


GENTIANACE.fi.       (GENTIAN    FAMIL1.;  345 

—  Damp  woods,  from  the  northern  parts  of  Maine,  to  N.  Wisconsin  and  north 
ward.    July,  August. 

5.     GENTIAN  A,    L.        GENTIAN. 

Calyx  4-5-cleft.  Corolla  4-5-lobed,  regular,  usually  with  intermediate 
plaited  folds,  which  bear  appendages  or  teeth  at  the  sinuses.  Style  short  or 
none :  stigmas  2,  persistent.  Pod  oblong,  2-valved ;  the  innumerable  seeds 
either  borne  on  placenta  at  or  near  the  sutures,  or  in  most  of  our  species  cov- 
ering nearly  the  whole  inner  face  of  the  pod.  (H.  J.  Clark !)  —  Flowers  solitary 
or  cymose,  showy.  (Name  from  Gentius,  king  of  Illyria,  who  used  some  spe- 
cies medicinally.) 

fl.  AMARELLOlDES,  Torr.  &  Gr. —  Corolla  tubular-funnel-form,  without 
crown  or  plaited  folds,  and  with  the  lobes  naked :  anthers  separate,  fixed  by  the 
middle,  introrse  in  the  bud,  but  retrorsely  reversed  after  the  flower  opens :  seeds 
wingless :  annuals. 

1.  G.  quiiiqueflora,  Lam.    (FIVE-FLOWERED  GENTIAN.)    Stem  rath- 
er slender,  branching  (1°  high) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  partly  clasp- 
ing and  heart-shaped  base,  3  -  7-nerved,  tipped  with  a  minute  point ;  branches 
racemed  or  panicled,  about  5-flowered  at  the  summit ;  lobes  of  the  small  5-eleffc 
calyx  awl-shaped-linear ;  lobes  of  the  pale-blue  corolla  triangular-ovate,  bristle- 
pointed,  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  slender  obconical  tube.  — Var.  OCCIDEN- 
TALis  has  linear-lanceolate  calyx -lobes  which  are  more  leaf-like,  and  about  half 
the  length  of  the  corolla.  — Dry  hilly  woods,  Vermont  to  "Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward, especially  along  the  Alleghanies :  the  var.  is  the  common  form  in  the 
Western  States.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Corolla  light  purplish-blue,  nearly  1'  long;  in 
the  variety  proportionally  shorter. 

{  2.  CROSSOPETALUM,  Frcel.  —  Corolla  funnel-form,  gland-bearing  between 
the  bases  of  the  filaments,  without  crown  or  plaited  folds  ;  the  lobes  fringed  or  toothed 
on  the  margins :  anthers  as  in  §  1  :  pod  somewhat  stalked :  seeds  wingless,  clothed 
with  little  scales  :  annuals  or  biennials. 

2.  O.  criiiita,  Froel.     (FRINGED  GENTIAN.)     Flowers  solitary  on  long 
peduncles  terminating  the  stem  or  simple  branches ;  leaves  lanceolate,  or  ovate- 
lanceolate  from  a  partly  heart-shaped  or  rounded  base ;  lobes  of  the  4-cleft  calyx 
snequal,  ovate  and  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  bell-shaped  tube  of  the  sky-blue 
corolla,  the' lobes  of  which  are  wedge-obovate,  and  strongly  fringed  around  the  sunt- 
nit;  ovary  lanceolate. — Low  grounds,  New  England  to  Kentucky  and  Wiscon- 
sin; rather  common,  and  sparingly  beyond,  both  northward  and  southward. 
Sept.  — Plant  l°-2°  high  :  the  showy  corolla  2'  long. 

3.  O.  detoiisa,  Fries.     (SMALLER  FRINGED  GENTIAN.)     Stem  simple 
or  with  slender  branches,  terminated  by  solitary  flowers  on  very  long  peduncles  . 
leaves  linear  or  lanceolate-linear ;  lobes  of  the  4- (rarely  5-)  cleft  calyx  unequal, 
ovate  or  triangular  and  lanceolate,  pointed ;  lobes  of  the  sky-blue  corolla  spatulate 
oblong,  with  ciliate-fringed  margins,  the  fringe  shorter  or  nearly  obsolete  at  the  sum 
mil ;  ovary  elliptical  or  obovate.  —  Moist  grounds,  Niagara  Falls  to  Wisconsin 
(Lapham),  and  northwestward.     Sept.     (EuJ 


346  GENTIANACE.fi.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY.) 

t  3.  PNEUMONANTHE,  Necker.  —  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  obconical,  5-lobed, 
with  plaited  fo  ds  which  project  into  appendages  in  the  sinuses:  anthers  crttf,  fixed 
by  the  deep  saqiUate  base,  extrorse,  often  converging  or  cohering  with  each  other  in  a 
ring  or  tube,  stalked .  seeds  commonly  winged:  perennials. 

*  Flowers  ntxirly  sessile,  clustered,  rarely  solitary,  2-bracteolate. 
•*-  Anthers  entirely  separate  :  seeds  icing/ess. 

4.  G.  OChroleilca,    Frcel.     (YELLOWISH-WHITE  GENTIAN.)      Stems 
ascending,  mostly  smooth  ;  the  flowers  in  a  dense  terminal  cluster  and  often  also 
in  axillary  clusters  ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  the  lowest  broadly  obovute  and  obtuse,, 
the  uppermost  somewhat  lanceolate,  all  narrowed  at  the  base;  calyx-lobes  linear, 
unequal,  much  longer  than  its  tube,  rather  shorter  than  the  greenish-white  open  c.o- 
rolla,  which  is  painted  inside  with  green  veins  and  lilac-purple  stripes;  its  lobos 
ovate,  very  much  exceeding  the  small  and  sparingly  toothed  oblique  appendages ; 
pod  included  in  the  persistent  corolla.  —  Dry  grounds,  S.  Penn.  (rare)  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  common  southward.     Sept.,  Oct. 

•»-  •*-  Anthers  cohering  with  each  other  more  or  lessjirnily:  seeds  winged. 

5.  G.  allm,  Muhl.  Cat.!     (WHITISH  GENTIAN.)     Stems  upright,  stout, 
very  smooth  >  flowers  closely  sessile  and  much  crowded  in  a  dense  terminal  clus- 
ter, and  sometimes  also  clustered  in  the  upper  axils ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  from 
a  heart-shaped  closely  clasping  base,  gradually  tapering  to  a  point ;  calyx-lobes 
ovate,  shorter  than  the  top-shaped  tube,  and  many  times  shorter  than  the  tube  of 
the  corolla,  reflexcd-spreading ;  corolla  white  more  or  less  tinged  with  greenish  or 
yellowish,  inflated-club-shaped,  at  length  open,  its  short  and  broad  ovate  lobes  nearly 
twice  the  length  of  the  toothed  appendages ;  pod  nearly  included ;  seeds  broadly 
winged.    (G.  flavida,  Gray,  in  Sill.  Jour.    G.  ochroleuca,  Sims.,  Darlhigt.,  GriseJ). 
in  part,  &c.)  —  Glades  and  low  grounds,  S.  W.  NCAV  York  to  Virginia  along  the 
Alleghanies,  and  west  to  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  &c.     July  -  Sept. 

6.  G.    Amlr£\vsii,    Griseb.      (CLOSED     GENTIAN.)      Stems    upright, 
smooth;  flowers  closely  sessile  in  terminal  and  upper  axillary  clusters ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  and  lanceolate  from  a  narrower  base.,  gradually  pointed,  rough-mar- 
gined ;  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  recurved,  shorter  than  the  top-shaped  tube, 
and  much  shorter  than  the  inflated  club-shaped  blue  corolla,  which  is  closed  at  the 
mouth,  its  proper  lobes  obliterated,  the  apparent  lobes  consisting  of  the  broad  fringe- 
toothed  and  notched  appendages ;  pod  finally  projecting  out  of  the  persistent 
corolla;  seeds  broadly  winged.     (G.  Saponaria,  Fred.,  fyc.,  not  of  Z/.)  —  Moist 
rich  soil;  common,  especially  northward.     Sept.  —  Corolla  1'  or  more  long, 
blue  fading  to  purplish,  striped  inside ;  the  folds  whitish. 

7.  G.  Saponaria,  L.     (SOAPWORT  GENTIAN.)    Stem  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, smooth ;  the  flowers  clustered  at  the  summit  and  more  or  less  so  in  the  ax- 
ils ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate-obovate,  with  rough  margins,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base;    calyx-lobes  linear  or  spatulate,  acute,  equalling  or  exceed- 
ing the  tube,  half  the  length  of  the  corolla;  lobes  of  the  ctub-beU-shapcd  light-ltim 
corolla  obtuse,  erect  or  converging,  short  and  broad,  but  distinct,  and  more  or  less  loitt/er 
than  the,  rrnisjiiciinits  2-c/rft  and  minutely  toothed  appendages  ;  seeds  acute,  narrowly 
winged.    (G.  CatesbTd,  \\ra/t.) — Moist  woods,  S.  Penn.  ?  Maryland,  to  Virginia, 
III  i.o's,  nu  1  southward,    principally  in  the  Alleghanies.     Aug.,  Sept. 


GENTIANACE^E.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY.)  347 

Var.  linearis.  Slender,  nearly  simple  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  linear  or 
lance-linear  (2'  -3'  long),  acutish;  appendages  of  the  corolla  shorter  and  less 
cleft,  or  almost  entire.  (G.  Pnenmohdnthe,  Amer.  auth.  $•  ed.  I  :  also  G.  Sapo- 
naria  var.  Frcelichii.  G.  linearis,  Fred.) — Mountain  V7et  glades  of  Maryland 
and  Fenn.,  L.  Superior,  Northern  New  York,  New  Hampshire  (near  Concord), 
and  Maine  (near  Portland).  Aug. 

8.  O.  |>ul>£riila,  Michx.    Stems  erect  or  ascending  (8' -16'  high),  most- 
ly rough  and  minutely  pubescent  above ;  leaves  rigid  varying  from  linear-lanceo- 
late to  oblong-lanceolate,  rough-margined  (!'  — 2'  long);  flowers  clustered,  rarely 
solitary ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  not  longer  than  the  tube,  much  shorter  than  the 
bell-funnel-form  open  bright-blue  corolla,  the  spreading  ovate  lobes  of  which  are  acut- 
ish and  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  cut-toothed  appendages.     (G.  Catcsbaei, 
Ell.     G.  Saponaria,  var.  puberula,  ed.  1.) — Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  Ohio  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Corolla  large  for  the  size  of  the 
plant,  l^'-2'  long.     Seeds  (also  in  G.  Pneumonanthe)  not  covering  the  walls, 
as  they  do  in  the  rest  of  this  division. 

*  *  F lower  solitary  and  terminal,  peduncled,  mostly  bractless. 

9.  G.  ailgUStifdlia,   Michx.      Stems   slender  and   ascending    (6'-l» 
high),  simple;  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  oblanceolate,  rigid;  corolla  open-fun- 
nel-form, azure-blue  (2'  long),  about  twice  the  length  of  the  thread-like  calyx- 
lobes,  its  ovate  spreading  lobes  twice  the  length  of  the  cut-toothed  appendages ; 
the  tube  striped  with  yellowish.  —  Moist  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey,  and  south- 
ward (where  there  is  a  white  variety).     Sept. -Nov. 

6.     BARTONIA,    Muhl.         (CENTAURELLA,  Michx.) 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  deeply  4-cleft,  destitute  of  glands,  fringes,  or  folds. 
Stamens  short.  Pod  oblong,  flattened,  pointed  with  a  large  persistent  at  length 
2-lobed  stigma.  Seeds  minute,  innumerable,  covering  the  whole  inner  surface 
of  the  pod  !  —  Small  annuals,  or  biennials,  with  thread-like  stems,  and  little  awl- 
shaped  greenish  scales  in  place  of  leaves.  Flowers  small,  white,  neduncled. 
(Dedicated,  in  the  year  1801,  to  the  distinguished  Prof.  Barton,  of  Philadelphia.) 

1.  15.  tenclla,  Muhl.    Stems  (3' -10' high)  branched  above;  the  branches 
or  peduncles  mostly  opposite,  1  -  3-flowered ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong,  acutish, 
rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  or  sometimes  twice  as  long;  anthers  roundish;  ovary 
4-angled,  the  cell  somewhat  cruciform.  —  Open  woods,  E.  New  England  to  Vir- 
ginia and  southward ;  common.     Aug.  —  Centaurella  Moseri.  Griseb.,  is  only  a 
variety  with  the  scales  and  peduncles  mostly  alternate,  and  the  petals  acute. 

2.  B.  Vema,  Muhl.     Stem  (2' -6' high)  1  -  few-flowered  ;  lobes  of  the  co- 
rclla   spatulate,  obtuse,  spreading,  thrice  the  length  of  the   calyx ;   anthers   oblong ; 
ovary  flat.  —  Bogs  near  the  coast,  Virginia  and  southward.     March.  —  Flowers 
3" -4"  long,  larger  than  in  No.  1. 

7      OBOJLARIA,    L.        OBOLARIA. 

Calyx  of  2  sj  atulate  spreading  sepals,  resembling  the  leaves.  Corolla  tubu- 
le r-bell-shape<f.,  withering-persistent,  4-cleft;  the  lobes  oval-oblong,  or  with  age 


348  GENTIANACE^:.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY., 

spatnlato,  imbricated  in  the  bud  !  Stamens  inserted  at  the  sinuses  of  tho  corolla 
short.  Style  short,  persistent :  stigma  2-lipped.  Pod  ovoid,  1 -celled,  the  cell 
cruciform:  the  seeds  covering  the  whole  face  of  the  walls. — A  low  and  very 
smooth  purplish-green  perennial  (3 '-8'  high),  with  a  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  stem,  opposite  wcdge-ohovate  leaves ;  the  dull  white  or  purplish 
flowers  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  three,  terminal  and  axillary,  nearly  sessile. 
(Name  from  o/3oAoy,  a  small  Greek  coin ;  to  which,  however,  the  leaves  of  this 
plant  bear  no  manifest  resemblance.) 

1.  O.  Yirginica,  L.  (Gray,  Chlor.  Bor.-Am.,  L  3.)— Rich  soil,  in 
woods,  from  New  Jersey  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward  :  rather  rare. 
April,  May. 

8.    MENYAJVTHES,    Tourn.        BUCKBEAN. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  short  funnel-form,  5-parted,  deciduous,  the  whole 
upper  surface  white-bearded,  valvate  in  the  bud  with  the  margins  turned  inward. 
Style  slender,  persistent :  stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  bursting  somewhat  irregularly, 
many-seeded.  '  Seed-coat  hard,  smooth,  and  shining.  —  A  perennial  alternate- 
leaved  herb,  with  a  thickish  creeping  rootstock,  sheathed  by  the  membranous 
bases  of  the  long  petioles,  which  bear  3  oval  or  oblong  leaflets  at  the  summit ; 
the  flowers  racemed  on  the  naked  scape  (1°  high),  white  or  slightly  reddish. 
(The  ancient  Theophrastian  name,  probably  from  pip,  month,  and  avdos,  a  flower, 
some  say  from  its  flowering  for  about  that  time.) 

1.  M.  trifoliat«l,  L.  — Bogs,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin, 
and  northward.  May,  June.  (Eu.) 

9.    L-IUINANTIIEMUUI,    Gmelin.        FLOATING  HEART. 

Calyx  5-partcd.  Corolla  almost  wheel-shaped,  5-parted,  the  divisions  fringed 
or  bearded  at  the  base  or  margins  only,  folded  inwards  in  the  bud,  bearing  a 
glandular  appendage  near  the  base.  Style  short  or  none  :  stigma  2-lobed,  per- 
sistent. Pod  few  -  many-seeded,  at  length  bursting  irregularly.  Seed-coat 
hard.  —  Perennial  aquatics,  with  rounded  floating  leaves  on  very  long  petioles, 
which,  in  most  species,  bear  near  their  summit  the  umbel  of  (polygamous) 
flowers,  along  with  a  cluster  of  short  and  spur-like  roots,  sometimes  shooting 
forth  new  leaves  from  the  same  place,  and  so  spreading  by  a  sort  of  proliferous 
stolons.  (Name  compounded  of  XI'/AOTJ,  a  marsh  or  pool,  and  avdepov,  a  blossom, 
from  the  situations  where  they  grow.) 

1.  Jj»  l.lClliiosiim,  Griseb.  (partly).  Leaves  round-heart-shaped,  thick- 
ish  ;  lobes  of  the  (white)  corolla  broadly  oval,  naked,  except  the  crest-like  yel- 
lowish gland  at  their  base,  twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes ;  style 
none;  seeds  smooth  and  even.  (Villarsia  lacunosa,  Vent.  V.  conUta,  Elf.)  — 
Shallow  ponds,  from  Maine  and  N.  New  York  to  Virginia  and  southward 
June -Sept.  —  Leaves  1'- 2'  broad,  entire,  on  petioles  4'- 15' long,  according 
to  the  depth  of  the  water. 

L.  TRACHYSPERMUM  of  the  South  has  roughened  seeds  as  its  name  lenotes, 
aud  ia  entirely  distinct. 


APOCYNACE^:.     (DOGBANE  FAMILY.;  3A9 

ORDEK  84.     APOCYNACE^E.     (DOGBANE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  milky  acrid  juice,  entire  (chiefly  opposite)  leaves  wiilioul  sti- 
pules, regular  5-merous  and  5-androus  flowers ;  the  5  lobes  of  the  corolla 
convolute  and  twisted  in  the  bud;  the  filaments  distinct,  inserted  on  the  corolla, 
and  the  pollen  granular  ;  the  calyx  entirely  free  from  the  two  ovaries,  which 
are  usually  quite  distinct  (and  forming  pods),  though  their  styles  or  stig- 
mas are  united  into  one.  —  Seeds  amphitropous  or  anatropous,  with  a  large 
straight  embryo  in  sparing  albumen,  often  bearing  a  tuft  of  down  (comose). 
—  Chiefly  a  tropical  family  (of  acrid-poisonous  plants),  represented  in  our 
district  by  three  genera. 

Synopsis. 

1.  AMSONIA.     Seeds  naked.     Corolla  with  the  tube  bearded  inside.    Anthers  longer  than  the 

filaments     Leaves  alternate 

2.  FORSTERONIA.    Seeds  comose.     Corolla  funnel-form,  not  appendaged.    Filaments  slen- 

der.    Calyx  glandular  inside.     Leaves  opposite. 

8.  APOCYNUM.    Seeds  comose.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  appendaged  within.    Filaments  short, 
broad,  and  flat.    Calyx  not  glandular.     Leaves  opposite 

1.    AMSONIA,    Walt.        AMSONIA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  small.  Corolla  with  a  narrow  funnel-form  tube  bearded  in- 
side, especially  at  the  throat ;  the  limb  divided  into  5  long  linear  lobes.  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  on  the  tube,  included :  anthers  obtuse  at  both  ends,  longer  than 
the  filaments.  Ovaries  2  :  style  1 :  stigma  rounded,  surrounded  with  a  cup-like 
membrane.  Pods  (follicles)  2,  long  and  slender,  many-seeded.  Seeds  cylindri- 
cal, abrupt  at  both  ends,  packed  in  one  row,  naked.  —  Perennial  herbs,  wito 
alternate  leaves,  and  pale  blue  flowers  in  terminal  panicled  cymes.  (Said  to  be 
named  for  a  Mr.  Charles  Amson.) 

1.  A.  Tabernseinontaiia,  Walt.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  rather 
obtuse  at  the  base,  short-petioled ;  tube  of  the  corolla  above  hairy  outside.  (A. 
latifolia,  Michx.) — Damp  grounds,  Illinois  (Mead,  &c.),  Virginia?  and  south- 
ward. May. 

A.  CILIATA,  with  linear  leaves,  and  A.  SALiciF6LiA,  with  lanceolate  leaves 
may  be  expected  in  Virginia  and  Illinois. 

2.     FORSTERONIA,    Meyer.        FORSTERONIA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  3-5  glands  at  its  base  inside.  Corolla  funnel-form,  not 
appendaged ;  the  limb  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla, 
included :  filaments  slender :  anthers  arrow-shaped,  with  an  inflexed  tip,  adher- 
ing to  the  stigma.  Pods  (follicles)  2,  slendev,  many-seeded.  Seeds  oblong, 
with  a  tuft  of  down.  —  Twining  plants,  more  or  less  woody,  with  opposite 
leaves  and  small  flowers  in  cymes.  (Named  for  Mr.  T.  F.  Forster,  an  English 
botanist.) 

1.  F.  diflformis,  A.  DC.  Nearly  herbaceous  and  glabrous ;  leaves  oval- 
lanceolate,  acuirmate,  thin;  calyx-lobes  taper-pointed;  corolla  pale  yellow 


350  ASCLEPIADACEJE.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.) 

(Echites  difformis,  Walt.)  —  Damp  grounds,  S.  E.  Virginia,  S.   Illimis,  and 
southward.     April. 

3.     APOCYJVUM,    Tourn.         DOGBANE.     INDIAN  HEMP. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  acure.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cieft,  bearing  5  trian- 
gular appendages  in  the  throat  opposite  the  lobes.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
very  base  of  the  corolla :  filaments  flat,  shorter  than  the  arrow-shaped  anthers, 
which  converge  around  the  ovoid  obscurely  2-lobed  stigma,  and  are  slightly  ad- 
herent to  it  by  their  inner  face.  Style  none :  stigma  large,  ovoid,  slightly  2- 
lobed.  Fruit  of  2  long  and  slender  follicles.  Seeds  comose  with  a  long  tuft  of 
silky  down  at  the  apex.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  upright  branching  stems,  oppo- 
site mucronate-pointed  leaves,  a  tough  fibrous  bark,  and  small  and  pale  cymose 
flowers  on  short  pedicels.  (An  ancient  name  of  the  Dogbane,  composed  of 
a-To,  from,  and  Kucof,  a  dofj,  to  which  the  plant  was  thought  to  be  poisonous.) 

1.  A.  aiidrossemifoliuiti,  L.      (SPREADING  DOGBANE.)      Smooth, 
branched  above;   branches  divergently  forking ;    leaves  ovate,  distinctly  petioled  ; 
yines  loose,  spreading,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves ;  corolla   (pale  rose-color,  J! 
broad)  ojien-bell-shaped,  wiili  revolute  lol)ts,  the  tube  much  longer  t/tan  the  ovate  pointed 
divisions  of -the  calyx.  —  Varies,  also,  with  the  leaves  downy  underneath.  —  Bor- 
ders of  thickets;  common,  especially  northward.    June,  July.  —  Pods  3'--V 
long,  penlent. 

2.  A.  4':sisii:i1>iBiiini,  L.     (INDIAN  HEMP.)     Stem    and    branches    up- 
right or  ascending,  terminated  by  ei'ect  and  close  many-jlowcrcd  cymes,  which  are 
usually  shorter  than  the  leaves;  corolla  (greenish-white)  with  nearly  erect  lobes, 
the  tube  not  longer  than  the  lanceolate  divisions  of  the  calyx.  —  Var.  GLABERRI 
MUM,  DC.     Entirely  smooth;  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  on  short  but 
manifest  petioles,  obtuse  or  rounded,  or  the  upper  acute  at  both  ends. —  Var. 
PUBESCENS,  DC.    Leaves  oblong,  oval,  or  ovate,  downy  underneath  or  some- 
times on  both  sides,  as  well  as  the  cymes.     (A.  pubescens,  R.  Br.)  —  Var.  nv- 
PERICIF6LIUM.    Leaves  more  or  less  heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  on  very  short 
petioles,  commonly  smooth  throughout.      (A.  hypericifolium,  Ait.) — Kiver- 
banks,  &c. ;  common.     July,  Aug.  —  Plant  2° -3°  high,  much  more  upright 
than  the  last ;  the  flowers  scarcely  half  the  si/e.     These  different  varieties  evi- 
dently run  into  one  another. 

VfNCA  M!NOR,  the  common  PERIWINKLE,  and  NERIUM  OLEANDER,  tne 
OLEANDER,  are  common  cultivated  plants  of  this  family. 

ORDER  85.     ASCLEPIADACE^E.     (MILKWEE:>  FAMILY.; 

Plants  with  milky  juice,  and  opposite  or  wliorlcd  (rarely  scattered)  entire 
haves  ;  the  foUicular  pods,  seeds,  anthers  connected  with  the  stigma,  sensible 
properties,  fyc.,just  an  in  the  last  family ;  from  which  they  itij/er  in  the  com- 
monly vahate  corolla,  and  in  the  singular  connection  of  the  anthers  with  the 
stiama,  the  cohesion  of  the  pollen  into  wax-like  or  granular  masses,  &c.,  ac 
explained  under  the  first  and  typical  genus. 


ASCLEPIADACE^E.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.)  851 

Synopsis. 

TKIBE  I.     ASCL.EPIADE.flE.      Filaments  monadelphous.      Pollen-masses  10,   waxy, 

fixed  to  the  stigma  by  pairs,  pendulous  and  vertical. 

I.  ASCLEPIAS.     Calyx  and  corolla  retiexed,  deeply  5-parted.     Ciown  of  5  hooded  fleshy  bod- 
ies (nectaries,  L.),  with  an  incurved  horn  rising  from  the  cavity  of  each. 
2    ACEHATES.     Calyx  and  corolla  reflexed  or  merely  spreading.     Crown  as  in  No.  1,  but 

without  a  horn  inside. 

8    ENSLENI A.     Calyx  and  corolla  erect.    Crown  of  5  membranaceous  bodies,  flat,  terminated 
by  a  2-cleft  tail  or  awn. 

TRIBE  II.     GONOL.OBE.qE.     Filaments  monadelphous.    Pollen-masses  10,  affixed  to  the 
stigma  in  pairs,  horizontal. 

4.  GONOLOBUS.     Corolla  wheel-shaped.     Crown  a  wavy-lobed  fleshy  ring. 

TRIBE  Til.     PERIPLOCE^E.     Filaments  distinct  or  nearly  so.     Pollen-masses  granu 
lar,  separately  applied  to  the  stigma. 

5.  PE11IPLOCA.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  5  awned  scales  in  the  throat. 

1.     ASCLEPIAS,    L.        MILKWEED.     SILKWEED. 

Calyx  5-paried,  persistent ;  the  divisions  small,  spreading.  Corolla  deeply 
f>-parted ;  the  divisions  valvate  in  the  bud,  reflexed,  deciduous.  Crown  of  5 
hooded  bodies  (nectaries,  L.)  seated  on  the  tube  of  stamens,  each  containing  an 
incurved  horn.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla :  filaments  united 
in  a  tube  (gynostegium]  which  encloses  the  pistil :  anthers  adherent  to  the  stigma, 
each  with  2  vertical  cells,  tipped  with  a  membranaceous  appendage,  each  cell 
containing  a  flattened  pear-shaped  and  waxy  pollen-mass ;  the  two  contiguous 
pollen-masses  of  adjacent  anthers  forming  pairs  which  hang  by  a  slender  pro- 
longation of  their  summits  from  5  cloven  glands  that  grow  on  the  angles  of  the 
stigma  (usually  extricated  from  the  cells  by  the  agency  of  insects,  and  directing 
copious  pollen-tubes  into  the  point  where  the  stigma  joins  the  apex  of  the  styles). 
Ovaries  2,  tapering  into  very  short  styles  :  the  large  depressed  5-angled  fleshy 
stigma  common  to  the  two.  Follicles  2,  one  of  them  often  abortive,  soft,  ovate 
or  lanceolate.  Seeds  anatropous,  flat,  margined,  downwardly  imbricated  all 
over  the  large  placenta  which  separates  from  the  suture  at  maturity,  furnished 
with  a  long  tuft  of  silky  hairs  (coma)  at  the  hilum.  Embryo  large,  with  broad 
foliaceous  cotyledons  in  thin  albumen.  — Perennial  upright  herbs,  with  thick  and 
deep  roots  :  peduncles  terminal  or  mostly  lateral  and  between  the  petioles,  bear- 
ing simple  many-flowered  umbels.  Leaves  usually  transversely  veiny.  (Tho 
Greek  name  of  ^Ksculupius,  to  whom  the  genus  is  dedicated.)  See  Addend. 
*  Pods  clothed  with  soft  spinous  projections, 

1.  A.  Comiiti,  Decaisne.  (COMMON  MILKWLES  or  SILKWEED.) 
Stem  large  and  stout,  somewhat  branched  ;  leaves  ovate-ellipJcal,  with  a  slight 
point,  spreading,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short  but  distinct  petiole,  minutely  velvety- 
downy  underneath  as  well  as  the  peduncles  and  branches ;  divisions  of  the  corolla 
ovate  (greenish-purple),  about  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  very  numerous  pedi- 
cels ;  hoods  of  the  crown  ovate,  obtuse,  with  a  lobe  or  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  short 
and  stout  claw-like  horn ;  pods  ovate,  covered  with  weak  spines  and  woollij.  (A.  Sy- 
riaca,  L.,  but  the  plant  belongs  to  this  country  only.) — Rich  soil,  fields,  &c. ; 
common.  July.  —  Plant  3°  -  4°  high ;  leaves  4'  -  8'  long,  pale. 


352  ASCLEPIADACE^E.       (MII,K-WI-:i:D    FAMILY). 

V 

2.  A.  fSEllSiViiaitiE,  Engelm.  MSB.    Very  smooth  throughout,  tall;  leaves 

ovate-oblong  from  a  heart-shaped  nearly  sessile  I  ./;.r  ,•  hoods  of  the  crown  <•//•• 
entire,  obtusely  1-eared  at  the  base  ou  the  outsiJe,  with  au  incurved  ami  flat 
claw-like  horn;  pods  ovate-lanceolate,  with  small  and  scattered  warty  opines 
chiefly  on  the  beak.  —  Xear  Columbus,  Ohio,  Sullivant.  W.  Illinois,  Enyclmann. 
July.  —  Resembles  No.  1  in  appearance,  in  the  petals,  &c.  ;  the  hoods  larger, 
anl  exceeding  the  anthers  by  one  half. 

*  #  Pods  not  warty  -roughened  or  pritkly. 

•*-  Leaves  all  or  chiejly  opjwsite,  or  the  middle  ones  sometimes  in  Jours. 
«-*•  Stems  simple  or  nearly  so  (above  usually  with  2  lines  of  minute  pitliescence). 

3.  A.  pliytolaccoides,  Pursh.     (POKE-MILKWEED.)     Stem    (3°  -5° 
high)  smooth  ;   leaves  broadly  ovate,  or  the  upper  oval-lanceolate  and  pointed  at  both 
ends,  short-petioled,  smooth  or  slightly  downy  underneath  (5'-8'  long)  ;  pedicels 
loose  and  nodding,  numerous,  tony  and  slender  (l'-3'  long),  equalling  the  pedun- 
cle, many  times  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong  divisions  of  the  (greenish)  corolla  ;  hooda 
of  the  crown  (white)  truncate,  the  margins  2-toothcd  at  the  summit,  the  horn 
with  a  long  projecting  awl-shaped  point;  pods  minutely  downy.  —  Moist  copses  ; 
common.    June. 

4.  A.  purpurasceais,  L.     (PURPLE  MILKWEED.)     Stem  rather  slen- 
der (2°  -3°  high)  ;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong,  the  lower  mucronatc,  the  upper 
taper-pointed,  minutely  velvety-downy  underneath,  smooth   above,  contracted  at  the 
base  into  a  short  petiole  ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  mostly  terminal  peduncle,  about 
twice  the  length  of  the  dark  purple  lanceolate-ovate  divisions  of  the  corolla  ;  hoods  of 
the  crown  oblong,  abruptly  narrowed  above  ;  the  horn  broadly  sn/the-shupc-d,  with 
a  narrow  and  abruptly  in  flexed  horizontal  point;  pods  smooth.     (A.  ainoena,  L., 
Michx.)  —  Border  of  woods,  &c.,  N.  England  to  Michigan  and  Kentucky:  com- 
mon westward.     July.  —  Flowers  as  large  as  in  No.  1:  peduncle  and  pedicels 
downy  along  one  side. 

5.  A.    variegata,    L.       (VARIEGATED    MILKWEED.)      Nearly    smooth 
(1°  -2°  high);  leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  obovate,  somewhat  wavy,  mucronate,  con- 
tracted into  short  petioles  ;  pedicels  (numerous  and  croirded)  and  peduncle  short,  doirn//  ; 
divisions  of  the  corolla  ovate  (irhife)  ;  hoods  of  the  crown   orbicular,  entire,  the 
horn  semilunar  with  a  horizontal  point;  pods  slightly  downy.     (A.  nivea,  L., 
in  part.     A.  hybrida,  AficLr.)  —  Dry  woods,  S.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  anJ 
southward.     July.  —  Remarkable  for  its  very  compact  umbels  of  nearly  ^hito 
flowers,  often  purple  in  the  centre.     Leaves  4-5  pairs,  the  middle  ones  some- 
times whorled  ;  veins  often  purple.     Peduncles  1  -3,  usually  £'  long. 

6.  A.  ovalifolisi,  Decaisne  in  DC.  Prodr.     Low   (G'-15'  high),   soft- 
downy,  especially  the  lower  side  of  the  ovate  or  lance-oblong  acute  slightly  /»  fi- 
oled  leaves;  unibcls  loosely  l(~)-\?-f?oiccrcd,  either  sessile  or  peduncled  ;  jtedieels 
•..l-Ji.lei-  (V-f  long)  ;  hoods  of  the  crown  o!>l  »ng,  obtuse,  yellowish,  with  a  small 
horn,  about  the  length  of  the  oval  grceni.Ji  white  divisions  of  the  corolla  (which 
are  tuiged  with  purple  outside).     (  A.  lanuginosa.  Nutt.  /    A.  Vascyi,  Care-i}.  — 
J'riiiries  and  Oak-openings.  X.  Illino's.   Vaxcy,  Wisconsin,  Laphtim,  and  north- 
westward. June.  —  Leaves  l.V-o'  long,  S'-l.V'  wi  !e.  snmothish  above,  the  upper 


sometimes  scattered.     Flowers  abjut  as  large  as  in  the  next. 


ASCLEPIADACE^E.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.)  353 

7.  A.  quadrifolia,  Jacq.    (FOUR-LEAVED  MILKWEED.)    Nearly  smooth 
(10'-  18'  high),  slender;  leaves  ovate,  or  sometimes  oiate-lanccolate,  petioled,  usually 
tape\ -pointed,  the  middle  ones  in  whorls  of  four ;  pedicels  capillary  ;  divisions  of  the 
(pal*  pink]  corolla  oblong ;  hoods  of  the  white  crown  elliptical-ovate,  the  incurved 
horn  short  and  thick  ;  pods  linear-lanceolate,  smooth.  —  Dry  woods  and  hills  ; 
rather  common.     June.  — Leaves  2' -4'  long,  variable  on  the  same  plant,  some- 
times all  opposite,  rarely  with  two  whorls.     Umbels  2  -  5  ;•  peduncles  !'-!£' 
long :  the  flowers  rather  small  (corolla-lobes  2£"  long),  but  handsome. 

8.  A.  parviflora,  Pursh.     (SMALL-FLOWEKED   MILKWEED.)     Nearly 
smooth;  the  stems   (l°-2°  high)  persistent,  or  slightly  woody  towards  the  base, 
slender ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  petioled,  all  opposite ;  umbels 
somewhat  panicled,  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  peduncle ;  flowers  white 
ringed  with  purplish   (the  buds  l"long);  divisions  of  the  corolla  ovate;  the 
slender  incurved  horn  longer  than  the  hood. — S.  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  south- 
ward.    July. — Coma  of  the  seeds  wanting. 

9.  A.  Obtusifolia,  Michx.    (WAVY-LEAVED  MILKWEED.)    Smooth  and 
ylaucous;  stem  simple  (2° -3°  high),  bearing  a  single  terminal  umbel  on  a  long  naked 
peduncle  (3'-  12'  long) ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-elliptical,  very  obtuse  but  mucronate 
(2  -5'  long),  sessile  and  partly  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  the  margins  wavy ; 
pedicels  very  numerous,  elongated ;  divisions  of  the  (greenish-purple}  corolla  ob- 
long ;  hoods  of  the  crown  truncate  and  somewhat  toothed  at  the  summit,  shorter 
than  the  slender  awl-pointed  horn ;  pods  smoothish.  —  Sandy  woods  and  fields  : 
not  rare.     July.  —  Flowers  large  (petals  4" -5"  long). 

10.  A.  rubra,  L.    (RED-FLOWERED  MILKWEED.)    Smooth,  slender  ( 1  ° - 
2°  high),  bearing  1-3  few-flowered  umbels  at  the  naked  summit  of  the  stem  (on  a 
peduncle  2'  -3'  long) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  tapering  to  a  very  sharp 
point,  ronndtd  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  very  short-pet  ioled ;  divisions  of  the 
corolla  (reddish-purple)  lanceolate,  acute;  hoods  of  the  crown  oblong,  acutish  (pur- 
ple tinged  with  orange),  with  an  awl-shaped  and  slightly  incurved  short  horn  ; 
pods  smooth.     (A.  laurifolia,  Michx.     A.  acuminata,  Pursh.)  —  Low  grounds, 
pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward.     July.  —  Leaves  2' -4' 
long,  rough-dilate. 

11.  A.  paupcrcilla,  Michx.      Very  imooth;  stem  wand-like,  slender  (2° - 
3°  high),  bearing  1  -  several  few-flowered  umbels  at  the  summit  of  a  naked  and  usu- 
al! v  elongated  tenninal  peduncle  (rarely  with  one  or  two  lateral  ones);  haves 
linear,  much  elongated,  slightly  petioled ;  divisions  of  the  (purple)   corolla  linear- 
oblong,  half  the  length  of  the  pedicels;  hoods  of  the  crown  (orange-yellow)  spat- 
ulate-oblong,  much  longer  than  the  awl-shaped  incurved  horn.  —  Wet  pine  bar« 
rens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  southward.    July,  Aug. -— 
Leaves  5' -10'  long,  l"-6"  broad;  the  flowers  large  and  showy. 

+•«•  •»-••  Stem  paniculately  branching. 

12.  A.  incarnata,  L.     (SWAMP  MILKWEED.)     Smooth,  or  nearly  so, 
the  stem  with  two  downy  lines  above  and  on  the  branches  of  the  peduncles 
(2° -3°  high),  very  leafy  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed,  obtuse  at 
the  base,  distinctly  petioled ;    umbels  many-flowered,  somewhat  panicled,  on 
peduncles  half  the  length  of  the  leaves ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  ovate,  reddish- 


354  ASCLEPIADACE.fi.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.) 

purple  :  hoods  of  the  crown  (flesh-color)  ovate,  about  the  length  of  the  ascend- 
ing or  scythe-form  awl-shaped  horns ;  pods  veiny,  smooth.  —  Varies  with  the 
leaves  a  lit.tle  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  and,  in  var.  PULCHRA,  with  broader  and 
shorter-petioled  leaves,  more  or  less  hairy-pubescent,  as  well  as  the  stem.  (A. 
pulchra,  Willd.) —  Wet  grounds;  the  smooth  form  very  common  northward; 
the  hairy  variety  more  so  southward.  July,  Aug.  —  Milky  juice  scanty. 
•*-  •*-  Leaves  alternate-scattered,  or  the  lowest  opposite :  milky  juice  little  or  none. 

13.  A.  tiiberosa,  L.     (BUTTERFLY-WEED.    PLEURISY-ROOT.)    Rough- 
ish-hairy;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  very  leafy,  branching  at  the  summit,  and 
bearing  the  umbels  in  a  terminal  corymb ;  leaves  varying  from  linear  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  sessile  or  slightly  petioled ;   divisions  of  the  corolla  ovate-oblong 
(greenish-orange) ;  hoods  of  the  crown  narrowly  oblong,  bright  orange,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  nearly  erect  arid  slender  awl-shaped  horns ;  pods  hoary.     (A. 
decumbens,  L.)  —  Dry  hills  and  fields  ;  common,  especially  southward.    July- 
Sept.  —  Plant  1°- 2°  high,  leafy  to  the  summit,  usually  with  numerous  and 
corymbed   short-peduncled  umbels  of  very  showy  flowers,   which   are   rather 
smaller  than  in  No.  1. 

•«-•»--»-  Leaves  nearly  all  whorled,  rarely  alternate,  crowded. 

14.  A.  vcrtic'illata,  L.     (WHORLED  MILKWEED.)     Smoothish;  stems 
slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  minutely  hoary  in  lines,  very  leafy  to  the 
summit;  leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  with  rcvolute  margins  (2' -3'  long,  1" 
wide),  3-6  in  a  whorl;  umbels  small,  lateral,  and  terminal ;  divisions  of  the  co- 
rolla ovate  (greenish-white) ;  hoods  of  the  crown  roundish-oval,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  incurved  claw-shaped  horns ;    pods   very  smooth.  —  Dry  hills  • 
common,  especially  southward.     July -Sept.  —  Flowers  small. 

2.     ACERATES,    Ell.        GREEN  MILKWEED. 

Nearly  as  in  Asclepias ;  but  the  concave  upright  hoods  of  the  crown  desti- 
tute of  a  horn  (whence  the  name,  from  a  privative  and  arpac,  -aror,  a  horn). 

1.  A.  viritliflora,  Ell.     Downy-hoary;  stems  low  and  stout,  ascending; 
leaves  varying  from  oval  or  obovate  to  lanceolate  or  almost  linear,  slightly  peti- 
olcd,  muiTonate-aeutc  or  obtuse,  thick,  at  length  smoothhh  ;  umMs  nearly  sessile, 
densely  many-flowered,  <jlulx>se,  lateral ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  oblong  ;  hoods  of 
the  crown  obluiHj,  strictly  erect,  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  tube  of  filaments,  .»lmrt- 
er  than  the  anthers;  pods  nearly  smooth.     (Asclepias  viridillora,  1'ursh.     A. 
lanceolata,  fves.     A.  obovata,  Ell.)  —  Dry  hills  and  sandy  fields  ;  common,  es- 
pecially southward.     July -Sept.  —  Flowers   greenish;   when  expanded,  about 
the  length  of  the  pedicel.     Leaves  singularly  variable  in  form. 

2.  A.  loilgifolia,  Ell.     Minutely  hoary  or  rough-hairy ;  stem  slender,  up- 
right  (l°-2£°  high)  ;  leaves  elongated-linear  (3'-7'  long,  4'-£'  wide)  ;  umbel* 
jii'ditncjed,  open,  many-flowered;  divisions  of  the  corolla  ovate-oblong,  several 
times  shorter  ttuni  the  pediecls;  hoods  of  the  crown  short  and  rounded,  raised  on 
the  tufa  ufjifaiiH'itrs  ;  pods  smooth.  —  Moist  places,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward.    June,  July. — Flowers  half  ;.s  large  as  in  the  lust,  tinge  1  with  yellowish. 

A.  MONOCKPI1ALA  Ulid  A.  PANICULATA  ;    Bt'C  AddcilJ. 


A-SCLEPIADACE^E.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.)  355 

3.    ENSL.feNIA,    Nutt.        ENSLENIA. 

Calyx  5-partcd.  Corolla  5-parted ;  the  divisions  erect,  ovate-lanceolate. 
Crown  of  5  free  raembranaceous  leaflets,  which  are  truncate  or  obscurely  lobcd 
at  the  apex,  where  they  bear  a  pair  of  nexuous  awns  united  at  their  base.  An- 
thers nearly  as  in  Asclepias :  pollen-masses  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  fixed 
below  the  summit  of  the  stigma  to  the  descending  glands.  Pods  oblong-lanceo- 
late, smooth.  Seeds  with  a  tuft,  as  in  Asclepias.  —  A  perennial  twining  herb, 
smooth,  with  opposite  heart-ovate  and  pointed  long-petioled  leaves,  and  small 
whitish  flowers  in  raceme-like  clusters,  on  slender  axillary  peduncles.  (Dedi- 
cated to  A.  Enslen,  an  Austrian  botanist  who  collected  in  the  Southern  United 
States  early  in  the  present  century.) 

1.  E.  allmla,  Nutt.  —  River-banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  W.  Virginia,  and 
Bouthwestward  ;  common.  July -Sept.  —  Climbing  8° -12°  high:  leaves  3'- 
5'  wide. 

4.     OONOL.OBUS,    Michx.        GONOLOBUS. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped,  sometimes  reflexed-spread- 
ing ;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.  Crown  a  small  and  fleshy  wavy-lobed  ring 
in  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Anthers  horizontal,  partly  hidden  under  the  flat- 
tened stigma,  opening  transversely.  Pollen-masses  5  pairs,  horizontal.  Pods 
turgid,  more  or  less  ribbed,  or  armed  with  soft  warty  projections.  Seeds  with 
a  silky  tuft.  —  Twining  herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  with  opposite  heart-shaped 
leaves,  usually  hairy,  and  racemed  or  corymbed  greenish  yellow  or  dingy  purple 
flowers,  on  peduncles  rising  from  between  the  petioles.  (Name  composed  of 
y&vos,  an  angle,  and  Xo/3off,  a  pod,  from  the  angled  or  ribbed  follicles  of  one 
species.) 

1.  O.     lliacropkyllllS,  Michx.     Stems  and  petioles  somewhat  pubes- 
cent and  hairy ;  leaves  round-cordate,  large,  very  abruptly  pointed  ;  lobes  of  the 
corolla  narrow ;  pods  ribbed-anyled.  —  River-banks,  Penn.  1   to   Kentucky,    and 
southward.     (The  limits  between  this  and  G.  tiliajfolius,  Decaisne,  appear  un- 
satisfactory.) 

2.  O.  tnirsiltllS,  Michx.     Stems  and  petioles  bristly-hairy ;  leaves  round- 
cordate  or  ovate-cordate,  more  or  less  hairy ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong  •  pod* 
armed  with  soft  prickles.  —  River-banks,  Penn.   to  S.    Illinois,  and  southward. 
July. 

5.    PERIPL.OCA,    L.        PERIPLOCA. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped,  with  5  awned  scales  b  the 
throat.  Filaments  distinct  :  anthers  coherent  with  the  apex  of  the  stigma, 
bearded  on  the  back  :  pollen-masses  5,  each  of  4  united,  singly  affixed  directly 
to  the  glands  of  the  stigma.  Stigma  hemispherical.  Pods  smooth,  widely  di- 
vergent. Seeds  with  a  silky  tuft.  —  Twining  shrubby  plants,  with  smooth  oppo- 
site leaves,  and  pan  icled-cymose  flowers.  (Name  from  Tre/KTrXo/t^,  a  coiling 
round,  in  allusion  to  the  twining  steins.) 

1.  P»  GR^CA,  L.    Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  loose- 


356  OLEACEJK.     (OLIVE  FAMILY.) 

ly-flowered  cymes ;  divisions  of  the  brownish-purple  corolla  linear-oblong,  very 
hairy  above.  —  Rear  Rochester,  &c.,  New  York.     Aug.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

ORDER  86.     OLEACE^E.     (OLIVE   FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  and  pinnate  or  simple  leaves,  a  4-cleft  (or 
tomctimes  obsolete)  calyx,  a  regular  deleft  or  nearly  or  quite  4-petalous  corol- 
la which  is  valvate  in  the  bud,  sometimes  apetalous ;  the  stamens  2-4,  mostly 
2,  and  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla;  the  ovary  2-celled,  tcith  2  sus- 
pended ovules  in  each  cell.  —  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  large  straight  em- 
bryo in  hard  fleshy  albumen.  —  A  small  family  of  which  the  OLIVE  is  the 
type,  also  represented  by  the  LILAC  (Syringa  vulyaris,  S.  Ptrsica,  &c."), 
and  by  the  ASH,  which  is  usually  apetalous. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.    OLEINE^E.     Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.     Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  with 
both  calyx  and  corolla.     Leaves  simple,  mostly  entire. 

1.  LIGUSTRUM.    Corolla  funnel-form,  its  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  4-cleft. 

2.  OLEA.     Corolla  short,  bell-shaped  or  salver-shaped  ;  the  limb  4-parted 

8.  CHIONANT1IUS.    Corolla  4-parted  or  4-petalous,  the  divisions  or  petals  long  and  linear. 

TRIBE  II.    FRAXINEjE.     Fruit  dry  and  winged  (a  samara).    Flowers  dioecious  or  polyg- 
amous, mostly  apetalous,  and  sometimes  without  a  calyx     Leaves  odd-pinnate. 
4    FRAXINUS.    The  only  genus  of  the  Tribe. 

TRIBE  III.     FORESTIERE.K.     Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.    Flowers  dioecious  or  perfect, 

apetalous.     Leaves  simple. 
6.  FORESTIERA.     Flowers  dioecious,  from  a  scaly  catkin-like  bud.     Stamens  2 -4. 

1.     L.1GIJ  STRUM,    Tourn.        PRIVET. 

Calyx  short-tubular,  4-toothed,  deciduous.  Corolla  funnel-form,  4-Iobcd  ;  the 
lobes  ovate,  obtuse.  Stamens  2,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included.  Stigma 
2-cleft.  Berry  spherical,  2-celled,  2  -  1-secdcd.  —  Shrubs  witli  entire  leaves  on 
short  petioles,  and  small  white  flowers  in  terminal  thyrsoid  panicles.  (The 
classical  name.) 

1.  IM  VULG\RE,  L.  (COMMON  PRIVET  or  PRIM.)  Leaves  ellipticrtl-Ian- 
ceolatc,  smooth,  thickish,  deciduous;  berries  black.  —  Used  for  low  hedges: 
naturalized  in  copses  by  the  agency  of  birds  in  E.  New  England  and  New  York. 
May,  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.    6 LEA,    Tourn.        OLIVB. 

Calyx  short,  4-toothed,  rarely  entire.  Corolla  with  a  short  bell-shaped  tur>e 
and  a  4-parted  spreading  limb.  Stamens  2.  Fruit  a  drupe,  with  a  bony  stone, 
2-1-seeded. —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  and  coriaceous  mostly  entire 
leaves,  and  perfect,  or  (in  our  species)  polygamous  or  dioecious,  small  white 
flowers  in  panicles  or  corymbs.  (The  classical  name  of  the  European  Olive,  O. 


OLEACEvE.       (OLIVE    FAMILY.)  357 

1.  O.  Americana,  L.  (DEVIL-WOOD.)  Leaves  oblong -1  a nccolnte, 
smooth  and  shining  (3' -6' long);  fruit  spherical.  —  Moist  woods,  coast  of  S. 
Virginia,  and  southward.  May.  Tree  15° -20°  high. 

3.     CII10NANTHUS,    L.        FRINGE-TREE. 

Calyx  4-partcd,  very  small,  persistent.  Corolla  of  4  long  and  linear  petals, 
which  are  barely  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  2  (rarely  3  or  4),  on  the  very 
base  of  the  corolla,  very  short.  Stigma  notched.  Drupe  fleshy,  globular,  be- 
coming 1-celled,  1-3  -seeded. — Low  trees  or  shrubs,  with  deciduous  and  entire 
pctioled  leaves,  and  delicate  flowers  in  loose  and  drooping  graceful  panicles. 
(Name  from  ^toW,  snow,  and  av6os,  blossom,  alluding  to  the  light  and  snow- 
white  clusters  of  flowers.) 

1.  C.  Virgiliica,  L.  Leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  obovate-lanccolate,  smooth- 
ish  or  rather  downy,  veiny ;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  ;  drupe  purple,  with  a 
bloom,  ovoid  (£'  -  §'  long).  —  River-banks,  S.  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward :  vciy  ornamental  in  cultivation.  June. — Petals  about  1'  long,  narrowly 
linear,  acute,  rarely  5  -  6  in  number. 

4.     FRAXINIIS,    Tourn.        ASH. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  (in  our  species)  dioecious.  Calyx  small  and  4-cleft, 
toothed,  or  entire,  or  obsolete.  Petals  4,  slightly  cohering  in  pairs  at  the  base, 
or  only  2,  oblong  or  linear,  or  altogether  wanting  in  our  species.  Stam/ens  2, 
sometimes  3  or  4  :  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  large.  Style  single :  stigma  2-cleft. 
Fruit  a  1  -2-celled  samara,  or  key-fruit  flattened,  winged  at  the  apex.  1  -2-secded. 
Cotyledons  elliptical :  radicle  slender.  —  Light  timber-trees,  with  petioled  pin- 
nate leaves  of  3  -  15  cither  toothed  or  entire  leaflets ;  the  small  flowers  in  crowd- 
ed panicles  or  racemes  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves.  (The  classical  Latin 
name,  thought  to  be  derived  from  (£pd|tf,  a  separation,  from  the  facility  with 
which  the  wood  splits.) 

#  Fruit  winyed  from  the  apex  only,  barely  margined  or  terete  towards  the  base :  calyx 
minute,  persistent :  corolla  none :  leaflets  stalked. 

1.  T.  Amcricfaim,  L.     (WiiiTE  Asn.)    Branchlets  and  petioles  glabrous  ; 
leaflets  7-9,  ovate-  or  lance-oblong,  pointed,  pale  and  either  smooth  or  pubes- 
cent underneath,  somewhat  toothed  or  entire ;  fruit  terete  and  maryinless  below, 
above  extended  into  a  lanceolate,  oblanceolate,  or  wedge-linear  wing.    (F.  acuminata, 
and  F.  juglandifolia,  Lam.     F.  cpiptera,  Mlc/ix.)  —  Rich  or  moist  woods;  com- 
mon.    April,  May. — A  large  forest  tree,  with  gray  furrowed  bark,  smooth 
greenish-gray  branchlets,  and  rusty-colored  buds.     (The  figure  of  the  fruit  in 
Michaux's   Sylva  is  misplaced,  it  apparently  having  been   interchanged  with 
that  of  the  Green  Ash.) 

2.  F.  pllbescenS,  Lam.     (RED  ASH.)     Branchlets  and  petioles  velvety- 
pubescent ;  leaflets  7-9,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  almost  entire, 
pale  or  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath ;  fruit  acute  at  tht  base,  flatfish  and  2-edyed, 
the  edges  gradually  dilated  into  the  long  (l£'-2')  oblanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate 


358 


OLEACE.E.       (OLIVE    FAMILY.) 


wing.     (F.  tomentosa,  Michx.} —  With  the  preceding:  rare  west  cf  the  Alle- 
ghanies. — A  smaller  tree,  furnishing  less  valuable  timber. 

3.  F.  viridis,  Michx.  f.      (GREEN  ASH.)       Glabrous   throughout;  leaflets 
5-9,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  often  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  and  serrate 
above,  bright  yreen  both  sides ;  fruit  acute  at  the  base,  striate,  2-cdt/cd  or  margined, 
gradually  dilated  into  an  oblanceolatc  or  linear-spatulate  wing,  much  as  in  No. 
2.     (F.  concolor,  MM.     F.  juglamlifolia,  WilkL,  DC.,  and  id.  1,  but  not  of 
fain.) — Near  streams,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward;  most  com- 
mon westward.  —  A  small  or  middle-sized  tree.     (The  figure  of  the  fruit  given 
in  Michaux's  Sylva  evidently  belongs  to  F.  Americana.) 

*  *  Fruit  winged  all  round  the  seed-bearing  portion. 
H—  Calyx  wanting,  at  least  in  the  fertile  flowers,  which  are  entirely  naked ! 

4.  F.  sambucifolia,  Lam.     (BLACK  ASH.    WATER  ASH.)    Branch 
lets  and  petioles  glabrous;  leaflets  7-  11,  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to 
a  point,  serrate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base,  green  and  smooth  both  sides, 
when  young  with  some  rusty  hairs  along  the  midrib  ;  fruit  linear-oblong  or  nar- 
rowly elliptical,  blunt  at  both  ends.  —  Swamps  and  along  streams,  Penn.  to 
Kentucky,  and  everywhere  northward.     April,  May.  —  Tree  rather  small,  its 
tough  wood  easily  separable  into  thin  layers,  used  for  coarse  basket-work,  &c. 
Bruised  leaves  with  the  odor  of  Elder. 

•*-  •*-  Calyx  present,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  fruit. 

5.  F.  qimdrang-iilata,  Michx.     (BLUE  ASH.)     Bmnchhts  square,  at 
least  on  vigorous  shoots,  glabrous  ;  leaflets  7-9,  short-stalked,  oblong-ovate  or 
lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate,  green  both  sides  ;  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  blunt  t 
and  of  the  same  width  at  both  ends,  or  slightly  narrowed  at  the  base,  often  notched 
at  the  apex  (!£'  long,  %  -  $'  wide).  —  Dry  or  moist  rich  woods,  Ohio  and  Mich- 
igan to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  —  Tree  large,  with  timber  like  No.  1. 

6.  F.    platyc:trpa,    Michx.      (CAROLINA    WATER-ASH.)      Branc.hlcts 
terete,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  leaflets  5-7,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends, 
short-stalked ;  fruit  broadly  winged  (not  rarely  3-winged),  oblong  ($'  wide),  icith  a 
tapering  base.  —  Wet  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.     March. 

5.    FORESTIERA,    Foir.        (ADEI.IA,  Miflr.) 

Flowers  dioecious,  crowded  in  catkin-like  scaly  buds  from  the  axils  of  last 
year's  leaves,  imbricated  with  scales.  Corolla  none.  Calyx  early  deciduous, 
of  4  minute  sepals.  Stamens  2-4:  anthers  oblong.  Ovary  ovate,  2-celled, 
with  2  pendulous  ovules  in  each  cell:  style  slender  :  stigma  somewhat  12-lobed. 
Prupe  small,  ovoid,  1 -celled,  1 -seeded.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  and  often  fasci- 
cled deciduous  leaves  and  small  flowers.  Fertile  peduncles  short,  1  -3-flowered 
'Named  for  .!/.  /'o/vs//,r,  a  French  physician.) 

1.  F.  Bciiminntsi,  Foir.    Glabrous:  leaves  thro;  oblong-ovate  or  ovate- 

Janeeolute,    acuminate  at,  both  cuds,  ofien  M -i-mlal.- ;    drupe  obiong,  usually 
pointed. — Wet  banks,  W.  Illinois  and  southward.     April 


A.RISTOLOCHIACEJL.       (BIRTH  WORT    FAMILY.)  359 


DIVISION  HI.    APETALOUS   EX6GENOUS   PLANTS. 

Corolla  none ;  the  floral  envelopes  in  a  single  series  (calyx),  or 
sometimes  wanting  altogether. 


ORDER  87.     ARISTOLOCIIIACE^.      (BIRTHWORT   FAM.) 

Climbing  shrubs,  or  low  herbs,  with  perfect  flowers,  the  conspicitous  lurid 
calyx  (valvate  in  the  bud)  coherent  below  with  the  6-celled  ovary,  tohich  forms 
a  many-seeded  Q-celled pod  or  berry  in  fruit.  Stamens  6-12,  more  or  less 
united  with  the  style:  anthers  adnate,  extrorse.  —  Leaves  petioled,  mostly 
heart-shaped  and  entire.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  large  tleshy  raphe,  and 
a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    AS  A  RUM,    Tourn.        ASARABACCA.    WILD  GINGER. 

Calyx  regular;  the  limb  3-cleft  or  parted.  Stamens  12,  with  more  or  less 
distinct  filaments,  their  tips  usually  continued  beyond  the  anther  into  a  point. 
Fruit  fleshy,  globular,  bursting  irregularly.  —  Stcmless  herbs  with  aromatic- 
pungent  creeping  rootstocks  bearing  2-3  kidney-shaped  or  heart-shaped  leaves 
on  long  petioles,  nnd  a  short-peduncled  flower  close  to  the  ground.  (An  ancient 
name,  of  obscure  derivation.) 

§  1.  ASARUM  PROPER. —  Calyx-tube  wholly  coherent  with  the  ovary :  filaments 
slender,  united  only  with  the  base  of  the  style,  much  longer  than  the  sJiort  anthers  : 
styles  united  into  one,  which  is  barely  6-lobetl  at  the  summit,  and  with  6  radiating 
thick  stigmas :  leaves  membranaceous,  unspotted,  on  flowering  stems  mostly  a  single 
pair,  with  the  peduncle  between  them. 

1.  A.  Csmadense,  L.     Soft-pubescent;  leaves  kidney-shaped,  more  or 
less  pointed  (4' -5' wide  when  full  grown);  calyx  bell-shaped,  with  the  upper 
part  of  the  acute  lobes  widely  and  abruptly  spreading,  brown-purple  inside  ; 
stamens  awn-tipped.  — Hill-sides  in  rich  woods  ;  common,  especially  northward, 
and  along  the  Alleghanies :  also  in  Illinois.    April,  July. 

§  2.  HETER6TROPA.  —  Calyx-tube  somewhat  inflated  below  and  contracted  at 
the  throat,  only  its  base  coherent  with  the  lower  part,  of  the  oi-ary ;  the  limb  3-<:l<ft, 
short :  fllaments  very  short  or  none:  anthers  oblong-linear:  styles  6,  fleshy,  diverging, 
2-cleJl,  each  bearing  a  thick  extrorse  stigma  below  the  clefl :  leaves  thickish,  per- 
sistent, the  upper  surface  often  whitish-mottled,  alternate  on  the  rootstock :  peduncle 
very  short. 

2.  A.  Vil'^illi  Oil  III,  L.     Leaves  round-heart-shaped  (l£'-2'  wide)  ;  calyx 
ventricose-bcll-shapcd ;  anthers  pointless.  —Virginia,  and  southward,  in  and  near 
the  mountains.     May. 

3.  A.    «iri  folium,    Michx.      Leaves  halberd-heart-shaped  (2' -4'   long); 
calyx  oblong-tubular,  with  very  short  and  blunt  lobes;  anthers  obtusely  short- 
pointed.  —  Virginia,  and  southward.     May. 


360  NYCTAGINACELE.       (FOUR-O'CLOCK    FAMILY.) 

2.     A  It  IS  TO  LOG  II I  A,    Tourn.        BIRTHWORT. 

Calyx  tubular,  the  tube  extended,  variously  inflated  above  the  ovary,  mostly 
contracted  at  the  throat.  Stamens  6,  the  sessile  anthers  wholly  adnatc  to  the 
hack  of  the  short  and  fleshy  3  -6-lobed  or  angled  stigma.  Pod  naked,  6-valved. 
Seeds  flat.  —  Twining,  climbing,  or  sometimes  upright  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs, 
with  alternate  leaves  and  lateral  or  axillary  greenish  or  lurid-purple  flowers. 
(Named  from  its  reputed  medicinal  properties.) 

|  1 .  Calyx-tube  bent  like  the  letter  S,  enlarged  at  the  two  ends,  the  small  limb  obtusely 
3-iol)ed :  anthers  in  pairs  (making  4  cells  in  a  row  under  each  of  the  3  truncate 
lobes  of  the  stiyvia )  :  low  herbs. 

1.  A.  Serpentariii,  L.      (VIRGINIA   SNAKEROOT.)      Stems   (8'-15f 
high)  branched  at  the  base,  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  from  a  heart- 
shaped  base,  or  halberd-form,  mostly  acute  or  pointed;  flowers  all  next  the 
root,  short-pedunclcd.  —  A  narrow-leaved  variety  is  A.  sagittata,  J/uAt.,  A.  hir- 
suta,  Nutt.,  &c.  —  Rich  woods,  Connecticut  to  Indiana  and  southward;   not 
common  except  near  the  Allcghany  Mountains.    July.  —  The  fibrous,  aromatic- 
stimulant  root  is  well  known  in  medicine. 

§  2.  Calyx-tube  strongly  curved  like  a  Dutch  pipe,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  the  short 
limb  obscurely  3-lobed :  anthers  in  pairs  under  each  of  the  3  short  and  thick  lobes  of 
the  stigma  :  twining  shrubs :  flowers  from  one  or  two  of  the  superposed  accessory 
axillary  buds. 

2.  A.  Stpho,  L'Her.      (PiPE-ViNB-      DUTCHMAN'S  PIPE.)      Glabrous  , 
leaves  round-kidney-shapcd,  slightly  downy  underneath ;  peduncles  with  a  clasp- 
ing bract;  calyx   (!£'  long)  with  a  brown-purple,  abrupt  flat  border.  —  Rich 
woods,  Penn.  to  Kentucky,  and  southward,  along  the  mountains.    May.  —  Stems 
sometimes  2'  in  diameter,  climbing  trees  :  full-grown  leaves  8'- 12'  broad. 

3.  A.  tomcntosa,   Sims.     Downy  or  soft-hairy ;  leaves  round-heart-shapea 
very  veiny  (3' -5'  long) ;  cafyx  greenish-yellow,  with  an  oblique  dark  purple  closed 
on/ice  and  a  rugose  reflexed  liinb.  —  Rich  woods,  from  Southern  Illinois  south- 
ward.    June. 


ORDER  88.     NYCTAGINACE^E.     (FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (or  in  the  tropics  often  shrubs  or  trees),  with  mostly  opposite  and  en- 
tire leaves,  stems  tumid  at  the  joints,  a  delicate  tubular  or  funnel-form  calyx 
ir /licit  is  colored  like  a  corolla,  its  persistent  base  constricted  above  the  \-celled 
l-sceded  ovary,  and  indurated  into  a  soi't  of  nut-like  pericarp ;  the  stamens 
1  -several,  slender,  aixf  In/pogynous ;  the  embryo  coiled  around  the  outside  of 
meaftf  albumen,  with  broad  filaceous  cotyledons.  —  Represented  in  our  gar- 
dens by  the  common  FOUR-O'CLOCK,  or  MARVEL  OF  PERU  (Mirdbilis 
Jalapa),  in  which  tie  calyx  is  commonly  mistaken  for  a  corolla  because 
the  cup-like  involucre  of  each  flower  exactly  imitates  a  calyx ;  —  and  by  a 
single 


PHTTOLACCACE^i.       (POKEWKED    FAMILY.)  361 

1.     OX^BAPHUS,    Vahl.        OXVBAPHUS. 

Flowers  1  -  5  in  the  same  5-lobed  membranaceous  broad  and  open  involucre, 
which  enlarges,  and  is  thin  and  reticulated  in  fruit.  Calyx  with  a  very  short 
tube  and  a  bell-shaptd  (rose  or  purple)  deciduous  limb,  which  is  plaited  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  mostly  3.  Style  filiform  :  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  achenium- 
like,  several-ribbed  or  angled.  —  Herbs,  with  very  large  and  thick  perennial 
roots,  opposite  leaves,  and  mostly  clustered  small  flowers.  (Name  o^vficKpov, 
a  vinegar-saucer,  or  small  shallow  vessel ;  from  the  shape  of  the  involucre.) 

1.  O.  nyctagincus,  Sweet.  Nearly  smooth;  stem  repeatedly  forked 
(l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  triangular-ovate,  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  ; 
involucres  3-5-flowered.  —  Rocky  places,  from  Wisconsin  and  Illinois  south- 
ward and  westward.  June -Aug. 


ORDER  89.     PHYTOLACCACE^E.     (POKEWEED   FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  alternate  entire  leaves  and  perfect  flowers,  with  nearly  the 
characters  of  Chenopodiaeea3,  but  usually  a  several-celled  ovary  composed  of 
as  many  carpels  united  in  a  ring,  and  forming  a  berry  in  fruit ;  —  represent- 
ed only  by  the  typical  genus 

1.     PHYTOLACCA,    Tourn.        POKEWEED. 

Calyx  of  5  rounded  and  petal -like  sepals.  Stamens  5-30.  Ovary  of  5-12 
carpels,  united  in  a  ring,  with  as  many  short  separate  styles,  in  fruit  forming  a 
depressed-globose  5-12-cclled  berry  with  a  single  vertical  seed  in  each  cell. 
Embryo  curved  in  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  —  Tall  and  stout  perennial  herbs, 
with  large  petioled  leaves,  and  flowers  in  racemes  which  become  lateral  and  op- 
posite the  leaves.  (Name  compounded  of  (frvrov,  plant,  and  the  French  lac,  lake, 
in  allusion  to  the  coloring  matter  resembling  that  pigment  which  the  berries 
yield.) 

1.  P.  decJlifidra,,  L.  (COMMON  POKE  or  SCORE.  GARGET.  PKJEON- 
BERRV.)  Stamens  10:  styles  10.  —  Borders  of  woods  and  moist  ground;  com- 
mon. July-  Sept.  —  A  smooth  plant,  with  a  rather  unpleasant  odor,  and  a  very 
large  poisonous  root  often  4' -6'  in  diameter,  sending  up  stout  stalks  (in  early 
spring  sometimes  eaten  as  a  substitute  for  Asparagus),  which  are  at  length  6°- 
9°  high.  Calyx  white :  ovary  green ;  the  long  racemes  of  dark-purple  berries 
filled  with  crimson  juice,  ripe  in  autumn. 

ORDER  90.     CHENOPODIACE7E.     (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  of  homely  aspect,  more  or  less  succulent,  with  chiefly  alter- 
nate leaves,  and  no  stipules  nor  scarious  bracts,  minute  greenish  floweis, 
with  the  free  calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud;  the  stamens  as  many  as  its  lobes,  or 
rarely  fewer,  and  inserted,  opposite  them  or  on  their  base;  the  1  -celled  ovary 
becoming  a  l-seeded  thin  utricle  or  rarely  an  achenium  in  fruit.  Embryo 


362      CHENOroDiACE^E.  (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.) 

coiled  into  a  ring  (around  the  albumen,  when  there  is  any)  or  spiral.  —  Calyx 
persistent,  enclosing  the  fruit.  Styles  2,  rarely  3-5.  (Mostly  inert  or 
innocent  plants.)  See  Addend. 

Synopsis. 

I.  CYCLOLOBE^E.     Embryo  curved  like  a  ring  around  the  albumen. 

TRIBE  I.  CHENOPODIEJE.  Flowers  usually  all  alike  and  perfect,  or  merely  polyg 
unions  by  the  want  of  stamens  in  some  of  them.  Stem  not  jointed.  Leaves  flat 
Flowers  in  racemes,  spikes,  or  panicles.  (Fruit  enclosed  in  the  calyx.) 

1.  CYCLOLOMA.     Calyx  5-cleft,  in  fruit  surrounded  by  a  horizontal  luembranaceous  winjj. 

Seed  horizontal. 

2.  CHENOPODIUM.     Calyx  3 -5-cleft  or  parted,  the  lobes  naked  or  merely  keeled  in  fruit 

Seed  horizontal  (rarely  vertical  when  the  calyx  is  only  2  -  3-cleft). 
8.  KOUBIEVA.     Calyx  5-cleft,  becoming  closed  and  pod-like  in  fruit     Utricle  glandular- 

dotted.     Seed  vertical. 
4.  BLITUM.     Calyx  of  3 -5  sepals,  dry  or  juicy  hi  fruit.    Utricle  membranaceous.    Seed 

vertical. 

TEIBE  II.     SPINACIEJE.     Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  and  of  two  distinct  sorts : 

otherwise  as  in  Tribe  I. 

6.  ATR1PLEX.    Pair  of  bracts  including  the  otherwise  naked  ovary  and  fruit  flat  and  dilated, 
often  united  below.    Radicle  inferior  or  lateral. 

6.  OBIONE.     Fruit-bearing  bracts  united.     Radicle  superior. 

TRIBB  III.  SAIjICOIMVIEJE.  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect,  spiked  or  in  catkins. 
Stem  jointed.  Leaves  awl-shaped,  scale-like,  or  none. 

7.  SALJCORN1A.     Flowers  sunk  in  excavations  of  the  axis.     Calyx  utricular. 

II.  SPIROLOBEJE.     Embryo  coiled  in  a  spiral :  albumen  none  or  little. 

TRIBE  IV.     SU-flEDE JE.    Embryo  in  a  flat  spiral.    Leaves  terete  and  fleshy. 

8.  CHENOPODINA.    Calyx  5-parted,  wingless  and  hornless.    Seed  horizontal. 

TRIBE  V.     SAliSOLEJE.     Embryo  conical-spiral.     Leaves  fleshy  or  spinescent 

9.  SALSOLA.     Calyx  of  5  sepals,  in  fruit  horizontally  5- winged.     Seed  horizontal. 

1.     CYCJLOL.OMA,    Moquin.        WINGED  PIGWEED. 

Flowers  perfect,  braetlcss.  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  the  concave  lobes  stroncny 
keeled,  including  the  depressed  fruit,  at  length  appendaged  with  a  broad  and 
continuous  horizontal  scarious  wing.  Stamens  5.  Styles  ;i.  Seed  horizontnl, 
flat.  Embryo  encircling  the  mealy  albumen. — An  annual  and  much-branched 
coarse  herb,  with  alternate  sinuate-toothed  petiolftd  leaves,  and  small  panicled 
clusters  of  sessile  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  KutfAu,  roundabout,  and  Xo>yLM, 
&  border,  from  the  encircling  wing  of  the  calyx  in  fruit.) 

1.  C.  platypliylllim,  Moquin.  (Salsola  platyphylla.  ^ftc/^.^•.)  —  Illi- 
nois, on  the  alluvial  banks  of  the  Mississippi,  and  northwestward. 

2,     CUE  NO  PODIUM,    L.        GOOSEFOOT.     PIGWEKD. 

Flowers  perfect,  all  bractless.  Calyx  5-clcft,  randy  2-4-elet't  or  parted,  with 
the  lobes  sometimes  keeled,  hut  not  appendaged  nor  becoming  succulent,  more 


CHENOPODIACE2E.       (GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.)  303 

or  less  enveloping  the  depressed  fruit.  Stamens  mostly  5 :  filaments  filiform. 
Styles  2,  rarely  3.  Seed  horizontal  (sometimes  vertical  in  Nos.  7  and  9),  len- 
ticular: embryo  coiled  partly  or  fully  round  the  mealy  albumen.  —  Weeds, 
usually  with  a  white  mealiness,  or  glandular.  Flowers  sessile  in  small  clusters 
collected  in  spiked  panicles.  (Name  from  \^  a  goose,  and  TTOVS,  foot,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  shape  of  the  leaves.)  —  Our  species  are  all  annuals  (except  No.  91). 
flowering  through  the  summer,  growing  around  dwellings,  in  manured  soil, 
cultivated  grounds,  and  waste  places. 

$  1.  CHENOPODIUM  PROPER.  — Smooth  or  mealy,  never  pubescent  or  glandular 
nor  sweet-scented :  embryo  a  complete  ring. 

*  leaves  entire:  herbage  green,  sometimes  turning  purplish,  no   mealiness:   calyx- 

lobes  not  keeled  nor  wholly  enclosing  the  fruit. 

1.  C.  POLYSPERMUM,  L.    Stems  slender,  ascending;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate- 
oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  narrowed  into  a  slender  petiole.  —  A  scarce  garden- 
weed,  about  Boston,  C.  J.  Sprayue.     Woods,  near  Mercersburg  and  Reading, 
Penn,,  Porter :  the  var.  SPICATUM  (C.  acutifolium,  Smith}.     (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  strongly  and  sharply  toothed,  green  throughout  (mealiness  obscure  or  none], 
on  slender  petioles  :  calyx-lobes  slightly  or  not  at  all  keeled,  not  completely  enclosing 
the  ripe,  fruit  (least  enclosing  in  No.  2,  most  so  in  No.  4). 

2.  C.  HYBRIDUM,  L.     (MAPLE-LEAVED  GOOSEFOOT.)     Bright  green  ;  stem 
widely  much  branched  (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves  thin  (2' -8'  long),  somewhat  trian- 
gular and  heart-shaped,  taper-pointed,  sinuate-angled,  the  angles  extended  into  a 
few  large  and  pointed  teeth  ;  racemes  diffusely  and  loosely  panicled,  leafless  ;  the 
smooth  calyx-lobes  keeled ;  seed  sharp-edged,  the  thin  pericarp  adhering  closely 
to  it.  —  Common.     Heavy-scented,  like  Stramonium.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  C.  URBICUM,  L.     Rather  pale  or  dull  green,  with  erect  branches  (l°-3° 
high)  ;  leaves  triangular,  acute,  coarsely  many -toothed ;  spikes  erect,  crowded  in  a 
long  and  narrow  racemose  panicle ;  calyx-lobes  not  keeled  ;  seed  with  rounded  mar- 
gins.—  Var.  RHOMBIF6LIUM,   Moquin    (C.  rhombifolium,   Muhl.),   is  a  form 
with  the  leaves  more  or  less  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  and  with  longer  and 
kharpcr  teeth.  —  Not  rare  eastward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  C.  MURALE,  L.      Ascending,   loosely   branched    (1°-1^°  high);   leaves 
rhomboid-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and  sharply  unequally  toothed,  thin,  bright  green  ; 
spikes  or  racemes  diverging  and  somewhat  corymbed ;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  keeled  ; 
seed  sharp-edged.  —  Boston,  to   Illinois :  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  Leaves  toothed,  repand-angled,  or  sometimes  nearly  entire,  more  or  less  white- 
mtaly,  as  well  as  the  Jloivers :  calyx-lobes  distinctly  keeled,  usually  (but  not  always) 
perfectly  enclosing  the  fruit. 

5.  C,  OPULIF6LIUM,  Schrad.     Leaves  n mid-rhombic,  spreading,  long-pctioled, 
rery  obtuse,  somewhat  3-lobed,  toothed,  tho  upper  oblong-lanceolate;  racemes 
panicled,  rather  looso ;  seed  with  rather  obtuse  margins.  —  Seen  from  U.  S.  by 
Moquin  :  probably  it  has  been  confounded  with  the  next ;  perhaps  justly.    (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

6.  C.  ALBUM,  L.      (LAMB'S-QUARTERS.     PIGWEED.)    Ascending ;  leaves ; 
rarying;  from  rhombic-ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate.,  or  the  upper  linear -lanceolate,  acutet 


361  CHENOFODIAJEuE.       (COOSEFOOT    FAMILY.) 

sparingly   or  slightly   toothed ;   racemes   spiked-paniclcd,   mostly   deuse ,  seed 
sharp-edged.  —  Varies  exceedingly  in  different  situations,   more   or  less  white- 
mealy  :  a  narrow  and  green-leaved  variety,  with  slender  racemes,  is  C.  virido, 
L.  —  Very  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu. ) 
•*  *  *  *  Leaves  sinuate-  or,  pinnatijid-toothed,  wliite-mcnly  underneath  :  calyx-lobes 

not  keeled,  not  perfectly  enclosing  the  fruit,  sometimes  only  4-2,  and  then  the  seed 

commonly  vertical. 

7.  C.  GLAticuM,  L.      (OAK-LKAVED  GOOSEFOOT.)      Stems  ascending  or. 
prostrate,  much  branched   (6' -12'  high);  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  smooth  and 
pale  green   above;   racemes  spiked  and  simple,  dense;   seed  sharp-edged.— 
Philadelphia,  Dr.  Bromjield.     Lancaster,  Penn.,  Porter.     Roxbury,  Mass.,  D 
Murray.      (Illinois   and  Wisconsin.)       (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

$  2.  BOTRYOIS,  Moquin.  (AMBRINA,  Moquin,  in  part.) — Not  mealy,  but 
more  or  less  viscid-glandular  ar.d  pleasant-aromatic :  seed  sometimes  vertical  when 
the  calyx  is  only  2-3-cleft;  emln-yo  forming  only  f  or  f  of  a  ring. 

8.  C.  B6TRY8,  L.      (JERUSALEM  OAK.     FEATHER  GERANIUM.)      Glan- 
dular-pubescent and  viscid  ;    leaves  slender-petiolcd,  oblong,  obtuse,  sinuato- 
pinnatih'd  ;  racemes  cymose-diverging,  loose,  leafless;  fruit  not  perfectly  enclosed; 
seed  obtusely  margined.  —  Escaped  from  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

9.  C.  AMBROsiolnES,  L.     (MEXICAN  TEA.)      Smoothish ;  leaves   slightly 
petiolcd,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  repand-toothed  or  nearly  entire,  the  upper  taper- 
ing to  both  ends  ;  spikes  densely  flowered,  leafy,  or  intermixed  with  leaves  ;  fruit 
perfectly  enclosed  in  the  calyx ;  seeds  obtuse  on  the  margin.  —  Waste  places  ; 
common,  especially  southward.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.) — Passes  into 

Var.  ANTHELMfNTicuM.  (WORMSEED.)  Root  perennial  (?) ;  leaves  more 
strongly  toothed,  the  lower  sometimes  almost  laciniatc-pinnatifid ;  spikes  mostly 
leafless.  (C.  anthelminticum,  L.)  —  Common  in  waste  places  southward. 
(Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

3.     ROUBIEVA,    Moquin.        ROUBIEVA. 

Calyx  oblong-urn-shaped,  5-toothed,  in  fruit  enclosing  the  glandular  dotted 
ntricle  like  a  small  pod.  Filaments  short  and  flat.  Seed  vertical.  Otherwise 
like  Chenopodium,  $  2.  —  A  diffusely  much-branched  perennial,  with  small  1  -  2- 
pinnatin'd  leaves,  and  axillary  clustered  flowers.  (Named  for  G.  J.  Roubieu,  a 
French  botanical  writer.) 

1.  K.  Mui/rfFiDA,  Moquin.  (Chenopodium  multifidum,  L.)  —  Waste 
places,  New  York,  in  and  around  the  city,  J.  Carey.  (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

4.     IS  E.  ITU  HI,    Tourn.        ELITE. 

Flowers  perfect,  bractless.  Calyx  3  -  5-partcd,  either  unchanged  or  becom 
ing  juicy  and  berry-like  in  fruit,  not  appcndaged.  Stamens  1-.5:  filaments 
filiform.  Styles  or  stigmas  2.  Seed  vertical,  com  pressed -globular ;  the  embryo 
coiled  into  a  ring  quite  around  the  albumen.  —  Herbs,  with  petioled  triangular 
or  halberd-shaped  and  mostly  sinuate-toothed  leaves.  (The  ancient  Gretk  and 
Latin  name  of  some  insipid  pot-herb.) 


CHENOPODTACEJC.       (GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.) 

$  1.  MOROCARPUS,  McEnch.  —  Glabrous  annuals  or  biennials,  not  mealy :  floioers 
in  axillary  heads,  the  upper  ones  often  spiked:  calyx  in  fruit  commonly  becoming 
fleshy  or  berry-like,  nearly  enclosing  the  utricle. 

1.  B.  mariti  in  urn,   Nutt.      (COAST   ELITE.)      Stem    angled,    much 
branched ;  leaves  thickish,  triangular-lanceolate,  tapering  below  into  a  wedge- 
shaped  base  and  above  into  a  slender  point,  sparingly  and  coarsely  toothed,  the 
upper  linear-lanceolate ;  clusters  scattered  in  axillary  leafy  spikes ;  calyx-lobes  2-4, 
rather  jlvshy ;  stamen  1 ;  seed  shining,  the  margin  acute.  —  Salt  marshes,  New 
Jersey  to  Massachusetts ;  rare.     Aug. 

2.  B.    capitatilin,    L.      (STRAWBERRY    ELITE.)      Stem    ascending, 
branching;  leaves   triangular  and   somewhat  halberd-shaped,  sinuate-toothed; 
clusters  simple    (large),  interruptedly  spiked,   the  upper  leafless ;  stamens   1  -  5 ; 
calyx  berry-like  in  fruit ;  seed  ovoid,  flattish,  smooth,  with  a  very  narrow  mar- 
gin.—  Dry  rich  ground,  common  from  W.  New  York  to  Lake  Superior,  and 
northward.    June.  —  The  calyx  becomes  pulpy  and  bright  red  in  fruit,  when  tho 
large  clusters  look  like  Strawberries.     (Eu.) 

i  2.  AGATIlOrilYTON,  Moquin.  Somewhat  mealy:  root  perennial :  flowers 
in  clusters  crowded  in  a  terminal  spike:  calyx  notjleshy,  shorter  titan  the  half-naked 
fruit. 

3.  B.  BONUS-HENRICUS,  Reichenb.      (GooD-KiXG-IlENRY.)      Leaves  tri- 
angular-hal herd-form;   stamens  5.     ( Chenopodium,  L.) — Around   dwellings: 
scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.     ATRIPI^EX,    Tourn.        ORACHE. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious ;  the  staminate  like  the  flowers  of  Chenopo- 
dium, only  sterile  by  the  abortion  of  the  pistil ;  the  fertile  flowers  consisting  only 
of  a  pistil  enclosed  between  a  pair  of  appressed  foliaceous  (ovate  or  halberd- 
shaped)  bracts,  which  are  enlarged  in  fruit,  and  distinct,  or  united  only  at  the 
base.  Seed  vertical.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring  ;  the  radicle  inferior  and  more 
or  less  ascending.  In  one  section,  to  which  the  Garden  Orache  belongs,  there  are 
also  fertile  flowers  with  a  calyx,  like  those  of  Chenopodium  but  without  sta- 
mens, and  with  horizontal  seeds.  —  Herbs  usually  mealy  or  scurfy  with  bran-like 
scales,  with  triangular  or  halberd-shaped  angled  leaves,  and  spiked-clustered 
flowers.  (The  ancient  Latin  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 

1.  A.  Siastfitsi,  L.  Erect  or  diffusely  spreading,  much  branched,  more  or 
less  scurfy ;  leaves  alternate  or  partly  opposite,  petiolcd,  triangular  and  halberd 
form,  commonly  somewhat  toothed,  the  uppermost  lanceolate  and  entire  ;  frait- 
ing  bracts  triangular  or  ovate-triangular,  acute,  entire,  or  1  —  2-toothed  below, 
often  somewhat  contracted  at  the  base,  so  becoming  rather  rhomooidal,  the  flat 
faces  either  smooth  and  even,  or  sparingly  muricate.  Q)  (A.  hastata  &  lacini 
ata,  Pursh.  A.  Purshiana,  Moquin.  A.  pa  tula,  ed.  1.  &c.)  —  Salt  marshes, 
brackish  river-banks,  &c.,  Virginia  to  Maine.  The  plant  on  the  shore  is  more 
scurfy  and  hoary;  more  inland  it  is  greener  and  thinner-leaved.  (Eu.) 

A.  HoitTENSis,  L.,  the  GARDEN  ORACHE,  is  said  by  Pursh  to  be  sponta- 
neous in  fields  and  about  gardens.  I  have  never  seen  it  growing  wild :  it  is 
rarely  cultivated  as  a  povherb. 


«566  CHENOPODIACE^E.       (GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.) 

6.    OB  I  ONE,    Gaertn.        OBIONB. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Atriplex,  but  the  more  or  less  united  bracts  investing  the 
fruit  often  inflexed  or  indurated  and  nod-like ;  the  radicle  superior  and  project- 
ing. Herbaceous  or  shrubby.  (Or.^in  of  the  name  unknown,  unless  from  the 
river  Obi,  in  Siberia,  whence  the  original  species  came.) 

1.  O.  arcnaria,  Moquin.  (SAND  ORACUE.)  Silvery-mealy,  diffusely 
spreading ;  leaves  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  nearly  sessile ;  bracts  of  the 
fruit  broadly  wedge-shaped,  flat,  united,  2-3-toothed  at  the  summit,  and  with 
a  few  prickly  points  on  the  sides.  ®  —  Sea-beach,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia, 
and  southward.  August. 

7.     SALICORNIA,    Tourn.        GLASSWORT.     SAMPHIRE. 

Flowers  perfect,  3  together,  sessile  and  immersed  in  hollows  of  the  thickened 
upper  joints,  forming  spikes  ;  the  two  lateral  sometimes  sterile.  Calyx  small 
and  bladder-like,  with  a  toothed  or  torn  margin,  at  length  spongy  and  narrowly 
wing-bordered,  enclosing  the  flattened  fruit.  Stamens  1  -  2 :  styles  2,  partly 
united.  Seed  vertical,  with  the  embryo  coiled  or  bent  into  a  ring.  —  Herbaceous 
or  somewhat  shrubby  low  saline  plants,  with  succulent  leafless  jointed  stems, 
and  opposite  branches ;  the  flower-bearing  branchlets  forming  the  spikos.  (Name 
composed  of  sal,  salt,  and  cornu,  a  horn;  saline  plants  with  horn-like  branches.) 

1.  S.  lierbaccil,  L.     Annual,   erect   or  ascending    (G'-12'   high),   much 
branched ;  the  joints  somewhat  thickened  at  their  summit,  and  with  t/co  s/iort  and 
blunt  or  notched  teeth ;  spikes  elongated,  tapering  but  rather  obtuse  at  the  a]>e.r.  —  Salt 
marshes  of  the  coast,  and  at  Salina,  New  York,  and  other  interior  salt  springs. 
Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  Iimcroimta,  Lag.?  Bigelow.     Annual,  erect,  sparingly  branched 
(4' -8'  high) ;  the  joints  4-angled  at  the  base,  and  with  2  ear-like  ovate  and  j toil ded 
teeth  at  their  summit;  spikes  shoi-t  and  thick,  obtuse.     (S.  Virginica,  Nutt.,  not  of 
L.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Maine  to  New  York.     Sept.  —  Plant  turning  deep  crimson 
in  autumn.     (Eu.  ?) 

3.  S.  ailibigua,  Michx.     Perennial,  herbaceous,  or  a  little  woody,  pro- 
cumbent or  creeping,  lead-colored,  with  flexuous  ascending  branches  (3' -6'  high) ; 
the  joints  truncate,  dilated  upward,  flattish,  sliahlltf  and  obtusely  2-toolhcd.  —  Sea- 
beach,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Sept. 

8.     CHENOPODtNA,    Moquin.        SEA  GOOSEFOOT. 

Flowers  perfect,  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx  5- 
parted,  not  appendaged,  fleshy,  becoming  somewhat  inflated  and  closei  over  the 
fruit  (utricle).  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Seed  horizontal,  with  a  flat-spiral 
embryo,  dividing  the  scanty  albumen  into  2  portions.  —  Fleshy  maritime  plants, 
with  alternate  nearly  terete  linear  leaves.  (Name  altered  from  Chenopodium.) 

1.  C.  Iliai'itima,  Moqnin.  Annual,  smooth,  diffusely  much  branched; 
leaves  slender  (!' long),  acute  ;  calyx-lobes  keeled ;  seed  sharp-edged.  (Cheno- 
podium  maritiinum,  L.  Suteda,  Moquin,  formerly.)  —  Salt  marshes  along  the 
•sea-shore.  Aug.  (Eu.)  • 


AMARA.NTACE.fi.       (AMARANTH    FAMILY.)  367 

9.     SAL.S&L.A,    L.        SALTWORT. 

Flowers  perfect,  with  2  bractlcts.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent  and  enclosing 
the  depressed  fruit  in  its  base ;  its  divisions  at  length  horizontally  winged  on  the 
back,  the  wings  forming  a  broad  and  circular  scarious  border.  Stamens  mostly 
5.  Styles  2.  Seed  horizontal,  without  albumen,  filled  by  the  embryo,  which  is 
coiled  in  a  conical  spiral  (cochleatc).  —  Herbs,  or  slightly  shrubby  branching 
plants,  of  the  sea-shore,  with  fleshy  and  rather  terete  or  awl-shaped  leaves,  often 
spiny-tipped,  and  sessile  axillary  flowers.  (Name  from  sal,  salt ;  in  allusion  to 
the  alkaline  salts  these  plants  copiously  contain.) 

1.  S.  Kali,  L.  (COMMON  SALTWORT.)  Annual,  diffusely  branching, 
rough  or  smoothish ;  leaves  alternate,  awl-shaped,  prickly-pointed ;  flowers  sin- 
gle ;  calyx  with  the  converging  lobes  forming  a  sort  of  beak  over  the  fruit,  the 
large  rose  or  flesh-colored  wings  nearly  orbicular  and 'spreading.  —  Sandy  sea- 
shore; common.  August. — A  very  prickly  bush-like  plant.  (Eu.) 


BETA  VULG^RIS,  the  BEET,  with  its  varieties,  the  Scarcity  and  Manr/el  Wurt- 
zel,  —  and  SPINXCIA  OLER\CEA,  the  SPINACH,  —  well-known  esculent  plants, 
also  belong  to  this  family. 

ORDER   91.     AMARANTACE^E.     (AMARANTH  FAMILY.) 

Weedy  herbs,  with  nearly  the  characters  of  the  last  family,  but  the  flowers 
mostly  imbricated  with  dry  and  scarious  persistent  bracts,  often  colored,  com" 
monly  3  in  number;  the  one-celled  ovary  many-omded  in  one  tribe.  (The 
greater  part  of  the  order  tropical,  but  several  have  found  their  way  north- 
ward as  weeds.) 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     ACHYRANTHE^E.     Anthers  2-celled.    Ovary  1-oruled.    Utricle  1-seeded. 

*  Flowers  monoecious  or  sometimes  perfect. 

J.  AMARANTHS.     Calyx  of  5  or  3  sepals,  and  3-bracted.     Fruit  opening  transversely  (dr- 
cumcissile) ;  the  upper  part  falling  away. 

2.  EUXOLUS.     Calyx  mostly  of  3  sepals      Fruit  indehiscent  or  bursting  irregularly. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious  :  calyx  none  in  the  fertile  flowers. 

3.  MONTELIA.     Fruit  a  thin  and  even  utricle,  opening  transversely,  as  in  No.  1.     Stigmaa 

long,  plumose-hairy. 
t   ACNIDA.    Fruit  3  -5-angled  and  fleshy,  indehiscent. 

TRIBE  II.     GOMPHRENE.^2.     Anthers  l-c«lled.    Ovary  and  fruit  as  in  Tribe  I. 
6.  IRESINE.     Calyx  of  5  sepals.     Stamens  united  below  into  a  cup. 
6.  FKCELICIIIA.     Calyx  5-cleft  at  the  apex.    Filaments  united  throughout  into  a  tub*. 

1.     AMARANTUS,    Tourn.        AMARANTH. 

1'lowers  monoeciously  polygamous,  3-bractcd.  Calvx  of  5,  or  rarely  3,  equal 
erect  sepals,  glabrous.  Stamens  5,  rarely  3,  separate :  anthers  2-celled.  Stig- 
mas 2  or  3.  Fruit  an  ovoid  1-seeded  membranaceous  utricle,  2-3-beaked  at 
the  apex,  mostly  longer  than  the  «alyx,  opening  transversely  all  round,  the 

21 


368          AMARANTACE^E.   (AMARANTH  FAMILY.) 

nppcr  part  falling  away  as  a  lid.  Embryo  coilcl  into  a  ring  around  the  albu- 
men. —  Annual  weeds,  of  coarse  aspect,  with  alternate  and  entire  petioled  leaves, 
and  small  green  or  purplish  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  .spiked  clusters. 
(Name  compounded  of  a  privative,  p-apaivut,  to  fade,  and  uvdos,  flower,  because 
the  dry  calyx  and  bracts  do  not  wither.  The  Romans,  like  the  Greeks,  wrote 
Amarantus,  which  the  early  botanists  incorrectly  altered  to  Ainaranthus.) — No 
species  is  really  indigenous  in  the  Northern  United  States. 

$  1.  Flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary,  simple  or  mostly  paniclvl  spikes :  stem  erect 
(l°-6°  high)  :  leaves  long-petioled :  stamens  and  sepals  5. 

%  Flowers,  much-branc/ted  panicles,  $~c.,  crimson  or  pnrple-tinycd :  the  leaves  (4'  — 
10'  long)  mostly  partaking  of  the  same  color :  stem  unarmed. 

1.  A.  HYPOCHONDRIACUS,  L.     (PRINCE'S  FEATHER.')    Smooth  or  smooth- 
ish ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed  ;  spikes  very  obtuse,  thick,  crowd- 
ed, the  terminal  one  elongated;  bracts  long-awnec! ;  fruit  2-3-cleJl  at  the  apex, 
longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Rarely  spontaneous  around  gardens.    (Virginia,  ex  L. ; 
but  doubtless  adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

2.  A.    PANICULATUS,    L.        (PRINCE'S    FEATHER.        RED    AMARANTH,    &C.) 

Stem  mostly  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  spikes  acutish, 
erect  or  spreading,  rather  dense,  the  terminal  one  not  much  larger;  bracts  awn- 
pointed  ;  fruit  2  -  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Flowers  green, 
tinged  with  red,  or  sometimes  deep  red  or  purple.  (A.  sanguineus,  L.) — In 
gardens,  &c.  (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

*  *  Flowers,  $r.  green  :  stem  unarmed, 

3.  A.  HYBRIDUS,  L.      (GREEN  AMARANTH.     PIGWEED.)      leaves  ovate 
oblong  or  ovate,  acute,  smooth,  bright  green,  spikes  erect,  obtuse,  in  looscl/ 
branched  panicles,  the  terminal  one  longer;  bracts  awncd,  sometimes  tinged, 
reddish  ;  fruit  2  -  3-cleft  at  the  apex,  nearly  smooth,  not  exceeding  the  calyx.     Waste 
places  and  gardens ;  common.     (Virginia,  L. ;  but  nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

4.  A.  CHLOROSTACHYS,  Willd.     Leaves  bright  deep  green,  long-petiolcd,  ovate 
or  rhombic-ovate ;  spikes  ascending,  acute,  crowded  in  an  open  panicle,  the  ter 
minal  one  long  and  often  nodding ;  bracts  awn-fointed,  rat/ier  longer  t/ian  the  calyx, 
jvhich  is  shorter  than  the  2  -  3-toothcd  rugose  fruit .  — Around  dwellings,  southward. 
Perhaps  (with  the  preceding)  no  more  than  a  variety  of  the  next.     (Adv.  from 
Trop.  Amer.) 

5.  A.  RETROFLEXUS,  L.      (PIGWEED.)      Roughish   and   pubescent;  leaves 
pale  or  dull  green,  or  rather  glaucous,  long-pctioled,  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  un- 
dulate ;  spikes  crowded  in  a  stiff  panicle,  acutish,  more  or  less  spreading,  green, 
the  terminal  one  shortish  and  erect ;  bracts  pointed,  twice  the  length  of  the  cafy.r, 
which   is  longt.r  than  the   rugose  fruit.  —  Around    dwellings,   in   manured   soils. 
(Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

#  #  *  FuHoertf  $*c.  greenish  :  stem  armed  with  2  spines  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

6.  A.  8PIN6SUB,  L.      (THORNY  AMARANTH.)      Smooth,   bushy-branched; 
stem  reddish ;  leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  dull  green  ;  terminal 
spike  elongated  ;  calyx  about  equalling  the  bracts  and  the  fruit.  —  Waste  places. 
Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  southward.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amcr  ') 


AMARANTACE^E.   (AMARANTH  FAMILY.)          369 

§  2  Flowers  crowded  in  dose  and  small  axillary  dusters :  stems  spreading  vr  asctnd- 
ing :  stamens  and  sqjals  3,  or  the  former  only  2. 

7.  A.  ALDUS,  L.  Smooth,  pale  green  (^°-2°  high);  stems  whitish,  mostly 
spreading  next  the  ground ;  leaves  long-petiolcd,  obovate  and  spatulate-oblong, 
very  obtuse  or  retuse ;  flowers  greenish ;  sepals  mucrouate,  half  the  length  of  the 
rugose  fruit,  much  shorter  than  the  rigid  pungently  pointed  bracts.  —  Waste 
grounds,  near  towns,  and  road-sides  :  common.  (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.  1) 

A.  MELANCHOLICUS,  L.,  cultivated  under  the  fanciful  name  of  LOVE-LIES- 
BLEEDING,  is  not  spontaneous. 

2.  EIIXOL.US,    Raf.        FALSE  AMARANTH. 

Flowers  monoecious,  or  rarely  perfect,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  3  -  5  erect  gla- 
brous sepals.  Stamens  2-5,  mostly  3.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  an  ovate  and  often 
rather  fleshy  1 -seeded  utricle,  which  does  not  open  or  bursts  irregularly.  Other- 
wise much  as  in  Amarantus.  (Name  said  by  the  author  to  mean  "  well  shut," 
probably  formed  illegitimately  of  eu,  very,  and  6'Xos,  whole  or  entire.) 

1.  E.  LIVIDUS,  L.    Smooth,  livid-purple;  stem  thick,  much  branched  ;  leaves 
ovate  or  oval,  long-petioled  ;  axillary  spikes  or  heads  dense,  much  shorter  than 
the  petioles,  the  terminal  elongated;  sepals 3,  much  longer  than  the  bracts,  lather 
shorter  than  the  rugose  fruit.     ®  (Amarantus  livid  us,  L.)  —  Coast  of  Virginia 
(according  to  Linneeus),  and  southward.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.  ?) 

2.  E.  DEFLEXDS,  Raf.     Minutely  pubescent;  stems  decumbent,  or  ascending 
with  deflexed  branches  (1°  high);   leaves  rhombic-lanceolate;  spikes  oblong- 
cylindrical  ;   sepals  mostly  3,  shorter  than  the  smooth  acutish  fruit.     (Amarantus 
deflexus,  L.)  —  Waste  places,  Albany,  New  York,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  E.  purnilllS,  Raf.     (DWARF  AMARANTH.)     Prostrate,  smooth,  rather 
fleshy ;  leaves  obovatc,  emarginate,  and  pctiolcd,  often  purple-veined,  mostly 
crowded  at  the  end  of  the  spreading  branches  ,  flowers  greenish  and  purple,  in 
small  axiliary  clusters  ;  bracts  short,  pointless ;  stamens  and  sepals  5,  the  latter 
half  the  length  of  the  ovate  obscurely  5-ribbed  thickish  fruit  ( which  is  not  cir- 
cumoissile,  as  figured  in  Fl.  N.  Y.)  (Amaranthus  pumilus,  Raf.,  Niitt.) — Sandy 
sea-shore,  Long  Island  to  Virginia  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept. 

3.  UIONTEL.IA,    Moquin  (under  ACNIDA). 

Flowers  dioecious.  2 -3-bracted.  Staminate  flowers  of  5  thin  oblong  and 
mucronate-tipped  sepals,  longer  than  the  bracts,  and  as  many  stamens  with  ob- 
long anthers  ;  the  cells  of  the  .latter  united  only  at  the  middle.  Pistillate  flow- 
ers without  any  calyx,  the  lanceolate  awl-pointed  bracts  longer  than  the  1-ovulcd 
ovary  :  stigmas  2-4,  very  long,  bristle-awl-shaped,  plumose-Hispid.  Fruit  a 
thin  and  membranaceous  globular  utricle,  smooth  and  even,  opening  transverse- 
ly around  the  middle  ;  the  upper  part  falling  off  like  a  lid.  Radicle  of  the 
annular  embryo  inferior.  —  An  annual  glabrous  herb,  mostly  tall  and  erect,  with 
lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate  alternate  leaves,  on  long  petioles,  and  small  clusters 
of  greenish  flowers,  mostly  crowded  into  elongated  and  panic-led  interrupted 
spikes.  (Probably  a  personal  name  ) 


870  AMARANTACE.fi.       (AMARANTH    FAMILY.) 

1.  ITI.  tamai  is<  ilia.  (Amarantns  tamariscinus,  Nutt.,  &«/.!.  A, 
altik-iimus  &  Miamensis,  Riddett.  Acnida  altissima,  Michx.  herb.  A.  rusocarpa 
Moquin,  &c.) — Low  grounds  and  moist  sandy  shores,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin, 
Illinois,  and  southward,  especially  westward.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Var.  CONCATE- 
N\TA  is  a  form  with  the  lower  clusters  in  the  fertile  plant  forming  thick ish  dis« 
tant  heads  (£'-£'  in  diameter)  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  the  stems  often  low 
and  sprealing  or  decumbent.  —  A  very  variable  plant,  as  to  inflorescence,  height 
(l°-6°  high),  the  size  and  shape  of  the  leaves  (l'-5'  long,  the  petioles  often  of 
the  same  length),  the  bracts  more  or  less  awl-shaped,  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
fruit  (which  is  that  of  Amarantus) :  but  all  are  forms  of  one  species.  The 
sterile  plant  is  Acnida  rusocarpa,  MichK.,  or  was  mixed  with  it  in  Michaux's 
collection,  but  not  the  fertile ;  for  the  fruit  of  the  present  plant  is  neither  obtuse- 
angled,  rugose,  nor  indehiscent.  Besides,  that  name  is  unmeaning.  In  estab- 
lishing this  genus,  therefore,  as  Moquin  clearly  would  have  done  had  he  exam 
hied  the  ripe  fruit,  I  adopt  Nuttall's  specific  name. 

4.    A  CM  IDA,    L.        WATIB-HEMP. 

Fruit  a  fleshy  and  indehiscent  utricle,  3  -  5-angled,  the  angles  often  rugose  or 
tubercled-crestcd.  Stigmas  3  -  5,  shorter  than  the  ovary,  linear-awl-shapcd. 
Flowers  in  rather  loose  panicled  spikes.  Otherwise  as  in  the  last  genus.  (Name 
formed  of  a  privative  and  KVI&TJ,  a  nettle.) 

l.'A.  CSlBinftbina,  L.  Leaves  elongated-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
long-petiolcd ;  fruit  globular  (l£"-2"  long),  much  exceeding  the  pointless 
bracts,  (l) — Salt-marshes  on  the  coast,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  south- 
ward. Aug. -Oct.  —  Plant  3° -6°  high.  —  Probably  the  only  species  ;  for  A. 
rusocarpa,  Michx.,  is  certainly  to  be  divided  between  this  and  Montclia.  taniaris- 
cina ;  and  A.  tuberculata,  Mwjuin,  is  likely  to  be  one  or  the  other. 

5.     I  RE  SINE,    P.Browne.        IRESINE. 

Flowers  mostly  polygamous  or  dioecious,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  5  sepals.  Sta- 
mens mostly  5  :  filaments  slender,  united  into  a  short  cup  at  the  base  :  anthers 
1 -celled,  ovate.  Fruit  a  globular  utricle,  not  opening.  —  Herbs,  with  opposite 
petioled  leaves,  and  minute  scarious  white  flowers  crowded  into  clusters  or 
spiked  and  branching  panicles,  the  calyx,  &c.  often  bearing  long  wool  (whence 
the  name,  from  eipeo-icoj/?;,  a  branch  entwined  with  fillets  of  wool  borne  in  pro- 
cessions at  festivals.) 

1.  I.  Cdosioldcs,  L.  Nearly  glabrous,  erect,  slender  (2° -4°  high), 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate ;  panicles  narrow,  naked ;  bracts  and  calyx  silvery-white, 
the  latter  woolly  at  the  base.  ® — Dry  banks,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  south- 
ward. Sept. 

6.     FRCELiCHIA,    Moench.        (OPLOTHECA,  N.itt.) 

Flowers  perfect,  3-bractcd.  Calyx  tubular,  5-clcft  at  the  summit,  below  2-5 
crested  length  wise  or  tubercled  and  indurated  in  fruit,  and  enclosing  the  closed 
thin  utricle.  Filaments  united  into  a  tube,  bearing  5  oblong  1 -celled  anthers, 
and  as  many  sterile  strap-shaped  appendages.  —  Hairy  or  woolly  herbs,  with 


POLYGONACEJE.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY)  371 

opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  spiked  scarious-bracted  flowers.     (Named  for  J.  A. 
FrOlich,  a  German  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 

1.  F.  Floridaiia,  Moquin.  Stem  leafless  above  (1° -2°  high);  leaves 
lanceolate,  silky-downy  beneath ;  spikclets  crowded  into  an  interrupted  spike ; 
calyx  very  woolly.  (T) — Illinois,  in  Mason  and  Cuss  Counties,  Mead,  T.  /.  Hale, 
E.  Hall,  &s.  Western  Wisconsin.  Aug. — Apparently  indigenous :  but  else- 
where it  is  only  found  much  farther  south. 

GOMPHRENA  GLOB6SA,  L.,  is  the  common  GLOBE  AMARANTH  of  the  gar- 
dens. 

ORDER  92.     POLYGONACE^E.     (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  furnished  with  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths 
(ochreae)  above  the  swollen  joints  of  the  stem  ;  the  JJowers  mostly  perfect, 
with  a  more  or  less  persistent  calyx,  a  1-celled  ovary  bearing  2-3  styles  or 
stigmas,  and  a  single  erect  orthotropous  seed.  Embryo  .curved  or  straight- 
ish,  on  the  outside  of  the  albumen,  or  rarely  in  its  centre ;  the  radicle 
pointing  from  the  hilum  and  to  the  apex  of  the  dry  seed-like  fruit.  Sta- 
mens 4-12,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  3-6-cleft  calyx.  Leaves  usually 
entire.  (The  watery  juice  often  acrid,  sometimes  agreeably  acid,  as  in 
Sorrel ;  the  roots,  as  in  Rhubarb,  sometimes  cathartic.)  —  Our  few  genera 
all  belong  to  the  POLYGONE.E  PROPER. 

Synopsis. 

*  Sepals  mostly  6,  somewhat  equal,  all  erect  in  fruit. 

1.  POLYGONUM.    Embryo  narrow,  curved  around  one  side  of  the  albumen :  cotyledon* 

Blender  or  flat. 

2.  FAGOPYRUM     Embryo  in  the  albumen,  its  very  broad  cotyledons  twisted-plaited. 

#  *  Sepals  4-6,  the  outer  row  reflexed,  the  inner  erect  and  enlarging. 

3.  OXYRIA.     Sepals  4.     Stigmas  2      Fruit  2-wiuged,  samara-like. 

1.  KUMEX.     Sepals  6.     Styles  3.    Fruit  3-angled,  wingless,  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  inner 
sepals. 

1.     POLYGONUM,    L.        KXOTWEED. 

Calyx  mostly  5-parted ;  the  divisions  often  petal-like,  all  erect  in  fruit,  wither- 
ing or  persistent  and  surrounding  the  lenticular  or  3-angular  achenium.  Sta- 
mens 4-9.  Styles  or  stigmas  2-3.  Embryo  placed  in  a  groove  on  the  outside 
of  the  albumen  and  curved  half-way  ai'ound  it ;  the  radicle  and  usually  the  coty- 
ledons slender.  —  Pedicels  jointed.  (Name  composed  of  iro\v,  many,  and  yow, 
knee,  from  the  numerous  joints.) 

\  1.  BIST6RTA,  Tourn.  —  Calyx  petal-like,  4eev7t>  deleft    stamens  8  or  9  :  styles 
3,   slender:  achenium  3-sidcd:  stems  low  and  simple  from  a  wjodi/ creejtiny  root 
stock  •'  JJoicers  in  a  spike-like  raceme. 
1.  P.  vivipaj  mil,    L.     (ALPINE  BISTORT.)     Smooth,  dwarf  (4' -8 

high),  bearing  a  linear  spike  of  flesh-colored  flowers  (or  often  little  red  bulblets 


372  POI/IGONACE.S.     (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.) 


ca  their  place);  leaves  lanceolate.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountain*, 
New  Hampshire,  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  nortlnvard.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  AMBLY6GONON,  Moisn.—  Calyx  petal-like,  ^-parted:  stamens  7  :  style  S- 
cleft:  stigmas  capitate :  achenium  lenticular  (cotyledons  incumbent,  linear:  albumen 
floury) :  annuals :  flowers  crowded  in  linear-cylindrical  terminal  spikes. 

2.  P»  OKIENT\LE,    L.      (PRINCE'S    FEATHER.)      Tall,  branching,  rather 
dairy ;  leaves  ovate,  pointed,  pctioled ;  upper  sheaths  salver-form ;  spikes  nu- 
merous,  nodding  ;    the   large   bright   rose-colored   flowers   open.  —  Sparingly 
escaped  from  cultivation  into  waste  grounds.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Adv.  from  Eu.} 

$3.  PERSICARIA,  Toura. — Calyx  petal-like,  ^-parted:  stamens  4-8:  styles 
2-3  or  2-3-clefl:  stigmas  capitate,  often  small:  aclienium  lenticular,  or  (when 
there  are  3  stigmas)  3-sided  (cotyledons  accumbent,  narrow:  albumen  hard  and 
horny) :  roots  fibrous:  sheaths  cylindrical,  truncate :  flowers  crowded  in  spikes  or 
sjtike-like  racemes. 

#  Sheaths  naked :  styles  2,  or  2-cleft :  achenium  flat  or  lenticular. 
•»-  Stamens  5  :  spike  mostly  solitari/,  very  dense:  flowers  rose-red:  root  perennial. 

3.  P.  amptiibiuni,  L.      (WATER  PERSICARIA.)      Leaves   elliptical- 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  pointed  or  obtusish,  either  narrowed  or  rather  heart-shaped 
at  the  base.  —  Var.  1.  AQUA.TICUM,  L.y  is  floating  or  procumbent  in  soft  mud, 
rooting,  and  nearly  smooth,  as  well  as  the  long-petioled  often  obtuse  floating 
leaves.     (P.  coccincum,  Bigel.     P.  fluitans,  Eaton.)  —  Var.  2.  TERRESTRE  is 
more  or  less  hairy  or  bristly,  with  an  upright  or  ascending  stem,  growing  in 
marshy  or  muddy  places ;  the  leaves  acute  or  pointed,  upper  very  short-petioled. 
—  Ponds  or  their  low  borders;  common,  especially  northward.     July,  Aug. — 
Very  variable  in  foliage,  &c. :  spike  oblong,  l'-3'  long,  J'  -  §'  thick.     (Ku.) 

•»-  •»-  Stamens  6  or  8 :  spikes  somewhat  panicled,  oblong  or  lint  ar,  denm  lu  flowered : 
flowers  rose  or  flesh-color  :  root  annual. 

4.  P.  liodosuni,  Pcrs.,  var.  i  11  car nsi Isilia.     Stem  upright   (2° -4° 
high),  smooth  below,  the  branches  above,  peduncles,  $*c.  roughened  irith  scattered 
sessile  glands;  leaves  rough  on  the  midrib  and  margins,  elongated-lanceolate 
(4'- 10'  long,  l'-3'  wide  below),  tapering  gradually  from  towards  the  ba-c  to  a 
narrow  point;  spikes  linear,  nodding,  becoming  slender  (U'-.'J'  long);  s/a/ums 
6;  style  Z-par ted,  both  included ;  achenium  with  concave  sides.      (P.  incarnatum, 
Ell.     P.   lapatliifolium,  Amer.  auth.)  —  Moist  places,  Conn.  &  o,  to   Kentucky, 
and  common  southward.     Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Sheaths  rather  long,  perfectly  snv  oth 
and  naked  on  the  margin.  —  This  is  not  P.  lapathifolium,  but  falls  under  P.  no- 
dosum  as  the  species   are  lately  distinguished    by  Meisjier :  dm  ]>lant  is  appar- 
ently indigenous,  and  so  different  from  the  European  that  it  should  perhaps  l>e 
admitted  as  a  species  under  Elliott's  name. 

5.  P.  Pcillisylvtflliciini,  L.     Stem    upright    (l°-3°  high),    smooth 
below,   the   branrlus   ,il»r<',   and  ispi'dally   the  peduncles,   besit    with    bristly-stalked 
ytands ;  leaves  lanceolate,  a  little  rough  on  the  midrib  and  margins  ( 1  V  -  5'  long) ; 
ipikes  oblong,  obtuse  (l'-2'  long),  erect,  thick ;  stamens  mostly  8,  som-ic/tat  c.rstrteJ ; 
style  2-cleft;  achenium  with  flat  sides.  —  Moist  soil,  in  open  waste  places;  com- 

July -Oct. 


POLYGONACEJE.       ^BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  373 

*  *  Sheatlis  ciliate  or  fringed  with  bristles. 
•*-  Root  annual:  stamens  6-8  :  styles  most  commonly  2  :  achenium  mostly  flat. 

6.  P.  Careyi,  OIney.     Stem  much  branched,  upright  (3°  -5°  high), ylan> 
lularltristly ;  leaves  lanceolate,  bristly  on  the  midrib  and  margins;  spikes  elon 
gated,  cylindrical,  drooling,  on  long  bristly-glandular  peduncles,  rather  dense  (l'-4( 
long-);  stamens  6-8;  style  2-parted;  fruit  lenticular,  tumid,  very  smooth  and 
shining.  —  Shaded  swamps,  Vermont  and  Maine  to  Rhode  Island,  and  doubtless 

westward.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Leaves  4'- 10' long,  roughish.     Flowers  rose-purple, 
somewhat  tinged  with  green. 

7.  P.  PERSICARIA,  L.     (LADY'S  THUMB.)     Stem  smooth  (12'-18'  high)  ,- 
leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  roughish,  usually  marked  with  a  dark  triangular  or  lunar 
spot  near  the  middle ;  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  dense,  erect,  on  smooth  (or  at  least  not 
glandular)  peduncles  (!'  long);  stamens  mostly  6;  styles  half  2  -  3-cleft ;  fruit 
gibbous-flattened  or  rarely  triangular,  smooth  and  shining,     (i)  —  Waste  and 
damp  places;  veiy  common.     July,  Aug.  —  Flowers  greenish-purple.     Plant 
not  acrid.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

8.  P.  HYDROPIPER,   L.      (SMAR'T -\VEED.)      Smooth    (l°-2°  high),  very 
acrid;  leaves  lanceolate,  pellucid-dotted  ;  spikes  slender,  but  short,  loosely  flowered, 
greenish,  drooping;  calyx  dotted  with  pellucid  glands;  stamens  mostly  6 ;  styles 
2-3-parted;  fruit  minutely  striate,  dull  or  little  shining,  flat  or  flatfish,  or  ob- 
tusely triangular.  —  Moist  or  wet  grounds,  mostly  in  waste  places.     Aig.,  Sept. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

•»-  •»-  Hoot  perennial  (or  mostly  so) :  stamens  8  :  styles  3  :  achenium  sharply  triangu- 
lar, smooth  and  shining.  (Stems  often  decumbent  or  creeping  at  the  base  and  rooting 
from  the  joints  :  spikes  few  or  single. ) 

9.  P.  acre,  H.  B.  K.     (WILD  SMART-WEED.)     Smooth,  or  nearly  so  (1° 

-  3°  high ) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pellucid-dotted ;  spikes  very  slender,  erect,  interrupted 
below,  ivhitish  or  flesh-color ;  calyx  dotted  with  pellucid  glands;  style  3-parted. 
(P.  punctatum,  Ell.     P.  hydropiperoides,  Pursh.) — Wet  places;  common,  es- 
pecially southward. 

10.  P.  hydropiperoides,  Michx.     (MILD  WATER-PEPPER.)     Stem 
smooth  (l°-3°  high),  the  narrow  sheaths  hairy,  fringed  with  rather  long  bris- 
tles ;  leaves  roughish  or  oppressed-pubescent,  not  acrid,  narrowly  lanceolate,  taperi&g 
to  both  ends;  spikes  rather  slender,  erect  (l'-2^'  long),  rose-color;  calyx  not  ylan 
dular-dotted ;  style  half  3-cleft.     (P.  mite,  Pers.,  not  of  Schrank.)  —  Wet  places, 
and  in  shallow  water ;  common,  especially  southward.     Aug. 

$  4.  AVICULARIA,  Meisn. —  Calyx  more  or  less  petal-like,  5-parted :  stamens  8, 
sometimes  3-6  ;  the  filaments  aid-shaped,  3  of  them  broader  at  the  base:  stigmas 
o,  globose,  nearly  sessile  :  achenium  3-sided  (cotyledons  incumbent :  albumen  horny)  : 
tommonly  annuals,  smooth  and  axillary,  with  small  leaves :  flowers  sometimes  crowd 
ed  in  interrupted  spikes  along  the  leafless  summit  of  the  branches. 

*  Flwvers  truly  axillary,  2-3  together,  or  rarely  solitary  :  sheaths  usually  2  -  3-parted 

and  cut-fringed  or  torn. 

11.  P.  awiculare,   L.     (KNOTGRASS.     GOOSE-GRASS.     DOOR-WEED  ) 
Prostrate  or  spreading  ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  pale  ;  flowers  appar  fitly 


374  POLTGONACE^E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.) 

sessile  (greenish-white,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple) ;  sheaths  much  shottei 
than  the  lower  leaves  ;  stamens  5  or  8 ;  fruit  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  dull,  minutely 
wrinkUd-striate  or  granular  under  a  lens,  (i,  — Waste  places  and  gravelly  banku ; 
everywhere  the  commonest  weed.  (Eu.) 

Var.  erectlllll,  Roth.  Stems  upright  or  ascending ;  leaves  broader  (ob- 
long or  oval)  and  larger;  stamens  commonly  5.  (P.  erectum,  L.) — In  richer 
soil  or  more  shaded  places  ;  common. 

Var.  littoralc,  Link.  Prostrate,  very  short-jointed  ;  leaves  elliptical-lan- 
ceolate or  narrowly  oblong,  thickened,  glaucous ;  the  sheaths  larger  in  propor- 
tion; fruit  longer  than  the  calyx,  smooth.  (3)  (P.  maritimum,  Ray,  &c.  P. 
glaucum,  Nutt.  P.  Robert!,  Lois.)  —  Sandy  sea-beach,  Rhode  Island  to  Vir- 
ginia. Probably  a  mere  state  of  P.  aviculare  altered  by  salt  water.  (Eu.) 

12.  P.    ramosissillllllll,    Michx.      Stems    erect    or  ascending,   much 
branched  (2° -4°  high),  rigid,  many-striatc  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  tapering 
into  a  petiole ;  sheaths  mostly  short ;  flowers  greenish-white  (yellowish  in  drying); 
stamens  commonly  6;  fruit  smooth  and  shining,  partly  protruded  from  the  calyx. 
(J)  —  Sandy  shores  and  banks  of  streams;  Michigan  to  Illinois  and  southward. 
Salt  marshes,  Rhode  Island,  Olney.     Aug.  -  Oct.  — Larger  leaves  2'  long. 

13.  P.  telliie,  Michx.     (SLENDKK    KNOTGRASS.)     Stem  slender,  upright, 
sparingly  branched  (6'-12'  high),  sharp-angled  ;  leaves  sessile,   narrowly  linear, 
very  acute ;  sheaths  capillary  fringed  ;  flowers  greenish-white ;  fruit  smooth  and 
shining.     (5)  —  Dry  sd\t,  and  rocky  hills  ;  rather  common.     July  -  Sept. 

*  *  Flowers  solitary  from  the  axils  of  closely  approximated  or  imbricated  truncate 
bracts,  forming  many-jointed  terminal  spikes:  sheaths  cylindrical,  naked,  entire. 

14.  P.  articillatum,  L.     (JOINTWEED.)     Stem  upright,  parviculately 
branched   (4' -12'  high),  slender;   leaves  lincar-thread-form,  deciduous;    flow- 
ers crowded  in  slender  and  spike-like  panicled  racemes,  on  recurved  pedicels 
twice  the  length  of  the  joint-like  bracts   (bright  rose-color) ;  fruit  smooth  ano 
shining.  —  Dry,  sandy  soil;   common   along   the   coast,  along  all   the   Great 
Lakes,  and  in  intermediate  places  in  New  York.    Aug.  —  Singular  for  its  many- 
jointed  spikes  or  racemes,  which  are  l'-3'  long;  the  lower  bracts  tmtth-pointcd 
on  one  side.  —  Not  a  Polygoncllal 

I  5.  TOVARIA,  Adans. —  Calyx  rather  herbaceous  (qreenisJi],  ttnequally4-pttr\ed: 

stamens  5  :  styles  2,  distinct,  rigid  and  persistent  on  the  smooth  lenticular  aclier.inm 
(cotyledons  olilong,  accnmbent)  :  perennial :  Jioivers  loosely  disposed  in  a  naked  long 
and  slender  spike. 

15.  P.    Virgin!  a  mi  111,   L.      Almost   smooth  ;    stem    terete,    upright 
(2° -4°  high)  ;  leaves  ovate,  or  the  upper  ovntc-lunceolnte,  taper-pointed,  round 
ed  at  the  base,  short-petiolcd,  rough-ciliate   (3' -6' long);  sheaths  cylindrical, 
truncate,  hairy  and  fringed  ;  flowers  1-3  from  each  bract,  somewhat  curved, 
the  styles  in  fruit  obliquely  bent  down,  minutely  hooked  at  the  tip.  —  Thickets 
in  rich  soil ;  common.    Aug. 

$  6.  TINlARIA,  Mcisn.  —  Calyx   5-partcd  (rard//  4-partcd)  :  stamens  mostly  8  : 
styles  or  capitate  stiywis  3,  and  achenium  3-sided,  or,  in  No.  1G,  styles  2  and  ach& 


POLYGONACE.E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.^  375 

nium   lenticular :    annuals,    with    heart-shaped  or   arrow-shaped  petioled  leaves ; 
sheaths  semicylindrical. 

*  Stems  flaccid,  not  twining,  but  somewhat  climbing  or  supported  on  other  plants  by 
the  reflexed  prickles  which  beset  the  angles  of  the  stem  and  petioles :  divisions  of  the 
(pale  rose-colored  or  white)  calyx  not  keeled:  bracts  chaff-like. 

16.  P.  arifolium,  L.  (HALBERD-LEAVED  TEAR-THUMB.)    Stem  grooved- 
angled;  leaves  halberd-shaped,  taper-pointed,  long-petioled ;  flowers  somewhat  ra- 
ccmed   (few) ;  peduncles   glandular-bristly  ;    calyx  often   4-parted ;  stamens  6 , 
styles  2,  very  short;  fruit  lenticular  (large).  —  Low  grounds.     Aug. 

17.  P.  sagittffitum,    L.      (ARROW-LEAVED  TEAR-THUMB.)      Stem  4- 
angled;  leaves  arrow-shaped,  short-petioled ;  flowers  capitate;  peduncles  smooth; 
stamens  mostly  8 ;  styles  3,  slender ;  fruit  sharply  3-angled.  —  Low  grounds ;  com- 
mon.    July  -  Sept.  —  Slender,  smooth  except  the  angles  of  the  stem  and  midrib 
beneath  :  these  are  armed  with  a  line  of  fine  and  very  sharp  saw-toothed  prickles, 
which  cut  the  hand  drawn  against  them. 

#  *  Stems  twining,  not  prickly :  calyx  (greenish  tinged  with  white  or  rose-color)  with 
the  3  outer  divisions  keeled,  at  least  in  fruit :  flowers  in  loose  panicled  racemes : 
bracts  like  the  stipules. 

18.  P.  CONVOLVULUS,  L.     (BLACK  BINDWEED.)     Stems  twining  or  pro- 
cumbent (l°-2°  long) ,  roughish,  the  joints  naked;  leaves  halberd-heart-shaped, 
pointed ;  flowers  in  small  interrupted  corymbose  racemes ;  outer  calyx-lobes  keeled; 
fruit  smoothish.  —  Cultivated  and  waste  grounds  ;  common.    July,  Aug.    (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

19.  P.  CilillOtlO,  Michx.     Minutely  downy  ;  the  sheaths  fringed  at  the  bas<* 
with  reflexed  bristles  ;  leaves  heart-shaped  and  slightly  halberd-shaped,  taper 
pointed;  racemes  panicled;  calyx-lobes  obscurely  keeled;  fruit  very  smooth  anc* 
shining.  —  Copses  and  rocky  hills;  New  England  and  Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  anc 
northward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stems  climbing  3°  -  9°  high. 

20.  P.  dumetoruni,  L.    (CLIMBING  FALSE  BUCKWHEAT.)    Smooth; 
theaths  naked;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  slightly  halberd-shaped,  pointed;  racemes 
interrupted,  leafy ;  the  3  outer  calyx-lobes  strongly  keeled  and  in  fruit  winged,  the 
wings  often  broad,  sometimes  very  narrow;  fruit  smooth  and  shining.    (P.  scan- 
dens,  L.) — Moist  thickets;    common.     Aug.  —  Stems  twining  8° -12°  high 
over  bushes.     (Eu.) 

2.     FAGOPYRUM,    Tourn.        BUCKWHEAT. 

Calyx  petal-like,  equally  5-parted,  withering  and  nearly  unchanged  in  fruit. 
Stamens  8.  Styles  3 :  stigmas  capitate.  Achenium  3-sided,  longer  than  the 
calyx.  Embryo  large,  in  the  centre  of  the  albumen  which  it  divides  into  2  parts, 
with  very  broad  and  foliaceous  plaited  and  twisted  cotyledons.  —  Annuals,  with 
triangular-heai't-shaped  or  halberd-shaped  leaves,  semicylindrical  sheaths,  and 
corymbose  racemes  or  panicles  of  white  flowers,  often  tinged  with  green  or  rose- 
color.  (Name  fay 6s,  the  beech,  and  irvpos,  wheat,  from  the  shape  of  the  grain 
being  that  of  the  beech-nut;  whence  also  the  English  name  Z^ur/jwheat.  from 
the  German  33uc1)e,  beech.) 


S76  FOLYGONACE.E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.) 

1.  F.  ESCULENTUM,  Mcench.  (BUCKWHEAT.)  Smoothish;  fkwer  with  A 
honey-bearing  yellow-glands  interposed  between  the  stamens ;  the  fruit  acute 
and  entire.  (Polygonum  Fagopyrum,  Z.) —  Old  fields,  remaining  as  a  weed 
where  the  plant  has  been  cultivated,  and  escaping  into  copses.  June  -  Sept. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    OX^RIA,    Hill.        MOUNTAIN  SORREL. 

Calyx  herbaceous,  of  4  sepals  ;  the  two  outer  smaller  and  spreading,  the  two 
inner  broader  and  erect  (but  unchanged)  in  fruit.  Stamens  6.  Stigmas  2,  ses- 
sile, tufted.  Achenium  lenticular,  thin,  flat,  much  larger  than  the  calyx,  sur- 
rounded by  a  broad  and  veiny  wing.  Seed  flattened  in  the  opposite  direction 
from  the  wing.  Embryo  straight,  occupying  the  centre  of  the  albumen,  slender. 
—  Low  alpine  perennials,  with  round-kidney -form  and  long-petioled  leaves  chief- 
ly from  the  root,  obliquely  truncate  sheaths,  and  small  greenish  flowers  clustered 
in  panicled  racemes  on  a  slender  scape.  (Name  from  o£vs,  sour,  in  allusion  to 
the  acid  flavor  of  the  leaves,  similar  to  that  of  Sorrel.) 

1.  O.  digyiia,  Campd.  Leaves  all  round-kidney-form,  usually  notched 
at  the  end ;  fruit  orbicular.  —  Alpine  region  of  White  Mountains,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Oakes,  &c.,  and  high  northward.  (Eu.) 

4.    RUM  EX,    L.        DOCK.     SORREL. 

Calyx  of  6  sepals ;  the  3  outer  herbaceous,  sometimes  united  at  the  base, 
spreading  in  fruit;  the  3  inner  (called  valves)  larger,  somewhat  colored,  increas- 
ing after  flowering  and  convergent  over  the  3-angled  achenium,  veiny,  often 
bearing  a  grain-like  tubercle  on  the  outer  surface.  Stamens  6.  Styles  3  :  stig- 
mas tufted.  Embryo  slightly  curved,  lying  along  one  side  of  the  albumen, 
slender.  —  Coarse  herbs,  with  small  and  homely  (mostly  green)  flowers,  which 
are  crowded  and  commonly  whorled  in  panicled  racemes ;  the  petioles  some- 
what sheathing  at  the  base.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  these  plants;  of  un- 
known etymology.) 

$  1.  LAPATHUM,  Tourn.  —  Flowers  perfect,  or  monceciously  polygamous:  style* 

free :  herbage  bitter. 

*  Leaves  all  lanceolate  and  acute  at  both  ends,  fiat,  smooth :  valves  of  the  fruiting 
calyx  entire,  or  nearly  so,  not  aum-bearing :  root  perennial. 

1.  R.  vcrticillatus,  L.     (SWAMP  DOCK.)     Racemes  nearly  leafless, 
elongated,  the  flowers  in  crowded  whorls ;  fruit-bearing  pedicels  slender,  club- 
shaped,  abruptly  rcflexed,  3-4  times  longer  than  the  fruiting  calyx ;  the  valves  dilated- 
rhomboid,  obtiiady  someivhat  pointed,  strongly  rugose-reticulated,  each  bearing  a  very 
large  grain,  from  J  to  ^  the  width  of  the  valve.  —  "Wet  swamps  and  ditches  ; 
common.     June,  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high,  branched  above,  with  pale  green, 
•willow-like,  thiekish,  wholly  entire  leaves;  the    lowest   ones,  more   or  less 
cordate  at  the  base. 

2.  R.    Brit6nnirn,    L.       (TALL  DOCK.)      Racemes   spike-like  and 
panicled,  nearly  leafless  (3° -6°  high) ;  whorls  crowded;  pedicels  nodding,  rather 
ihortei-  than  the  fruiting  calyx ;  the  valves  round-heart-shaped,  obtuse,  thin,  1  -  3  of 


POLYGONACE^E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.,  377 

them  unequally  grain-bearing.  (R.  altissimus,  Wood.)  — Banks  of  streams,  &c., 
New  England  ?  New  York  (Peekskill,  Mead)  to  Illinois  and  southward.  June, 
July.  —  Leaves  3' -5'  long  mostly  oblong-lanceolate,  much  like  the  last;  the 
valves  fully  twice  as  large,  two  of  the  grains  small  or  abortive,  or  sometimes  all 
three  wanting. 

3.  11.  salicifolius,  "Weinmann,  Hook.     ( WILLOW  DOCK.)     Racemes 
spiked,  somewhat  leafy  below;  the  whorls  much  crowded;  pedicels  shorter  than 
the  fruiting  calyx ;  the  valves  ovate,  obtusish,  rugose-reticulated,  (1-2  or)  all  of 
them  nearly  covered  with  a  large  and  thick  grain.     (R.  pallidus,  Bigelow.)  — Low 
grounds,  coast  of  Massachusetts,  and  northward  and  northwestward.     June.  — 
Stems  l°-3°  high,  ascending.     Leaves  thinner  than  in  the  two  preceding,  their 
margins  a  little  wavy.     Fruiting  calyx  smaller  than  in  No.  1,  so  short-pedicelled 
and  crowded  as  to  appear  sessile. 

4.  R.  Hydrolapatlium,  Hudson,  van?  Amcricanum.   (GREAT 
WATER-DOCK.)     Racemes  upright  in  a  large  compound  panicle,  nearly  leaf- 
less ;  whorls  crowded ;  pedicels  capillary,  nodding,  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
fruiting  calyx ;  the  valves  broadly  ovate  or  roundish,  obtuse  (large),  all  grain-bear- 
ing; leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  with  minutely  crenulate-wavy  margins.     (R. 
Britannica,  Pursh?  BigeL,  &c.      R.  aquaticus,  Smith,  Pursh.) —  Wet  places, 
New  England  to  Penn.  and  Michigan.     July.  —  Stem  5°  high,  stout.     Lower 
leaves  1°  or  more  long  and  3' -5'  wide,  the  stout  midrib  produced  into  a 
flat  petiole.     Valves  thin,  ^'  long,  rather  denticulate,  much  more  rounded  in 
our  specimens  than  in  European. — Probably  a  distinct  species,  allied  to  R. 
Patientia. 

#  *  Leaves  more  or  less  wavy-margined,  the  lower  heart-shaped  at  the  base :  whorls  in 
panicled  racemes  or  spikes :  valves  entire  or  short-toothed:  perennials :  all  introduced. 

5.  R.  OBTUSirdLius,  L.     (BITTER  DOCK.)     Stem  roughish ;  lowest  leave* 
ovate-heart-shaped,  obtuse,  rather  downy  on  the  veins  underneath,  somewhat  wavy- 
margined,  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  ;  whorls  loose  and  distant ;  valves  ovate' 
halberd-shaped,  sharply  denticulate  at  the  base,  strongly  reticulated,  one  of  theirj 
principally  grain-bearing.  —  Fields,  &c. ;  a  rather  common  weed.    July.     (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

6.  R.  CRfspus,  L.     (CURLED  DOCK.)     Smooth;  leaves  with  strongly  wavy- 
curled  margins,  lanceolate,  acute,  the  lower  truncate  'or  rather  heart-shaped  at  the 
base ;  whorls  crowded  in  prolonged  WGHnd-like  racemes,  leajless  above ;  valves  round- 
heart-shaped,  obscurely  denticulate  or  entire,  one  or  all  of  them  grain-bearing.  —  A 
very  common  weed  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds.     Stem  3° -4°  high,  from 
a  deep  spindle-shaped  yellow  root.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

7.  R.   CONGLOMERATED,  Murray.      (SMALLER   GREEN  DOCK.)      Leave* 
oblong,  pointed,  slightly  wavy-margined,  the  lower  heart-shaped  at  the  base ; 
whorls  distant,  leafy  ;  pedicels  very  short ;  valves  linear-oblong,  rather  broader  next 
the  base ;  obtuse,  entire,  each  bearing  a  single  (reddish)  grain.     (R.  ecutus,  Smith, 
&c.) — Moist  places;  sparingly  introduced.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

8.  R»    SANGufNEUS,    L.      (BLOODY-VEINED    DOCK.)      Leaves  lanceolate, 
wavy-margined,  the  lowest  heart-shaped  at  the  base ;  whorls  distant,  in  long  and 
slender  leafless   interrupted   spikes ;  pedicels  very   short ;  vali^s  narrowly  oft/orw, 


8*8  LAURACEJE.       (LAUREL    FAMILY.) 

broadest  a-x  it  their  middle,  obtuse,  entire,  one  at  least  grain-bearing ;  veins  of  the 
leaf  red,  or,  in  var.  vfRiois,  greent —  "Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  (Nat, 
from  Eu.) 

#  *  *  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  wavy-margined;  the  lower  ones  aurickd  or  sonewhat 
heart-shaped  at  the  base:  valves  awn-toothed:  low  annuals. 

9.  R.  IIK1I  tti ill  ll*,  L.      (GOLDEN  DOCK.)      Minutely   pubc-sccnt,   dif- 
fusely branched  ;  whorls  excessively  crowded  in  leafy  and  compact  or  interrupted 
spikes;  valves  rhombic-oblong,  lance-pointed,  each  bearing  2-3  long   awn-like 
bristles  on  each  side,  and  a  large  grain  on  the  back.     (Also  R.  persicarioides,  L.) 
—  Sea-shore,  Virginia  to  Massachusetts,  and  in  saline  soil  in  the  interior.    Aug., 
Sept.  —  Plant  6' -12'  high;  remarkable  for  the  crowded  and  almost  orange- 
colored  fruiting  calyx,  beset  with  bristles  which  are  usually  longer  than  the 
width  of  the  valves.     (Eu.) 

4  2.  ACETOSELLA,  Tourn.  —  Flowers  dioecious:  styles  adherent  to  the  angles  of 
the  ovary :  herbage  acid. 

10.  R.  ACETOSELLA,  L.    (FIELD  or  SHEEP  SORREL.)    Low ;  leaves  lance, 
halberd-form,  at  least  those  of  the  root,  the  narrow  lobes  entire ;  whorls  leafless, 
in  slender  panicled  racemes ;  valves  scarcely  enlarging  in  fruit,  ovate,  not  grain- 
bearing.     1J. — An  abundant  weed  in  waste  places  and  all  sterile  and  worn  fields 
May.  —  The  fertile  panicles  usually  turn  reddish  in  summer.     (Nat.  from  Eu  , 

See  Addend. 

RHEUM  RIIAPONTICUM  is  the  PIE  RHUBARB,  so  commonly  cultivated  foi 
the  sake  of  its  fleshy  and  acid  esculent  leaf-stalks. 

ORDER   93.     LAURACE^E.     (LAUREL  FAMILY.) 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  mostly  marked  with 
minute  pellucid  dots,  and  powers  with  a  regular  calyx  0/4  -  6  colored  sepals, 
which  are  barely  united  at  the  base,  imbricated  in  2  rows  in  the  bud,  free  from 
the  l-celled  and  l-ovuled  ovary,  and  mostly  fewer  than  the  stamens  :  anthers 
opening  by  2-4  uplifted  valves.  —  Flowers  clustered  Style  single.  Fruit 
a  1-seeded  berry  or  drupe.  Seed  anatropous,  suspended,  with  no  albumen, 
filled  by  the  large  almond-like  embryo.  —  A  well-marked  family,  very  nu- 
merous in  the  tropics,  represented  in  our  district  by  only  five  species. 

Synopsis. 

*  Flowers  perfect :  stamens  12,  throe  of  them  sterile. 

1.  PERSEA.    Calyx  persistent.    Anthers  4-celled,  those  of  3  stamens  turned  outward 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious  or  dioeeiously  polygamous :  stamens  9. 

2.  SASSAFRAS     Flowers  destitute  of  any  involucre     Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved. 

a  BENZOIN.    Flowers  developed  from  a  4-leaved  involucre.    Anthers  2-celled,  2-valved. 
4.  TETR  ANTIIERA.     Flowers  from  a  2  -  4-leaved  involucre     Anthers  4-celled,  4  valved. 

1.     PERSEA,    Gaertn.        ALLIGATOR  PEAR. 

Flowers  perfect,  with  a  6-parted  calyx,  which  persists  at  the  base  of  the  berry- 
like  fruit  Stamens  12.  in  four  rows,  the  3  of  the  innermost  row  sterile  and  re- 


(LAUREL  FAMILY.)  379 

duced  to  a  sort  of  glands  :  the  rest  bearing  4-celled  anthers  (i.  e.  each  of  the  two 
proper  cells  is  divided  transversely  into  two),  opening  by  as  many  uplifted 
valves;  the  anthers  of  3  stamens  turned  outward,  the  others  introrse.  —  Trees, 
with  persistent  entire  leaves  and  small  pauicled  flowers.  (An  ancient  name  of 
some  Oriental  tree.) 

1.  P.  Carol! lie II Sis,  Nets.  (RED  BAT.)  Hoary  at  least  when  ycuag 
with  a  fine  down ;  leaves  oblong,  pale,  soon  becoming  smooth  above ;  peduncle 
bearing  few  flowers  in  a  close  cluster ;  sepals  downy,  the  outer  shorter ;  berries 
dark  blue,  on  a  red  stalk.  (Lauras  Carolinensis,  Catesb.  L.  Borbonia,  L.)  — 
Swamps,  Delaware,  Virginia,  and  southward.  May.  —  A  small  tree. 

2.    SASSAFRAS,    Nees.        SASSAFRAS. 

Flowers  dioacious,  with  a  6-parted  spreading  calyx ;  the  sterile  kind  with  9 
stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx  in  3  rows,  the  3  inner  with  a  pair  of 
stalked  glands  at  the  base  of  each ;  anthers  4-celled,  4-valved :  fertile  flowers 
with  6  short  rudiments  of  stamens  and  an  ovoid  ovary.  Drupe  ovoid  (blue), 
supported  on  a  club-shaped  and  rather  fleshy  (reddish)  pedicel.  —  Trees,  with 
spicy-aromatic  bark,  very  mucilaginous  twigs  and  foliage;  the  latter  decidu- 
ous, often  lobed.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  naked,  in  clustered  and  peduncled 
corymbed  racemes,  appearing  with  the  leaves.  Buds  scaly.  (The  popular  name, 
of  Spanish  origin.) 

1.  S.  officimtle,  Nees.  Leaves  ovate,  entire,  or  some  of  them  3-lobed, 
soon  glabrous.  (Laurus  Sassafras,  L.)  —  Rich  woods;  common,  especially 
eastward.  April.  —  Tree  15°  -  50°  high,  with  yellowish-green  twigs. 

3.    BENZOIN,    Nees.        WILD  ALLSPICE.    FEVER-BUSH. 

Flowers  polygamous-dioecious,  with  a  6-parted  open  calyx ;  the  sterile  kind 
with  9  stamens  in  3  rows,  the  inner  ones  1  -  2-lobed  and  gland-bearing  at  the 
base;  anthers  2-celled  and  2-valved :  fertile  flowers  with  15-18  rudiments  of 
stamens  in  2  forms,  and  a  globular  ovary.  Drupe  obovoid,  red,  the  stalk  not 
thickened.  —  Shrubs,  with  entire  deciduous  leaves,  and  honey-yellow-flowers  in 
almost  sessile  lateral  umbel-like  clusters  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  the  clus- 
ters composed  of  smaller  clusters  or  umbels,  each  of  4  -  6  flowers  and  surround- 
ed by  an  involucre  of  4  deciduous  scales.  (Named  from  the  aroma,  which  has 
been  likened  to  that  of  benzoin.) 

1.  B.  odorifcruni,  Nees.     (SPICE-BUSH.    BENJAMIN-BUSH.)     Nearly 
tmoolh;  leaves  oblong-obovate,  pale  underneath.     (Laurus  Benzoin,  Z.)—  Damp 
woods ;  rather  common.     March,  April. 

2.  15.  melissaefoliuill,   Nees.     Young  branches  and  buds  pubescent, 
leaves  oblong,  obtuse  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  downy  beneath ;  umbels  few. 
(Laurus   melissaefolia,   Wall      L.  diospyroides,  Michx.) — Low  grounds,  Vir- 
ginia and  southward.     April. 

4.     TET  RANT  HERA,    Jacq.        TETRANTHERA. 

Flowers  dioecious,  with  a  6-parted  deciduous  calyx  ;  the  sterile  ones  with  9 
stamens  in  3  rows ;  the  anthers  all  introrse,  4  celled,  4-valvcd :  fertile  flowers 


380 


THYMELEACE^E.       (MEZEREUM    FAMILY.) 


with  12  or  more  rudiments  of  stamens  and  a  globular  ovary.  —  Drupe  globular 
—  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  entire  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  clustered 
umbels.  (Name  composed  of  rerpa,  four,  and  dvQrjpd,  anther.) 

1.  T.  geniculsita,  Nees.  (POND  SPICE.)  Flowers  (yellow)  appear- 
ing  before  the  deciduous  oblong  leaves,  which  are  hairy  on  the  midrib  beneath ; 
branches  forked  and  divaricate,  the  branchlets  zigzag ;  involucres  2  -  4-leaved, 
2 -4-flowered ;  fruit  red.  (Lauras  geniculata,  Michx.)  —  Swamps,  Virginia  and 
southward.  April. 

ORDER  94     THYMELEACE^E.     (MEZEREUM  FAMILY.; 

Shrubs,  with  acrid  and  very  tough  (not  aromatic)  bark,  entire  leaves,  and 
perfect  flowers  with  a  regular  and  simple  colored  calyx,  bearing  usually  twice 
as  many  stamens  as  its  lobes,  free  from  the  1-celled  and  l-ovuled  ovary,  which 
forms  a  berry-like  drupe  in  fruit,  with  a  single  suspended  anatropous  seed. 
Embryo  large  and  almond-like :  albumen  little  or  none.  —  A  small  family, 
represented  in  North  America  only  by  a  single  species,  of  the  genus 

1.    I>  I  It  C  A ,    L.        LEATHERWOOD.        MOOSE-WOOD. 

Calyx  petal-like,  tubular-funnel-shaped,  truncate,  the  border  wavy  or  obscure- 
ly about  4-toothed.  Stamens  8,  long  and  slender,  inserted  on  the  calyx  above 
the  middle,  protruded,  the  alternate  ones  longer.  Style  thread-form :  stigma 
capitate.  Drupe  oval  (reddish).  —  A  much-branched  bush,  with  jointed  branch- 
lets,  ovalobovate  alternate  leaves,  at  length  smooth,  deciduous,  on  very  short 
petioles,  the  bases  of  which  conceal  the  buds  of  the  next  season.  Flowers  light 
yellow,  preceding  the  leaves,  3  in  a  cluster  from  a  bud  of  3  dark-hairy  scales, 
forming  an  involucre,  from  which  soon  after  proceeds  a  leafy  branch.  (Aipicr;, 
the  name  of  a  fountain  near  Thebes,  applied  by  Linnaeus  to  this  North  Ameri- 
can genus,  for  no  imaginable  reason,  unless  because  the  bush  frequently  grows 
near  mountain  rivulets.) 

1.  D.  pal  list  ris,  L.  —  Damp  rich  woods,  seldom  in  swamps;  New  Eng- 
land to  Penn.,  Kentucky,  and  (especially)  northward.  April.  —  Shrub  2° -5° 
nigh ;  the  wood  white,  soft,  and  veiy  brittle ;  but  the  fibrous  bark  remarkably 
tough,  used  by  the  Indians  for  thongs,  whence  the  popular  names.  In  N.  New 
England  also  called  Wtcopy. 


ORDER  95.     EL-flEAGNACEJE.     (OLEASTER  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  silvery-scurfy  leaves  and  mostly  dicecious  flow- 
ers ;  further  distinguished  from  the  Mezereum  Family  by  the  ascending 
albuminous  seed,  and  the  calyx-tube  becoming  pulpy  and  beny-like  in  fruit, 
enclosing  the  arhenium  ;  and  from  the  following  by  the  calyx-tube  not  co- 
hering with  the  ovary,  &c.  A  small  family,  represented  east  of  the  Missia- 
sippi  solely  bj  one  species  of 


SANTALACE.fi.       (SANDALWOOD    FAMILY.)  381 

1-     SHEPHERD  I  A,    Nutt.        SHEPHURDIA. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  with  a  4-parted  calyx  (valvate  in  the  bud)  and  8 
stamens,  alternating  with  as  many  processes  of  the  thick  disk ;  the  fertile  with 
an  urn-shaped  4-cleft  calyx,  enclosing  the  ovary  (the  orifice  closed  by  the  teeth 
of  the  disk),  and  becoming  berry-like  in  fruit.  Style  slender:  stigma  1-sided. 
—  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  deciduous;  the  small  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  their 
axils  on  the  branchlets,  clustered,  or  the  fertile  solitary.  (Named  for  John  Shep- 
herd, formerly  curator  of  the  Liverpool  Botanic  Garden.) 

1.  S.  Canaclensis,  Nutt.  (CANADIAN  SHEPHERDIA.)  Leaves  ellipti- 
cal or  ovate,  nearly  naked  and  green  above,  silvery-downy  and  scurfy  with  rusty 
scales  underneath  ;  fruit  yellowish-red.  —  Rocky  or  gravelly  banks,  W.  Vermont 
to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  May.  —  A  straggling  shrub,  3°  -  6°  high  ;  the 
branchlets,  young  leaves,  yellowish  flowers,  &c.,  covered  with  the  rusty  scales. 
Fruit  insipid. 

S.  ARGENTEA,  Nutt.,  the  BUFFALO-BERRY  of  Upper  Missouri,  which  has 
narrower  leaves,  silvery  on  both  sides,  and  edible,  acid,  scarlet  fruit,  is  somewhat 
cultivated  for  ornament. 

EL^EAGNUS  ARGENTEA,  Pursh,  the  SILYER-BERRY,  may  perhaps  be  found 
within  our  northwestern  limits. 


ORDER  96.     SANTALACE^E.     (SANDALWOOD  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  entire  leaves;  the  4-5-cleft  calyx  valvate  in 
the  bud,  its  tube  coherent  with  the  l-celled  ovary,  which  contains  2-4  ovules 
suspended  from  the  apex  of  a  stalk-like  free  central  placenta  which  rises  from 
the  base  of  the  cell,  but  the  (indehiscent)  fruit  always  1-seeded.  —  Seed  des- 
titute  of  any  proper  seed-coat.  Embryo  small,  at  the  apex  of  copious  al- 
bumen :  radicle  directed  upward :  cotyledons  cylindrical.  Stamens  equal 
in  number  to  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and  inserted  opposite  them  into  the 
edge  of  the  fleshy  disk  at  their  base.  Style  1.  A  small  order,  the  greater 
part  belonging  to  warm  regions,  here  represented  only  by  the  two  follow- 
ing genera. 

1.     COMANDRA,    Nutt.        BASTARD  TOAD-FLAX. 

A 
Flowers  perfect.     Calyx  bell-shaped  or  soon  urn-shaped,  lined   above  the 

ovary  with  an  adherent  disk  which  has  a  5-lobed  free  border.  Stamens  inserted 
on  the  edge  of  the  disk  between  its  lobes,  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  to  the 
middle  of  which  the  anthers  are  connected  by  a  tuft  of  threads.  Fruit  drupe- 
like  or  nut-like,  crowned  by  the  persistent  calyx-lobes,  the  cavity  filled  by  the 
globular  seed.  —  Low  and  smooth  perennials,  with  herbaceous  stems  from  a 
rather  woody  base  or  root,  alternate  oblong  and  sessile  leaves,  and  greenish' 
white  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  small  umbel-like  clusters.  (Name  from 
),  hair,  and  avSpes,  >"or  stamens,  in  allusion  to  the  hairs  attached  to  the  anther? 


#82  LORANTHACE^E.       (MISTLETOE    FAMILY.) 

1.  C.    limbcllata,    Nutt.      Peduncles  several   and   con/?  tbose-clustered  ai 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  several-flowered ;  calyx-tube  conspicuously  continued  be- 
yond the  ovary,  forming  a  neck  to  the  globular-urn-shaped  fruit;  the  lobes  ob- 
long ;  style  slender;  fruit  diy. — Dry  ground;  common.     May,  June.  —  Stems 
8' -10' high,  very  leafy.     Root  forming  parasitic  attachments  to  the  roots  of 
trees  (as  shown  by  Mr.  Staitffer).     Leaves  obovate-oblong,  about  1'  long. 

2.  C.  livida,  Richards.     Peduncles  axillary,  3  -  5-flowered,  shorter  than  the 
oval  flaccid  leaves  ;  calyx-tube  not  continued  beyond  the  ovary,  the  lobes  ovate ; 
style  short ;  fruit  pulpy  when  ripe,  red.  —  Shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  north- 
ward. —  Leaves  larger  than  in  the  last. 

2.    PYRTJJLARIA,    Michx.        OIL-NUT.    BUFFALO-NUT. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  recurved.  Sterile  flowers  with  5 
stamens  on  very  short  filaments,  alternate  with  5  rounded  glands.  Fertile  flow- 
ers with  a  pear-shaped  ovary  invested  by  the  adherent  calyx,  naked  at  the  flat 
summit :  disk  with  5  glands :  style  short  and  thick :  stigma  capitate-flattened. 
Fruit  fleshy  and  drupe-like,  pear-shaped,  the  globose  endocarp  thin.  Embryo 
small:  albumen  very  oily.  —  A  low  straggling  shrub,  with  alternate  short-peti- 
oled  and  veiny  deciduous  leaves  ;  the  small  greenish  flowers  sessile  in  very  short 
and  simple  terminal  spikes.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Pyrus,  from  the  fruit, 
which  looks  like  a  small  pear.) 

1.  P.  oleifera.  (P.  pubera,  Michx.  Hamiltonia  oleifera,  Muhl.) — Rich 
wooded  banks,  mountains  of  Penn.  and  southward  throughout  and  near  the 
Alleghanies.  May. — Leaves  obovate-oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends,  a  little 
downy,  or  at  length  smooth,  somewhat  succulent,  oily,  acrid  to  the  ta*te.  Spikes 
ripening  but  one  fruit,  which  is  about  1 '  long. 


ORDER  97.     LORANTHACE^E.     (MISTLETOE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubby  plants  with  coriaceous  green  ish  foliage,  parasitic  on  trees,  repre- 
sented in  the  northern  temperate  zone  chiefly  by  the  Mistletoe  and  its  near 
allies;  which  are  distinguished  from  the  r-  eeeding  family  more  by  their 
parasitic  growth  and  habit,  and  by  their  more  reduced  flowers,  than  by 
essential  characters :  represented  by 

1.     PIIORAttENDRON,    Nutt.        FALSE  MISTLETOE. 

Flowers  dioecious,  in  short  ana  catkin-like  jointed  spikes,  usually  several 
under  each  short  and  fleshy  bract  or  scale,  and  sunk  in  the  joint.  Calyx  globti- 
lar,  3-  (rarely  2-4-)  lobed  :  in  the  staminate  flowers  a  sessile  anther  is  borne  on 
the  base  of  each  lobe,  and  is  transversely  2-cellcd,  each  cell  opening  by  a  pore 
or  slit :  in  the  fertile  flowers  the  calyx-tube  adheres  to  the  ovary  :  stigma  ses- 
iile,  obtuse.  Berry  1 -seeded,  pulpy.  Embryo  small,  half  imbecdcd  in  the 
summit  of  mucilaginous  albumen.  —  Yellowish-green  \\o<><lv  parasites  on  the 
branches  of  trees,  with  jointed  much  branched  stems,  thick  and  linn  persistent 
leaves  (or  only  scales  in  their  place),  and  axillary  small  spikes  of 


Bowers 


CERATOl'HYLLACE.E.       {HORNWORT    FAMILY.)  383 

(Name  composed  of  </>o>p,  a  thief,  and  favSpov,  tree;  because  these  plants  steal 
their  food  from  the  trees  they  grow  upon.) 

1.  P.  flavescens,  Nutt.  (AMERICAN  MISTLETOE.)  Leaves  obovate 
or  oval,  somewhat  petioled,  longer  than  the  spikes  in  their  axils,  yellowish ; 
berries  white.  (Viscum  flavescens,  Pursh.)  — New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  south- 
ward, preferring  Elms  and  Hickories.  April. 

ORDER  98.     SAURURACE^.     (LIZARD'S-TAIL  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  jointed  stems,  alternate  entire  leaves  with  stipules,  and  perfect 
flowers  in  spikes,  entirely  destitute  of  any  floral  envelopes,  and  3-5  more  or 
less  united  ovaries.  —  Ovules  few,  orthotropous.  Embryo  heart-shaped, 
minute,  contained  in  a  little  sac  at  the  apex  of  the  albumen.  —  A  kind  of 
offshoot  of  the  Pepper  Family  (tropical),  and  represented  only  by 

1.     SAURIIRUS,   L.        LIZARD'S-TAIL. 

Stamens  mostly  6  or  7,  hypogynous,  with  long  and  distinct  filaments.  Fruit 
Somewhat  fleshy,  wrinkled,  of  3-4  pistils  united  at  the  base,  with  recurved 
stigmas.  Seeds  usually  solitary,  ascending.  —  A  perennial  marsh  herb,  with 
heart-shaped  petioled  leaves,  and  white  flowers,  each  from  the  axil  of  a  small 
bract,  crowded  in  a  slender  wand-like  and  naked  peduncled  terminal  spike  (its 
appearance  giving  rise  to  the  name,  from  cravpos,  a  lizard,  and  ovpd,  tail). 

1.  S.  ceriums,  L.  —  Margins  of  ponds,  &c. ;  common.  June.  —  Spike 
3'  -  6  long,  drooping  at  the  end. 

ORDER  99.    CERATOPHYLLACEjE.    (HoRNWORT  FAM.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with,  whorled  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  minute  axillary  and 
sessile  monoecious  flowers  without  any  floral  envelopes,  but  with  an  8-12- 
cleft  involucre  in  place  of  a  calyx,  the  fertile  a  simple  \-celled  ovary,  with  a 
suspended  ortfiotropous  ovule :  seed  filled  oy  a  highly  developed  embryo  vnth 
4  cotyledons  I  and  a  conspicuous  plumule.  —  Consists  only  of  the  genus 

1.     CERATOPIIYL.L.UM,    L.        HORNWORT. 

Sterile  flowers  of  12-24  stamens  with  large  sessile  anthers.  Fruit  an  ache- 
nium,  beaked  with  the  slender  persistent  style.  —  Herbs  growing  under  water,  in 
ponds  or  slow-flowing  streams :  the  sessile  leaves  cut  into  thrice-forked  thread- 
like rather  rigid  divisions.  (Name  from  tcepas,  a  horn,  and  <pv\\ov,  leaf.) 

1.  C.  deniersuin,  L.  —  Var.  COMMUNE  has  a  smooth  marginless  fruit 
beaked  with  a  long  persistent  style,  and  with  a  short  spine  or  tubercle  at  the 
base  on  each  side.  —  Var.  ECHIN\TUM  (C.  echinatum,  Gray)  has  the  fruit 
mostly  larger  (3  long),  rough-pimpled  on  the  sides,  the  nan-owlj  winged 
margin  spiny-toothed.  —  Slow  streams  and  ponds ;  common,  but  rare  »n  fruit 
Probftbly  there  is  only  one  species.  (Ea.) 


384  FODOSTEMACE^E.     (RIVER-WEED  FAMILY.) 

ORDER  100.    CALLITRICHACE^.    (WATER-STAR WORIS.) 

Aquatic  small  annuals,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  polyga- 
r,wus  flowers  in  their  axils,  without  any  proper  floral  envelopes,  and  with  a  4- 
lobed  and  4-celled  4-seeded  fruit ; —  consisting  only  of  the  genus 

1.     CALLITRICIIE,    L.        WATKR-STARWORT. 

Stamen  solitary,  in  the  sterile  flowers  between  a  pair  of  bracts ;  in  the  fertile, 
placed  between  the  pistil  and  the  stem,  and  rarely  also  one  on  the  outer  side  : 
filament  thread-like  :  anther  heart-shaped,  by  confluence  becoming  1-celled. 
Fruit  indehiscent,  nut-like,  4-lobed  and  4-celled  ;  but  the  styles  only  2,  awl- 
shaped  and  distinct.  Seed  solitary  and  suspended,  filling  each  cell,  anatropoos  : 
embryo  slender,  in  the  axis  and  nearly  the  length  of  the  albumen.  Foliage 
very  variable  according  to  circumstances,  as  in  most  water-plants.  (Name  from 
KaXof ,  beautiful,  and  6pi£,  hair,  from  the  almost  capillary  and  usually  tufted 
stems.) 

1.  C.  vi- rim,  L.     Fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so,  with  a  pair  of  bracts  at  its 
base ;  lobes  of  the  fruit  keeled  or  slightly  winged  on  the  back ;  floating  leaves 
obovate  or  spatulate  and  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  the  immersed  ones  linear, 
rarely  all   linear  or  all  spatulate-obovate.  —  Shallow  water  ;   very  common. 
April -Aug.     (Eu.) 

Var.  platycarpa  (C.  platycarpa,  Kiltzing),  has  the  fruit  twice  as  large 
and  more  wing-margined.  (Var.  TERRESTRIS  is  a  state  growing  along  the 
margin  of  pools  or  brooks,  procumbent,  tufted,  and  small-leaved.)  (Eu.) 

2.  C.  pedllllCUlata,  DC.     Fruit  raised  on  a  (sometimes  short)  mostly 
long  and  slender  peduncle,  without  bracts ;  fruit  regularly  4-lobed,  the  lobes  bluntly 
keeled.  —  Rare:  only  observed  southwestward.     (Eu.) 

3.  C.  autumn  tills,  L.     Fruit  nearly  sessile,  without  bracts;  lobes  of  the 
fruit  (often  irregular)  sharply  keeled  on  the  back;  leaves  linear  or  spatulate. — 
Not  Common.     (Eu.)  • 

Var.  linearis  (C.  linearis,  Pursh)  has  the  leaves  all  or  chiefly  narrowly 
linear,  and  the  lobes  of  the  fruit  not  keeled.  —  Common  northward. 

CXDER  101.    PODOSTEMACEA].     (RIVER-WEED  FAMILY.) 

Aquatics,  growing  on  stones  in  running  water,  with  much  the  aspect  of  Sea- 
weeds or  Mosses ;  the  minute  naked  flowers  bursting  from  a  spathe-like  invo- 
lucre as  in  Liverworts,  producing  a  2-3-ceUed  many-seeded  ribbed  pod;  — 
represented  in  North  America  by  the  genus 

1.     POOOSTEMON,    Mlchx.        RIVER-WEED. 

Flower  solitary,  podiccllcd,  from  a  tubular  sac-like  involucre,  destitute  of 
6oral  envelopes.  Stamens  borne  on  one  side  of  the  stalk,  of  the  ovary,  with 
their  long  filaments  united  into  one  for  more  than  half  their  length,  and  2  short 
iterile  filaments,  one  on  each  side :  anthers  2-cellcd.  Stigmas  2,  awl-shaped. 


EUPHORBIACEJE.       (^SPUKGE    FAMILY.)  385 

Pod  oval,  8-ribbed,  2-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  minute,  very  numerous  on  a  thick 
persistent  central  placenta,  destitute  of  albumen.  —  Leaves  2-ranked.  (Name 
from  TroCs,  foot,  and  ori^coi/,  stamen ;  the  two  stamens  being  apparently  raised 
on  a  stalk  by  the  side  of  the  ovary.) 

1.  P.  ceratopliylllllll,  Michx.  Leaves  rigid,  dilated  into  a  stipule- 
like  sheathing  base,  above  mostly  forked  into  thread-like  or  linear  lobes.  —  Not 
uncommon  in  the  bottom  of  shallow  streams.  July-  Sept.  A  small  olive-green 
plant,  of  firm  texture,  resembling  a  Sea-weed,  tenaciously  attached  to  loose 
stones,  in  the  manner  of  a  Fucus,  by  fleshy  disks  or  processes  in  place  of  roots. 

ORDER  102.     EUPHORBIACE^G.     ^SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

Plants  usually  with  a  milky  acrid  juice,  and  various,  usually  monoecious  or 
dioecious  flowers  ;  the  fruit  of  2-3  or  several  1  -  2-seede d  pods  united  around 
a  central  axis,  separating  when  ripe  (rarely  of  a  single  pod).  Seed  suspend- 
ed, anatropous.  Embryo  with  flat  cotyledons  nearly  as  long  as  the  albu- 
men. Stigmas  2  -  3  or  more,  often  forked.  Calyx  usually  valvate  in  the 
bud,  occasionally  wanting.  Petals  sometimes  present.  —  A  large  family  in 
the  warmer  parts  of  the  world  (the  acrid  juice  poisonous) ;  most  numer- 
ously represented  in  Northern  countries  by  the  genus  Euphorbia,  which 
has  very  remarkable  reduced  flowers  enclosed  in  an  involucre  that  imitates 
a  calyx ;  and  sparingly  by  a  few  other  genera :  the  tribes  not  yet  well  set- 
tled. The  proper  place  for  the  order  is  in  the  Polypetalous  division. 

Synopsis. 

*  Seeds  and  ovules  only  one  in  each  cell. 

*-  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers,  both  destitute  of  calyx  as  well  as  corolla,  and  contained  in 
the  same  cup-shaped  involucre,  which  resembles  a  calyx. 

1.  EUPHORBIA.    Staminate  flowers  many  (each  merely  of  a  single  stamen)  enclosed  in  th« 

involucre,  the  single  pistillate  flower  projecting  from  it  on  its  stalk.     Pod  3-lobfcd. 
•«-  -4-  Flowers  (monoecious)  of  both  kinds  with  a  calyx,  but  no  petals,  not  in  an  involucre. 

2.  CNIDOSCOLUS.     Flowers  cymose.    Calyx  corolla-like,  in  the  Staminate  flowers  salver- 

shaped,  5-cleft     Stamens  10  - 15. 
8.  ACALYPIIA.     Flowers  spiked  and  glomerate.     Stamens  8  - 16  :  filaments  monadelphous  a1 

the  base.     Styles  capillary-dissected. 
4.  TRAGIA     Flowers  in  racemes.     Stamens  2  or  3.    Style  8-cleft.    Stigmas  3,  simple. 

6.  STILLINGIA.     Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike.     Stamens  2.     Stigmas  3,  simple. 

*~  •«-  •*-  Flowers  (monoecious)  of  both  kinds  with  a  regular  calyx,  and  at  least  the  stauihiate 

with  petals  also,  not  in  an  involucre. 
C.  CROTON.    Flowers  spiked  or  glomerate.     Ovary  and  fruit  3-  (rarely  2-)  celled. 

7.  CROTONOPSIS.    Flowers  scattered  on  the  branchlets,  axillary.    Ovary  and  fruit  1-celled. 

*  *  Seeds  and  ovules  2  in  each  cell.     (Calyx  present,  but  no  petals. ) 

8.  PHYLLANTHUS.    Flowers  axillary.     Calyx  5  -  6-parted.    Stamens  3,  monadelphous 

9.  PACHYSANDRA.     Flowers  spiked.     Calyx  4-parted.    Stamens  4,  separate. 

1.     EUPHORBIA,    L.        SPURGE. 

Flowers  monoecious,  included  in  a  cup-shaped  4  — 5-lobed  involucre  {flower  o( 
older  authors)  resembling  a  calyx  or  corolla,  usually  bearing  large  and  thick 


086  EUPHORBIACE^E.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

glands  at  its  sinuses.  Sterile  flowers  numerous  and  lining  the  base  of  the  invo- 
lucre, each  from  the  axil  of  a  little  bract,  and  consisting  merely  of  a  single  sta- 
men jointed  on  a  pedicel  like  the  filament:  anther-cells  globular,  separate. 
Fertile  flower  solitary  in  the  middle  of  the  involucre,  soon  protruded  on  a  long 
pedicel,  consisting  of  a  3-lobcd  and  3-celled  ovary  with  no  calyx,  or  a  mere  ves- 
tige. Styles  3,  each  2-clcft;  the  stigmas  therefore  6.  Pod  separating  into  3 
one-seeded  carpels,  which  split  elastically  into  2  valves.  Seed  often  caruncled. 

—  Plants  (herbs  in  the  United  States),  with  a  milky  acrid  juice,  the  uppermost 
leaves  often  in  whorls  or  pairs.     Peduncles  lateral  or  terminal,  often  umbellate- 
dustered.     (Named  after  Ilnphorbus,  physician  to  King  Juba.) 

For  the  following  elaboration  of  the  genus  I  am  indebted  to  DR.  ENGELMANN. 

$  1.  Leaves  (all  opposite  and  similar,  small)  furnished  with  awl-shaped  or  scaly  slip* 
tiles:  steins  muck  branched:  involucres  solitary  in  the  forks  or  axils,  sometime* 
crowded  or  clustered  on  the  branchlets :  root  annual  in  all  our  species:  plants  jloiccr 
ing  all  the  summer  and  autumn.  (Stipulata;.) 

#  Seeds  smooth  and  even,  ash-colored :  leaves  entire,  glabrous,  as  is  the  tchole  plant, 
and  pale  or  slightly  glaucous. 

1.  E.  polygOKlifolia,  L.      (SHORE    SPURGE.)      Prostrate-spreading; 
leaves  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  mucronate,  slightly  cordate  or  obtuse  at  the  oblique 
base  (4" -8"  long) ;  peduncles  equalling  the  short  petioles;  glands  of  the  invo- 
lucre minute,  not  appendaged ;  pod  obtusely  angled;  seeds  ovate   (1"  long,  the 
largest  of  this  section).  —  Sandy  shore  of  the  Atlantic  and  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

2.  E.  Oeycri,  Engelm.      Procumbent ;  leaves   oblomj -orate,  obtuse  at  the 
apex  and  the  oblique  base  ;  peduncles  equalling  the  petioles ;  appendages  of  the 
involucre  petal-like  (white),  orbicular;   pod  acutely  angled;   seeds   obtusely  tri- 
angular (£"  long).  —  Sandy  soil,  Beardstown,  Illinois  (Geyer),  and  southwest- 
ward.  —  This  is  a  small-seeded  form  (var.  microspcrma) :  other  forms  in  Mis- 
touri  and  Texas  have  larger  petal-like  appendages  and  larger  seeds. 

3.  E.  lierniarioldcs,    Nutt.      Prostrate;   leaves  round-ovate,  obtuse  at 
the  base  (only  £"-2^"  long) ;  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  petioles,  lateral,  sin- 
gle or  clustered  ;  appendages  of  the  involucre  minute  and  crenulate,  or  none  ;  pod 
acutely  angled;  seeds  obtusely  angled  (|'long). — Banks  of  the  Mississippi 
and  lower  Ohio,  in  rich  alluvial  soil,  and  south  west  ward. 

#  *  Seeds  minutely  roughened,  ash-colored:  leaves  serrulate ,  hairy. 

4.  E.  liiimisfrfita,  Engelm.  mss.     Procumbent,  puberulcnt  or  hairy; 

elliptical  with  an  oblique  obtuse  base,  serrulate  towards  the  apex,  sparse- 
ly hairy  underneath  (£'-|'  long,  somctrmes  with  a  brown  spot  above);  pedun- 
<  i.-s  rather  shorter  than  the  petioles,  crowded  in  lateral  clusters;  involucre  cleft 
on  the  back,  its  appendages  orbicular  or  truncate  and  nearly  entire;  pod  acute- 
iy  angled,  puberulent  ;  seeds  ovate,  4-angled  (|"  long).  —  With  the  la«t. 

—  Branches  6'  -  20'  long.     Distinguished  from  the  next  by  its  broader  leaves, 
slit  involucre,  and  ro-mder,  granulated  (not  transversely  grooved)  seed. 

*  *  *  Sen  Is  tranxrrr*;}t/  irrinklid-pittid :  hurts  st  irate,  often  hairy  and  falcate. 

5.  E.  maciilfita,    L.      (SPOTTED    SPURGE.)      Pn strata;  leaves   very 
obli .[un  at  the  base,  oblong-linear  (4" -6"  long),  serrulate  towards  the  apex, 


EUPHORBlACE^l.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  387 

mostly  with  a  brown-purple  spot  in  the  centre ;  peduncles  equalling  the  petioles, 
crowded  in  lateral  clusters;  glands  of  the  involucre  minute,  with  a  petal-like 
somewhat  crenate  margin ;  pod  acutely  angled,  pubcrulent ;  seeds  ovate,  ash-colored 
(§''  long),  sharply  4-angled,  and  with  about  4  grooves  across  each  of  the  con- 
cave sides.  (E.  thymifolia,  Pursh.  E.  depressa,  Torr.)  —  Gravelly  open  places, 
everywhere. 

6.  E.  liypericifolia,  L.     (LARGER  SPOTTED  SPURGE.)     Ascending  or 
erect  (1°  -2°  high) ;  leaves  oblique  at  the  obtuse  or  slightly  cordate  base,  ovate- 
oblong  or  oblong-linear,  serrate   (£'- 1|' long),  often  with  a  red  spot  or  red 
margins  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles,  collected  in  loose  leafy  cymes  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  branches;  appendages  of  the  involucre  small,  round,  and  entire  ;  pod 
glabrous,  obtusely  angled;  seeds  obtusely  angled,  wrinkled  and  tubercled  (|"  long 
or  nearly),  blackish.  —  Rich  soil  in  open  places  ;  very  common. 

4  2.  Leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  all  opposite:  involucres  solitary  and  peduncled,  in  the 
forks  of  the  stem  :  root  perennial.     (Oppositifolise.) 

7.  E.  IpecaciuinEiae,  L.     (WILD  IPECAC.)     Stems  many  from  a  very 
long  perpendicular  root,  erect  or  diffusely  spreading  (5'- 10'  long),  forking  from 
near  the  base ;  leaves  varying  from  obovate  or  oblong  to  narrowly  linear,  entire, 
almost  sessile,  glabrous  ;  peduncles  elongated  ($'-  1'  long) ;  glands  of  the  invo- 
lucre 5,  equal,  not  appendaged;  pod  long-pediccllcd,  obtusely  angled,  nearly 
smooth ;  seeds  ovate,  flattened,  white,  marked  Avith  impressed  dots.  —  Sandy 
soil,  near  the  coast,  New  York  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     May  -  July. 

$  3.  Leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  alternate  or  opposite :  involucres  all  crowded  in  a 
terminal  cluster,  bearing  a  few  cup-shaped  glands  :  root  annual.     (Cyathophoree.) 

8.  E.  dentata,  Michx.     Erect  or  ascending,  hairy  (l°high);  lea ves  al- 
ternate or  opposite,  ovate,  lanceolate  or  linear,  petioled,  coarsely  toothed  (l'-2' 
long) ;  involucres  almost  sessile,  with  5  ovate  laciniate  lobes  and  a  stalked  gland, 
and  sometimes  with  2  or  3  ;  seeds  globular,  tubercled.  —  Rich  soil,   Ohio  to 
Illinois  and  southward.     July,  Aug. 

9.  E.  cyatiiopliorjs,    Jacq.      Ascending   or   erect    (l°-3°high),  gla- 
brous ;  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  ovate-fiddle-shaped  and  sinuate-toothed,  or  lanceo- 
late, or  linear  and  entire :  involucres  about  the  length  of  the  peduncle,  with  5  ovate 
incised  lobes  and   a    single   sessile  gland ;  seeds  globular,  tubercled.  —  W.  Illi- 
nois and  southward.     July.  —  Upper  leaves  mostly  with  red  margins  or  base. 

f  4.  Leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  alternate  or  scattered  up  to  where  the  flowering  begins, 
the  floral  ones  'opposite  or  whorled,  all  commonly  sessile :  stem  erect :  flowering 
branches  umbellatdy  forked :  involucres  in  the  forks  and  terminal.     (Umbellata?.) 
*  Glands  of  the  involucre  5,  entire,  with  (white)  petal-like  appendages:  perennial. 

10.  E.  corollata,  L.     (FLOWERING  SPURGE.)     Glabrous  or  sometimes 
sparingly  hairy  (2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  entire,  obtuse; 
umbel  5-  (3  -  7-)  forked,  and  the  forks  again  2-3-  (rarely  5-)  forked  ;  involucres 
long-peduncled  ;  pods  slender-pedicelled,  smooth ;  seeds  globular,  slightly  tuber- 
cled.—  Rich  or  sandy  soil,  W.  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.     June -Aug.  —  Conspicuous  for  the  showy  false  lobes  of  the  invo- 
lucre, which  appear  like  5  white  petals,  the  true  lobes  minute  and  incv  rvcd 


388  ECPHORBIACEjE.       (SPURGE 

#   #  G kinds  of  the  involucre  entire,  not  appendaged :  involucres  nearly  sessile. 
•»-  Seeds  rugose  or  reticulated :  leaves  serrulate :  annuals. 

11.  E.  HELiosc6piA,  L.     (SuN  SPURGE.)      Leaves  all  obovate  and  very 
rounded  (or  rctuse)   at  the  end,  Jindy  serrate,  those  of  the  stem  wedge-shaped; 
umbel  divided  into  5  rays,  then  into  3,  or  at  length  simply  forked ;  glands  orbic- 
ular, stalked ;  j>od  smooth  and  even.  —  Waste  places,  east  of  the  Alleghanies : 
rather  scarce.     July -Sept.  —  Rather  stout,  branched   from  the  root,  6' -12' 
high,  smooth  or  a  little  hairy.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

12.  E.  ArkaiiSana,  Engelm.  &  Gr.     Slender,  very  smooth  throughout; 
Kern-leaves  oblong-  or  obovate-spatutate,  those  of  the  flowering  branches  roundish-ovate 
or  slightly  heart-shaped,  very  obtuse ;  umbels  once  or  twice  3-forked,  then  2- 
forked ;  glands  ocal,  almost  sessile ;  pod  warty ;  seeds  reticulated.  —  Lexington, 
Kentucky  (Short),  and  south  westward. 

•*-  •*-  Seeds  smooth  and  even :  pod  warty  or  rough . 

13.  E.  Obtusata,  Pursh.     (WARTED  SPURGE.)     Leaves  all  obtuse,  mi 
nutely  serrulate,  smooth ;  those  of  the  stem  oblong-spatulate,  the  uppermost  and 
bracts  dilated-ovate  and  barely  mucronate ;  umbel  once  or  twice  divided  into 
3-5  rays,  then  into  2;  glands  oval;  styles  2-cleft  to  the  middle,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  ovary,  which  is  warty  with  cylindrical  projections.     (E.  platyphylla, 
Amcr.  auth.  &  cd.  1.)     00  ®? — Shady  fertile  woods,  <fcc.,  Virginia  to  Illinois 
and  southward.     July -Sept. 

13a.  JE.  platypliylBa,  L.  Differs  from  E.  obtusata  in  having  the 
upper  leaves  acute,  the  tipper  bracts  cuspidate,  the  styles  2-lobed  at  the  apex 
only,  and  much  longer  than  the  ovary,  which  is  warty  with  hemispherical 
glands. — Niagara  Falls,  Vermont,  <fec.  (]S"a".  from  Eu.) 

14.  E.  Dai'Iillgtonii,   Gfray.     Tall  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  entire,  minutely 
downy  beneath  ;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate-oblong,  the  lower  floral  ones  oval, 
very  obtuse,  the  upper  roundish-dilated  with  a  truncate  base  ;    umbel   5-8- 
rayed,  afterwards  simply  forked ;  glands  obliquely  oval,  sessile ;  pod  obscurely 
warty.     1J.  (E.  nemoralis,  DarL,  not  of  Kit.)  —  Copses,  &c.,  Penn.  and  south 
ward  along  the  mountains. 

*  #  #  Glands  of  the  involucre  crescent-shaped  or  2-horned,  naked.     (Stems  erect, 

leaves  entire :  plant  glabrous. ) 
+-  Seeds  smooth,  blackish  or  dull :  perennials,  icith  rnnnhig  rootstocks. 

15.  E.  ESULA,  L.     Stems   clustered    (l°high);  leaves  lanceolate  or  lincai  , 
the  floral  (yellowish)  broadly  heart-shaped,  mucronate;  umbel  divided  into  many 
rays,  then  forking;  also  with  scattered  flowering  branches  below;  glands  short- 
honifd  (brown)  ;  pods  srnoothish.  —  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  Oakes:  likely 
to  become  a  troublesome  weed.     June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

16.  E.  CvpARfssiAS,  L.     (CYPRESS  SPURGE.)     Stems   densely  clustered 
(£'-!'  high);  sit'in-l<an-s   linear,  crowded,  the  floral  ones  heart-shaped;  umbefc 
many-rayed,  and  with  >onie  scattered  flowering  branches  below;  glands  crescent- 
tha/>ed ;  pods  granular.  —  Escaped  from  gardens  to  road-sides,  °n  a  few  places 
in  New  England.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*-  •»-  Seeds  sculptured,  ash-colored:  root  biennial  or  annual 


EUPHORBIACE.fi.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  389 

*+  Leaves  scattered,  thin  and  membranaceous :  pod  smooth. 

17.  E.  PEPLUS,  L.    (PETTY  SPURGE.)    Erect  or  ascending  (5'- .  0' high) ; 
kttves  petioled,  round-obovate ;  the  upper  floral  ones  ovate ;  umbel  3-rayed,  then 
forking ;   glands  long-homed ;   lobes  of  the  pod  2-iving-crested  on   the   back ; 
seeds  2-grooved  on  the  inner  face,  pitted  on  the  back.     Q)  —  Waste  places  in  the 
Eastern  States;  rather  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

18.  E.  coiiiimatata,   Engelm.  mss.     Stems  branched  from  a  commonly 
decumbent  base  (6' -12'  high);  leaves  obovate,  the  upper  all  sessile,  the  upper 
floral  roundish-dilated,  broader  than  long;  pod  obtusely  angled,  crestless ;  seeds 
ovate,  pitted  all  over.     (9)  (l)  1J.  1  —  Along  water-courses,  from  Virginia  toward 
the  mountains  to  Ohio  and  westward.  —  Leaves  often  persistent  over  the  winter 
on  sterile  shoots,  turning  red,  like  those  of  the  European  E.  amygdaloides. 
Seeds  1"  long,  larger  than  those  of  E.  Peplus;  with  which  this  has  been  con 
founded ;  but  the  character  of  the  pods  and  seeds  readily  distinguish  it. 

*+  •*-*•  Leaves  all  opposite  or  nearly  so,  thickish :  pod  smooth. 

19.  E.   LATHYRIS,    L.     (CAPER    SPURGE.)      Stem  stout  (2°-3°  high); 
leaves  linear-oblong,  the  floral  oblong-ovate  and  heart-shaped,  pointed ;  umbel 
3  -  4-rayed,  then  forking ;  glands  short-homed,     (f)  —  Sparingly  escaped  from 
gardens,  where  it  is  common.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  CNIDOSCOL,US,    Pohl.          SPURGE-NETTLE. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  a  terminal  open  forking  cyme ;  the  fertile  ones  usu- 
ally in  the  lower  forks.  Calyx  corolla-like  (white) ;  in  the  staminate  flowers 
salver-shaped,  5-lobed;  in  the  pistillate,  5-parted,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Corolla 
none.  Hypogynous  glands  5,  small.  Ster.  Fl.  Stamens  10,  monadelphoua 
below,  the  inner  ones  longer.  Pert.  FL  Ovaiy  3-celled  :  styles  3,  short,  some- 
what united,  raany-cleft.  Pod  3-celled,  bristly-hairy,  3-seeded,  separating  into 
3  two-valved  carpels.  —  Perennials,  beset  with  stinging  bristles  (whence  appar- 
ently the  name,  from  KviSn,  a  nettle,  and  or/ceoXos,  a  prickle). 

1.  C.  stiiiiuldsa.  (TREAD-SOFTLY.)  Herbaceous,  from  a  long  peren- 
nial root,  branching  (6' -18' high) ;  leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  3 -5-lobed. 
'Jatropha  stimulosa,  Michx.)  —  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 

3.  ACAL.YPIIA,    L.        THREE-SEEDED  MERCURY. 

Flowers  monoecious  ;  the  sterile  very  small,  clustered  in  spikes,  with  the  few 
or  solitary  fertile  flowers  at  their  base,  or  sometimes  in  separate  spikes.  Calyx 
of  the  sterile  flowers  4-parted  ;  of  the  fertile,  3-parted.  Corolla  none.  Stamens 
8-  16  :  filaments  short,  monadelphous  at  the  base  :  anther-cells  separate,  long, 
hanging  from  the  apex  of  the  .filament.  Styles  3,  cut-fringed  (red).  Pod  sep- 
arating into  3  globular  carpels  which  split  into  2  vaLves,  rarely  of  only  one  car- 
pel.—  Annual  herbs  (in  N.  America),  with  the  appearance  of  Nettles  or  Ama- 
ranths ;  the  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  with  stipules.  Clusters  of  sterile  flowers 
with  a  minute  bract ;  the  fertile  surrounded  by  a  large  and  leaf-like  cut-lobed 
persistent  bract.  (*A»ca)^^,  an  ancient  name  of  the  Nettle.i 


390  EUPHORBIACE^E.       (SI'URGE    FAMILY.) 

*  Fruit  smooth  or  merely  pubescent. 

1.  A*  VirginiCR)  L.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblonq-ovate,  ol>tusely  and  sparsely  an* 
&tc,  long-pet ioled ;  sterile  spike  rather  few-flowered,  mostly  shorter  than  the  deeply 
palmately -cleft  fruiting  bracts.  '• —  Fields  and  open  places  ;  common.     July  -  Sept 
—  A  homely  weed,  l°-2°  high,  smoothish  or  rather  hairy,  often  turning  pur- 
plish in  autumn.     Fertile  flowers  1-3  in  each  axil,  along  with  the  small  and 
short-pedunclcd  sterile  spike :  bracts  very  large  and  leaf-like,  unequally  cut  into 
5-9  lanceolate  lobes. 

2.  A.  gl'ctcilCllS.     Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  linear,  obscurely 
serrate,  short-pctioled,  mostly  obtuse ;  sterile  spike  long  and  slender,  much  longer  than 
the  cut-toothed  bract.  —  Sandy  dry  soil,  Khode  Island  to  Illinois,  and  common 
southward.  —  A  somewhat  downy  plant,  6' -12' high;  the  heart-ovate  fruiting 
bract  sharply  cut-toothed,  or  barely  cleft  at  the  sides ;  the  sterile  spike  frequently 
1'  long  and  half  the  length  of  the  leaves.  —  Perhaps  runs  into  the  last.  —  Var. 
MONOCOCCA,  Engelm.,  is  a  narrow  and  nearly  entire-leaved  form,  with  only  one 
cell  to  the  fruit,  and  the  seed  larger.     Western  Illinois. 

*  *  Fruit,  echinate  with  soft  bristly  green  projections. 

3.  A.  CaroIilliilUJl,  Walt.     Leaves  thin,  ovate-cordate,  sharply  and  closely 
serrate-toothed,  abruptly  acuminate,  long-petioled ;  sterile  spikes  short;  the  fer- 
tile ones  mostly  terminal  and  elongated,  its  bracts  deeply  cut  into  many  linear 
lobes.     (A    ostrysefolia,  RiddeU.)  —  New  Jersey  (Princeton,  Torrcy),  Ohio,  and 
southward. 

4.     TRAGIA,    Plumier.        TRAOIA. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  racemes,  apetalous.  Ster.  Fl.  Calyx  3-partcd.  Sta- 
mens 2  or  3  :  filaments  short,  distinct.  Pert.  Fl.  Calyx  5-8-  (mostly  6-) 
parted,  persistent.  Style  3-clcft :  stigmas  3,  simple.  Pod  3-cellcd,  3-lobed, 
bristly,  separating  into  three  2-valved  1-secdcd  carpels.  —  Erect  or  climbing 
plants  (perennial  herbs  in  U.  S.),  pubescent  or  hispid,  with  mostly  alternate 
leaves ;  the  small-ilowered  racemes  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves  (rarely  axil- 
lary) ;  the  sterile  flowers  above,  the  few  fertile  at  the  base,  all  with  small  bracts. 
(Named  for  the  early  herbalist  Trayits.) 

1.  T.  lire  IIS,    L       Erect,  paniculate-branched,   softly   hairy -pubescent    (1° 
high) ;  leaves  varying  from  obovate-oblong  to  lance-linear,  acute  at  the  base,  ob- 
tusely or  siuuately  few-toothed  or  lobed,  sometimes  entire,  short-pet iolcd  or  sessile. 
—  Pry  ground,  Virginia  and  southward.     May -Aug.     (A  bad  name  for  the 
species;  for  the  hairs  are  not  at  all  stinging  nor  shaq).     Walter's  name,  T.  in 
nocua,  should  supersede  it.) 

2.  T.  isi'tit'if'olia,  Miclix.     Erect  or  reclining,  hirsute ;  leaves  ovate-lancen 
'ate  or  triangular-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  ovate,  all  tomewmtt  cordate  or  truncate  at 
the  base,  coarsely  cut-toothed,  short-petioled.  —  Virginia  (Pursh),  and  common 
southward. 

3.  T.  Iliacrocarpa,  Willd.     Twining,  somewhat  hirsute;  leaves  deeply 
cordate,  ovate,  sharply  serrate  (3'  long),  all  but  the  uppermost  hng-pelioled  (pod 
^'  hro;id).     (T.  cordata,  AJichx.)  —  Kentucky  lMit'hau.e).  and  southward. 


EUPHOBBIACE^.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  391 

5.     STIL.LINGIA,    Garden.        STILLINGIA. 

Flowers  monoecious,  aggregated  in  a  terminal  spike,  apetalous.  Ster.  Fl. 
Jalyx  a  2-cleft  or  crenulate  little  cup.  Stamens  2  :  filaments  elongated,  united 
at  the  base  :  anthers  adnate,  turned  outwards.  Pert.  Fl.  Calyx  3-toothed  or 
cleft.  Style  thick :  stigmas  3,  diverging,  simple.  Pod  3-celled,  3-lobed,  3-seed- 
ed.  —  Smooth  upright  plants,  with  the  alternate  leaves  mostly  2-glandular  at 
the  base ;  the  fertile  flowers  few  at  the  base  of  the  dense  sterile  spike  (rarely 
separate) ;  the  bract  for  each  cluster  with  a  gland  on  each  side.  (Named  for 
Dr.  B.  Stillingfleet.) 

1.  S.  sylvatiea,  L.  Herbaceous  (2° -3° high);  leaves  almost  sessile, 
oblong-lanceolate,  serrulate ;  glands  of  the  spike  saucer-shaped.  —  Sandy  and 
dry  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.  June. 

6.    C ROT  ON,    L.        CROTON. 

Flowers  monoecious,  spiked  or  glomerate.  Ster.  Fl.  Calyx  5-parted,  rarely 
4-parted,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  calyx, 
mostly  small,  hypogynous.  Stamens  5  -  20,  distinct :  anthers  tunied  inwards 
Glands  or  lobes  of  the  central  disk  as  many  as  the  calyx -lobes  and  opposite 
them.  Fert.  Fl.  Calyx  5-  (rarely  8-)  cleft  or  parted.  Petals  often  none  or 
minute.  Glands  or  disk  as  in  the  sterile,  or  none.  Ovary  3-celled,  rarely  2- 
celled,  with  as  many  styles,  which  are  from  once  to  thrice  2-cleft.  Pod  3-  (rarely 
2-)  celled  and  lobed,  separating  into  as  many  2-valved  1-seeded  carpels.  —  Stel- 
late-downy, or  scurfy,  or  hairy  and  glandular  plants,  mostly  strong-scented; 
the  sterile  flowers  above ;  the  fertile  below,  usually  at  the  base  of  the  same  spike 
or  cluster.  Leaves  alternate,  or  sometimes  imperfectly  opposite.  (Kporcoj/,  the 
Greek  name  of  the  Castor-oil  Plant,  of  this  family.)  —  The  following  have  been 
made  into  as  many  genera  by  Klotzsch,  apparently  without  sufficient  reason. 

{  1.  PILIN6PHYTUM,  Klotzsch.  —  Sterile  flowers  with  the  calyx  5-parted,  5 
glands  alternate  with  the  petals,  and  10-12  stamens  on  the  hairy  receptacle :  fertile 
flowers  with  an  unequally  8-cleft  calyx  and  no  petals ;  the  3  styles  twice  or  thrice 
2-cleft. 

1.  C.  capitatlim,  Michx.     Soft-woolly  and  somewhat  glandular  (1°- 
2°  high),  branched ;  leaves  very  long-petioled,  lance-oblong  or  elongated-oblong, 
rounded  at  the  base,  entire ;  fertile  flowers  several,  capitate-crowded  at  the  base 
of  the  short  terminal  sterile  spike.     (1)  —  Barrens  of  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and 
southward.     Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  KniesJcern  !    July  -  Sept. 

$  2.  GEISELERIA,  Klotzsch.  —  Sterile  flowers  with  a.  4-parted  calyx,  4  ovate- 
lanceolate  petals,  a  4-rayed  disk,  and  8  stamens :  fertile  flowei'S  with  a  5-parted 
calyx,  and  very  minute  awl-shaped  rudiments  of  petals ;  the  3  styles  2-cleft. 

2.  C.  glaiidilldsuill,    L.     Bough-hairy  and  glandular  (l°-2°  high), 
somewhat    umbellately   branched  ;    leaves   oblong   or  linear-oblong,   obtusely 
toothed,  the  base  with  a  saucer-shaped  gland  on  each  side  ;  fertile  flowers  capi 
tate-clustered  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  sessile  in  the  forks  and  terminal 
(1)  —  Open  waste  places,  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward.     July-  Sept. 


892  EUPHORBIACE^E.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

t  3.  GYNAMBLOSIS,  Torr.  (Engelmannia,  Klotzsch.)  —  Sterile  flowe.-s  until 
a  5-  (sometimes  3  -4-)  parted  calyx,  and  as  many  petals  and  stale-like  glands  ojipo- 
site  the  latter,  the  stamens  varying  from  5  to  10  :  fertile  flo,vers  urith  a  5-parted 
calyx,  no  petals,  5  glands,  and  a  ^-celled  ovary,  crowned  with  2  sessile  2-parted 
stigmas;  the  fruit  2-seeded,  or  often  by  abortion  l-seeded.  (This  may  perhaps 
rank  as  a  genus.) 

3.  C.  111011:1  lit  lio^yiiuiii,  Michx.  Repeatedly  3-2-forked  into  di- 
verging brunches,  stellately  pubescent ;  leaves  silvery-woolly  beneath,  ovate- 
elliptical  or  oblong,  often  a  little  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  entire,  on  slender 
petioles ;  flowers  in  the  forks,  the  sterile  few  on  the  summit  of  a  short  erect  pe- 
duncle, the  fertile  few  and  clustered  or  mostly  solitary  on  short  recurved  pedun- 
cles. (J)  (C.  elli'pticum,  Nutt.  Engelmannia  Nuttalhana,  Klotzsch.  Gynam- 
blosis  monanthogyna,  Torr.) — Barrens  and  dry  prairies,  flom  Illinois  and 
Kentucky  southward  and  westward.  June  -  Sept. 

7.     CROTONOPSIS,    Michx.        CROTONOPSIS. 

Flowers  monoecious,  axillary  along  the  branches,  and  tenninal,  the  lower  fer- 
tile. Ster.  Fl.  Calyx  5-partcd.  Petals  and  stamens  5  :  filaments  distinct, 
enlarged  at  the  apex.  Pert.  FL  Calyx  3  -  5-parted.  Petals  none.  Petal-like 
scales  5,  opposite  the  sepals.  Ovary  1-cellcd,  1-ovuled :  stigmas  3,  each  2- 
lobed.  Fruit  dry  and  indehisccnt,  small,  1-seeded.  —  A  slender  low  annual, 
with  alternate  or  opposite  short-petioled  linear  or  lanceolate  leaves,  which  are 
preen  and  smoothish  above,  but  sih-ery  hoary  with  starry  hairs  and  scurfy  with 
brownish  scales  underneath,  as  well  as  the  branches,  &c.  (Name  compounded 
of  Kporooi',  and  o\|as,  appearance,  for  a  plant  with  the  aspect  of  Croton.) 

1.  C.  lilicaris,  Michx.  —  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  (Knieskern)  to  Vir- 
ginia,   Illinois,    and  southward.    July -Sept.  —  Flowers  sessile,  small. 
» 

8.     PHYL,L,ANTHUS,    L.        PHYLLANTHUS. 

Flowers  monoecious,  axillary.  Calyx  5-6-parted.  Petals  none.  Ster.  Fl. 
Stamens  3  :  filaments  united  in  a  column,  surrounded  by  5-6  glands  or  a  5-6- 
lobed  glandular  disk  Fert.  Fl.  Ovary  3-celled ;  the  cells  2-ovuled  :  styles  3, 
each  2-cleft :  stigmas  6.  Pod  depressed,  separating  into  3  carpels,  which  split 
into  2  valves.  —  Leaves  alternate,  with  small  stipules.  (Name  composed  of 
<frv\\ov,  leaf,  and  tivdos,  blossom,  because  the  flowers  in  some  species  [not  in 
ours]  are  borne  upon  what  appear  like  leaves.) 

1.  P.  Carolinen§iS,  Walt.  Annual,  low  and  slender,  branched  ;  leaves 
2-ranki'd,  obovate  or  oval,  short-pctioled ;  flowers  commonly  2  in  each  axil, 
almost  sessile,  one  staminate,  the  other  fertile.  —  Gravelly  banks;  E.  Penn.  to 
Illinois  and  southward.  July -Sept. 

9.     PACHYSANDRA,    Michx.        PACHYSAXDRA. 
Flowers  monoecious,  in  naked  spikes.     Calyx  4-partcd.     Petals  none.     iS'ter. 
Fl.     Stamens  4,   separate,   surrounding  the  rudiment  of  an  ovary :  filaments 
long-exserted,  thick  and  flat :  anthers  oblong-linear.    Fert.  Fl.    Ovary  3-celled 


EMPETRAOE^E.       (CROWBERRY    FAMILY.)  398 

Styles  3,  thick,  awl-shaped,  recurved,  stigmatic  down  their  whole  length  inside. 
Pod  globular,  3-horned,  3-ceiied,  splitting  into  3  at  length  2-valved  2-seeded 
carpels.  —  Nearly  glabrous,  low  and  procumbent,  perennial  herbs,  with  matted 
creeping  rootstocks,  and  alternate,  ovate  or  obovate,  coarsely  toothed  leaves, 
narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole.  Flowers  each  1  -  3-bracted,  the  upper  ones 
staminate,  a  few  fertile  ones  at  the  base,  unpleasantly  scented  :  sepals  greenish : 
filaments  white  (the  size  and  thickness  of  the  latter  giving  the  name,  from 
iraxvs,  thick,  and  avbpa,  used  for  stamen). 

1.  P.  procumbeilS,  Michx.  Stems  (6' -9'  long)  bearing  several  ap- 
proximate leaves  at  the  summit  on  slender  petioles,  and  a  few  many-flowered 
spikes  along  the  base ;  the  intervening  portion  naked,  or  with  a  few  small  scales. 
— Woods ;  mountains  of  Kentucky,  W.  Virginia,  and  southward.  March,  April. 

RICINUS  coMMtjNis,  the  CASTOR-OIL  PLANT,  and  Buxus  SEMPERVIRENS, 
the  Box,  are  cultivated  representatives  of  this  order. 

MERCURIALIS  ANNUA,  of  Europe,  has  been  found  growing  spontaneously 
in  Boston,  and  in  Charleston,  S.  Carolina. 

ORDER  103.     EMPETRACE^K.     (CROWBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Low  shrubby  evergreens,  with  the  foliage,  aspect,  and  compound  pollen  of 
Heaths,  and  the  drupaceous  fruit  of  Arctostaphylos,  but  the  stigmas,  &c.  of 
Euphorbiaceae :  —  probably  an  apetalous  and  polygamous  or  dioecious  de- 
generate form  of  Ericacea3,  —  comprising  three  genera,  two  of  which  occur 
within  the  limits  of  this  work,  and  the  third  in  Georgia,  &c. 

1.     EMPETRUM,    Tourn.         CROWBERRY. 

Flowers  polygamous,  scattered  and  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  (incon- 
spicuous), scaly-bracted.  Calyx  of  3  spreading  and  somewhat  petal-like  sepals. 
Stamens  3.  Style  very  short :  stigma  6  -  9-rayed.  Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe, 
with  6-9  seed-like  nutlets ;  each  containing  an  erect  anatropous  seed.  Embryo 
terete,  in  the  axis  of  copious  albumen,  with  a  slender  inferior  radicle  and  verv 
small  cotyledons.  (An  ancient  name,  from  (v,  upon,  and  Trerpos,  a  rock.) 

1  "E.  lilgTUiii,  L.  (BLACK  CROWBERRY.)  Procumbent  and  trailing; 
leaves  linear  oblong,  scattered;  fruit  black. — Alpine  summits  of  the  moun- 
tains of  New  England  and  N.  New  York;  L.  Superior,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

2.     CO  RE  MA,    Don.         (BROOM-CROWBERRY.) 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  collected  in  terminal  heads,  each  in  the  axil 
of  a  scaly  bract,  and  with  5  or  6  thin  and  scarious  imbricated  bractlets,  but  no 
proper  calyx.  Stamens  3,  rarely  4,  with  long  filaments.  Style  slender,  3-  (4  -5-) 
cleft:  stigmas  narrow,  often  toothed.  Drupe  small,  with  3  (rarely  4-5)  nut- 
lets. Seed,  &c.  as  in  the  last. — Diffusely  much-branched  little  shrubs,  with 
scattered  or  nearly  whorled  narrcwly  lineav  leaves.  (Name  Koprjpa,  a  broom* 
from  the  bushy  aspect.) 


894  UKTICACE^E.     (NEITLE  FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  Coiir&clii,  Torrey.  Diffusely  branched,  nearly  smooth ;  dru pa 
very  small,  dry  and  juiceless  when  ripe.  (Empetrum,  Torr,  Tuckeroiauiii, 
Klotzsch.  Oakesia,  Tuck.)  —  Sandy  pine  barrens  and  dry  rocky  places,  New 
Jersey,  Long  Island ;  Plymouth,  Massachusetts ;  Bath,  and  islands  of  Penob- 
scot  Bay,  Maine.  (Also  Newfoundland.)  April.  —  Shrub  6' -9'  high:  the 
sterile  plant  handsome  in  flower,  on  account  of  the  tufted  purple  filaments  and 
brown-purple  anthers.  ( Gray,  C  A/or.  Bor.-Am.  t.  1 . ) 

ORDER  104.     URTICACE^E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.; 

Plants  with  stipules,  and  monoecious,  dioecious,  or  sometimes  (in  the  Elm 
Family)  perfect  flowers,  furnished  with  a  regular  calyx,  free  from  the  \-celled 
(rarely  2-celled)  ovary  which  forms  a  \-seeded  fruit ;  the  embryo  in  the  albu- 
men when  this  is  present;  the  radicle  pointing  upwards  ;  the  stamens  as  many 
as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  opposite  them,  or  sometimes  fewer.  Cotyledons 
usually  broad.  Stipules  often  deciduous.  —  A  large  order  (far  the  greater 
part  tropical),  comprising  four  well-marked  suborders,  viz. :  — 

SUBORDER  I.  ULMACE^E.  THE  ELM  FAMILY. 

Flowers  perfect  or  monoeciously  polygamous.  Filaments  straight  or 
moderately  incurved  in  the  bud.  Styles  or  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  samara  or 
drupe.  Seed  suspended.  —  Trees,  with  a  watery  juice  (no  active  or  nox- 
ious properties),  and  alternate  leaves. 

*  Fruit  dry  winged  or  crested  (a  samara) :  anthers  extrorse. 

1.  ULMUS.     Flowers  mostly  perfect.    Ovary- 2-celled,  2-ovuled.    Fruit  1-celled,  winged  all 

round.    Embryo  straight. 

2.  PLANERA.    Flowers  polygamous.    Ovary  1-celled.     Fruit  wingless,  many-crested. 

*  *  Fruit  a  drupe  :  authers  introrse. 
9    CELTIS.     Flowers  polygamous.    Ovary  1-celled.     Cotyledons  curved  and  crumpled. 

SUBORDER  II.    ARTOCARPE^E.    THE  BREAD-FRUIT  &  FIG  FAM. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  crowded  in  catkin-like  spikes  or  heads ; 
the  calyx,  &c.  becoming  fleshy  or  juicy  in  fruit,  but  the  1-  (rarely  2-) 
celled  ovary  ripening  as  a  dry  achenium.  Styles  or  stigmas  commonly  2. 
—  Mostly  trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  milky  or  yellow  (acrid  or  poisonous) 
juice,  and  alternate  (rough  or  smooth)  leaves.  —  Stamens  inflexed  in  the 
bud,  and  elastically  spreading  when  the  flower  opens,  in  the  Tribe  MORELS. 

4.  MORUS.    Fertile  and  sterile  flowers  in  separate  spikes.    Stamens  4.    Calyx  berry-like  la 
fruit. 

SUBORDER  III.  URTICE^E.  THE  NETTLE  FAMILY. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Filaments  transversely  wrinkled  and 
inflexed  in  the  bud,  straightening  or  spreading  elastically  when  the  flower 
opens.  Style  or  stigma  simple.  Ovary  always  1-celled,  with  an  erect  or- 
thotropous  ovule,  forming  an  achenium  in  fruit.  Embryo  straight  in  the 


URTICACEJS.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.)  395 

axis  of  albumen.  —  Herbs  (01  in  the  tropics  often  shrubs  or  trees),  with  a 
watery  (innocuous)  juice,  a  tough  fibrous  bark,  and  opposite  or  alternate 
leaves  :  many  are  armed  with  stinging  hairs. 

*  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  of  2  -  4  se'parate  or  r/early  separate  sepals. 
t-  Plant  beset  with  stinging  bristles. 

5.  URTICA.     Sepals  4  in  both  sterile  and  fertile  flowers.     Achenium  straight  and  erect,  en- 

closed by  the  2  inner  and  larger  sepals.    Stigma  capitate-tufted.    Leaves  opposite. 

6.  LAPORTEA.    Sepals  5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  4  in  the  fertile,  or  apparently  only  2,  the  two 

exterior  minute  and  obscure     Achenium  very  oblique  and  bent  down,  nearly  naked. 
Stigma  long  and  awl-shaped     Leaves  alternate. 

•«-  ••-  Plant  wholly  destitute  of  stinging  hairs. 

7-  PILEA.    Sepals  3  or  4,  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  all  or  all  but  one  small.     Achenium 
partly  naked,  straight  and  erect.     Stigma  pencil-tufted.     Leaves  opposite. 
*  *  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  tubular  or  cup-shaped,  enclosing  the  achenium. 

8.  BQUHMERIA.    Flowers  monoecious,  glomerate,  the  clusters  spiked,  not  involucrate.     Style 

long  and  thread-shaped,  stigmatic  down  one  side. 

9.  PARIETARIA.    Flowers  polygamous,  in  involucrate-bracted  clusters.    Stigma  tufted. 

SUBORDER  IV.     CANNABINE^E.     THE  HEMP  FAMILY. 

Flowers  dioecious;  the  sterile  racemed  or  panicled  ;  the  fertile  in  clus- 
ters or  catkins.  Filaments  short,  not  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Fertile  calyx 
of  one  sepal,  embracing  the  ovary.  Stigmas  2,  elongated.  Ovary  1-celled, 
with  an  erect  orthotropous  ovule,  forming  a  glandular  achenium  in  fruit. 
Seed  with  no  albumen.  Embryo  coiled  or  bent.  —  Herbs  with  a  water} 
juice  and  mostly  opposite  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  a  fibrous  inner  bark,  &c. 
(yielding  bitter  and  narcotic  products). 

10.  CANNABIS.    Fertile  flowers  spiked-clustered.    Anthers  drooping.     Leaves  5  -  7-divided. 
11   HUMULUS.     Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  spike  forming  a  membranaceous  catkin  in  fruit 
Anthers  erect.    Leaves  3  -  5-lobed. 


SUBORDER  I.     ULjyiCEJB.     THE  ELM  FAMILY. 

r.    tf  I,  TO  ITS,    L.        ELM. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4  -  9-cleft.  Stamens  4-9,  with  long  and  slender  filaments. 
Ovary  1  -  2-cclled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  suspended  from  the  summit 
of  each  cell  :  styles  2,  short,  diverging,  stigmatic  all  along  the  inner  edge. 
Fruit  (by  obliteration)  a  1-celled  and  1  -seeded  membranaceous  samara,  winged 
'all  around.  Albumen  none  :  embryo  straight;  the  cotyledons  large.  —  Flowers 
perfect  or  polygamous,  purplish  or  yellowish,  in  lateral  clusters,  in  our  species 
preceding  the  leaves,  which  are  strongly  straight-veined,  short-petioled,  and 
oblique  or  unequally  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  Stipules  small,  cadu- 
cous. (The  classical  Latin  name.)  ^ 

#  Flowers  appearing  nearly  sessile  :  fruit  orbicular,  not  dilate  :  leaves  very  rough  above. 

1.  IT,  fulva,  Mich.  (SLIPPERY  or  RED  ELM.)  Buds  before  expansion 
soft-downy  with  rusty  hairs  (large)  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  tape^-nointed,  doubly 
serrate  (4'  -8'  long,  sweet-scented  in  drying),  soft-downy  underneath  or  slightly 


396  UKTICACE^E.     (NETTLE  FAMILT.J 

rough   downwards ;   branchlets   downy ;  calyx-lobes   and  stamens   7  -  9 ;  fruit 
li'-$'  wide)  with  the  cell  pubescent. — Along  streams,  common  from  "W.  New 
England  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     March,  April.  —  A  small  or  middle- 
sized  tree,  with  tough  reddish  wood,  and  a  very  mucilaginous  inner  bark. 
*  *  Flowers  on  slender  drooping  peduncles  or  pedicels,  which  are  jointed  above  the 

middle :  fruit  ovate  or  aval,  fringed-ciliate :  leaves  smooth  and  glabrous  above,  or 

nearly  so. 

2.  U.  Americana,  L.  (pi.  Clayt.),  Willd.       (AMERICAN  or  WHITH 
ELM.)     Buds  and  branddets  glabrous;  branches  not  corky ;  leaves  obovate-oblong 
or  oval,  abruptly  pointed,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate   (2' -4'  long),  soft- 
pubescent  beneath,  or  soon  glabrous  ;  flowers  in  close  fascicles ;  calyx  with  7-9 
roundish  lobes ;  fruit  glabrous  except  the  margins  (^'  long),  its  sharp  points  in- 
curved and  closing  the  notch.  —  Moist  woods,  especially  along  rivers,  in  rich 
soil ;  common.     April.  —  A  large  and  well-known  ornamental  tree,  with  spread- 
ing branches  and  drooping  branchlets. 

3.  U.  racemosa,  Thomas.     (CORKY  WHITE  ELM.)     Bud-scales  dou-ny- 
ciliate,  and  somewhat  pubescent,  as  are  the  young  branchlets ;  branches  often  with 
corky  ridges;  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  last;  flowers  racemed;  fruit  much  as  in  the 
last,  but  rather  larger.  —  River-banks,  W.  New  England,  NCAV  York,  and  Mich- 
igan.    April.  —  Wood  tougher  and  finer-grained  than  in  the  last. 

4.  U.  alata,    Michx.      (WINGED    ELM.      WHAHOO.)      Bud-scales    and 
branddets  nearly  glabrous ;  branches  corky-winged,  at  least  some  of  them ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong  and  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  thickish,  small  (!'-  2^'  long),  seldom 
oblique ;  calyx-lobes  obovate ;  fruit  downy  on  the  face,  at  least  when  young.  — 
Virginia,   Illinois,    and  southward.     March.  —  Wood  fine-grained,  valuable. 

U.  CAMPESTRIS,  L.,  the  ENGLISH  ELM,  was  early  introduced  near  Boston, 
&c. 

2.     PLANER  A,    Gmel.        PLANER-TREE. 

Flowers  monceciously  polygamous.  Calyx  4  -  5-cleft.  Stamens  4-5.  Ovary 
ovoid,  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  crowned  with  2  spreading  styles  which  are  stigmatose 
down  the  inner  side,  in  fruit  becoming  coriaceous  and  nut-like,  not  winged. 
Albumen  none  :  embryo  straight.  —  Trees  with  small  leaves,  like  those  of  Elms, 
the  flowers  appearing  with  them,  in  small  axillary  clusters.  (Named  for  J.  J. 
Planer,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  P.  aquatic:!,  Gmel.  Nearly  glabrous;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  small; 
fruit  stalked  in  the  calyx,  beset  with  irregular  rough  projections.  —  Wet  banks, 
Kentucky  (Michx.)  and  southward.  April. 

3.     CELT  IS,    Tourn.        NETTLE-TREE.     HACKBERRT. 

Flowers  momEciously  polygamous.  Calyx  5-6-parted,  persistent.  Stamens 
5-6.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single  suspended  ovule:  stigmas  2,  long  and 
pointed,  recurved.  Fruit  a  globular  drupe.  Embryo  curved,  nearly  enclosing 
a  little  gelatinous  albumen :  cotyledons  folded  and  crumpled.  — Leaves  pointed, 
petioled.  Stipuleo  caducous.  Flowers  greenish,  axillary,  the  fertile  solitary  ot 


URTICACE^E.       (NETTLE    FAMILY  )  397 

in  pairs,  peduneled,  appearing  with  the  leaves;  the  lower  usua  ly  staminate 
only,  in  little  fascicles  or  racemose  along  the  base  of  the  branches  of  the  season. 
(An  ancient  Greek  name  for  the  Lotus ;  the  fruit  of  the  European  Nettle-tree 
is  supposed  to  have  been  the  food  of  the  Lotophayi.) 

1.  C.  OCCideiltiilis,  L.     (SUGARBERRY.    HACKBERRY.)    Leaves  retic- 
ulated, ovate,  cordate-ovate  and   ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,   usually  con- 
spicuously and  sharply  so,  more  or  less  oblique  at  the  base,  glabrous,  sharply 
sernite,  sometimes  sparingly  so,  or  soft-pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young ; 
fruit  on  a  peduncle  from  once  to  twice  the  length  of  the  petiole,  reddish  or  yel- 
lowish, turning  dark  purple  at  maturity,  its  peduncle  once  or  twice  the  length 
of  tie  petiole.     (Also  C.  Audibertiana,  Spach.,  &c.)  —  Woods  and  river-banks, 
S.  Jiiew  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     April,  May.  —  A  small  or 
middle-sized  tree,  with  the  aspect  of  an  Ehn,  with  sweet  and  edible  fruits  as 
large  as  bird-cherries,  at  first  obovate,  ripe  in  autumn ;  the  flesh  thin.  —  Var. 
PUMILA.     Low  and  straggling  (4° -10°  high) ;  leaves  thin  when  mature,  and 
smooth,  slightly  acuminate.    (C.  pumila,  Pursh. )     River-banks,  on  rocks,  from 
Maryland  southward.  —  Var.  CRASSIF6LIA.     A  tall  or  low  tree ;  leaves  thick- 
er, usually  serrate  all  round,  and  with  a  long  tapering  point,  dull  above,  pale 
beneath.     (C.  crassifolia,  Lam.)  —  Common   southward  and  westward.  —  All 
plainly  of  one  species. 

2.  C.  ftliSSissippieilSiS,  Bosc.     Leaves   entire,  very   long   taper-pointed, 
rounded  at  the  base,  mostly  oblique,  thin,  and  smooth ;  fruit  small.     ( C.  inte- 
grifolia,  Nutt.)  —  W.  Kentucky  (and  Illinois?)  and  southwestward.  —  Even  this 
probably  runs  into  the  last. 

SUBORDER  II.     ARTOCARPEJE.     BREAD-FRUIT  &  FIG  FAMILY. 

4.     MORUS,    Tourn.        MULBERRY. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious ;  the  two  kinds  in  separate  axillary  catkin- 
like  spikes.  Calyx  4-parted,  the  sepals  ovate.  Stamens  4 :  filaments  elastically 
expanding.  Ovary  2-celled,  one  of  the  cells  smaller  and  disappearing :  styles 
2,  thread-form,  stigmatic  down  the  inside.  Achenium  ovate,  compressed,  cov- 
ered by  the  succulent  berry-like  calyx,  the  whole  fertile  spike  thus  becoming  a 
thickened  oblong  and  juicy  (edible)  aggregate  fruit.  —  Trees  with  milky  juice 
and  rounded  leaves  :  sterile  spikes  rather  slender.  (Mopea,  the  ancient  name.) 

1.  1W.  rufora,  L.  (RED  MULBERRY.)  Leaves  heart-ovate,  serrate,  rough 
above,  downy  underneath,  pointed  (on  young  shoots  often  variously  lobed) ;  flow- 
ers frequently  dioecious ;  fruit  dark  purple.  —  Rich  woods,  New  England  to  Illi- 
nois ana  southward.  May.  —  A  small  tree,  ripening  its  sweetish  blackberry- 
like  fruit  in  July. 

•2.  UI.  ALBA,  L.  (WHITE  MULBERRY.)  Leaves  obliquely  heart-ovate, 
acute,  serrate,  sometimes  lobed,  smooth  and  shining ;  fruit  whitish.  —  Spontaneous 
near  houses  :  introduced  for  feeding  silk-worms.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

M.  NIGRA,  L.,  the  BLACK  MULBERRY  of  Europe,  is  also  occasional!  v  oul 
tivated 


398  URTICACE^E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.) 

BROUSSOXETIA  PAPYRfFERA,  Vent.,  the  PAPER  MULKERUY  of  Japan,  is 
often  cultivated  as  a  shade  tree. 

MACLtRA   AURANTIACA,   Nutt.,   the   OSAGE  ORANGE,  or  BOW-WOOD  of 

Arkansas,  is  sparingly  cultivated  for  hedges. 

SUBORDER  III.     URTICE^E.     THE  TIIUE  NETTLE  FAMILY. 

5.     URTICA,    Tourn.        NETTLE. 

Flowers  monoecious,  or  rarely  dioecious,  in  paniclcd  racemes  or  spikes,  or 
close  clusters.  Ster.  PL  Sepals  4.  Stamens  4,  inserted  around  the  cup-shaped 
rudiment  of  a  pistil.  Fert.  FL  Sepals  4,  in  pairs  ;  the  2  outer  much  smaller, 
comewhat  keeled,  spreading ;  the  2  inner  flat  or  concave,  in  fruit  membrana- 
ceous  and  enclosing  the  straight  and  erect  ovate  flattened  achenium.  Stigma 
eessilc,  capitate  and  pencil-tufted. —  Herbs  armed  witli  stinging  hairs.  Leaves 
opposite.  Flowers  greenish.  (The  classical  Latin  name  ;  from  uro,  to  burn.) 
*  Floivers  in  branching  panicled  spikes,  often  diuccions. 

1.  TJ.  gTatciliS,  Ait.     (TALL  WILD  NETTLE.)     Sparingly  bristly,  slender 
(2° -6°  high)  ;   leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  3-5-nerved  from    the 
rounded  or  scarcely  heart-shaped  base,  almost  glabrous,  the  elongated  petioles  spar- 
ingly bristly ;  spikes  slender  and  loosely  panicled.     1J.   (U.  procera,   \Vilhl.)  — 
Fence-rows  and  moist  ground;  common,  especially  northward.     July.  —  Total- 
ly distinct  from  the  next,  with  slenderer  and  longer-petioled  leaves,  smaller  flow- 
ers, and  scarcely  any  stinging  hairs  except  on  the  petioles  and  sparingly  on  the 
principal  veins. 

2.  U.  DiolcA,  L.     (GREAT  STINGING-NETTLE.)      Very  bristly  and  stinging 
(2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  heart-shaped,  pointed,  very  deeply  serrate,  downy  under- 
neath  as  well  as  the  upper  part  of  the  stem;  tpilcet  much  branched.     1J.  —  Waste 
places,  and  road-sides,  chiefly  eastward.     June- Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  in  simple  capitate  clusters,  on  peduncles  shorter  than  the  slender  petioles. 

3.  U.  trRENS,  L.     (SMALL  STINGING-NETTLE.)     Leans  tllijiiical  or  orate, 
very  coarsely  and  deeply  serrate  with  spreading  teeth  ;  flower-duster*  2  in  each 
axil,  small  and  loose.     ®  —  Waste  grounds,  near  dwellings,  eastward:  scarce. 
Plant  8  -12'  high,  sparsely  beset  with  stinging  bristles.     (Nat.  from  Eu  ) 

4.  U.  plirpur£scens,  Nutt.     leaves  ovate  and  mostly  heart-t,/mpcd,  tho 
upper  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate-toothed  ;  flou'cr-clnslers  globular,  1  -  2  in 
each  axil,  and  spiked  at  the  summit.     ®  1  —  Alluvial  soil,  in  shade;  Kentucky 
and  southward.  —  Stem  slender,  £°  -  3°  high,  beset  with  scattered  stinging  bris- 
tles, as  an?  the  petioles,  &c. 

6.     JLAPORTEA,    Gaudich.        WOOD  NKTTLB. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  sometimes  dioecious,  in  loose  cymes  ;  the  upper  widely 
spreading  and  chiefly  or  entirely  fertile ;  the  lower  mostly  sterile.  Ster.  Fl. 
Sepals  and  stamens  5,  with  a  hemispherical  rudiment  of  an  ovary.  Ftrt.  Fl. 
Calyx  of  4  sepals,  the  two  outer  or  one  of  them  minute;  the  two  inner  much 


URTICACEuE.       (NETTLE    FAMILY.)  399 

larger.  Stigma  elongated  awl-shaped,  hairy  down  one  side.  Achenium  ovat£s 
flat,  extremely  oblique,  reflexed  on  the  winged  or  margined  pedicel,  nearly 
naked.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  stinging  hairs  and  large  alternate  serrate  leaves. 
(Named  for  M.  Laporte.) 

I.  Li.  Caiiadeiisis,  Gaudich.  Leaves  ovate,  pointed,  strongly  feather- 
veined  (3' -7'  long),  long-petioled ;  fertile  cymes  divergent.  (U.  Canadensis 
and  U.  divaricata,  L.) — Moist  rich  woods;  common.  —  Stem  2° -5°  high. 

7.     PfLEA,    Lindl.        RICH  WEED.     CLEARWEED. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  clustered  in  axillary  cymes.  Ster.  Fl.  Se- 
pals and  stamens  3 -4.  Pert.  FL  Sepals  3,  oblong,  more  or  less  unequal: 
a  rudiment  of  a  stamen  commonly  before  each  in  the  form  of  a  hooded  scale. 
Stigma  sessile,  pencil-tufted.  Achenium  ovate,  compressed,  straight  and  erect, 
partly  or  nearly  naked.  —  Stiugless,  mostly  glabrous  and  low  herbs,  with  oppo- 
site somewhat  3-ncrved  leaves  and  united  stipules;  the  staminate  flowers  on 
jointed  pedicels,  often  mixed  with  the  fertile.  (Named  from  the  shape  of  the 
larger  sepal  of  the  fertile  flower  in  the  original  species,  like  the  plleus,  or  felt 
cap,  of  the  Romans,  which  partly  covers  the  achenium.  In  our  species  the 
three  sepals  arc  nearly  equal,  small,  and  not  hooded.) 

1.  P.  puinila.  (RICHWEED.  CLEARWEED.)  Low  (3'- 18  high); 
stems  smooth  and  shining,  pellucid ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  pointed ; 
clusters  much  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  sepals  of  the  fertile  flowers  lanceolate, 
scarcely  unequal.  (i)  (Dubrueilia,  Gaud.  Aclice,  Raf.) —  Cool  and  moist 
shaded  places ;  common.  July  -  Sept. 

8.  BCEHMERIA,    Jacq.        FALSE  NETTLE. 

Flowers  monoscious  or  dioecious ;  the  sterile  much  as  in  Urtica ;  the  fertile 
with  a  tubular  or  urn-shaped  entire  or  2-4-toothed  calyx  enclosing  the  ovary. 
Style  elongated  awl-shaped,  stigmatic  and  hairy  down  one  side.  Achenium 
elliptical,  closely  invested  by  the  dry  or  somewhat  fleshy  persistent  compressed 
calyx.  —  Hairs  not  stinging.  (Named  after  G,  R.  Bdhmcr,  Prof,  at  Witten- 
berg in  the  last  century.) 

1.  15.  cylindrical,  Willd.  Smoothish  ;  stem  (l°-3°  high)  simple; 
Ioa73s  chiefly  opposite,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  3- 
nervcd,  long-petioled  ;  flowers  dioecious,  or  the  two  kinds  intermixed,  the  small 
clusters  densely  aggregated  in  simple  and  elongated  axillary  spikes,  the  sterile 
interrupted,  the  fertile  often  continuous.  1|.  —  A  state  with  alternate  leaves  is 
B.  lateriflora,  Mold.  —  Moist  thickets,  £c. ;  common.  July -Sept. 

9.  PARIETARIA,    Tourn.        PELLITORY. 

Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous ;  the  staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect  in 
termixed  in  the  same  involucrate-bracted  cymosc  axillary  clusters  ;  the  sterile 
much  as  in  the  last ;  the  fertile  with  a  tubular  or  cell-shaped  4-lobed  and  nerved 
calyx,  woolly  in  vide,  an1  encloa'ng  the  ovary  and  adherent  to  the  ovoid  ache- 


400  PLATANACE^E.       (PLANE-TREE    FAMILY.) 

nium.  Stigma  pencil-tufted.  —  Small  homely  herbs,  chiefly  with  alternate 
leaves ;  not  stinging.  (Name  from  paries,  a  wall ;  from  the  places  where  the 
European  species  often  grow.) 

1.  P.  IV'imsylvaiiicu,  Muhl.  (AMERICAN  PEI.LITORY.)  Low,  an- 
nual, simple  or  sparingly  branched,  minutely  downy ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
very  thin,  veiny,  roughish  with  opaque  dots ;  flowers  shorter  than  the  leaves  of 
the  involucre ;  stigma  sessile.  —  Shaded  rocky  banks,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin 
and  southward.  June  -  Aug. 

SUBORDER  IV.     CANftABIftEJE.     TIIE  HEMP  FAMILY. 

1O.     <'A  ft  ft  A  It  IS,     Tourn.        HEMP. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  in  axillary  compound  racemes  or  panicles,  with 
5  sepals  and  5  drooping  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  spiked-clustered,  1-bracted  : 
the  calyx  of  a  single  sepal  swollen  at  the  base  and  folded  round  the  ovary. 
Embryo  simply  curved.  —  A  tall  roughish  annual,  with  digitate  leaves  of  5-7 
linear-lanceolate  coarsely  toothed  leaflets,  the  upper  alternate ;  the  inner  bark  of 
very  tough  fibres.  (The  ancient  name,  of  obscure  etymology,) 

1.  C.  SAT!VA,  L.  —  Waste  places,  escaped  from  cultivation.  (Adv.  from 
Eu.) 

11.     HIJNIUI.US,    L.        HOP. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  in  loose  axillary  panicles,  with  5  sepals  and  5 
erect  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  in  short  axillary  and  solitary  spikes  or  catkins  : 
bracts  foliaccons,  imbricated,  each  2-flowered,  in  fruit  forming  a  sort  of  meinlira- 
naceous  strobile.  Calyx  of  one  sepal,  embracing  the  ovarv.  Achenia  invested 
with  the  enlarged  scale-like  calyx.  Embryo  coiled  in  a  flat  spiral.  —  A  rough 
perennial  twining  herb,  with  mostly  opposite  heart-shaped  and  3-5-lobed  leaver, 
and  prrsistent  ovate  stipules  between  the  petioles.  Calyx-scales  in  fruit  covered 
with  orange-colored  resinous  grains,  in  which  the  peculiar  bitterness  and  aroma 
of  the  hop  reside.  (Name  thought  to  be  a  diminutive  of  humus,  moist  earth, 
from  the  alluvial  soil  where  the  Hop  spontaneously  grows.) 

1.  II.  IL  up  ul  us,  L.  —  Banks  of  streams;  not  rare,  especially  westward. 
Ju'y.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  105.     PLATANACE7E.     (PLANE-TREE  FAMILY.; 

Trees,  with  watery  juice,  alternate  palmately-lobed  leaven,  sheathing  stipules, 
and  monoecious  flowers  in  separate  and  naked  aj,Ji.erical  leads,  destitute  of 
calyx  or  corolla;  the  fruit  club-shaped  \-seeded  nutlets,  furnished  with  brixtly 
down  along  the  base :  consists  only  of  the  genus 

1.     PI,  AT  A  ft  US,    L.        PLANE-TREE.     BUTTON  WOOD. 

Sterile  flowers  of  numerous  stamens  with  club-shaped  little  scales  intermixed 
filaments  very  short.     Fertile  flowers  in  separate  catkins,  consisting  of  inversely 


JUGLANDACE^C.       (WALNUT    FAMILY.)  401 

pyramidal  ovaries  mixed  with  little  scales.  Style  rather  lateral,  awl-thaped,  or 
thread-like,  simple.  Nutlets  coriaceous,  small,  tawny-hairy  below,  containing  a 
single  orthotropous  pendulous  seed.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  thin  albumen. 
(The  ancient  name,  from  TrXarvs,  broad,  in  allusion  to  the  ample  shade  of  its 
foliage.) 

1.  P.  occiden  tails,  L.  (AMERICAN  PLANE  or  SYCAMORE.)  Leaves 
angularly  sinuate-lobed  or  toothed,  the  short  lobes  sharp-pointed ;  fertile  heads 
solitary,  suspended  on  a  long  peduncle. — Alluvial  river-banks;  very  common, 
especially  westward.  May. — A  very  large  and  well-known  tree,  with  a  white 
bark  separating  early  in  thin  brittle  plates. 

ORDER  106.     JUGL.ANDACE.flE.     (WALNUT  FAMILY.; 

Trees,  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  without  stipules;  the  sterile  flowers  in 
catkins  (amenta)  -with  an  irregular  calyx  ;  the  fertile  solitary  or  in  small  clus~ 
ters,  with  a  regular  3  -  5-lobed  calyx  adherent  to  the  incompletely  2  -  4-celled 
but  only  \-ovuled  ovary.  Fruit  a  kind  of  dry  drupe,  with  a  bony  endocarp 
(nut-shell),  containing  a  large  4-lobed  orthotropous  seed.  Albumen  none. 
Cotyledons  fleshy  and  oily,  sinuous,  2-lobed  :  radicle  short,  superior.  Pet- 
als sometimes  present  in  the  fertile  flowers.  —  A  small  family  of  important 
trees,  consisting  chiefly  of  the  two  following  genera. 

1.    JIJOLANS,    L.        WALNUT. 

Sterile  flowers  in  long  and  simple  lateral  catkins ;  the  calyx  adherent  to  the 
entire  bracts  or  scales,  unequally  3-6-cleft.  Stamens  8-40:  filaments  very 
short.  Fertile  flowers  solitary  or  several  together  on  a  peduncle  at  the  end  of 
the  branches,  with  a  4-toothed  calyx,  bearing  4  small  petals  at  the  sinuses. 
Styles  2,  very  short  :  stigmas  2,  somewhat  club-shaped  and  fringed.  Fruit  with 
a  fibrous-fleshy  indchiscent  epicarp,  and  a  mostly  rough  irregularly  furrowed 
rndocarp  or  nut-shell.  —  Trees  with  strong-scented  or  resinous-aromatic  bark, 
&c.,  nearly  naked  buds  (3  or  4  superposed,  and  the  uppermost  far  above  the 
axil),  and  odd-pinnate  leaves  of  many  serrate  leaflets.  Pith  in  plates.  (Name 
contracted  from  Jovis  glans,  the  nut  of  Jupiter.) 

1.  J.  ciii6i*C£t,  L.     (BUTTERNUT.)     Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed, 
rounded  at  the  base,  downy,  especially  underneath,  the  petioles  and  brcmchlett 
downy  with  clammy  hairs ;  fruit  oblong,  clammy,  pointed,  the  nut  deeply  sculptured 
and  rough  with  ragged  ridges.  —  Rich  woods;  common.     May:  fruit  ripe  in 
Sept.  —  Tree  30°  -  50°  high,  with  gray  bark  and  widely  spreading  branches  ; 
wood  lighter-colored  than  in  the  next. 

2.  J,  nigra,,  L.      (BLACK    WALNUT.)      Leaves   ovate-lanceolate,   taper- 
pointed,  somewhat  heart-shaped  or  unequal  at  the  base,  smooth  above,  the  lower 
surface  and  the  petioles  minutely  downy  ;  fruit  spherical,  roughly  dotted,  the  nut 
corrugated.  —  Rich  woods ;  rare  in  the  Eastern,  very  common  in  the  Western 
States.    May  :  fruit  ripe  in  Oct.  — A  lar^e  and  handsome  tree,  with  brown  bark, 
and  valuable  purplish-brown  wood  turning  blackish  with  age.     Seed  sweet,  more 


402  JUGLANDACE^E.       (WALNUT    FAMILY.) 

pleasant-tasted  and  less  oily  than  the  butternut,  but  greatly  inferbr  to  the  Euro- 
pean walnut  (J.  REGIA). 

2.     CAUYA,    Nutt.        HICKORY. 

Sterile  flowers  in  slender  lateral  catkins  which  arc  mostly  in  threes  on  a  com- 
mon peduncle:  calyx  naked,  unequally  3-parted.  Stamens  3-8:  filaments 
nearly  wanting.  Fertile  flowers  2-3  together  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  with 
a  4-toothed  calyx  :  petals  none  Stigma  large,  4-lobcd.  Fruit  globular,  with  a 
rather  fleshy  and  at  length  leathery  epicarp  or  husk,  which  .splits  into  4  valves, 
and  falls  away  when  ripe  from  the  smooth  and  slightly  4-6-angled  incompletely 
4-ccllcd  endocarp  or  nut-shell.  —  Trees  with  hard  and  very  tough  wood,  and 
odd-pinnate  leaves  of  5-9  leaflets;  the  two  sorts  of  flowers  from  the  same  scaly 
buds  with  these,  the  sterile  aments  borne  below  the  leaves.  Pith  continuous. 
(Kapva,  an  ancient  name  of  the  Walnut.)  All  flower  in  May,  and  shed  their 
nuts  in  October. 

#  Seed  edible  and  delicious :  husk  of  the  fruit  completely  4-valved  (falling  away  in  4 

separate  pieces  at  maturity). 
•*-  Fruit  and  nut  elongated-oblong  ;  the  husk  thin  :  bark  of  the  trunk  not  shi(/(/y. 

1.  C.  <>iiv;rforniis,    Nutt.      (PECAN-NUT.)      Nearly   smooth  ;    leaflets 
13-15,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  somewhat  falcate;  nut  olive-shaped,  with  a 
thin  shell.  —  Kiver-bottoms,  from  Illinois  southward. — A  large  tree;  its  de- 
licious nuts  well-known. 

•*-  •*-  Fruit  globular,  its  husk  very  thick :  bark  of  old  trunk  shaggy,  exfoliating  in 
strips  or  plates :  buds  large  ami  very  scaly. 

2.  C.  :il1»a,  Nutt.     (SHELL-BARK  or  SHAG-HARK  HICKORY.)     Leaflets  5, 
minutely  downy  underneath,  finely  serrate,  the  3  upper  obovate-lanccolatc,  the 
I'jirn-  pair  much  smaller  and  oblong-lanceolate,  all  taper-pointed  ;  fruit  dcpr<xs«l- 
glofmlar ;  nut  somewhat  flattened,  nearly  pointless,  with  a  rather  thin  whitish  shell 
and  a  large  kernel.  —  Rich  moist  woods  ;  common.     A  tall  and  handsome  tree, 
the  old  trunks  very  rough-barked:  wood  most  valuable  as  timber,  and  for  fuel, 
while  the  fruit  furnishes  the  principal  hickory-nuts  of  the  market. 

3.  C.  Slilcata,  Nutt.     (THICK  SHKLL-KAUK  HICKORY.)     Leaflets  7-9, 
obo rate-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  downy  underneath  ;  fruit  oral,  4-ribi>cd  above 
the  middle  with  intcn-auitK/  furrows ;  nut  strongly  pointed,  slightly  flattened,  with  a 

••k  yellowish  shell.  —  Rich  woods,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  —  Nuts 
nean  v  as  sweet  as  in  the  last,  Heart-wood  light-colored. 

*  *  Seed  sweetish,  but  small :  valves  of  the  husk  not  separating  to  the  base:  nut  hard- 

shelled  :  bark  not  shaggy. 

4.  C.  tomciitosa,  Nutt.     (MOCKER-NUT.     WHITE-HE  ART  HICKORY.) 
Leaflets  7  -  9,  oblong-  or  obovate-lanceolate,  slightly  serrate,  ronghish-dotrny  un- 
derneath as  well  as  the  petiole ;  catkins  hairy  ;  fruit  globular  or  ovoid,  it-it h  a  thick 
and  hard  husk,  which  splits  almost  to  the  base;  nut  somewhat  6-angled,  the  shell 
very  thick  and  hard  (light  brown).     Dry  woods;  common,  especially  southward 
and  westward.  —  A  tall  tree  with  resinous-scented  foliage,  and  cracked  bark  ou 
the  larger  trunks  ;  the  wood  celebrated  for  its  excellence  as  fuel.     The  smaU 


CUPULIFERA.     (OAK  FAMii.r.)  403 

Kernel  is  difficult  of  extraction  from  the  thick  and  bony  nut.  — A.  var.  MAXIMA., 
N Jtt.,  bears  fruit  "  as  large  as  an  apple,"  with  an  exceedingly  thick  husk. 

0.  C.  microCcirpEi,  Nutt.     (SMALL-FRUITED  HICKORY.)     Leaflets  5- 

7,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  glandular  underneath  (not  downy) ;  catkins  smooth  , 
fruit  roundish-ovoid,  with  a  thin  husk :  nut  slightly  4-angled,  the  shell  rather  thin. 

—  Moist  woodlands,  Penn.  (N.  England?)  and  southwestward.  —  Fruit  only  |' 
in  diameter,  shaped  like  that  of  the  last ;  the  foliage  much  as  in  the  next. 

6.  C.  glabra,  Torr.  (PIG-NUT  or  BROOM  HICKORY.)  Leaflets  5-7, 
ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  smooth  or  nearly  so ;  fruit  pear-shaped  or  roundish-obovate, 
thin,  splitting  about  half-way  down  into  4  coriaceous  valves ;  nut  hard  and 
tough,  witn  a  sweetish  or  bitterish  small  kernel.  (C.  porcina,  Nutt,.) —  Wood- 
lands ;  common.  —  A  large  tree,  with  a  close  bark,  very  tough  and  valuable 
wood,  and  exceedingly  tough  sprouts  (used  as  hickory  withes) :  the  fruit  and  nuts 
of  variable  form.  Heart-wood  dark-colored. 

*  *  ^  Seed  intensely  bitter :  husk  thin  and  soft :  bark  smooth  :  buds  little  scaly. 

1.  C.  <im;tr:i,  Nutt.      (BITTER-NUT   or   SWAMP  HICKORY.)     Leaflets 
7—11,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  smooth  ;  fruit  globular,  with  ridged  or  promi- 
nent seams  opening  half-way  down ;  nut  inversely  heart-shaped,  its  shell  thin 
and  fragile.  —  Wet  woods ;  common.  —  A  graceful  tree ;  the  timber  inferior  to 
the  other  Hickories.     Nut-shell  so  fragile  that  it  may  be  crushed  with  the  hand; 

•  he  bitter  kernel  remarkably  corrugated. 

• 

ORDER   107.     CUPULIFER^E.      (OAK   FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  and  simple  straight-veined  leaves,  deciduous 
stipules,  and  monoecious  flowers;  the  sterile  in  catkins  (aments\  (or  capitate- 
clustered  in  the  Beech) ;  the  fertile  solitary  or  clustered,  furnished  with  an 
involucre  which  forms  a  cup  or  covering  to  the  l-celled  l-seeded  nut.  Ovary 
2-7-celled,  with  1-2  pendulous  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell;  but  all 
the  cells  and  ovules  except  one  disappearing  in  the  fruit.  Calyx  adherent 
to  the  ovary,  the  minute  teeth  crowning  its  summit.  Seed  with  no  albu- 
men, filled  with  the  embryo :  cotyledons  very  thick  and  fleshy :  radicle 
short,  superior. 

Synopsis. 

*  Fertile  flowers  scattered  or  few  in  a  cluster. 

1.  QUERCUS.     Involucre  1-flowered,  of  many  imbricated  small  scales,  forming  a  cup  around 

the  base  of  the  hard  and  rounded  nut. 

2.  CASTANEA.     Involucre  2  -  3-flowcred,  forming  a  prickly  bur  enclosing  1-8  coriaceous 

nuts,  opening  at  length  by  4  valves. 

8.  FAG  US.    Involucre  2-flowered,  rather  prickly.  4-valved,  enclosing  2  sharply  triangular 

nuts.    Sterile  flowers  in  capitate  clusters. 

L  COUYLUS.     Involucre  1  -  2-flowered,  formed  of  2  -  3  confluent  scales,  which  lecome  leafy- 
coriaceous,  much  enlarged  and  cut  or  torn  at  the  apex,  enclosing  a  bony  nut. 
*  *  Fertile  flowers  clustered  in  a  kind  of  ament. 

5.  CARPINUS.    Involucre  a  separate  open  leaf,  2-flowered.    Fruit  a  small  ovoid  nut. 

8.  OSTRYA,     Involucre  a  bladdery  bag,  1-flowered,  enclosing  the  seed-like  nut. 


404  CUPULIFEILfi.       (OAK    FAMILY.) 

1.    QU^RCUS,    L.        OAK. 

Sterile  flowers  clustered  in  slender  and  naked  drooping  catkins,  without  bracts : 
calyx  6  -  8-parted  :  stamens  6  -  1 2  :  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  flowers  scattered 
or  somewhat  clustered,  consisting  of  a  3-celled  and  6-ovuled  ovary,  with  a  3- 
lobed  stigma,  enclosed  by  a  scaly  bud-like  involucre  which  becomes  an  indurated 
cup  (cupule)  around  the  base  of  the  rounded  nut  or  acorn.  Cotyledons  remain- 
ing underground  in  germination. — Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish,  the  fertile 
ones  inconspicuous.  Aments  several  from  the  same  scaly  bud.  (The  classical 
Latin  name.)  All  flower  in  spring,  and  shed  their  nuts  in  October. 
4  1.  Fruit  ripening  the  first  year,  mostly  peduncled:  leaves  not  bristly-toothed  or  pointed. 

#  Leaves  sinuate-lol>ed  or  pinnatijid,  all  pcde,  whitish,  or  greyish-downy  underneath.  — 

WHITE  OAKS. 

1.  Q.  macroc«rpa,  Michx.     (BUR-OAK.     OVER-CUP  or  MOSSY-CUP 
WHITE-OAK.)     Leaves  obovatc  or  oblong,  I yrately -pinnatijid  or  deeply  sinuate- 
Lbed.  irregular,  downy  or  pale  beneath  ;  the  lobes  sparingly  and  obtusely  toothed, 
or  the  smaller  ones  entire;  cup  deep,  conspicuously  imbricated,  of  hard  and  thick 
pointed  scales,  the  upper  ones  awned,  so  as  to  make  a  mossy-fringed  border  ;  acorn 
ovoid  (!'-!£'  long),  half  immersed  in  or  entirely  enclosed  by  the  cup.  —  Dry  woods, 
along  rivers,  &c.,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southwest- 
ward.  —  A  handsome,  middle-sized  tree.     Cup  very  variable,  especially  in  size, 
from  §'  to  2'  across. 

Var.  ohva'formis  (Q.  olivaeformis,  Michx.)  is  plainly  a  mere  state  of 
this  (figured  by  Michaux  with  unripe  or  imperfect  fruit),  with  narrower  and 
more  deeply  lobed  leaves,  and  oblong  acorns  and  cups :  growing  with  the  ordi- 
nary form. 

2.  <fc.  obtusiloba,    Michx.     (POST-OAK.     ROUGH  or  Box   WHITE- 
OAK.)     Leaves  grayish-downy  underneath,  pale  and  rough  above,  thickish,  sinuately 
cut  into  5-7  roundish  divergent  lobes,  the  upper  ones  much  larger  and  often 
1  —  3-notched  ;  cup  saucer-shaped,  naked,  about  one  third  the  length  of  the  ovoid  acorn. 
\Q.  stcllata,  Willd.)  —  Sandy  or  sterile  soil,  from  the  coast  of  Massachusetts 
and   from   Wisconsin   southward.  —  A  small   tree,   with   very   durable   wood. 
Acorns  £'  to  §'  long,  nearly  sessile. 

3.  Cfc.  cill>:i,  L.     (WHITE  OAK.)     Mature  leaves  smooth,  pale  or  ylaiuwa 
underneath,  bright  green  above,  obovate-oblong,  obliquely  and  moderately  or  deeply 
cut  into  3-9  oblong  or  linear  and  obtuse  mostly  entire  lobes  ;  cup  hemis])herical- 
MUOBM&apwi,  rnui/li  or  tnbcrcled  at  maturity,  naked,  much  shorter  than  t/ie  ovoid  or 
oblong  acorn.  —  Rich  woods  ;  common. — A  well-known  and  invaluable  large  tree. 
Lobi-s  of  the  leaves  short  and  broad  3-5,  or  5-9  and  narrow.     Acorn  about 
1 '  long  ;  the  kernel  sweet  and  edible. 

*  #  leaves  coarsi-ly  sinuate-toothed,  but  not  lobed,  whitish  and  more  or  less  downy  be- 

neath :  cup  hoary  :  acorns  siveet-tasted.  —  CHESTNUT-OAKS. 

4.  Q.  PrillUS,  L.     (SWAMP  CHEBTXUT-OAK.)     Lcc ves  obovate  or  oblong- 
obovate,  coarsely  and  somewhat  uniformly  dentate  with  rounded  teeth,  downy 
beneath,  glabrous  above ;  cup  hemispherical  (either  abrupt  or  with  a  small  top- 
•haped  base),  tliick,  tubercled  when  old,  nearly  half  or  one  third  (he  length  of 


CUPTJLIFER^:.       (OAS    FAMILY.)  40tf 

the  ovoid  large  acorn.  —  Low,  alluvial  grounds,  &c. ;  common  from  Venn, 
southward.  —  A  fine  tree  ;  its  wood  inferior  to  the  White  Oak.  —  Acorn  fully 
1'  long;  the  cup  of  nearly  the  same  diameter. 

Var.  inonticola,  Michx.  (RocK  CHESTNUT-OAK.)  Acorn  ovoid-ob- 
long, !£'  long.  (Q.  montana,  Willd.)  — Apparently  only  a  form  of  the  Swamp 
Chestnut-Oak,  growing  in  rocky  or  hilly  woodlands ;  W.  New  England  to  Ohio 
and  southward,  especially  along  the  Alleghanies.  From  the  different  soil,  the 
timber  is  more  valuable.  (Probably  belongs  to  No.  5). 

Var.  discolor,  Michx.  ( SWAMP  WHITE-OAK.)  Leaves  unequally  and 
more  deeply  sinuate-toothed,  often  almost  sinuate-pinnatijid,  whitish-downy  beneath, 
bright  green  above  ;  cup  with  the  scales  more  pointed,  the  upper  sometimes 
awned,  and  forming  a  fringed  margin;  acorns  1' or  less  long.  (Q.  bicolor, 
Willd.)  —  Low  grounds  ;  common  throughout.  —  A  marked  variety  ;  but  prob 
ablv  nothing  more. 

5.  <fc.  Castftnea,  Willd.  (YELLOW  CHESTNUT-OAK.)  Leaves  obhm/. 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  hoary-white  and  minutely  downy  underneath,  equally 
and  rather  sharply  toothed;  cup  hemispherical,  thin,  of  small  appresscd  scales; 
acorn  ovoid  or  oblong,  small.  —  llich  woods,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin 
and.  southward.  —  This  has  the  leaves  shaped  more  like  those  of  the  Chestnut 
than  any  other,  which,  with  the  small  fruit,  distinguishes  it  from  the  last.  Cup 
£'  across,  fine-scaled  :  acorns  §'  long.  Tree  middle-sized. 

G.  Q.  pHllOldes,  Willd.  (CHINQUAPIN  or  DWARF  CHESTNUT-OAK.) 
Leares  obovate  and  lanceolate  oblong,  coarsely  wavy-toothed,  downy  imderncatlt ; 
peduncles  short  or  none ;  cup  hemispherical,  thin;  acorn  ovoid,  small  (about  as 
large  as  in  No.  5).  (Q.  Chinquapin,  Pursh.)  —  Sandy  soil,  New  England,  and 
Albany,  New  York,  to  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  —  Shrub  2°  -  6°  high. 

§  2.  Fruit  not  maturing  until  the  second  t/ear,  sessile  or  nearly  .so  ;  kernel  bitter. 
*  Leaves  evergreen,  entire  or  nearly  so,  hoary  beneath.  —  LIVE   OAKS. 

7.  Cfc.  virens,  Ait.     (LIVE  OAK.)     Leaves  obtuse,  coriaceous,  oblong  or 
elliptical,  hoary  beneath;  cup  top-shaped ;  acorn  oblong.  —  Coast  of  Virginia  and 
southward.     Farther  south  becoming  a  large  and  invaluable  tree. 

8.  Cfc.  cinerea,  Michx.     (UPLAND  WILLOW-OAK.)    I^ea ves  aate,  lance- 
oblong,  white-downy  beneath;  cup  saucer-shaped ;  acorn  globular.  —  Pine  barrens, 
Virginia  and  southward.     A  small  tree  ;  leaves  more  or  less  deciduous. 

*  *  Leaves  deciduous,  entire,  narrow.  —  WILLOW-OAKS. 

9.  Q.  PhelloS,  L.     (WiLLOW-OAK.)     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  narroiced 
to  both  ends,  smooth,  light  green  ;  cup  saucer-shaped  ;  acom  globular.  —  Sandy 
low  woods,  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Tree 
S0°-5ti°  high,  remarkable  for  the  willow-like  leaves,  which  arc  3' -4'  loug 
Fruit  small. 

10.  <fc.  imbricaria,  Michx.  (LAUREL  or  SHINGLE  OAK.)  Leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  mitcronate,  thickish,  smooth  and  shining  above,  somewhat  doimy 
underneath;  cup  saucer-shaped  ;  acorn  globular. — Barrens  and  open  woodlands, 
New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  —  Tree  30° -50°  high;  the  wood 
nsed  for  shingles  in  the  Western  States,  whence  the  name. 


406  CUPULIFERyE.       (OAK    FAMILY.) 

#  *  *  Leaves  deciduous,  but  rather  coriaceous,  mostly  dilated  upwards  and  ilxurcly 
lobed  or  entire,  in  the  same  individual,  sometimes  more  conspicuously  lobed,  often  mor* 
or  less  bristle-pointed  at  the  summit  and  extremities  of  some  of  the  larger  veins. 

11.  ^.  aquatica,  Catesby.     (WATER-OAK.)     Leaves  glabrous  and  shin  - 
inn,  obovate-spatulate  or  narrowly  wedge-form,  with  a  long  tttperiny  base,  varying  to 
oblanecolatc  ;  cup  saucer-shaped  or  hemispherical,  of  line  and  close  scales,  much 
shorter  than  the  globular  acorn.  —  Wet  grounds,  around  pouds,  &c.,  Maryland 
to  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Tree  30° -40°  high.     Aconi  £'  long;  the  cup  of 
the  same  width. 

12.  <^.  iilgra,  L.    (BLACK-JACK  or  BARREN  OAK.)    Leaves  broadly  wc-dgt' 
shaped,  but  mostly  rounded  or  obscurely  cordate  at  the  base,  icidely  dilated  and 
somewhat  3-lobed  (rarely  5-lobcd)  at  the  summit,  occasionally  with  one  or  two 
lateral  lobes  or  teeth,  rust.y-pubcsccnt  beneath,  shining  above,  large  (4' -9'  long) ; 
cup  top-shaped,  coarse-scaly,  covering  half  of  the  short  ovoid  aconi.     (Q.  fcrru- 
ginea,  Michx.) —  Dry  sandy  barrens,  from  Long  Island,  New  York,  to  Illinois, 
and  southward.  —  Tree  8° -25°  high.     Acorn  £'-§'  long.     Leaves  occasion- 
ally rather  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  strongly  bristle-pointed.  —  Under  the  name 
of  Q.  TRIDENTATA,  Dr.  Engclmann  distinguishes  a  remarkable  Oak.  apparently 
a  hybrid  between  this  and  Q.  imbricaria.  —  Under  this  section  the  following  re- 
markable forms,  by  some  regarded  as  species,  would  be  sought,  vi/. :  — 

Q.  LEANA,  Nutt.  (LEA'S  OAK),  of  which  single  trees  are  known  near  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  and  Augusta,  Illinois  (Mead),  is  probably  a  hybrid  between  Q. 
imbricaria  and  Q.  tinctoria,  or  possibly  Q.  nigra. 

Q.  HETEROPHYLLA,  Michx.  (BARTRAM  OAK  ),  rediscovered  in  Delaware,<tc. 
—  apparently  a  hybrid  between  Q.  Phellos  and  Q.  tinctoria? 

*  #  *  *  Leaves  deciduous,  lobed  or  pinnatijid,  loncj-petioled,  the  tips  of  the  lobes  bris- 

tle-pointed.—  BLACK  and  RED  OAKS. 
H-  Mature  leaves  doumy  underneath. 

13.  <fc.  ilicifolia,  Wang.      (BEAR   or  BLACK    SCRUB-OAK.)      Dwarf; 
leaves  obovate,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  angularly  about  b-lotml,  ichitcnctl-dctniij  un- 
d<  rnmth  ;  cup  flattish-top-shaped  ;  acorn  ovoid.  —  Sandy  barrens  and  rocky  hills, 
New  England  to  Ohio  and  W.  Virginia.     (Q.  Banistcri,  Michx.)  — A  straggling, 
crooked  shrub,  3°  -  8°  high.     Leaves  2' -4'  long,  thickish.     Acorns  barely  £' 
long. 

14.  C|.  falcata,  Michx.     (SPANISH  OAK.)     Lrarts  wtn/Mi-tlou-ny  under- 
rcath,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  Ixisc,  3  -  r>-.W,r</  above. ;  tfte  lobes  prolonged,  n^ffy 
narrow  and  more  or  less  scylht'-shiipid,  especially  the   terminal   one,  entire  or  spar- 
ingly cut-toothed  ;  cup  saucer-shaped ;  acorn  spherical  or  somewhat  depressed  (£( 
long).  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  from  New  Jersey  and  Illinois  southward.  — A  small 
or  large  tree,  extremely  variable  in  foliage :  a  variety  with  shorter  lobes  is  Q. 
triloba,  Willd. 

•*-  -t-  Mature  leaves  glabrous  on  both  sid,s  or  nmrfy  so. 

•»-»•  Cup  conspicuously  scaly,  more  or  less  top-shaped  or  cont,\tct,d  at  the  lase :  acorn 
one  third  or  nearly  half  immersed, 

15.  <fc.  tinctoria,  Bartram.    (QUERCITRON  or  BLACK  OAK.    YELLOW- 
BARKED  OAK.)     Leaves  more  or  less  rusty-fntl>esceni.  trltcn  yoiin'/,  nearly  glabrous 


CUPULIFEIUE.     (OAK  FAMILY.;  407 

when  old,  obovate-oblong ,  slightly  or  deeply  simiate-pinn&tifid,  the  lobes  somewhat 
toothed  ;  acorn  nearly  spherical  or  depressed-globular  (^'  -  §'  long).  —  Dry  woods  ; 
pommon. — A  large  tree,  often  confounded  with  the  next,  especially  the  varie- 
ties with  deeper  cut  leaves ;  but  these  ai-e  duller  and  thicker,  more  dilated  above 
the  middle,  somewhat  downy  u'iderneath  until  midsummer,  and  turning  yellow- 
ish-brown after  frost;  and  the  inner  bark  (quercitron  of  dyers)  is  very  thick  and 
yellow.  Wood  reddish,  coarse-grained,  but  valuable. 

16.  Q.  COCcinea,  Wang.     (SCARLET    OAK.)     Leaves  oval  or  oblong  in 
outline,  deeply  sinuate-pinnated,  with  broad  and  open  simises,  and  divergent  sparing- 
ly cut-toothed  lobes  (3-4  on  each  side),  smooth,  bright  green  and  shining  both  sides, 
broad  or  truncate  at  the  base  ;  acorn  ovoid  or  globular  (£'-!'  long).  —  Rich  woods  ; 
common.  —  A  large  tree;  the  long-petioled  shining  leaves  turning  bright  scarlet 
in  autumn :  timber  and  bark  less  valuable  than  in  the  last. 

•<-*•  •*-*•  Cup  of  fine  scales,  shallow  and  saucer-shaped,  much  shorter  than  the  acorn. 

17.  Q,   rul>l'<l,  L.     (RED   OAK.)     Leaves  oblong,  smooth,  pale  beneath,  sinu~ 
ately  cut  with  rather  narrow  sinuses  into  short  and  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  acute 
spreading  lobes  (4-6  on  each  side) ;  acorn  ovoid  or  oblong,  turgid  (!'  long).     (Q. 
ambigua,  Michx,)  —  Rocky  woods  ;  common.  —  A  good-si/ed  tree,  with  reddish 
very  porous  and  coarse-grained  wood,  of  little  value  as  timber.     Leaves  turning 
dark  red  after  frost :  the  sinuses  extending  scarcely  half-way  to  the  midrib. 

18.  Q.  palustl'is,  Du  Roi.     (SWAMP  SPANISH,  or  PIN  OAK.)     Leaves 
oblong,  smooth  and  shining,  bright  green  both  sides,  deeply  pinnatijid,  with  broad  and 
rounded  sinuses ;  the  lobes  divergent,  cut-lobed  and   toothed,  acute  ;    acorn  globular 
(scarcely  ^'  long).  —  Low  grounds,  along  streams,  S.  New  York  to  Wisconsin. 
—  A  very  handsome  middle-sized  tree,  with  light  and  elegant  foliage ;  the  sinuses 
of  the  leaves  reaching  three  fourths  of  the  way  to  the  midrib.     The  timber  is 
better  than  that  of  the  Red  Oak. 

2.     CASTA.NEA,    Toura.         CHESTNUT. 

Sterile  flowers  interruptedly  clustered  in  long  and  naked  cylindrical  catkins  : 
i-alyx  5-6-parted:  stamens  8-15:  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  flowers  2  or  3  to- 
gether in  an  ovoid  scaly  prickly  involucre  :  calyx  with  a  5  -  6-lobcd  border  crown- 
ing the  3  — 7-celled  18-  14-ovuled  ovary  :  abortive  stamens  5  -  12  :  stigmas  bris- 
tle-shaped, as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Nuts  coriaceous,  ovoid,  enclosed 
2-3  together  or  solitary  in  the  hard  coriaceous  and  very  prickly  4-valved  invo- 
lucre. Cotyledons  very  thick,  somewhat  plaited,  cohering  together,  remaining 
underground  in  germination.  —  Leaves  strongly  straight-veined.  Flowers  ap- 
pearing later  than  the  (undivided)  leaves;  the  catkins  axillary  near  the  end  oi 
the  branches,  cream-color ;  the  fertile  flowers  at  their  base.  (The  classical  name, 
from  that  of  a  town  in  Thessaly.) 

1.  C.  vesca,  L.  (CHESTNUT.)  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate 
with  coarse  pointed  teeth,  smooth  and  green  both  sides;  nuts  2  or  3  in  each  involu- 
cre, therefore  flattened  on  one  or  both  sides.  —  Rocky  or  hilly  woods,  Maine  to 
Michigan  and  Kentucky;  common.  June,  July.  —  A  large  tree,  with  light 
coarse-grained  wood  The  American  variety  bears  smaller  and  sweeter  nuts 
than  the  European  (Eu.) 


408  CUPULIFER^E.     (OAK  FAMILY.) 

2.  C»  pit  Bill  la,  Michx.  (CHINQUAPIN.)  Leaves  oblong,  acute,  serrate 
with  pointed  teeth,  whitened-doivny  undenieath  ;  nut  solitary,  not  flattened. — 
Sandy  woods,  from  (Long  Island?)  S.  Penn.  and  Ohio,  southward.  June. — 
Shrub  or  tree  6°  -  20°  high.  Involucres  small,  often  spiked ;  the  ovoid  pointed 
nut  scarcely  half  as  large  as  a  common  chestnut,  very  sweet. 

3.     FAOUS,    Toura.        BEECH. 

Sterile  flowers  in  small  heads  on  drooping  peduncles,  with  deciduous  scale- 
like  bracts:  calyx  bell-shaped,  5-6-cleft:  stamens  8-12:  anthers  2-celled. 
Fertile  flowers  usually  in  pairs  at  the  apex  of  a  short  peduncle,  invested  by  r  TI- 
merous  awl-shaped  bractlcts,  the  inner  grown  together  tit  their  bases  to  form  the 
involucre:  calyx-lobes  4  -  5,  awl-shaped :  ovary  3-cellcd  with  2  ovules  in  each 
cell:  styles  3,  thread-like,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Nuts  sharply  3-sided, 
usually  2  in  each  urn-shaped  and  soft-prickly  coriaceous  involucre,  which  splits 
to  below  the  middle  into  4  valves.  Cotyledons  thick,  folded  and  somewhat 
united  ;  but  rising  and  expanding  in  germination.  Trees  with  smooth  ash-gray 
bark,  undivided  strongly  straight-veined  leaves,  and  a  light  hori/.ontal  spray. 
Scales  of  the  taper  buds  formed  of  scarious  stipules.  Flowers  yellowish,  ap- 
pcaring  with  the  leaves  :  peduncles  axillary  at  the  base  of  the  branchlcts.  (The 
classical  name,  from  <£ayo>,  to  eat,  in  allusion  to  the  esculent  nuts.) 

1.  F.  ferriisniica,  Ait.  (AMERICAN  BEECH.)  Leaves  oblong-ovate, 
taper-pointed,  distinctly  and  often  coarsely  toothed  ;  petioles  and  midrib  soon 
nearly  naked ;  prickles  of  the  fruit  recurved  or  spreading.  (F.  fcrrnginea  and 
F.  sylvestris,  Miclix.f.)  —  Woods ;  common,  especially  northward,  and  along  the 
Alleghanies  southward.  May.  —  Leaves  longer  and  less  shining  than  in  the 
European  Beech,  most  of  the  silky  hairs  early  deciduous ;  the  lower  surface  then 
nearly  smooth. 

4.     CORYL.US,    Tourn.        HAZEL-NUT.    FILBEKT. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  catkins ;  the  concave  bracts  and  the 
2-clcft  calyx  combined  into  3-lobed  scales,  to  the  axis  of  which  the  8  short 
filaments  irregularly  cohere :  anthers  1-celled.  Fertile  flowers  several  together 
in  lateral  and  terminal  scaly  buds.  Ovary  2-ccllcd  with  1  ovule  in  each  :  stig- 
mas 2,  thread-like.  Nut  bony,  ovoid,  separately  enclosed  in  a  large  leafy-coria- 
ceous involucre,  which  is  composed  of  2  or  3  united  bracts  tubular  at  the  base, 
and  lacerated  above.  —  Shrubs  flowering  in  early  spring,  before  the  (roundish 
unequally  serrate)  leaves  appear.  (The  classical  name,  probably  from  Kopvs, 
a  helmet,  from  the  involuf  3.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Walt.     (WiLD  HAZEL-NUT.)     Leaves  roundish-heart- 
shaped,  pointed,  coarsely  serrate ;  involucre  glandular-downy,  with  a  dilattd  flattened 
border,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  globular  nut.  —  Thickets  ;  common.  —  Shrub 
4° -8°  high;  the  young  twigs,  &c.,  downy  and  glandular-hairy.     Nut  of  fine 
flavor,  but  smaller  and  thicker-shelled  than  the  European  Hazel-nut. 

2.  C.  rostrata,  Ait.     (BEAKED  HAZEL-NUT.)     Leaves  ovate  or  orate-ob- 
long,  somewhat  heart  shaped,    pointed,  doubly  serrate ;  involucre  much  prolonged 
above  the  globular-ovoid  nut  into  a   narrow  tubular  beak,  densely  bristly.  —  Banks 


MYRICACEuE.       (SWEET-GALE    FAMILY.)  409 

of  streams,  &c. ;  common  northward  and  along  the  Allcghanics.  —  Shrub  2°  - 
5°  high,  with  slender  smooth  branches. 

5.     CARPINUS,    L.        HORNBEAM.        IRON-WOOD. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  catkins,  consisting  of  about  12  stamens 
in  the  axil  of  a  simple  and  entire  scale-like  bract,  destitute  of  a  proper  calyx  : 
r:  laments  A'ery  short :  anthers  1 -celled,  bearded  at  the  apex.  Fertile  flowers 
several,  spiked  in  a  sort  of  loose  terminal  catkin,  with  small  deciduous  bracts, 
each  subtending  a  pair  of  flowers,  consisting  of  a  2-ccllcd  2-ovuled  ovary  termi- 
nated by  2  thread-like  stigmas.  Nut  small,  ovoid,  ribbed,  stalked,  each  with  a 
simple,  1 -sided,  enlarged,  open  and  leaf-like  involucre.  —  Trees  with  a  smooth 
gray  bark,  slender  buds  like  the  Beech,  and  foliage  resembling  the  Beech  or 
Birch,  appearing  later  than  the  flowers.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Michx.  (AMERICAN  HORNBEAM.  BLUE  or  WATER 
BKECH.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  sharply  doubly  serrate,  nearly  smooth ; 
involueral  leaf  3-lobcd.  halberd-shaped,  sparingly  cut-toothed  on  one  side. -- 
Along  streams  ;  common.  —  Tree  10°-  20°  high,  with  a  ridged  trunk,  and  verj 
hard  whitish  wood ;  called,  indiscriminately  with  the  next,  Iron-wood. 

6.    OSTRYA,    Micheli.        HOP-HORNBEAM.     IRON-WOOD. 

Sterile  flowers  nearly  as  in  Carpinus :  filaments  irregularly  somewhat  united. 
Fertile  flowers  numerous  in  a  short  terminal  catkin,  with  small  deciduous  bracts  ; 
each  enclosed  in  a  membranous  sac-like  involucre  which  enlarges  and  forms 
a  bladdery  closed  bag  in  fruit,  these  imbricated  to  form  a  sort  of  strobile  appear- 
ing like  that  of  the  Hop.  Ovary  2-cclled,  2-ovuled,  crowned  with  the  entire  and 
bearded  border  of  the  calyx,  forming  a  small  and  smooth  nut.  —  Slender  trees 
with  very  hard  wood,  brownish  finely  furrowed  bark,  and  foliage,  £c.  nearly  as 
in  the  last  genus.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves.  (The  classical  name.) 

1.  O.  Virginica,  Willd.  (AMERICAN  HOP-HORNBEAM.  LEA^KR-WOOD.) 
Leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  very  sharply  doubly  sen-ate,  downy  be- 
neath ;  buds  acute ;  involueral  sacs  bristly-hairy  at  the  base.  —  Rich  woods, 
not  rare.  April,  May ;  the  large  and  handsome  oval-oblong  hop-like  fruit  full 
grown  in  Aug.  —  Tree  20° -40°  high. 


ORDER  108.     MYRICACE7E.      (SWEET-GALE  FAMILY.) 

Monoecious  or  dioecious  shrubs,  with  both  kinds  of  fowers  in  short  scab) 
cutkins,  and  resinous-dotted  often  fragrant  leaves,  —  differing  from  the  Birch 
Family  chiefly  by  the  1-eelled  ovary  with  a  single  erect  ortliotropous  ovule, 
and  the  drupe-like  nut.  Involucre  none. 

1.     ITI Y RICA,    L.        BATBERRY.     WAX-MYRTLE. 

Flowers  dioecious  :  the  sterile  in  oblong  or  cylindrical,  the  fertile  in  ovoid  cat- 
kins, closely  imbricated ;  both  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla,  solitary  under  a 


• 

410  BETULACE^E.       (BIRCH    FAMILY.) 

scale-like  bract  and  with  a  pair  of  bracelets.  Stamens  2-8:  filaments  some- 
what united  below.  Ovary  with  3  scales  at  .'ts  base,  and  2  thread-like  stigmas. 
Fruit  a  small  globular  nut,  studded  with  resinous  grains  or  wax.  (Mupi'/o;,  the 
ancient  name  of  the  Tamarisk  or  some  other  shrub ;  perhaps  from  p.vpi£a>, 
to  perfume.) 

1.  Iff.  Crale,  L.     ( SWEET  GALE.)    Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  serrate  towards 
the  apex;  pale,  later  than  the  flowers;  sterile  catkins  cloudy  cluttered;  nuts  in  im- 
bricated heads,  enclosed  in  the  thick  pointed  ovate  scales  which  coalesce  with 
its  base.  —  Wet  borders  of  ponds,  New  England  to  Virginia  in  the  mountains, 
Penu.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     April.  —  Shrub  3° -5°  high.     (En.) 

2.  I?I.  e-erifera,  L.     (BAYBERRY.     WAX -MYRTLE.)     Leaves  oblong-Ian- 
ceoJate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  entire  or  wavy-toothed  towards  the  apex,  shining 
and  resinous-tlutted  both  sides,  somewhat  preceding  the  flowers  ;  sterile  catkins  scattered, 
oblong;  scales  wedge-shaped  at  the  base;  nut£  scattered  and  naked,  incrustcd 
with  white  wax.  —  Sandy  soil  on  and  near  the  sea-shore:  also  on  Lake  Erie. 
May.  —  Shrub  3°  -  8°  high,  with  fragrant  leaves  :  the  catkins  sessile  along  the 
last  year's  branches ;  the  fruits  sometimes  persistent  for  2  or  3  years. 

2.     COiUPTONIA,    Solander.         SWEET  FERN. 

Flowers  monoecious ;  the  sterile  in  cylindrical  catkins,  with  kidney-heart- 
shaped  pointed  scale-like  bracts,  and  3-6  stamens;  the  fertile ^in  globular 
aments,  bur-like :  ovary  surrounded  by  5  or  6  long  linear-awl-shaped  scales, 
persistent  around  the  ovoid-oblong  smooth  nut :  otherwise  as  in  Myrica.  — 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  with  many  rounded  lobes,  thin,  appearing 
rather  later  than  the  flowers.  Stipules  half  heart-shaped.  (Named  after  //<  nry 
Compton,  Bishop  of  London  a  century  ago,  a  cultivator  and  patron  of  botany.) 

1.  C.  asp  I  en  if 61  ia,  Ait.— Sterile  hills,  E.  New  England  to  Virginia. 
Also  N.  Wisconsin.  April,  May.  —  Shrub,  l°-2°  high,  with  sweet-scented 
fern-like  leaves. 

ORDER  109.     BETULACEJE.     (Bincn  FAMILY.; 

Monoecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with,  both  kinds  of  flowers  in  scaly  catkins,  2  or 
3  under  each  bract,  and  no  involucre  to  the  naked  l-cclled  and  1-sceded  often. 
willed  nut,  which  results  from  a  2-celled  and  2-ovuled  ovary ;  —  otherwise 
much  as  in  the  Oak  Family. 

1.     BETUL.A,    Tourn.        BIRCH. 

Sterile  flowers  3,  and  bractlets  2,  under  each  scale  or  bract  of  the  catkins, 
consisting  each  of  a  calyx  of  one  scale  and  4  stamens  attached  to  its  base  :  fila- 
ments very  short:  anthers  1 -celled.  Fertile  flowers  3  under  each  3-lobed  bract, 
with  no  separate  bractlets  and  no  calyx,  each  of  a  naked  ovarv  with  2  thread- 
like stigmas,  becoming  a  broadly  winged  and  scale-like  nutlet  or  smnll  samara. 
Seed  suspended,  anatropous.  Cotyledons  flattish,  oblong. —  Ont<-r  bark  usually 
separable  in  thin  horizontal  sheets,  that  of  the  branchlets  dottrd.  Twigs  and 


BETCLACE.fi.       (BIRCH    FAMILY.)  411 

leaves  often  spicy-aromatic.  Foliage  mostly  thin  and  light.  Buds  sessile,  scaly 
Sterile  catkins  long  and  drooping,  terminal  and  lateral,  formed  in  summer,  re- 
maining naked  through  the  succeeding  winter,  and  expanding  thJr  golden 
flowers  in  early  spring,  preceding  the  leaves :  fertile  catkins  oblong  or  cylindri- 
cal, lateral,  protected  by  scales  through  the  winter,  and  developed  vith  the 
leaves.  (The  ancien*  Latin  name.) 

#  Trees,  with  the  bark  of  the  trunk  ivhite  externally,  separable  in  thin  sheets    petioles 

slender :  fertile  catkins  cylindrical,  peduncled,  spreading  or  drooping. 

1.  B.  allni,  var.  populifdlia,  Spach.     (AMERICAN  WHITK  BIRCH.) 
Leaves  triangular  (deltoid),  very  taper-pointed,  truncate  or  nearly  so  at  the  broad 
base,  smooth  and  shining  both  sides  (glandular-dotted  when  young).     (B.  populi- 
folia,  Ait.)  —  Common  on  poor  soils,  Penn.  to  Maine,  near  the  coast.  — A  small 
and  slender,  very  graceful  tree,  with  chalky-white  bark,  much  less  separable 
into  sheets  than  the  next  species ;  the  very  long-pointed  leaves  on  petioles  of 
fully  half  their  length,  tremulous  as  those  of  an  Aspen.     (Eu.) 

2.  B.  papyracea,    Ait.     (PAPER    BIRCH.     CANOE    BIRCH.)     Leaves 
ovate,  taper-pointed,  heait-shaped  or  abrupt  (or  rarely  wedge-shaped)  at  the  base, 
smooth  above,  dull  underneath;  lateral  lobes  of  the  fruit-bearing  bracts  short  and 
rounded.  —  Woods,  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  almost  entirely  northward,  and 
extending  far  north.  —  A  large  tree,  with  fine-grained  wood,  and  very  tough 
durable  bark  splitting  into  paper-like  layers.     Leaves  dark-green  above,  pale, 
glandular-dotted,  and  a  little  hairy  on  the  veins  underneath,  sharply  and  une- 
qually doubly  serrate,  3-4  times  thie  length  of  the  petiole.     There  is  a  dwarf 
mountain  variety. 

#  *  Trees,  with  reddish-broivn  or  yellowish  bark :  petioles  short :  fertile  catkins  ovoid- 

oblong,  scarcely  peduncled. 

3.  B.  nigra,  L.     (RIVER  or  RED  BIRCH.)     Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acutish 
at  both  ends,  whitish  and   (until  old)  downy  underneath;  fertile  catkins  oblong, 
somewhat  peduncled,  woolly  ;  the  bracts  with  oblong-linear  nearly  equal  lobes. 
(B.  rubra,  Michx.  f.) — Low  river-banks,  Massachusetts  to  Illinois  and  south- 
ward.—  A  rather  large  tree,  with  reddish-brown  bark  and  compact  light-colored 
wood :  leaves  somewhat  Alder-like,  glandular-dotted,  sharply  doubly  serrate. 

4.  B.  CXCelsa,  Ait.     (YELLOW  BIRCH.)     Leaves  ocate  or  elliptical,  point- 
ed, narrowed  (but  mostly  heart-shaped)  at  the  base,  smoottush,  unequally  serrate 
with  coarse  and  very  sharp  teeth  ;  fruiting  catkins  ovoid-oblong,  slightly  hairy ;  lobes 
of  tfa  scales  nearly  equal,  acute,  slightly  diverging.  —  Moist  woods,  New  England 
to  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  —  Tree  40°  -  60°  high,  with  yellowish  silvery 
bark,  thin  leaves :  twigs  less  aromatic  than  in  the  next ;  the  wood  less  valuable. 

5.  B.  lent  a,  L.     (CHERRY  BIRCH.    SWEET  pr  BLACK  BIRCH.)     Leaves 
heart-ovate,  pointed,  sharply  and  finely  doubly  serrate,  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath , 
fruiting  catkins  elliptical,  thick,  somewhat  hairy ;  lobes  of  the  veiny  scales  nearly 
equal,  obtuse,  diverging.  —  Moist  rich  woods,  New  England  to  Ohio  and  north- 
ward, and  so  uthward  in  the  mountains.  —  A  rather  large  tree,  with  dark  chest- 
nut-brown bark,  reddish  bronze-colored  on  the  spray,  much  like  that  of  the 
Garden  Cherry,  which  the  leaves  also  somewhat  resemble ;  the  twigs  and  foliage 
spicy-aromatic  :  timber  rose-colored,  fine-grained,  valuable  for  cabinet-work. 


412  BETULACE^E.       (BIRCH    FAMILY.) 

#  *  *  Sfirubs,  with  brownish  bark  and  rounded  crenate-toothcd  leaves ;  fertile  catfant 
very  short-]  >cdunded. 

6.  It.  pit  Itli  I  a,  L.     (Low  BIRCH.)     Erect  or  ascending  ;  leaves  obo-jate  or 
roundish-elliptical,   coarsely   crcnatc-toothcd,   tliose   of   the   summer   branchlets 
downy  and  nearly  orbicular ;  fruiting  catkins  cylindrical ;  the  scales  more  or  less 
unequally  3-lobed ;  fruit  broadly  winded.     (B.  glandulosa,  Michx.) — Bogs,   N. 
New  England  (rare),  Penn.,  Ohio,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Shrub  2° -8° 
high,  with  smooth,  or  sometimes  resinous-warty,  branchlets  ;  the  growing  twigs 
downy.     Leaves  thickish,  !'-!£'  long,  paler  or  whitish  underneath. 

7.  IS.  liana,  L.     (DWARF  or  ALPINE  BIRCH.)     Branches  spreading  or 
procumbent  ;   leaves  orbicular,  deeply  crenate,  smooth,  reticulated-veiny  under- 
neath ;  fruiting  catkins  oblong ;  the  scales  nearly  equally  3-cleft ;  fruit  narrowly 
winged.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and 
N.  New  York,  and  high  northward.  —  Shrub  10' -24'  high,  with  leaves  about  4-' 
wide :  varying,  in  less  frigid  stations,  with  the  larger  leaves  twice  that  size,  and 
the  branchlets  often  conspicuously  warty  with  resinous  dots,  when  it  is  B.  rotun- 
difolia,  Spach,  and  B.  Littelliana,  Tuckenn.     (Eu.) 

2.     AL.NUS,    Tourn.        ALDER. 

Sterile  catkins  elongated  and  drooping,  with  5  bractlets  and  1  to  3  flowers 
under  each  scale,  each  flower  usually  with  a  4-parted  calyx  and  4  stamens :  fila- 
ments very  short :  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  catkins  ovoid  or  oblong  ;  the  fleshy 
scales  each  2-flowered,  with  a  calyx  of  4  little  scales  adherent  to  the  scales  or 
bracts  of  the  catkin,  which  are  thick  and  woody  in  fruit,  all  coherent  below,  and 
persistent.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  stalked  leaf-buds  furnished  with  a  sin- 
gle scale;  the  (often  racemcd  or  clustered)  catkins  of  both  sorts  produced  at 
the  close  of  summer,  remaining  entirely  naked  through  the  winter,  and  ex- 
panding in  early  spring.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

§  1.  ALNUS  PROPER.  —  Fruit  wingless. 

1.  A.  ill  call  a,  Willd.     (SPECKLED  or  HOARY  ALDER.)     Leaves  broadly 
aval  or  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  often  coarsely  toothed,  whitened 
a'id  mostly  downy  underneath:  stipules   oblong-lanceolate;  fertile   catkins  oval; 
fruit  orbicular.     (A.  glauca,  Hfichx.) —  Shrub  8° -20°  high,  forming  thickets 
along  streams  ;  the  common  Alder  northward  from  New  England  to  Wisconsin. 
—  Var.  GLAfcCA  has  the  leaves  pale,  but  when  old  quite  smooth,  beneath.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  serriilata,  Ait.     (SMOOTH  ALDER.)     Leaves  oborate,  finite  at  the 
base,  sharply  serrate  with  minute  teeth,  thickish,  smooth  and  green  Ivtlt  tides,  a  lit- 
tle hairy  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  stipules  oval ;  fertile  catkins  ovoid-oblong ;  fruit 
ovate.  —  Shrub  6° -12°  high,  in  similar  situations;  the  common  Alder  from 
Southern  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

§  2.  ALNASTER,   Spach.  —  Fruit  with  a  winged  margin:  sterile  flowers  with  a 
culy.r  of  a  single  scale,  much  as  in  Birch. 

3.  A.  viridis,  DC.      (GREEN  or  MOUNTAIN  ALDER.)      Leaves   round- 
oval  or  ovate,  sometimes  heart-shaped,  glutinous  and  smooth  or  softly  downy 
underneath,  sen-ate  with  very  sharp  and  closely  set  teeth,  on  young  shoots  often 


SALICACE.E.       (WILLOW    FAMILY.)  413 

somewhat  cut-toothed ;  fertile  catkins  long-stalked,  ovoid.  (A.  undulata,  WUld. 
Bctula  crispa,  Afichx.) —  On  mountains  and  along  streams  which  descend  from 
them,  N.  New  England  and  New  York,  shore  of  L.  Superior,  and  northward. 
Shrub  3°  -  8C  high.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  110.     SALIC  ACE^.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.)* 

Dio2cious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  both  kinds  of  flowers  in  calkins,  one  under 
each  bract,  entirely  destitute  of  calyx  or  corolla;  the  fruit  a  1-cclled  and  2- 
valved  pod,  containing  numerous  seeds  clothed  with  a  long  silky  down.  — 
Ovary  1-celled  or  imperfectly  2-cellecl:  styles  2,  very  short,  or  more  or 
less  united,  each  with  a  2-lobed  stigma.  Seeds  ascending,  anatropous,  with- 
out albumen.  Cotyledons  flattened.  —  Leaves  alternate,  undivided,  with 
scale-like  and  deciduous,  or  else  leaf-like  and  persistent,  stipules.  Wood 
soft  and  light :  bark  bitter. 

I.     SAL IX,    Tourn.        WILLOW.     OSIER. 

Bracts  (scales)  of  the  catkins  entire.  Sterile  flowers  of  2-6  (rarely  single) 
stamens,  accompanied  by  1  or  2  little  glands.  Fertile  flowers  also  with  a  small 
flat  gland  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  on  the  inner  side :  stigmas  short.  —  Trees  or 
shrubs,  generally  growing  along  streams,  with  round  flexible  branches  and  large 
tough  roots.  Leaves  mostly  long  and  pointed,  entire  or  glandularly  toothed. 
Buds  covered  by  a  single  scale,  with  an  inner  adherent  membrane  (separating 
in  §  2).  Catkins  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves.  (The  classical  name, 
said  to  be  derived  from  the  Celtic  sal,  near,  and  Us,  water.) 

§  1 .    Cafkins  lateral  and  sessile,  appearing  before  the  leaves  in  April  or  May  :  stamen* 
2  :  scales  dark  red  or  broion  becoming  black,  more  or  less  hairy,  persistent. 

*  Ovary  stalked,  downy,  hairy,  or  icoolly. 

+-  Catkins  ovoid  or  short-cylindrical,  small :  leaves  entire  or  obscurely  iravy-toothed, 
luiiry  or  woolly,  with  prominent  veins  and  more  or  less  revolnte  margins.  —  Shrubs. 

\.  S.  Candida,  Willd.  (IIoAHT  WILLOW.)  Leaves  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, taper-pointed,  or  the  lowest  obtuse,  the  upper  surface  and  young  branche* 
covered  with  a  thin  we^-like  wool  more  white  and  dense,  beneath  ;  stipules  small,  lanceo- 
late, toothed,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles;  catkins  oblong-cylindrical,  closely 
flowered;  ovary  densely  woolly;  style  distinct;  stigmas  2-cleft;  scales  oblong, 
obtuse.  (S.  incana,  MicJix.,  not  of  Schrank.) — New  York  and  New  Jersey  to 
Wisconsin,  and  northward;  in  bogs.  —  Stems  2° -5°  high,  with  reddish  twigs, 
smooth  and  shining  at  maturity.  The  whole  shrub  of  a  very  white  aspect  in 
exposed  situations,  but  greener  in  shade. 

2.  S.  tristis,  Ait.  (DWARF  GRAY  WILLOW.)  Leaves  almost  sessile, 
wedge-lanceolate,  pointed,  or  the  lower  obtuse,  grayish-woolly  on  both  sides,  the 

*  I  am  indebted  to  JOHN  CARET,  Esq.,  for  the  entire  elaboration  of  this  difficult  family.  (In 
this  second  edition  I  have  merely  made  slight  additions  respecting  the  range  of  some  speck* 
«nd  have  reduced  the  Balm  of  Gilead  to  a  variety  of  Populus  balsauiifera.) 


414.  SALICACEJE.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.) 


apper  side  becoming  nearly  smooth  at  maturity  ;  stipules  minute,  hairy,  very  cttrkf 
deciduous ;  calkins  globular  when  young,  loosely -flowered ;  ovary  with  a  long  tapering 
beak,  clothed  with  silvery  hairs;  style  short;  stigmas  2-fal>ed. —  New  England  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.  —  Shrub  l°-l£°  high,  much  branched:  leaves 
thick,  l£'  long.  Stipules  seldom  seen,  often  reduced  to  a  mere  gland.  A  vari- 
ety occurs  with  very  small  and  rigid  contorted  leaves. 

3.  S.  llUlIliliS,  Marshall.     (Low  BUSH  WILLOW.)     Lea ves  petioled,  lan- 
ceolate or  obovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse  with  an  abrupt  point,  slightly 
downy  above,  more  thickly  so,  or  sometimes  grayish-woolly,  beneath ;  stipule* 
small,  semi-ovate  and  entire,  or  larger  and  lunar  with  2-4  teeth,  shorter  than  the  peti- 
oles ;  catkins  often  recurved;  ovary  hairy;  style  distinct;  stigmas  2-cleft.      (S. 
Muhlenbergiana,  Bairatt.     S.  conifera,  Mold.) — Borders  of  fields  and  road- 
sides ;  common.  —  Shrub  3°  -  8°  high,  varying  much  in  size  and  appearance. 
The  small  forms  are  at  times  scarcely  distinguishable  from  No.  2,  but  the  leaves 
arc  longer,  less  firm  in  texture,  and  generally  stipulate ;  the  larger  forms,  with 
leaves  3' -5'  long  and  f-  1'  broad,  resemble  those  of  the  two  next  species,  but 
retain  more  or  less  down  on  the  under  surface  at  maturity.  —  The  species  of  this 
and  the  following  section  often  bear  cone-like  excrescences  on  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  formed  of  closely  imbricated  leaves,  probably  occasioned  by  the  punc- 
ture of  insects. 

«-  •»-  Catkins  cylindrical,  large,  clothed  with  long  glossy  hairs :  leaves  more  or  less 
ferrate,  smooth  and  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath  and  at  length  smooth.  —  Shrubs 
or  small  trees. 

4.  S.  discolor,  Muhl.      (GLAUCOUS  WILLOW.)     Loaves   lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  irregularly  toothed  on  the  sides,  entire  at  the  hftee  and 
apex  ;  stipules  scmilunar,  toothed ;  catkins  erect ;  scales  very  hairy,  ofi/am.totate, 
tomeu-hat  acute;  ovary  densely  silky,     (S.  sensitiva,  Barratt?) — Low  meadows 
and  river-banks;  common.  —  A  large  shrub  or  small  tree,  8° -15°  high.     The 
young  leaves  are  commonly  obtuse  and  pubescent,  at  length  becoming  snrooth 
and  whitish-glaucous  beneath.     Stipules  in  the  vigorous  shoots  equalling  the 
petiole,  more  often  small  and  inconspicuous.     Young  catkins  l£'  long,  glossy, 
blackish  with  the  conspicuous  scales,  elongating  in  fruit  to  2^'. 

5.  S.  erioccplialil,  Michx.     (SILKY-HEADED  WILLOW.)     Leaves  ob- 
long-oval, acute,  rounded  or  tapering  at  base,  sparingly  and  irregularly  toothed  ; 
stipules  semilunar,  toothed  ;  catkins  densely  flowered,  thickly  r<»'trtd  with  long  shin- 
ing hairs  ;  scales  of  the  sterile  ones  round-obovate,  ol>tuse  ;  ovary  conspicuously  stalked, 
downy.    (S.  prinoides,  Pursh  ?    S.  crnssa,  Barratt.)  —  Low  meadows  and  swamps. 
—  Closely  resembles  the  last;  but  the  aments  are  more  compact  and  silky,  and 
the  scales  rounder. 

#  #  Ovary  stalked,  silky-gray,  shining  :  calkins  ovoid  or  "jKndrical,  with  a  few  small 
leaf-like  brads  at  the  base:  leaves  flncly  and  evenly  serrate,  silky-gray  or  gl< tut-on* 
beneath,  dr//ing  black :  stipules  varying  from  linear  to  semilunar,  toothed,  very  decid- 
uous. —  Shrubt. 

6.  S.  scrccva,  Marshall.    (SILKY-LEAVED  WILLOW.)    Lcarrs  lanceolate, 
pointed,  downy  above,  grayish  underneath  irifh  short  silky  hairs;  sterile  catkins 
small;  (lie  fertile  narrowly  cylindrical,  closely  flowered ;   scales  obtuse,  round-obo- 


8ALICACE.fi.       (WILLOW    FAMILY.)  415 

vale,  as  long  as  the  stalk  of  the  densely-silky  ovoid  ovary ;  stigma  2-lcbt.d,  nearly 
sessile.  (S.  grisea,  Willd.}  —  Sandy  river-banks;  not  rare.  —  Shrub  4* -10° 
high.  Fertile  catkins  in  flower  f,  at  length  l£',  long;  the  ovaries  not  spreading 
or  elongating  in  fruit,  thus  appearing  sessile. 

7.  S.  petiolaris,  Smith.      (PETIOLED  WILLOW.)      Leaves  lanceolate, 
pointed,  smooth  above,  slightly  silky  beneath  when  young,  at  length  smooth  and  glau- 
cous ;  fertile  catkins  ovoid-cylindrical,  loosely  Jlowered,  scales  very  hairy,  obovate, 
scarcely  as  long  as  the  stalk  of  the  silky  tapering  ovary ;  style  short  but  distinct ; 
stigma  2-cfeft.     (S.  rosmarinifolia,  and  S.  fuscata,  Purs/t?)  —  Same  situations  as 
the  last,  which  this  shrub  resembles  in  some  respects  ;  but  the  mature  leaves  are 
not  silky  beneath,  and  dry  less  black :  the  scales  are  not  so  dark,  and  are  clothed 
with  longer  white  hair.     Sterile  catkins  like  the  last;  but  the  fertile  shorter  and 
broader,  the  pods  (at  length  merely  downy)  spreading  and  showing  the  stalks. 

*  #  *  Ovary  sessile,  woolly  or  silky :  catkins  In-acted  at  the  base :  leaves  not  drying 

black.  —  Small  trees. 
•*-  Filaments  united  to  the  top,  appearing  like  a  single  stamen. 

8.  S.  PURPtiREA,  L.     (PUKPLE    WILLOW.)      Leaves  oblanceolate,    pointed, 
the  lower  somewhat  opposite,  smooth,  minutely  and  sparingly  toothed ;  catkins 
cylindrical ;  scales  round  and  concave,  very  black ;  stigmas  nearly  sessile.    (S.  Lam- 
bertiana,  Pursh.)  —  Low  grounds.     Recognized  at  once  in  the  sterile  plant  by 
the  united  filaments  giving  to  the  flowers  a  monandrous  appearance.    The  twigs 
are  polished,  and  of  an  ashy-olive  color.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

•*-  H—  Filaments  separate. 

9.  S.  VIMIN\LIS,  L.     (BASKET  OSIER.)     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  very  long 
and  taper-pointed,  entire  or  obscurely  crenate,  white  and  satiny  beneath;  catkins 
cylindrical-ovoid,  clothed  with  long  silky  hair ;  ovary  long  and  narroiv ;  styles  elon- 
gated ;  stigmas  linear,  mostly  entire.  — Wet  meadows.  —  Considered  the  best  species 
for  basket-work.     Leaves  3' -6'  long,  of  a  beautiful  lustre  beneath.  —  S.  Smith- 
iana,  Willd.,  another  species  of  this  section,  differing  principally  in  the  some- 
what broader  leaves,  has  also  been  introduced,  and  is  occasionally  met  with. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

$  2.  Catkins  lateral,  with  4-5  leafy  bracts  at  the  base,  appearing  with  or  before  the 
leaves  in  May  or  June  :  inner  membrane  of  the  scales  of  the  flowering  buds  sepa- 
latingfrom  the  cartilaginous  exterior,  sometimes  elevated  on  the  apex  of  the  bursting 
catkins:  ovary  stalked,  smooth  (under  a  lens  minutely  granular,  with  occasionally  a 
few  short  hairs  at  the  base)  :  stamens  2  :  scales  dark  or  black,  hairy,  persistent. 

10.  S.  cordfstii,  Mulil.    (HEART-LEAVED  WILLOW.)    Leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  truncate  or  heart-shaped  at  base,  taper-pointed,  sharjJy  toothed, 
smooth,  paler  beneath ;  stipules  kidney-shaped  or  ovate,  toothed,  often  large  anc 
conspicuous,  of  the  length  of  the  (when  young  downy)  petiole,  or  sometimes 
small  and  almost  entire;  catkins  appearing  with  the  leaves,  leafy  at  base,  cylindri- 
cal, the  fertile  elongating  in  fruit ;  ovary  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  summit.  — 
Var.  RfoiDA  has  the  leaves  large  and  rigid,  with  coarser  teeth,  of  which  the 
lowest   are   somewhat   elongated.     (S.  rigida,  Muhl.     S.   Torreyana,   I3arratt, 
which  has  leaves  of  a  deeper  green  beneath,  appears  to  belong  here.) — Var. 
MTRICOIDES  has  narrower  leaves,  neither  heart-shaped  nor  truncate  at  the  base, 

23 


416  SALICACEJE.     (WILLOW  FAMILT.) 

(S.  myricoides,  Mithl.) — Inundated  banks  of  rivers  and  low  meadows;  com- 
mon.—  Shrub  2° -6°  high:  the  first  var.  larger,  or  a  small  tree  6° -15°  high, 
with  leaves  4'- 6'  long.  Fruiting  catkins  2'-3'  in  length. 

11.  S.  :niijiistat;i,  Pursh.     (NARUOW-LE A VEI>  WILLOW.)     Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  long  and  tapering  to  the  base,  slightly  toothed,  smooth  and  scarcely 
glaucous  beneath ;  stipules  half-heart-shaped  ;  catkins  hi  rye,  appearing  before  tlte 
leaves;  ovary  tapering  into  a  long  style.  —  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southwest- 
ward. —  Catkins  resembling  those  of  No.  4  in  size  and  aspect;  but  the  cvaries 
are  quite  smooth  and  eery  white. 

4  3.    Catkins  lateral,  with  a  few  leafy  bracts  at  the  base,  appearing  with  the  leaves  in 
Mai)  or  June  :  ovary  stalked,  silky  :  stamens  2  :  scales  persistent. 

12.  S.  I'OStrata,  Richardson.     (LONG-BEAKED  WILLOW.)    Leaves  oblong 
or  obovate-lanceolate,  acute,  obscurely  toothed,  downy  above,  prominently  veined, 
softly  hairy  and  glaucous  beneath  ;  stipules  semilunar,  toothed  ;  catkins  cylindrical, 
the  fertile  becoming  loose  in  fruit ;  pods  tapering  into  a  long  beak,  on  stalks  longer 
than  the  yellow  lanceolate  scales.  —  Borders  of  woods  and  meadows,  New  England 
to    Penn.,    Illinois,    and    northward.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  4° -15°  high, 
with  soft  velvety  leaves,  somewhat  variable  in  form.     A  transformation  of  the 
anthers  into  imperfect  ovaries  is  frequently  observable  in  this  species,  and  occa- 
sionally in  some  others. 

13.  S.  pliylicifolia,  L.     (SMOOTH  MOUNTAIN-WILLOW.)     Leave*  Ian? 
ceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  pointed,  or  obtuse  at  each  end,  remotely 
and  minutely  repand-toothed,  smooth  and  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath  ;  fertile 
catkins  ovoid  ;  ovary  ovoid-conic,  very  short-stalked  ;  style  elongated;  stalk  ofth« 
mature  pods  about  twice  the  length  of  the  gland ;  scales  black,  sparingly  clothed  with 
long  white  hairs.  —  Moist  ravines,  on  the  alpine  summits  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains, New  Hampshire,  Oakcs,  Ttt/ckern&n,  &c.  —  A  low  spreading  shrub,  with 
leaves  of  a  coriaceous  texture  when  old.     (Eu.) 

§  4.   Catkins  ped uncled  (long  and  loose),  borne  on  the  summit  of  lateral  leafy  branches 
of  the  season,  appearing  in  May  and  June :  scales  greenish-yellow,  more  or  less 
hairy,  falling  before  the  pods  are  ripe:  flam ents  slightly  united,  hairy  below. — 
Shrubs  and  trees,  with  the  brandies  very  brittle  at  the  base. 
*  Ovary  sessile,  smooth :  stamens  2. 

14.  S.  ALBA,  L.     (WHITE  WILLOW.)     Leaves  lanceolate  or  elliptic-lanceo- 
late,  pointed,  toothed,  clothed  more  or  less  icith  white  and  silky  hairs,  especially 
beneath;  stipules   lanceolate;  stigmas   nearly   sessile,   thick  and  recurved.  —  Var. 
VITKLLINA  has  yellow  or  light  red  brandies;  leaves  shorter  and  broader.     (S 
vitcllina,  Smith  $*  Dorrer.     S.  Pameachiana,  Darratt.)  —  Var.  OERULEA  has  the 
leaves  nearly  smooth  at  maturity,  and  greatly  resembles  the  next  species.     (S. 
cierulea,  Smith.)  — A  familiar  tree,  of  rapid  growth,  attaining  a  height  of  50°- 
80°.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  #  Ovary  stalked,  smooth :  stamens  2-6. 

15.  S.  FRAGILIS,  L.     (BRITTLE  WILLOW.)     Leaves  lanceolate,  ta^r-pointed, 
tmooth,  glaucous  beneath  (slightly  silky  when  young),  serrate  with  intlexed  teeth, 
stipules  half-heart-shaped ;  stamens  commonly  2.-  Var.   DEcfi'tENS  has  dark 


SALIC  A.CE^.       (WILLOW   FAXILY.)  417 

brown  buds,  and  the  lowest  leaves  on  the  branches  broadly  obovate,  very  obtuse, 
(8.  decipiens,  Hoffm  )  —  Var.  RUSSELLIANA  has  the  leaves  long  and  bright, 
Btrongly  serrate ;  the  younger  ones,  and  upper  branches  of  the  annual  shoots, 
S'lky-downy  towards  autumn;  stipules  large  and  taper-pointed.  (S.  Russelli- 
ana,  Smith.)  —  A  tall  and  handsome  tree,  with  smooth  polished  branches  ;  culti- 
vated for  basket-work.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

16.  S.  nigra,  Marshall.     (BLACK  WILLOW.)     Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
pointed  and  tapering  at  each  end,  serrate,  smooth   (except  on  the  petioles  and 
midrib)  and  green  on  both  sides ;  stipules  small,  deciduous ;  glands  of  the  sterile 
flowers  2,  large  and  deeply  2-3  cleft ;  stamens  4-6,  often  but  3  in  the  upper 
scales.     (S.  ambigua,  Pursh.)  —  Var.  FALC\TA  has  the  leaves  elongated,  scythe- 
shaped,  and  the  stipules  large,  broadly  lunar,  reflexed.     (S.  falcata,  Pursh.     S. 
Purshiana,  Spreng.      S.  ligustrina,  Michx.  /.)  —  Tree  15° -25°  high,  with  a 
rough  black  bark ;  frequent  on  the  margins  of  streams,  especially  southward. 

17.  S.  lucid  a,  Muhl.     (SHINING  WILLOW.)     Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  Ian 
ceolate  and  narrow  with  a  long  tapering  point,  smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides,  ser- 
rate; stipules  oblong,  toothed;  stamens  commonly  5.  —  Overflowed  banks  of 
streams;  rather  common.  —  A  beautiful  species,   sometimes   flowering   at   the 
height  of  3°,  sometimes  becoming  a  small  bushy  tree  of  12° -15°. 

S.  BABYLONICA,  Tourn.  (WEEPING  WILLOW),  belongs  to  this  section,  and 
Is  much  cultivated  for  ornament.  Only  the  fertile  plant  is  known  in  the  United 
States.  —  There  is  also  a  remarkable  variety  of  it  with  curled  or  annular  leaves 
(S.  annuKiris,  Forbes},  known  in  gardens  as  the  KING-LEAVED  or  HOOP  WIL- 
LOW. 

*  *  *  Ovary  stalked,  hairy :  stamens  2. 

18.  S.  loiigifolia,  Muhl.      (LONG-LEAVED  WILLOW.)      Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  very  long,  tapering  at  each  end,  nearly  sessile,  remotely  denticulate  with 
projecting  teeth,  clothed  with  gray  hairs  when  young,  at  length  nearly  smooth  ; 
stipules  small,  lanceolate,  toothed  ;  scaly  hairs  at  the  base  often  glandular-toothed 
at  the  top  in  the  sterile  catkins ;  gland  long,  in  the  sterile  flowers  sometimes 
deeply  2  -  3-cleft ;  in  the  fertile  longer  than  the  short  stalk  of  the  ovary ;  stigmas 
very  large,  sessile.  —  New  England  and  Penn.  to  Kentucky  and  northward. — 
Vaiying  in  height  from  2°  -  20° ;  the  stems  and  branches  often  prostrate,  root- 
ing extensively  in  sandy  river-banks. 

$  5.  Catkins  peduncled,  borne  on  the  lateral  (or  sometimes  the  terminal)  leafy  branches 
of  the  season,  appearing  in  June :  stipules  deciduous  or  none :  scales  persistent.  — 
Small  shrubs,  with  underground  spreading  stems,  sending  up  short  erect  or  prostrate 
branches. 

19.  S.    pediccllaris,    Pursh.      (STALK-FRUITED    WILLOW.)      Leavei 
elliptic-obovate,  obtuse  or  somewhat  pointed,  entire,  smooth  on  both  sides,  retic 
ulately  veined  and  rather  glaucous  beneath ;  fertile  catkins  loose  and  few-flow- 
ered ;  ovary  smooth,  on  a  stalk  twice  the  length  of  the  nearly  smooth  greenish-i/elloto 
fcale  ;  stamens  2.  —  Cold  swamps,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward. 
—  An  upright  shrub,  l°-3°  high,  with  leaves  l'-l£'  long,  somewhat  coriaceous 
when  mature.     Catkins  f '  long :  pods  reddish-green,  veined  with  purple 


i!8  SALICACE^E.       (WILLOW    FAMILf.) 

20.  S.  Uva-lTrsi,  Pursh.      (BEARBERRT  WILLOW.)      Leaves  elli{.tira< 
fiinl  pointed,  or  obovate  and  obtuse,  tapering  at  the  base,  slightly  toothed,  strong- 
ly  reined,  smooth  and  shining  above,  rather  glaucous   beneath ;  catkins  mostly 
lateral,  oblong-cylindrical;  ovary  smooth,  stalked ;  style  distinct;  stamen  single; 
scales  oblanceolate,  entire,  black,  covered  with  long  silky  hairs.     (S.  Cutltri,  Tucker- 
man.) —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  Adi- 
rondack Mountains,  New  York.  —  A  very  small,  almost  prostrate  shrub,  known 
at  once  by  the  monandrous  flowers.     (S.  rctusa,  L.,  with  which  this  species  had 
been  confounded,  is  a  plant  of  the  Southern  Alps,  having  the  catkins  issuing 
from  the  terminal  buds,  with  smooth,  notched  scales,  and  two  stamens.) 

21.  S.  repcns,  L.     (CREEPING  WILLOW.)     Leaves  lanceolate,  pointed, 
when  young  obovate  and  obtuse,  irregularly  repand-toothed,  smooth  and  green 
above,  covered  beneath  when  young  with  long  and  shining  deciduous  hairs,  at  maturity 
smooth  and  glaucous;  catkins  ovoid,  short;  ovary  densely  silky,  stalked;  style 
very  distinct;  stamens  2-3;  gland  sometimes  double;  scales  obovate,  obtuse,, 
clothed  with  long  hairs.     (S.  fusca,  Smith.)  — Moist  alpine  ravines  of  the  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.  —  Whole  plant,  when  young, 
of  a  glossy,  satiny  lustre;  the  leaves  at  length  becoming  quite  smooth,  with  a 
white  and  prominent  midrib,  and  slightly  elevated  veins.     (Eu.) 

22.  S.  lierbacea,  L.      (HERB-LIKE  WILLOW.)      Leaves  roundish-oral, 
heart-shaped,  notched  at  the  apex,  serrate,  smooth  and  shining,  with  reticulated 
veins ;  catkins  issuing  from  the  terminal  buds,  small  and  few-flowered ;  ovary  .svx- 
sile,  smooth;  scales  smooth,  ciliate.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains 
of  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.  —  A  very  small  herb-like  species,  the 
stems  seldom  rising  above  an  inch  or  two  from  the  ground.     (Fu.) 

2.     FOPUL.US,    Tourn.         POPLAR.    ASPEN. 

Bracts  (scales)  of  the  catkins  irregularly  cut-lobcd  at  the  apex.  Flowers  from 
a  cup-shaped  disk  which  is  obliquely  lengthened  in  front.  Stamens  8  -  30,  or 
more  :  filaments  distinct.  Stigmas  elongated.  —  Trees,  with  usually  broad  and 
more  or  less  heart-shaped  or  ovate-toothed  leaves,  and  mostly  angular  branches. 
Buds  invested  with  imbricated  scales,  covered  with  resinous  varnish.  Amcnts 
long  and  drooping,  appearing  before  the  leaves.  (The  ancient  name,  called 
Arlior  Populi,  because  it  was  used  to  decorate  the  public  walks,  or  on  account  of 
the  constant  agitation  of  the  leaves  by  every  impulse.) 

1.  P.  frcmuloides,  Michx.      (AMERICAN  ASPEN.)      Leaves  r~urulish 
h&.tr.  -shaped,  with  a  short  sharp  point,  and  sma']  sometrhat  regular  teeth,  smooth  on 
both  sides,  with  downy  margins ;  scales  cut  into  3-4  deep  linear  divisions,  fringed 
with  long  hairs.  —  Woods;  common.  —  Tree  20° -50°  high,  with  smooth  green- 
ish-white bark.     Stalk  of  the  leaf  long,  slender,  and  laterally  compressed,  which 
accounts  for  the  continual  agitation  of  the  foliage  by  the  slightest  breeze. 

2.  P.  graiHluleiitfita,    Michx.     (LARGE-TOOTHED   ASPEN.)     Leave* 
roundish-oca  ti-,  irit/i  large,  and  irregular  sinuate  teeth,  when  young  densely  covered 
with  white  silky  wool,  at  length  smooth  both  sides ;  scales  cut  into  5-6  nn,,/nal 
nnaU  divisions,  slightly  fringed.  —  Woods,  N'.'W  England  to  IVnn.,  Wisconsin, 
and  northward. •  -A  rather  larger  tree  than  the  last,  with  a  siuoothish  gray  bark. 


SALICACE^E.       (WILLOW    FAMJLT.)  4H 

3.  P.  licteropliylla,  L.    (DOWNY-LEAVED  POPLAR.)     Branches  round , 
leaves  heart-shaped  or  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,   serrate,  white-woolly  when  young,  at 
length  nearly  smooth,  except  on  the  elevated  veins  beneath.  —  Swamps,  W. 
New  England  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Tree  40° -60°  high,  with  large,  usu- 
ally ouite  blunt  leaves;  the  sinus,  when  heart-shaped,  closed  l>y  the  overlapping 
lobes  which  conceal  the  insertion  of  the  nearly  round  leaf-stalk. 

4.  P.    mouilifcra,    Ait.       (COTTON-WOOD.      NECKLACE    POPLAR.) 
Young  branches  slightly  angled,  becoming  round ;  leaves  broad/y  deltoid,  with  spread- 
ing prominent  nerves,  slightly  heart-shaped  or  truncate  at  the  base,  taper-pointed,  sei- 
rate  with  cartilaginous  and  incurved  slightly  hairy  teeth ;  fertile  catkins  very 
long ;  scales  lacerate-f ringed,  not  hairy ;  stigmas  nearly  sessile,  toothed,  dilated 
and  very  large.  —  Margins  of  lakes  and  streams,  New  England  to  Illinois  and 
southward,  especially  westward. — A  large  tree,  80°  high  or  upwards;  the  vig- 
orous branches  decidedly  angled,  bearing  large  leaves  ;  the  more  stunted  being 
round,  with  smaller  foliage.     (P.  Canadensis,  Miclix.  f.     P.  loevigata,  Willd.) 

5.  P.  angulfita,  Ait.      (ANGLED    COTTON-WOOD.)      Branches  acutely 
angular  or  winged ;  leaves  broadly  deltoid  or  heart-ovate,  smooth,  crenate-serrate,  or 
with  obtuse  cartilaginous  teeth.  —  Low  grounds,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin 
and  southward.  —  Tree  large  as  the  last,  and  like  it  bearing  very  large  and  heart- 
shaped  leaves  (7' -8'  in  length  and  breadth)  on  young  plant?  and  suckers:  on 
full-grown  trees  only  one  fourth  of  that  size,  and  commonly  without  the  sinus. 

6.  P.  balsaillifera,  L.     (BALSAM  POPLAR.    TACAMAHAC.)    Branches 
round ;  leaves  ovate,  gradually  tapering  and  pointed,  finely  serrate,  smooth  on  both 
sides,  whitish  and  reticulately  veined  beneath ;  scales  dilated,  slightly  hairy ;  sta- 
mens very  numerous.  —  N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  A 
tall  tree,  growing  on  the  borders  of  rivers  and  swamps  :  its  large  buds  varnished 
with  a  fragrant  resinous  matter. 

Var.  CtilHlicailS.  (BALM  OF  GILEAD.)  Leaves  broader  and  more  or  less 
heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  whitish  and  reticulate-veined  beneath  :  petiole 
commonly  hairy.  (P.  candicans,  Ait.) — N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and 
Kentucky  :  rare  in  a  wild  state,  but  common  in  cultivation. 

P.  NIGRA,  L.,  was  admitted  by  the  elder  Michaux  into  his  Flora,  without  any 
mention  of  its  locality.  It  was  afterwards  published  by  his  son,  under  the  name 
of  P.  Hudsdnica  :  he,  however,  found  it  "  only  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson 
River,  above  Albany."  Lastly,  it  was  described  as  P.  betulijWa  by  Pursh,  who 
further  added  as  its  station,  "  about  Lake  Ontario."  The  tree  was  probably  an 
introduced  form  of  the  European  P.  nigra,  and  was  latterly  so  considered  by 
the  younger  Michaux  himself.  A  few  of  these  trees  are  s>till  found  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Hoboken,  New  Jersey. 

P.  DILATATA,  Ait.,  the  well-known  pyramidal  LOMBARDY  POPLAR,  has 
Deen  extensively  introduced  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  is  found  in  the  vicinity 
of  all  old  settlements. 

P.  ALBA,  L.,  the  ABELE  or  WHITE  POPLAR  of  the  Old  World,  is  occasion- 
ally planted,  when  it  spreads  widely  by  the  root,  and  becomes  more  common 
than  is  desirable. 


420  CONIFERS.     (FINE  FAMILY.) 


Subclass  JI.     GYMNOSPfeRlVLE. 

Pistil  represented  by  an  open  scale  or  leaf,  or  entirely  wanting; 
the  ovules  and  seeds  theiefore  naked  (without  a  pericarp),  and  fer- 
tilized by  the  direct  application  of  the  pollen.  Cotyledons  often 
more  than  two. 

ORDER   111.     COJVIFERJE.     (PINE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  unth  resinous  juice,  mostly  with  awl-shaped  or  needle- 
shaped  entire  leaves,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  in  catkins,  destitute 
of  calyx  or  corolla.  Ovules  orthotropous.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  the  al- 
bumen,  nearly  its  length.  (Wood  destitute  of  ducts,  composed  chiefly  of 
a  homogeneous  large  woody  fibre  which  is  marked  with  circular  disks  on 
two  sides.)  An  important  and  rather  large  Order;  comprising  the  three 
following  Suborders :  — 

SUBORDER  I.     ABIETINE^E.     THE  PROPER  PINE  FAMILY. 

Fertile  flowers  in  catkins,  consisting  of  open  imbricated  carpels  in  the 
form  of  scales  in  the  axil  of  a  bract ;  in  fruit  forming  a  strobile  or  cone. 
Ovules  2,  adherent  to  the  base  of  each  carpellary  scale,  their  orifice  turner 
downward.  Buds  scaly. 

1.  PINUS.     Leaves  2-5  in  a  cluster  from  the  axil  of  a  scale-like  primary  leaf,  persistent. 

2.  ABIES.     Leaves  all  scattered  on  the  branches  and  alike,  persistent 

8.  LAHIX.     Leaves  many  in  a  cluster,  the  primary  ones  similar,  deciduous. 

SUBORDER  II.     CUPRESSINE^E.     THE  CYPRESS  FAMILY. 

Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  few  carpellary  scales,  without  bracts,  bear- 
ing single  or  several  erect  ovules  on  their  base  (the  orifice  upward),  form- 
ing a  closed  strobile  or  a  sort  of  drupe  in  fruit.  Buds  naked. 

*  Flowers  monoecious.     Strobile  dry,  opening  at  maturity. 

4.  THUJA.     Fruit  of  few  imbricated  oblong  scales.     Ovules  2.     Leaves  scale  like,  closely  im- 
bricated on  the  flattened  branches. 

6.  CUPKKSSUS.     Fruit  of  several  shield-form  thickened  scales  united  in  a  globular  woody 

cone.    Seeds  2  or  more  on  the  stalk  of  each  scale.     leaves  scale-like  or  awl-shaped. 
6    TAXOD1UM.     Fruit  of  several  thickened  and  rather  shield-shaped  scales  united  in  a  glob* 
lar  woody  cone.    Seeds  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale.     Leaves  liuear,  2-ranked,  deciduous. 
*  *  Flowers  chSefy  dioecious.     Fruit  berry-like,  not  opening. 

7.  JUNIPERUS.     Fruit  composed  of  3-G  coalescent  1  -  3-ovuled  scales,  becoming  fleshy. 

SUBORDER  III.     TAXINE.E.     THE  YEW  FAMILY. 

Fertile  flower  solitary,  consisting  of  a  naked  ovule,  ripening  into  a  nutr 
like  or  drupe-like  seed.  Ovary  entirely  wanting.  Biuls  scaly. 

8.  TAX.US.     Ovule  erect,  encircled  at  the  base  by  an  annular  disk,  which  forms  a  berry -like 

cup  around  the  nut-like  seed. 


CONIFERS.       (PINE    FAMILY.)  421 

SUBORDER  I.     ABIETINEJE.     THE  PROPER  PLNE  FAMILY. 

1.     PIN  US,    Tourn.         PINK. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  catkins  spiked,  consisting  o:  numerous  stamena 
inserted  on  the  axis,  with  veiy  short  filaments  and  a  scale-like  connective : 
anther-cells  2,  opening  lengthwise.  Pollen  of  3  united  grains.  Fertile  catkins 
terminal,  solitary  or  aggregated,  consisting  of  imbricated  carpellary  scales,  each 
in  the  axil  of  a  deciduous  bract,  beai'ing  a  pair  of  inverted  ovules  at  the  base. 
Fruit  a  cone  formed  of  the  imbricated  and  woody  carpellary  scales,  which  are 
thickened  at  the  apex  (except  in  White  Pines),  persistent,  spreading  when  ripe 
and  dry ;  the  2  nut-like  seeds  partly  sunk  in  excavations  at  the  base  of  the  scale, 
and  in  separating  carrying  away  a  part  of  its  lining  in  the  form  of  a  thin  and 
fragile  wing.  Cotyledons  3- 12,  linear.  —  Primary  leaves  of  the  shoots  thin 
and  chaff-like,  merely  bud-scales  ;  from  their  axils  immediately  proceed  the 
secondary  leaves,  which  make  the  foliage,  in  the  form  of  fascicles  of  2  to  5  needle- 
shaped  evergreen  leaves,  from  slender  buds,  the  thin  scarious  bud-scales  sheath- 
ing the  base  of  the  cluster.  Blossoms  developed  in  spring ;  the  cones  commonly 
maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  year.  (The  classical  Latin  name.) 

4  1    Leaves  2  or  3   (very  rarely  4)  in  a  sheath,  mostly  rigid :  bark  rough:  scales  of 

the  cones  woody,  thickened  at  the  end  and  mostly  spiny-tipped. 

#  Leaves  in  twos,  in  No.  5  occasionally  some  in  threes. 

1.  P.  BanksiiYiia,  Lambert.     (GRAY   or  NORTHERN    SCRUB  PINE.) 

Leaves  short  (!' long),  oblique,  divergent;  cones  ovate-conical,  usually  curved, 
smooth,  the  scales  point/ess.  (P.  rupcstris,  Michx.f.)  —  Rocky  banks,  N.  Maine, 
N.  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  A  straggling  shrub  or  low  tree 
( 5°  -  '20°  high )  ;  the  rigid  leaves  concave-grooved  above  ;  the  irregular  or  curved 
cones  l£'-2'  long. 

2.  P.  iiiops,  Ait.     (JERSEY  or  SCRUB  PINE.)     Leaves  rather  short  (!}'- 
23'  long) ;  cones  oblong-conical,  sometimes  curved  (2'  -3'  long),  the  scales  tipped 
with  a  prominent  and  straight  awl-shaped  prickle.  —  Barrens  and  sterile  hills,  New 
Jersey  to  Kentucky  and  southward.     A  straggling  tree,  15° -40°  high,  with 
spreading  or  drooping  branchlets  :  young  shoots  with  a  purplish  glaucous  bloom. 

3.  P.  puiigeilS,  Michx.     (TABLE  MOUNTAIN  PINE.)     Leaves  stout  and 
rigid,  rather  short  (2.^'  long),  crowded;  cones  ovate   (3^'  long),  the  scales  armed 
with  a  strong  hooked  sjnne  (^  long).  —  Blue  Ridge,  Virginia,  west  of  Charlottes- 
ville  ( Curtis),  and  southward.    Also,  mountains  of  Penn.,  Prof.  Porter,  &c. 

4.  P.  I'CSillOSa,  Ait.     (RED  PINE.)     Leaves  from  long  sheaths,  sami cylin- 
drical, elongated  (5' -6'  long),  dark  green  ;  cones  ovoid-conical ;  the  scales  point- 
less.    (P.  rubra,  Michx.f.)  — Dry  woods,  Maine  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  north- 
ward.—  Tree  50° -80°  high,  with  reddish  and  rather  smooth  bark,  and  compact 
wood,  but  usually  less  resinous  than  in  No.  6.     Cones  about  2'  long,  sometimes 
aggregated  in  large  and  close  clusters.  —  Wrongly  called  Norway  Pine. 

5.  P.  in  Mi  is,  Michx.     (YELLOW  PINE.)      Leaves  in  pairs  or  mostly  in 
threes  from  long  sheaths,  channelled,  slender  (3' -5'  long)  ;  cones  ovoid  or  oblc  jg* 
conical  (barely  2'  long)  ;  the  scales  tipped  with  a  minute  and  weak  prickle..     (P 


422  CONIFERS.     (PINE  FAMILY.; 

v.tria  bills,  Pursh.)  — Dry  or  sandy  soil,  W.  New  England?  and  New  Jersey  m 
Wisconsin,  and  common  southward.  —  Tree  50°-6U°  high,  straight,  producing 
a  durable,  h'ne-grained,  moderately  resinous  timber,  valuable  for  flooring,  &c. 
Leaves  more  soft  and  slender  than  in  any  of  the  preceding,  dark  green. 
*  *  Leaves  in  threes  (very  rarely  some  in  fours). 

6.  P.  rigicla,  Miller.     (PITCH  PINE.)     Leaves  riyid  (3' -5'  long)  dark 
green,  flattish,//w»  very  short  sheal/ts;  cones  ovoid-conical  or  ovate  (I'  -3j'  long), 
often  in  clusters  ;  the  scales  tipped  with  a  short  and  stout  recurved  prickle.  —  Sandy 
or  spare  rocky  soil,  Maine  to  W.  New  York  and  southward ;  common.  —  Tree 
30°  -  70°  high,  with  very  rough  and  dark  bark,  and  hard  wood  saturated  with 
resin  (a  variety  sometimes  called  Yellow  Pine  furnishes  much  less  resinous  tim- 
ber).—  P.  serotina,  Michx.  is  a  form  with  ovate  or  almost  globular  cones. 

7.  P.  TcVdsi,  L.     (LOBLOLLY  or  OLD-FIELD  PINE.)     Leaves  long  (6'- 
10'),  riyid,  with  elongated  sheaths,  light  green;  cones  oblong  (3' -5'  long);  the 
scales  tipped  with  a  short  incurved  spine. — Barren  light  soil,  Virginia  and  south- 
ward ;  common.  —  Tree  50°  -  100°  high. 

§  2.  Leaves  5  in  a  sheath,  so/I  and  slender :  scales  of  the  cones  neither  prickly-pointed 
nor  thickened  at  the  end:  bark  smooth. 

8.  P.  StrobUS,  L.     (WHITE  PINE.)     Leaves  very  slender,  rather  glau- 
cous, the  sheaths  deciduous;  cones  narrow,  cylindrical,  nodding,  a  little  curved 
(4' -6' long).  —  Cool  and  damp  woods;  common  northward,  extending*  south- 
ward in  the  Allcghanies,  but  rare  in  those  of  Virginia.  —  The  White  Pine  (called 
in  England    Weymouth  Pine)  is  our  tallest  tree,  often  1 20° -160°  in  a  single 
straight  column  in  primitive  forests,  and  is  invaluable  for  its  soft  and  light 
white  or  yellowish  wood,  which  in  large  trunks  is  nearly  free  from  resin. 

2.    ABI£S,    Toum.        SPRUCE.    FIR. 

Sterile  ca4kins  scattered  or  somewhat  clustered  towards  the  end  of  the  branch- 
lets.  Scales  of  the  strobiles  thin  and  flat,  not  at  all  thickened  at  the  apex,  nor 
with  a  prickly  point.  Seeds  with  a  persistent  wing.  —  Leaves  all  foHaccous  and 
scattered,  sliort,  frequently  2-ranked,  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Pinus.  (Tin/ 
classical  Latin  name.) 

$  1.   Cones  erect,  lateral ;  the  scales  and  the  more  or  less  projecting  bracts  falling  frcm 

the  axis  at  maturity  :  sterile  catkins  clustered:  anther-cells  opening  by  a  transrccf 

laceration:  leaves  flat,  becoming  2-ranked,  whitened  underneath,  obtuse  or  notckiM 

at  the  apex.     (  AHIES,  Pliny,  $-c.     Picea,  L.,  Don,  London,  not  of  Link.) 

1.  A.  l>als:imca,  Marshall.     (BALSAM  Fin.)     Leaves  narrowly  linear; 

cones  cylindrical,  large,  violet-colored;  the  bracts  obocate,  serrulate,  tipped  with  an 

abrupt   slender   point,  slightly  projecting,  oppressed.  —  Cold   damp   woods   and 

swamps,  New  England  to  Pcnn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward. — A  slender  tree, 

of  little  value  as  timber,  when  young  very  handsome,  but  short-lived.     Leaves 

i'  or  less  in  length,  narrower  and  lighter  green  above  than  those  of  the  European 

Silver  Fir;  the  cones  3' -4'  long,  1'  broad,  the  scales  very  broad  and  rounded. 

Also  called  Ctniinhi   linlsttm  or  llultn-of-Gilrad  Fir.     The  well-known  Canada 

wlsam  is  drawn  from  blisters  in  the  bark  of  this  and  the  next  species. 


CONIFERS.       (PINE    FAMILY.)  423 

2.  A.  Friiseri,    Pursh.     (SMALL-FRUITED  or  DOUBLE   BALSAM  FIR.) 

Cones  small  (!'  — 2'  long),  oblong-ovate;  the  bracts  oblong-wedge-shaped,  short-point- 
ed, the  upper  part  much  projecting  and  reflexed.  (A.  balsam  ifcra,  Michx.fl.)  — 
Mountains  of  Pcnn.,  Virginia,  and  southward  on  the  highest  Alleghanies.  Also 
on  the  mountains  of  W.  New  England  ?  —  Foliage,  &c.  nearly  as  in  the  last. 

§  2.   Cones  hanging,  terminal;  the  bracts  evanescent ;  the  scales  persistent  on  the  axis : 
sterile  catkins  scattered:  anther-cells  opening  lengthwise.     (  PICE  A,  Link,  frc.) 
*   Leaves  ^-ranked,  flat,  whitened  underneath. 

3.  A.  CanadeiiSiS,  Michx.    (HEMLOCK  SPRUCE.)    Leaves  linear,  flat, 
obtuse  (£'  long) ;  cones  oval,  of  few  scales,  little  longer  than  the  leaves  ( J'  long). 
—  Hilly  or  rocky  woods  ;  very  common  northward,  and  rare  southward  in  the 
Alleghanies.  —  A  large  tree,  when  young  the  most  graceful  of  Spruces,  with  a 
light,  spreading  spray,  and  delicate  foliage,  bright  green  above,  silvery  undei*- 
neath.     Timber  very  coarse-grained  and  poor. 

*  *  Leaves  needle-shaped,  ^-angular,  equally  distributed  all  around  the  branch. 

4.  A.    nigra,    Poir.      (BLACK  SPRUCE.      DOUBLE  SPRUCE.)      Leaves 
short  (g-'-f  long),  rigid,  dark  green;  cones  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  (l'-l^'  long); 
the  scales  with  a  thin  and  wavy  or  eroded  edge.  —  Swamps  and  cold  mountain 
woods,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward,  and  southward  along  the 
mountains.  —  A  common  variety  in  New  England  has  lighter-colored  or  glau- 
cous-green leaves,  rather  more  slender  and  loosely  spreading :  it  is  often  mis- 
taken for  the  White  Spruce. — A.  rubra  is  a  northern  form  of  A.  uigra. 

5.  A.  alba,  Michx.     (WHITE  SPRUCE.)     Leaves  pale  or  glaucous ;  cones 
cylindrical,  about  2'  long,  pale,  the  scales  with  an  entire  edge  ;  a  handsomer 
tvee  than  No.  4,  more  northern,  in  aspect  more  like  a  Balsam  Fir. — Northern 
borders  of  New  England,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 

A.  BXCELSA,  the  NORWAY  SPRUCE,  is  now  much  planted :  it  is  a  much 
finer  tree,  and  thrives  better  than  our  indigenous  species  of  this  group. 

3.     L.AR1X,    Toum.        LARCH. 

Catkins  lateral  and  scattered,  bud-like.  Sterile  flowers  nearly  as  in  Pinus, 
but  the  pollen  of  simple  spherical  grains.  Cones  ovoid,  erect;  the-  bracts  and 
scales  persistent;  otherwise  as  in  Abies.  —  Leaves  deciduous,  soft,  all  folia- 
ceous  ,  the  primary  ones  scattered ;  the  secondary  very  many  in  a  fascicle  de- 
veloped in  early  spring  from  lateral  scaly  and  globular  buds.  Fertile  catkins 
crimson  or  red  in  flower.  (The  ancient  name.) 

1.  L.  Americana,  Michx.  (AMERICAN  or  BLACK  LARCH.  TAMA- 
RACK. HACKMATACK.)  Leaves  almost  thread-form  ;  cones  ovoid,  of  few 
rounded  scales.  (P.  pendula,  Ait.)  —  Swamps,  New  England  to  Peim.  and 
Wisconsin,  and  (chiefly)  northward. — A  slender  tree,  with  heavy,  close-grained 
wood,  and  slender  horizontal  branches,  more  slender  and  usually  shorter  leaves 
than  the  Emopean  Larch; — which  is  a  handsomer  tree,  and  has  the  scales  of 
its  larger  cones  arranged  in  the  order  2\,  while  those  of  the  American  are  only  §• 
—  The  RED  LARCH  (P.  microcarpa,  Lambert)  appears  to  bo  only  a  Northern 
variety. 


124  CONIFEK^E.     (PINE  FAMILY.) 

SUBORDER  II.    CUPRESSINE^E.     THE  CYPRESS  FAMILY. 

4.     THIJJA,    Toura.        ARBOR  VIT^E. 

blowers  monoecious  on  different  branches,  in  very  small  terminal  ovoid  catkins. 
Stamens  with  a  scale-like  filament  or  connective,  bearing  4  anther-cells.  Fertile 
catkins  of  few  imbricated  scales,  fixed  by  the  base,  each  bearing  2  erect  ovules, 
dry  and  spreading  at  maturity.  Cotyledons  2.  —  Small  evergreen  trees,  with 
very  flat  2-ranked  spray,  on  which  the  small  and  appressed  persistent  leaves  ar& 
closely  imbricated :  these  are  of  two  sorts,  on  different  or  successive  branchlets ; 
the  one  awl-shaped  ;  the  other  scale-like,  blunt,  short,  and  adnate.  (0uia,  0va, 
or  6i>fi'a,  the  ancient  name  of  some  resin-bearing  evergreen.) 

1.  T.  occidentalis,  L.  (AMERICAN  ARBOR  VITJE.)  Leaves  ap 
pressed-imbricated  in  4  rows  on  the  2-edged  branchlets ;  scales  of  the  cones 
pointless;  seeds  broadly  winged  all  round.  —  Swamps  and  cool  rocky  banks, 
N.  New  England  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin ;  chiefly  northward,  where  it  forms 
extensive  "  cedar-swamps,"  and  is  called  WHITE  CEDAR  :  rare  southward  along 
the  Allcghanies.  —  Tree  20°  -  50°  high,  straight,  with  recurved  branches,  yield- 
ing a  pungent  aromatic  oil :  wood  light,  but  exceedingly  durable. 

5.     CUPRESSUS,    Tourn.         CYPRESS. 

Flowers  monoecious  on  different  branches,  in  terminal  small  catkins.  Sterile 
catkins  composed  of  shield-shaped  scale-like  filaments  bearing  2-4  anther-cells 
under  the  lower  margin.  Fertile  catkins  globular,  of  shield-shaped  scales  in  4 
ranks,  bearing  several  erect  bottle-shaped  ovules.  Cone  globular,  firmly  closed, 
but  opening  at  maturity;  the  scales  thick  and  woody,  pointed  or  bossed  in  the 
middle  ;  the  few  or  several  narrowly-winged  seeds  attached  to  their  contracted 
base  or  stalk.  Cotyledons  2  or  3.  — '•  Strong-scented  evergreen  trees,  with  very 
small  and  scale-like  closely  appressed-imhricated  leaves,  and  exceedingly  dura- 
ble wood.  (The  classical  name.) 

1.  C.  tliyoides.  L.  (WHITE  CEDAR.)  Leaves  minute,  ovate,  with  a 
small  gland  on  the  back,  closely  imbricated  in  4  rows  on  the  2 -edged  branehlete ; 
anther-cells  2  under  each  scale. — Swamp9,Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin,  Virginia, 
and  southward.  May.  —  Tree  30° -70°  high;  the  wood  and  fibrous  shreddy 
bark,  as  well  as  the  foliage,  much  like  the  Arbor  Vita? ;  but  the  spray  more 
slender,  the  leaves  finer  and  dull  glaucous-green.  Cone  scarcely  larger  than  a 
pea,  few-seeded. 

6.     TAXODIUUI,    Richard.        BALD  CYPRESS. 

Flowers  monoecious  on  the  sanie  branches.  Sterile  catkins  spiked -pamcled, 
of  few  stamens :  filaments  scale-like,  shield-shaped,  bearing  2-5  antner-cclls. 
Fertile  catkins  ovoid,  in  small  clusters,  scaly,  with  2  ovules  at  the  base  of  each 
scale.  Cone  globular,  closed,  composed  of  very  thick  and  angular  somewhat 
shield-shaped  scales,  bearing  2  angled  seeds  at  their  base.  Cotyledons  6  -  9.  — 
Trees  with  linear  2-ranked  light  and  deciduous  leaves.  (Name  compounded  of 
Ta£or,  the  Yew,  and  dftos,  resemblance.) 


CONIFERB.       (PINE    FAMILY.)  425 

( 

1.  T*  disticluim,  Richard.  (AMERICAN  BALD  CYPH^SS.)  Leases 
linear  and  spreading ;  also  awl-shaped  and  imbricated  on  flowering  branchlets. 
—  Swamps,  from  S.  New  Jersey  ?  and  Delaware,  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and 
southward,  where  it  is  a  very  large  and  valuable  tree.  March,  April. 

7.     JUNIPERUS,    L.        JUNIPER. 

Flowers  dioecious,  or  occasionally  monoecious,  in  very  small  lateral  catkins 
Anther-cells  3-6,  attached  to  the  lower  edge  of  the  shield-shaped  scale.  Fertile 
catkins  ovoid,  of  3  -  6  fleshy  1  -  3-ovuled  coalescent  scales ;  in  fruit  forming  a 
sort  of  berry,  scaly-bracted  underneath.  Seeds  1-3,  bony.  Cotyledons  2. — 
Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  awl-shaped  or  scale-like  rigid  leaves  often  of  two 
shapes.  (The  classical  name.) 

1.  J.  comiliiiiiis,  L.     (COMMON  JUNIPER.)     Leaves  in  threes,  linear 
awl-shaped,  prickly-pointed,  spreading,  bright  green  except  the  glaucous-white 
upper  surface.  —  LVy  sterile  hills,  New  Jersey  to  Maine  eastward,  northward, 
and  along  the  Great  Lakes.     May.  —  Shrub  also  spreading  on  the  ground,  or 
rarely  ascending,  rigid.     Berries  dark  purple,  as  large  as  a  pea.     (Eu.) 

2.  J.  Virginiana,    L.      (RED   CEDAR.     SAVIN.)      Leaves  4-ranked, 
much  crowded,  on  young  plants  and  primary  or  rapidly-growing  shoots  awl- 
shaped  and  somewhat  spreading,  in  pairs  or  threes ;  on  older  lateral  twigs  very 
email  and  scale-like,  closely  imbricated,  triangular-ovate. — A  branching  shrub 
or  tree,  sometimes  60°-90°  high  ;  or,  var.  HUMILIS,  Hook.,  a  widely  spread- 
r\<f  or  almost  prostrate  shrub. — Dry, rocky  or  sterile  hills;  common,  extending 
both  northward  and  southward:  the  prostrate  variety  chiefly  high  northern. 
April.  —  Wood  odorous,  reddish,  very  compact  and  durable.     Berries  small, 
purplish  with  a  glaucous  bloom. 

SUBORDER  III.    TAXIWE^E.     THE  YEW  FAMILY. 

8.     TAXUS,    Tourn.        YEW. 

Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  axillary  from  scaly  buds ;  the  sterile  in  small  glob- 
ular catkins  formed  of  naked  stamens :  anther-cells  3-8  under  a  shield-like 
somewhat  lobed  connective.  Fertile  flowers  solitary,  scaly-bracted  at  the  base, 
consisting  merely  of  an  erect  sessile  ovule;  soon  a  cup-shaped  disk  around  its 
base,  which  becomes  pulpy  and  berry-like  (globular  and  red)  in  fruit,  and  partly 
encloses  the  nut-like  seed.  Cotyledons  2.  —  Leaves  evergreen,  flat,  mucron ate, 
rigid,  scattered,  2-ranked.  (The  classical  name,  probably  from  TO£OJ/,  a  bmu ; 
the  wood  being  used  for  bows.) 

1.  T.  baccata.  L.,  var.  Canadensis.  (AMERICAN  YEW.  GROUND 
HEMLOCK.)  'Stems  diffusely  spreading;  leaves  linear,  green  both  sides.  (T. 
Canadensis,  Wittd.)  —  Moist  banks  and  hills,  near  streams,  specially  in  the 
shade  of  evergreens  :  common  northward,  extending  southward  «  nly  along  the 
Alleghanies.  April.  —  Our  Yew  is  a  low  and  straggling  or  prostrate  bush, 
never  forming  an  ascending  trunk.  (Eu.) 


426  ARACE.&.     (ARUM  FAMILY.) 


CLASS    II.     MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    OR   EN- 
DOGENOUS   PLANTS. 

Stems  with  no  manifest  distinction  into  bark,  wood,  and 
pith  ;  but  the  woody  fibre  and  vessels  collected  into  bundles 
or  threads  which  are  irregularly  imbedded  in  the  cellular  tis- 
sue :  perennial  trunks  destitute  of  annual  layers.  Leaves 
mostly  parallel-veined  (nerved)  and  sheathing  at  the  base, 
seldom  separating  by  an  articulation,  almost  always  alter- 
nate or  scattered  and  not  toothed.  Parts  of  the  flower  com- 
monly in  threes.  Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon  (and  the 
leaves  of  the  plumule  alternate). 

ORDER   112.     ARACEJG.     (ARUM  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  acrid  or  pungent  juice,  simple  or  compound  often  veiny  leaves*) 
and  monoecious  or  perfect  flowers  crowded  on  a  spadix,  which  is  usually  sur- 
rounded by  a  spathe.  • —  Floral  envelopes  none,  or  of  4  -  6  sepals.  Fruit 
usually  a  berry.  Seeds  with  fleshy  albumen,  or  none  but  filled  with  the 
large  fleshy  embryo  in  Nos.  2,  4,  and  5.  (A  large  family,  ehielly  tropical.) 

Synopsis. 

*  Spadix  surrounded  by  a  spathe 
«-  Flowers  naked,  i  e  destitute  of  auy  floral  envelopes. 

1.  ARTSJEM A.     Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  covering  only  the  base  of  the  spadix.    Spathe 

comolute  below. 

2.  PELTANDRA.     Flowers  monoecious,  covering  the  wholo  surface  of  the  epadix ;  the  anthert 

above,  the  ovaries  below. 

3   CALL  A.     Flowers  perfect  (at  least  the  lower  ones),  covering  the  whole  surface  of  the  short 
spadix.    Spathe  open  and  spreading. 

*-  •»-  Flowers  with  a  regular  calyx. 
4.  8YMPLOCARFUS.     Flowers  perfect,  covering  the  whole  of  the  oval  spadix,  each  with  a 

calyx  of  4  hooded  sepals,  all  combined  into  one  mass  in  fruit. 

»  *  Spadix  naked  (not  surrounded  by  any  spathe)     Flowers  perfect  and  with  a  calyx. 
6   ORONTFUM     Spadix  terminating  a  naked  scape      Stamens  4-6:  anthers  D-celled. 
6.  ACORUS.     Spadix  bursting  from  the  side  of  a  leaf-like  scape.    Stamens  6 :  Anthers  1-celled 

1.    AR1S-3EUIA,    Martius.        INDIAN  TURNIP.     DRAGON-ARUM. 

Spathe  convolute  below  and  mostly  arched  above.  Flowers  by  abortion  dioe- 
cious, or  monoecious,  covering  the  base  of  the  spadix,  which  is  elongated  and 
naked  above.  Floral  envelopes  none.  Sterile  flowers  above  the  fertile,  consist- 
in  of  whorls  of  4  or  more  stamens,  with  very  short  filaments  and  2  -4-cclled 


ARACEJE.     (AHUM  FAMILY.)  127 

anthers,  opening  by  j  ores  or  chinks  at  the  top.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  each 
of  a  1-celled  ovary  tipped  with  a  depressed  stigma,  and  containing  5  or  6  orthotro- 
pous  ovules  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell ;  in  fruit  a  1  -  few-seeded  scarlet 
berry.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  albumen.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  a  tuberous 
rootstock  or  conn,  sending  up  a  simple  scape  sheathed  with  the  petioles  of  the 
simple  or  compound  veiny  leaves,  as  if  caulescent.  (A  play  upon  Arum,  the 
ancient  name;  probably  formed  of  apoi>,  Arum,  and  0-77  fm,  a  sign  or  mark.) 

1.  A.  tripliyllum,  Torr.     (INDIAN  TURNIP.)     Leases  mostly  2,  divided 
into  §  elliptical-ovate  pointed  leaflets ;  spadix  often  dioecious,  club-shaped,  obtuse, 
much  shorter  than  the  spathe,  which  is  flattened  and  incurved-hooded  at  the 
summit.      (Arum   triphyllum,  L.)  —  Rich  woods;    common.     May.  —  Conn 
turnip-shaped,  wrinkled,  farinaceous,  with  an  intensely  acrid  juice.    Spathe  with 
the  petioles  and  sheaths  green,  or  often  variegated  with  dark  purple  and  whitish 
stripes  or  spots  (Arum  atrorubens,  Ait.)',  the  limb  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed. 

2.  A.  I>rac6ntium,    Schott.      (GREEN    DRAGON.     DRAGON-ROOT.) 
Leaf  usually  solitary,  pedately  divided  into  7-11  oblong-lanceolate  pointed  leaf- 
lets ;  spadix  androgynous,  tapering  to  a  long  and  slender  point  beyond  the  oblong 
and  convolute  pointed  spathe.     ( Arum  Dracontium,  L. ) — Low  grounds  along 
streams.    May.  —  Corms  clustered.     Petiole  1°  -  2°  long,  much  longer  than  the 
peduncle.     Spathe  greenish,  rolled  into  a  tube,  with  a  short  erect  point. 

2.     PEL.TANDRA,  -Raf.        ARROW  ARUM. 

Spathe  elongated,  convolute  throughout,  wavy  on  the  margin,  curved  at  the 
apex.  Flowers  monoecious,  thickly  covering  the  long  and  tapering  spadix 
throughout.  Floral  envelopes  none.  Anthers  sessile,  naked,  covering  all  the 
upper  part  of  the  spadix,  each  of  5  or  6  cells  imbedded  in  the  margin  of  a  thick 
and  shield-shaped  connective,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Ovaries  1-celled  at 
the  base  of  the  spadix,  bearing  several  amphitropous  ovules  at  the  base  :  stig- 
ma nearly  sessile.  Berries  distinct,  1  -3-seeded.  Seed  obovate,  surrounded  by 
a  tenacious  jelly,  somewhat  amphitropous,  with  the  micropyle  superior,  the  base 
empty,  the  upper  part  filled  with  a  large  and  fleshy  spherical  embryo,  the  plu- 
mule superior,  and  no  albumen.  —  A  stemlcss  herb,  with  arrow-shaped  leaves 
and  simple  scapes  from  the  root  of  thick  tufted  fibres.  Upper  part  of  the  spathe 
and  the  sterile  portion  of  the  spadix  rotting  away  after  flowering,  leaving  the 
fleshy  base  firmly  enclosing  the  globular  cluster  of  green  berries.  (Name  com- 
posed of  TreXrr;,  a  target,  and  dvrjp,  for  stamen,  from  the  shape  of  the  latter.) 

1.  P.  Virginica,  Raf.  (Arum  Virginicum,  L.  Lecontia,  Torr  Rens- 
selaeria,  Beck.)  —  Swampy  borders  of  ponds  and  streams;  common.  June. — 
Leaves  large,  pointed;  nerves  reticulated  next  the  margin.  (It  seems  to  have 
escaped  attention  that  this  plant  has  an  exalbuminous  corm-like  embryo,  nearly  as 
in  Symplocarpus.) 

3.    €  A  L.  L.  A  ,    L.        WATER  ARUM. 

Spathe  open  and  spreading,  ovate  (abruptly  pointed,  the  upper  surface  white), 
persistent.  Spadix  oblong,  entirely  covered  with  flowers ;  the  lower  perfect ; 
Jhe  upper  often  of  stamens  only.  Floral  envelopes  none.  Filaments  slender- 


428  ARACEJC.     (ARUM  FAMILY.) 

anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  5-6  erect  anatro 
pous  ovules  :  stigma  sessile.  Berries  (red)  distinct,  few-seeded.  Seeds  with  a 
conspicuous  rhaphe,  and  an  embryo  nearly  the  length  of  the  hard  albumen.  —  A 
low  perennial  herb,  growing  in  cold  bogs,  with  a  creeping  thickish  rootstoclc, 
bearing  heart-shaped  long-petioled  leaves,  and  solitary  scapes.  (An  ancient 
name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

1.  C.  palustris,  L.  — Cold  bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin 
and  common  northward.  June.  —  Seeds  surrounded  with  jelly.  (Eu.) 

4.     SYMPL.OCARPUS,    Salisb.        SKUNK  CABBAGK! 

Spathe  hooded-shell-form,  pointed,  very  thick  and  fleshy,  decaying  in  fruit, 
Spadix  globular,  short-stalked,  entirely  covered  with  perfect  flowers  which  are 
thickly  crowded  and  their  (1-celled  or  abortively  2-celled)  ovaries  immersed  in 
the  fleshy  receptacle.  Sepals  4,  hooded.  Stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals,  with 
at  length  rather  slender  filaments :  anthers  extrorse,  2-cclled,  opening  length 
wise.  Style  4-angled :  stigma  minute.  Ovule  solitary,  suspended,  anatropous. 
Fruit  a  globular  or  oval  mass,  composed  of  the  enlarged  and  spongy  spadix,  en- 
closing the  spherical  seeds  just  beneath  the  surface,  which  is  roughened  with  the 
persistent  and  fleshy  sepals  and  pyramidal  styles.  Seeds  filled  by  the  large 
globular  and  fleshy  corm-like  embryo,  which  bears  one  or  several  plumules  at  the 
end  next  the  base  of  the  ovary :  albumen  none.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  a  strong 
odor  like  that -of  the  skunk,  and  also' somewhat  alliaceous;  a  thick  descending 
rootstock  bearing  a  multitude  of  long  and  coarse  fibrous  roots,  and  a  cluster  of 
very  large  and  entire  veiny  leaves,  preceded  by  the  nearly  sessile  spathes. 
(Name  from  o-u/zTrAoKjJ,  connection,  and  napiros,  fruit,  in  allusion  to  the  coales- 
cence of  the  ovaries,  &c.  into  a  compound  fruit.) 

1.  S.  fuetidus,  Salisb.  Leaves  ovate,  heart-shaped  (l°-2°  long  when 
grown),  short-petioled ;  spadix  much  shorter  than  the  spathe.  (Ictodes,  Bigcl.) 
—  Moist  grounds;  common.  March,  April.  —  Spathe  spotted  and  striped  with 
purple  and  yellowish-green,  ovate,  incurved.  Fruit  ripe  in  September,  forming 
a  roughened  globular  mass  2' -3'  in  diameter,  in  decay  shedding  the  bulblet- 
like  seeds,  which  are  |'-£'  in  diameter,  and  filled  with  the  singular  solid  fleshy 
embryo. 

5.    ORONTIUJtt,    L.        GOLDEN-CLUB. 

Spathe  none.  Flowers  crowded  all  over  a  cylindrical  spadix,  perfect :  the 
lower  with  6  concave  sepals  and  6  stamens  ;  the  upper  ones  with  4.  Filaments 
flattened  :  anthers  2-celled,  opening  obliquely  lengthwise.  Ovary  1-cellcd,  with  1 
amphitropous  ovule :  stigma  sessile,  entire.  Fruit  a  green  utricle.  Seed  with- 
out albumen.  Embryo  thick  and  fleshy,  "  with  a  large  concealed  cavity  at  the 
summit,  the  plumule  curved  in  a  groove  on  the  outside."  (Tarr.)  — An  aquatic 
perennial,  with  a  deep  rootstock,  long-petioled  and  entire  nerved  floating  leaves, 
and  the  spadix  terminating  the  naked  scape,  which  thickens  upward.  (Origin 
of  the  name  obscure.) 

1.  O.  aqii:iticuill,  L. — Ponds,  Massachusetts  to   Virginia,  near 
coast,  and  southward.     May. 


TTPHACE^:.     (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.)  429 

6.     ACORUS,    L.        SWEET  FLAG.     CALAMUS. 

Spadix  lateral,  sessile,  emerging  from  the  side  of  a  scape  which  resembles  the 
leaves,  densely  covered  with  perfect  flowers.  Sepals  6,  concave.  Stamens  6 
filaments  linear  :  anthers  kidney-shaped,  1-celled,  opening  across.  Ovary  2-3- 
celled,  with  several  pendulous  orthotropous  ovules  in  each  cell :  stigma  minute. 
Fruit  at  length  dry,  gelatinous  inside,  1 -few-seeded.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of 
albumen. — Pungent  aromatic  plants,  especially  the  thick  creeping  rootstocks 
(calamus  of  the  shops),  which  send  up  2-edged  sword-like  leaves,  and  scapes 
similar  to  them,  bearing  the  spadix  on  one  edge ;  the  upper  and  more  foliaceous 
prolongation  sometimes  considered  as  an  open  spathe.  (The  ancient  name, 
from  a  privative,  and  Koprj,  the  pupil  of  the  eye,  having  been  used  as  a  remedy 
for  sore  eyes.) 

1.  A.  Calamus,    L.      Scape    leaf-like   and    prolonged   far   beyond   the 
cylindrical  (yellowish-green)  spadix.  —  Margin  of  rivulets,  swamps,  &c.     June 
-  Tt  appears  to  be  truly  indigenous  northward.     (Eu.) 

ORDER  113.     TYPIIACE7E.     (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.) 

Marsh  herbs,  with  nerved  and  linear  sessile  leaves,  and  monoecious  flowers 
on  a  spadix  or  in  heads,  destitute  of  proper  floral  envelopes.  Ovary  taper- 
ing into  a  slender  style  and  usually  an  elongated  1-sided  stigma.  Fruit  nut- 
like  when  ripe,  1-seeded.  Seed  suspended,  anatropous:  embryo  straight 
in  copious  albumen.  —  Comprises  only  the  two  following  genera. 

1.     TYPHA,    Toum.        CAT-TAIL  FLAG. 

Flowers  in  a  long  and  very  dense  cylindrical  spike  terminating  the  stem ;  the 
upper  part  consisting  of  stamens  only,  intermixed  with  simple  hairs,  and  insert- 
ed directly  on  the  axis ;  the  lower  or  fertile  part  consisting  of  ovaries,  surrounded 
by  club-shaped  bristles,  which  form  the  copious  down  of  the  fruit.  Nutlets 
minute,  very  long-stalked.  —  Spathes  merely  deciduous  bracts,  or  none.  Root- 
stocks  creeping.  Leaves  long,  sheathing  the  base  of  the  simple  jointless  stems, 
erect,  thickish.  (Name  from  rtyos,  a  fen,  alluding  to  the  place  of  growth.) 

1.  T.  latifolia,  L.     (COMMON  CAT-TAIL  or  REED-MACE.)    Leaves  near- 
ly  flat :  staminate  and  pistillate  parts  of  the  spike  approximate  or  continuous.  — 
Borders  of  ponds,  &c.     July.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  angiistifolia,    L.      (NARROW-LEAVED  or  SMALL   CAT-TAIL.) 
Leaves  channelled  towards  the  base,  nairowly  linear ;  staminate  and  pistillate  parts 
of  the  spike  usually  separated  by  an  interval.  —  In  similar  places  with  the  last ; 
a  rarer  and  smaller  plant ;  probably  a  mere  variety  of  it.     (Eu.) 

2.     SPAROANIUJTI,    Tourn.        BUR-REED. 

Flowers  collected  in  separate  dense  spherical  heads,  scattered  along  the  sum- 
mit of  the  stem,  subtended  by  leaf-like  bracts,  the  upper  ones  sterile,  consisting 
merely  of  stamens,  with  minute  scales  irregularly  interposed ;  the  lower  or  for- 


430  LEMNAOEJE.       (DUCKWEED    FAMILY.) 


tile  larger,  consisting  of  numerous  sessile  pistils,  each  surrounded  by  3  -  0  scales 
much  like  a  calyx.  Fruit  nut-like  when  mature.  —  Roots  fibrous.  Stems  sim- 
ple or  branching,  sheathed  below  by  the  base  of  the  linear  leaves.  (Name  from 
crrapyavov,  a  Jillet,  from  the  ribbon-like  leaves.) 

#  Inflorescence  mostly  branched,  icith  numerous  heads,  the  1-3  lower  fertile,  the  rest 
sterile:  stiywas  often  2,  linear,  much  longer  than  the  style:  stems  stout,  erect  (2°  — 
3°  high)  :  leaves  erect  (£'-$'  wide),  flat  and  merely  keeled,  the  base  triangular  with 
concave  sides :  fruit  sessile. 

1.  S.  euryciirpilill,  n.  sp.  Engclm.    Fruit  many-angled  (3£" -4"  long), 
with  a,  broad  and  depressed  or  retu.se  summit  (2$"  wide),  abruptly  and  slightly  tipped 
in  the  centre;  head  globose,  1'  wide  when  ripe.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  &c.,  com- 
mon northward  and  especially  westward.     June  -  Sept. 

2.  S.  r:iiH4>Siiiil,  Hudson.     Fruit  somewhat  triangular,  with  the  summit 
hemispherical  and  pointed,  smaller  than  in  the  last.  —  Same  situations,  northward 
and  eastward.    July -Sept.     (Eu.) 

*  #  Inflorescence  mostly  simple :  stigma  single :  stem  slender. 

3.  S.  Simplex,  Hudson.     Fertile  and  sterile  heads  each  3  or  4,  the  lattei 
or  some  of  them  mostly  pedunclcd  (£'-§'  broad)  ;  fruit  abruptly  contracted  at  the 
summit  ii  to  a  slender  beak  as  long  as  itself;  stigma  linear;  leaves  triangular  at 
the  base  with  flat  sides  (6'- 18'  long).    (S.  Americanum,  Nutt.)  —  Along  streams 
and  pools;  common  northward  and  eastward.     (Eu.) 

4.  S.  nfitans,  L.,  var.  n  III  lie,  Fries.    Heads  few,  the  fertile  1  -  3 ;  stig 
ma  short ;  fruit  oblong,  slender-beaked  as  in  No.  3,  also  attenuate  into  a  stalk-like 
base;  leaves  very  long  and  flaccid,  floating.     (S.  affine,  Schnitzlein.)     In  ponds  and 
slow  streams,  New  England,  New  York,  and  northward.  —  This  may  be  the  S. 
angustifolium  of  Michaux,  as  is  generally  thought;  but  Fries  assigns  that  to 
the  next.     (Eu.) 

5.  S.  clllgUStifolillin,  Michx.     Small  and  slender ;  fruit  more  triangu- 
lar, scarcely  beaked,  short-pointed,  not  contracted  at  the  base ;  leaves  long  and  nar- 
row (l£"-2"  wide)  and  floating  when  growing  in  water,  scarcely  surpassing  tho 
stems  in  dwarf  states,  growing  nearly  out  of  water  (5'-8'  high).  — New  England 
to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  —  Fruiting  heads  only  2£"-3  '  in  diameter.    (Eu.) 

OiiDER  114.     LEMNACEJE.     (DUCKWEED  FAMILY.) 

ATmute  utemJ^ss  plants,  fextting  free  on  the  water,  destitute  of  distinct  stem 
and  foliage,  being  merely  a  flat  frond,  producing  few  monoecious  flowers  froln 

a  chink  (it  the  edye  or  upper  surface,  and  usually  hanging  roots  from  under- 
neath :  ovules  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  a  I-  1 -seeded  utricle 
Emlruo  strn'ujhl,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.  —  A  little  group  of  plants, 
of  peculiar  mode  of  growth,  in  character  mostly  intermediate  between  the 
Arum  Family  and  (lie  following,  to  one  or  the  other  of  which  it  may  be 
joined.  —  The,  Linmean  genus  Lemna  has  been  divided  into  three  genera, 
I  answering  to  the  following  sections,)  possibly  with  sufficient  reasons  ;  but 
it  is  not  worth  while  to  adopt  them  here,  since  the  flowers  and  fruit  arc 
rarely  met  with. 


NAIADACEJS.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.)  431 

1.    JLE1TI1VA,    L.        DUCKWEED.        DUCK'S-MEAT. 

Flowers  appearing  from  a  cleft  in  the  edge  of  the  frond,  three  together  burst- 
ing through  a  thin  and  membranous  urn-shaped  spathe ;  two  of  them  consisting 
of  single  stamens  (one  developed  rather  earlier  than  the  other),  with  thread-like 
filaments  and  2-celled  anthers;  the  other  a  1-celled  ovary  forming  a  utricle  in 
fruit :  stigma  funnel-form  :  ovules  anatropous  or  half-anatropous.  —  Root  with 
a  sheath-like  appendage  on  its  extremity.  Fronds  laterally  proliferous  by  a 
sort  of  budding,  and  producing  little  bulbets  which  sink  to  the  bottom  of  the 
water  in  autumn  but  rise  to  develop  on  the  surface  in  spring,  (An  old  Greek 
name,  of  uncertain  meaning.) 

§  1 .  LEMNA,  Schleiden.  —  Root  single :  filaments  filiform :  ovule  solitary. 

1.  Li.  tristilca,  L.     Fronds  oblong-lanceolate  from  a  stalked  base,  thin,  den- 
ticulate at  the  tip  (|'-|'  long),  proliferous  from  the  side,  so  as  to  form  crosses; 
"  ovule  half  anatropous."  —  Ponds ;  not  rare  :  but  the  flowers  little  known.    (Eu.) 

2.  Li.  minor,  L.     Fronds   roundish-obovate,   thickish    (about   2"   long), 
often  grouped  ;  "ovule  half-anatropous;  seed  horizontal."  —  Very  common,  man- 
tling stagnant  waters  :  not  yet  found  in  flower  in  this  country.     (Eu.) 

3.  JL.  perpiisilla,  Torr.     Fronds  obovate,  thin  (!"-!£"  long),  single  or 
grouped;  ovule  anatropous;  seed  erect,  striate.  —  Staten  Island,  New  York  (Tor- 
rey),  and  doubtless  common  elsewhere.     August. 

§  2.  SPIR6DELA,  Schleiden.  —  Roots  several  in  a  cluster  from  each  frond:  filu- 
ments  of  the  stamens  narroived  below :  ovules  2. 

4.  L.  polyrrhiza,  L.    Fronds  roundish-obovate  (3" -4"  long),  thick, 
rather  convex  beneath.  —  Ponds  and  pools.   Sometimes  found  in  flower.    (Eu.) 

§3.  TELMATOPHACE,  Schleiden. — Roots  single:  filaments  of  the  stamens 
enlarged  in  the  middle:  ovules  and  seeds  2-7,  anatropous :  albumen  little. 

5.  L»  g*it>t>«l9   L.     Fronds  obovate,  nearly  fiat  above,  tumid  and  spongy  under- 
neath (hemispherical),  proliferous  on  short  and  very  fragile  stalks,  therefore 
seldom  found  connected  (3" -4"  long).  —  Ponds;  rather  rare.    Not  here  seen 
in  flower.      (Eu.) 


ORDER  115.     NAIADACE^E.     (PONDWEED  FAMILY.) 

Immersed  aquatic  plants,  ivith  jointed  stems  and  sheathing  stipules  tvithm 
the  petioles,  or  with  sheathing  bases  to  the  leaves,  inconspicuous  mono  -  dioe- 
cious or  perfect  fiowers,  winch  are  naked  or  with  a  free  merely  scale-like  calyx  ; 
the  ovaries  solitary  or  2-4  and  distinct,  1-celled,  l-ovuled.  Seed  without  al- 
bumen, filled  by  the  large  embryo,  often  curved  or  hooked.  Flowers  usu- 
ally bursting  from  a  spathe,  sometimes  on  a  spadix. 

Synopsis. 

*  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  axillary,  naked,  monandrous. 
1.  NATAS.     Pistils  solitary  and  naked  :  stigmas  2-4. 
1.  ZAMNICHELLIA.    Pistils  about  4  from  a  cup-shaped  involucre  or  slieath. 


432  NAIADACE^fi.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.) 

3.  ZOSTERA.    Pistils  and  anthers  alternately  sessile  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  a  linear  spadll 

enclosed  in  a  leaf.    Stigmas  2. 

#  *  Flowers  perfect. 

4.  RUPPIA.    Flowers  naked  on  a  spadix :  each  of  4  large  anther-cells,  and  4  ovaries  which 

are  raised  on  long  stalks  in  fruit. 
6.  POTAMOGETON.    Flowers  and  fruit  spiked.    Sepals,  stamens,  and  sessile  OYaries  each  4. 

1.    NAIAS,    L.        NAIAD. 

Flowers  dioecious  (or  sometimes  monoecious),  axillary,  solitary  and  sessile  ; 
the  sterile  consisting  of  a  single  stamen  enclosed  in  a  little  membranous  spathe  : 
anther  at  first  nearly  sessile,  the  filament  at  length  elongated.  Fertile  flowers 
consisting  of  a  single  ovary  tapering  into  a  short  style :  stigmas  2-4,  awl- 
shaped  :  ovule  erect,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  little  seed-like  nutlet,  enclosed  in  a 
loose  and  separable  membranous  epicarp.  Embryo  straight,  tin1,  radicular  end 
downwards.  —  Slender  branching  herbs,  growing  entirely  under  water,  with 
opposite  linear  leaves,  somewhat  crowded  into  whorls,  sessile  and  dilated  at  the 
base.  Flowers  very  small,  solitary,  but  often  clustered  with  the  branch-leaves 
in  the  axils.  (Naias,  water-nymph ;  an  ill-chosen  name  for  these  insignificant 
water-weeds ;  from  their  place  of  growth.) 

1.  N.  flexilis,  Rostk.  Leaves  membranaceous,  spreading,  very  narrowly 
linear,  entire,  or  sparingly  very  minutely  denticulate  (under  a  lens) ;  stigmas 
usually  3 -4.  (N.  Canadensis,  Miclix.  Caulinia  fiexilis,  Willd.) — Ponds  and 
slow  streams  ;  common.  July -Sept.  (Eu.) 

N.  M!NOR  (Caulinia  fr^gilis,  Willd.},  with  the  more  rigid  and  recurved  frag- 
ile leaves  rather  strongly  toothed,  is  not  identified  in  this  country. 

2.     ZANNICIIELLIA,    Micheli.        HORNED  PONDWEED. 

Flowers  monoecious,  sessile,  naked,  usually  both  kinds  from  the  same  axil . 
the  sterile  consisting  of  a  single  stamen,  with  a  slender  filament  bearing  a  2  -  4- 
celled  anther;  the  fertile  of  2-5  (usually  4)  sessile  pistils  in  the  same  cup- 
shaped  involucre,  forming  obliquely  oblong  nutlets  in  fruit,  beaked  with  a  short 
style,  which  is  tipped  by  an  obliquely  disk-shaped  or  somewhat  2-lobed  stigma. 
Seed  orthotropous,  suspended,  straight.  Cotyledon  taper,  bent  and  coiled  up. 
—  Slender  branching  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  very  slender  stems,  op- 
posite or  alternate  long  and  linear  thread-form  entire  leaves,  and  sheathing 
membranous  stipules.  (Named  in  honor  of  Zannichelli,  a  Venetian  botanist.) 

1.  Z.  palustris,  L.  Style  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  fruit,  which  is  flat- 
tish,  somewhat  incurved,  even,  or  occasionally  more  or  less  toothed  on  the  back 
(not  wing-margined  in  our  plant),  nearly  sessile,  or,  in  var.  PEDUNCULATA,  both 
the  cluster  and  the  separate  fruits  evidently  peduncled.  —  Ponds  and  slow 
streams;  rather  rare.  July.  (Eu.) 

3.     ZOSTERA,    L.        GRASS-WRACK.        EEL-GRASS. 

Flowers  monoecious ;  the  two  kinds  naked  and  sessile  and  alternately  arranged 
in  two  rows  on  the  midrib  of  one  side  of  a  linear  leaf-like  spadix,  which  is  hid- 
den in  a  long  aud  sheath-like  base  of  a  leaf  (spathe) ;  the  sterile  flowers  consist- 


NAIADACE.S.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.)  43<J 

ing  of  single  ovate  or  oval  \-celled  sessile  anthers,  as  large  at  the  ovaries,  and 
containing  a  tuft  of  threads  in  place  of  ordinary  pollen :  the  fertile  of  single 
ovate-oblong  ovaries  attached  near  their  apex,  tapering  upward  into  an  awl- 
shaped  style,  and  containing  a  pendulous  orthotropous  ovule :  stigmas  2,  long 
and  bristle-form,  deciduous.  Utricle  bursting  irregularly,  enclosing  an  oblong 
longitudinally  ribbed  seed  (or  nutlet).  Embryo  short  and  thick  (proper  cotyle- 
don almost  obsolete),  with  an  open  chink  or  cleft  its  whole  length,  from  which 
protrudes  a  doubly  curved  slender  plumule.  —  Grass-like  marine  herbs,  growing 
wholly  under  water,  with  a  jointed  creeping  stem  or  rootstock,  sheathed  by  the 
bases  of  the  very  long  and  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  grass-like,  ribbon-shaped  leaves 
(whence  the  name,  from  ^oxrrqp,  a  band). 

1.  Z.  marina,  L.  Leaves  obscurely  3-5-nerved.  —  Common  in  bays 
Along  the  coast;  in  water  of  5° -15°  deep.  Aug.  (Eu.) 

4.    R  IIP  PI  A,    L.        DITCH-GRASS. 

Flowers  perfect,  2  or  more  approximated  on  a  slender  spadix,  which  is  at 
first  enclosed  in  the  sheathing  spathe-like  base  of  a  leaf,  naked  (entirely  desti- 
tute of  floral  envelopes),  consisting  of  2  sessile  stamens,  each  with  2  large  and 
separate  anther-cells  and  4  small  sessile  ovaries,  with  a  single  campylotropoua 
suspended  ovule  :  stigma  sessile,  depressed.  Fruit  of  little  obliquely-ovate 
pointed  drupes,  each  raised  on  a  slender  stalk  which  appears  after  flowering ; 
the  spadix  itself  also  then  raised  on  an  elongated  thread-form  peduncle.  Em- 
bryo ovoid,  with  a  short  and  pointed  plumule  from  the  upper  end,  by  the  side 
of  the  short  cotyledon.  —  Marine  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  long  and 
thread-like  forking  stems,  slender  and  almost  capillary  alternate  leaves  with  a 
dilated  sheathing- base.  Flowers  rising  to  the  surface  at  the  time  of  expansion. 
(Dedicated  to  Ruppius,  a  German  botanical  author  of  the  early  pait  of  the  18th 
century. ) 

1.  R.  maritima,  L.  Leaves  linear-capillary  ;  nut  ovate,  obliquely 
arect;  fruiting  peduncles  capillary  (£  -1  long).  —  Shallow  bays,  along  the 
whole  coast :  chiefly  a  narrowly  leaved  variety  with  strongly  pointed  fruit,  ap- 
proaching R.  rostellata,  Koch.  June -Aug.  (Eu.) 

5.     POTAMOGETON,    Tourn.        PONDWEED. 

Flowers  perfect,  spiked.  Sepals  4,  rounded,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4, 
nearly  sessile,  opposite  the  sepals :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovaries  4  (rarely  only 
one),  with  an  ascending  campylotropous  ovule :  stigma  sessile  or  on  a  short 
style.  Nutlets  drupe-like  when  fresh,  more  or  less  compressed.  Seed  curved 
or  cochleate  ;  the  radicular  end  of  the  embryo  pointing  downwards.  —  Herbs 
of  fresh  or  barely  brackish  ponds  and  streams,  with  jointed  creeping  and  root- 
ing steins,  and  2-ranked  pellucid  leaves,  which  are  usually  alternate  or  imper- 
fectly opposite ;  the  upper  sometimes  dilated,  of  a  firmer  texture,  and  floating 
Stipules  membranous,  more  or  less  united  and  sheathing.  Spikes  sheathed 
by  the  stipules  in  the  bud,  raised  on  a  peduncle  to  the  surface  of  the  water. 
(An  ancient  name,  composed  of  irora/ids ,  a  river.  ~nd  yetTcov,  a  neighbor,  treitt 
place  of  growth.) 


4$4  NAIAD  ACE^E.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.) 

$  1.  Stipules  united  with  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf,  scarious:  leaves  all  immersed 
and  similar,  alternate,  grass-like :  stigma  terminal:  seed  hooked-curved. 

1.  P.  pectilliitllS,  L.     Stems   thread-like,   many   times   forked;   leaves 
bristle-form,   \-nervcd  (2' -4'  long);  spikes  interrupted,  long-pcdunclcd ;    nutlets 
rounded-obovate. —  Brackish  water  along  the  coast  (P.  mar'mum,  L.) ;  also  not 
rare  in  fresh  water,  especially  along  the  Great  Lakes  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  Robin aisii,  Oakes.     Stem  sparingly  branched,  rigid,  very  leafy  , 
leaves  linear,  flat,  abruptly  pointed,  many-nerved,  serrulate-ciliate,  approximate  (3'- 
4'  long,  3" -4"  wide),  recurved-spreading ;  spikes  oblong.  —  Ponds,  not  uncom- 
mon in  New  England,  detected  in  1829  by  Dr.  Rabbins.     White  Plains,  New 
York,  77.  .7.  Clark.     Ohio,  Dr.  Canfield.  —  A  very  remarkable  species.     Stems 
l°-3°  long,  entirely  invested  by  the  sheathing  bases  of  the  leaves  and  the  elon- 
gated and  taper-pointed  free  portion  of  the  stipules.     Kipe  fruit  not  seen. 

$  2.  Stipules  of  the  immersed  (alternate]  leaves  adherent,  as  in  §  1,  those  of  the  floating 
leaves  free  from  the  petiole  or  nearly  so :  stigma  becoming  somewhat  lateral :  fruit 
and  seed  cochleate. 

3.  P.  liybridlBS,  Michx.     Slender  (6'- 12'  long),  branching;  immersed 
leaves  narrowly  linear  or  almost  capillary ;  the  floating  ones  varying  from  linear 
or  lanceolate  to  oval  (j'-l'  long),  3-7-nerved,  short  petioled,  rarely  wanting  ; 
spikes  capitate,  few-flowered,  lateral,  on  very  short  somewhat  club-shaped  pedun- 
cles; fruit  small  (£"-§"  long),  orbiculate,  flattened  on  the  sides,  keeled  on  the 
back,  the  keel  more  or  less  toothed  or  crested ;  embryo  spirally  coiled.     (P. 
divcrsifolius,  Barton.     P.  setaceus,  Pursh.     P.  Spirillus,  Tiickerman:  a  slender 
form.)  —  Shallow  pools  ;   common,   especially   southward. — Var.    sricAxus, 
Engelm.,  is  a  form  with  longer  spikes  (£' -§'  long),  W.  Illinois  and  southward 

$3.  Stipules  all  entirely  free  from  the  petiole  or  leaf:  leaves  alternate:  stiama  termi- 
nal :  seed  hooked-curved  or  nearly  forming  a  ring. 
*  leaves  grassy-linear  or  thread-shaped,  sessile,  all  immersed :  stems  branching. 

4.  P.  Tuckering lli,  Bobbins,  in  herb.      Slender  and  very  delicate  ; 
stem  terete,  much  branched ;  leaves  setaceous  or  capillary,  tapering  to  a  sharp 
point,  nearly  terete,  newchss,  jxllucid  (conferva-like,  about  2'  long) ;  spike  few- 
flowered,  long-pcduncled  ;  fruit  thick,  obscurely  3-carimite  when   dry,  the  narrow 
dorsal  keel  smooth  and  even;  style  obsolete.     (P.  trichoides,  ed.  1,  &c.,  not  of 
4  'ham.,  which  is  monogynous,  and  is  rough  with  small  tubercles  on  the  obtusely 
crested  kcd,  &<•.)  —  Clear  ponds,  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  Oakes  fr 
Rcbbins.     Tewksbury,  Mass.,  and  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  Tuckcrmdt. 

5.  P.  pus'.Slais,  L.     Stem  slender,  obscurely  compressed  ;  leaves  neamwfy 
linear,  ratln.r  acute,  3-5-nen:ed;  spikes  4-8-flowered,  lax,  often  interrupted,  long- 
jiedniicli'd :  fruit  cnstliss.     (P.   compressus,  Smith.)  —  Ponds  and  clear  pools; 
rather   common   northward.     (Eu.) 

6.  P.  l»ait<  JfJoi  us,  Pursh.     Stem  very  slender  and  thread-like,  but  flav 
tish  ;  litres  nitri-oirti/  limar,  aciitish,  3-nerved ;  spikes  feto-  (4-6-)  flowered,  short- 

i  nit  didinetlij  crested  or  sinuate-toothed  on  the  back.     (P.  gram  metis, 
r.)  —  Ponds  and  streams;  common,  especially  southward. — Leaves  l'-3f 
lung,  J"-l"  wide. 


NAIADACF.«.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.;  435 

V'ar.  Niagar£iisis  (K  Niagarensis,  Tuckcrm.},  from  the  brink  of  the  cat 
Bract  of  Niagara,  appears  ^kely  to  be  a  larger-leaved  and  more  rigid  state  of 
this  species;  the  stipules  r.^ore  conspicuous,  the  leaves  sometimes  H"  wide. 

7.  P.  COanpr^SSF^,  L.  ex  Fries.     Stem  very  flat,  almost  as  wide  as  the 
narrowly  linear  abruptly  pointed  leaves;  spikes  cylindrical,  1 0 - 1  5-flou-ered ;  fruit 
obtusely  keeled.     (P.  zosteraefolius,  Schum.) — Ponds,  New  England  to  Penn,, 
Wisconsin,   and   northward.  —  Stems   2° -4°  long.     Leaves   3' -6'   long,   1^" 
wide,  minutely  many-nerved  and  with  a  midrib  or  3  nerves  more  conspicuous, 
perfectly  entire.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  with  a  clasping  base,  all  immersed,  thin  and  pellucid, 

3-many-nerved,  and  with  cross  veinlets :  stems  more  or  less  branched. 

8.  P.  pci'foliatus,  L.     Leaves  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  sometimes  round-ovate,  obtuse ;  spikes  rather  few-flowered ;  fruit 
rounded  on  the  back.  —  Ponds  and  rivers;  common.  —  Leaves  l'-2'  long,  flat ; 
or,  in  the  longer  and  ovate-lanceolate  American  forms,  .inclined  to  be  acute  and 
more  or  less  wavy  or  crisped.     (Eu.)  See  Addend. 

9.  P.  prBBlongllS,  Wulf.      Leaves   elongated-oblong,   obtuse   at   both   ends, 
half-clasping  by  the  sessile  base;  peduncles  often  much  elongated   (in  deep  water 
6'- 12'  long) ;  spike  cylindrical,  many-flowered  ;  fruit  strongly  keeled  on  the  back 
when  dry.  —  Rivers  and  ponds,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  — 
Stipules  wingless.     Leaves  1'  or  less  wide,  2'-  7'  long.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Leaves  not  clasping,  mostly  of  2  sorts  ;  the  immersed  ones  acute  at  the  base  or 
tapering  into  a  petiole,  thin  and  pellucid,  many-nerved  and  reticulated  by  cross-vein- 
lets,  the  floating  ones  somewhat  coriaceous  and  long -petioled :  stems  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched. 

10.  P.  1&1CC11S,  L.     Immersed  leaves  ample  (3' -9'  long),  varying  from 
oblong-oval  to  broadly  lanceolate,  undulate,  somewhat  petioled ;  the  united  stip- 
ules 2-ivinged  or  keeled  on  the  back ;  peduncle  thickened,  especially  upwards ;  spike 
elongated,  dense;  fruit  1  -3-keeled  on  the  back.  —  The  proper  P.  lucens  usually 
wants  the  floating  leaves,  and  is  common  in  deep  water.     (Eu.) 

Var.  ?  fluitims.  Uppermost  leaves  floating  on  distinct  but  rarely  very  long 
petioles,  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  and  acute  at  each  end  to  ovate  and 
obtuse  or  heart-shaped  (2' -4'  long).  P.  fluitans,  Roth.,  &c. ;  and  here  I  would 
refer  P.  pulcher?  and  P.  amplif olios,  Tuckerm.  P.  rufescens,  Schraderf  is  a 
narrow-leaved  form,  with  smaller  fruit,  &c.,  either  without  floating  leaves  (P. 
obrutus,  Wood)  or  with  them,  of  a  brownish  or  reddish  tinge,  and  verging  to  the 
larger  forms  of  No.  12.  —  Mostly  in  rather  deep  water;  common  northward. 
Distinguished  from  P.  natans  by  its  broader  and  large  immersed  leaves,  and 
keeled  fruit.  Probably  P.  fluitans  may  be  separated  from  P.  lucens,  and  perhaps 
several  species  with  floating  leaves  may  be  'here  confounded  ;  the  forms  arc  di- 
verse, and  the  fruit  differs  in  the  strength  of  the  keels,  &c.  But  I  have  not  beeu 
able  to  limit  them.  (Eu.) 

11.  P.  n  at  mis,  L.     Immersed  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear  and 
mostly  long  petioled ;  the  thin  blade  early  decaying,  sometimes  wanting ;  floating 
leaves  long-pel iolcd,  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong,  sometimes  slightly  heart-shaped 


436  ALiSMACE.fi.     (WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY.) 

at  the  base  (l£'-4'  long,  the  petiole  4' -12'  long);  stipules  not  winged  not 
ridged;  peduncle  not  thickened;  fruit  obtuse  on  the  back  when  fresh.  (P.  lonchltes, 
Tuckerm.)  —  P.  oblongus,  Viv.,  is  a  small-fruited  form. — Ponds  and  slow 
streams;  common.  (Eu.) 

12.  P.  lieterophyllllS,  Schreber.  Stem  slender,  branching ;  immersed 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  and  sessile,  or  only  the  upper  petioled ;  floating  leaves 
elliptical,  varying  to  oblong-linear,  thinnish  (l'-2;  long),  on  filiform  petioles  ; 
united  stipules  2-ribbed  on  the  back ;  peduncle  often  thickened  upwards  ;  fruit  slightly 
keeled  when  dry  (one  half  smaller  than  in  the  preceding).  (P.  gramineus,  L, 
in  part,  Fries,  $-c.  P.  Claytonii,  Tuckemi.)  —  In  shallow  pools  and  ditches,  as 
well  as  streams ;  common.  (Eu.) 

P.  CRfspus,  L.,  I  have  not  seen  in  this  country.  Mr.  Tuckerman  informs 
me  that  he  has  seen  a  specimen  in  a  European  herbarium,  purporting  to  have 
been  gathered  in  Delaware.  If  found,  it  may  be  distinguished  from  No.  8  by 
its  lanceolate  and  wavy-crisped  3-nerved  leaves.  See  Addend. 

P.  DENSUS  was  admitted  into  the  first  edition  on  the  authority  of  Beck  from 
Schweinitz.  I  apprehend  some  mistake  about  it.  The  species,  if  in  the  coun- 
try, may  be  known  by  its  leaves  being  all  opposite  and  without  stipules. 


ORDER  116.     AL.ISMACE.#3.     (WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY.; 

Marsh  herbs,  with  scape-like  flowering  stems,  and  perfect  or  monoecious 
flowers,  not  on  a  spadix,  furnished  with  loth  calyx  and  corolla :  sepals  and 
petals  each  3,  distinct.  Ovaries  3  -many,  distinct  or  partly  so,  or  if  united 
separating  at  maturity,  forming  as  many  1  -  ^.-seeded  pods  or  achenia.  Seed 
ascending  or  erect.  Embryo  without  albumen.  Stamens  hypogynous,  6 
to  many :  anthers  extrorse,  2-celled.  Leaves  sheathing  at  the  base.  Com- 
prises two  very  distinct  suborders,  viz. :  — 

SUBORDER  I.    JUNCAGINE^E.    THE  ARROW-GRASS  FAMILY. 

Calyx  and  corolla  colored  alike  (greenish).  Seed  anatropous,  with  a 
straight  embryo.  Leaves  petiole-like,  without  a  blade. 

L  TRIQLOCIIIN.     Flowers  perfect.    Ovaries  3-6,  united  into  one,  but  separating  in  fruit. 
S.  80IIEUCHZERIA.     Flowers  perfect.    Ovaries  3,  nearly  distinct,  fonuiug  diverging  pod*  In 
fruit. 

SUBORDER  II.     ALISMEJE.     THE  WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

Calyx  green  and  persistent  Corolla  white,  deciduous.  Seed  campy- 
lotropous :  embryo  bent  double  or  hook-shaped.  Leaves  commonly  rur- 
nishcd  with  a  blade. 

8.  ALTSMA.    Flowers  perfect,  with  definite,  mostly  6  stamens.     Carpels  numerous,  whorlcct 

4.  ECIITNODORUS.    Flowers  perfect,  with  7-21  stamens.    Carpels  csipitato.  ribln-1 

5.  SAGITTAKIA.     Flowers  monoecious.     Stamens  indefinite.     Carpels  capitate,  winged. 


ALISMACE^K.       (WATER-PLANTAIN    FAMILY.)  437 

SUBORDER  I.    JUNCAGIWE^E.    THE  ARROW-GRASS  FAMILY. 

1.     TRIGL.6CHIN,    L.        ARROW-GRASS. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike  (greenish),  ovate,  concave,  deciduous.  Sta- 
mens 6  :  anthers  oval,  on  very  short  filaments.  Pistils  united  into  a  3-6-celled 
compound  ovary  :  stigmas  sessile :  ovules  solitary.  Pod  splitting  when  ripe 
into  3-6  carpels,  which  separate  from  a  central  axis.  —  Leaves  rush-like,  fleshy, 
sheathing  the  base  of  the  wand-like  naked  and  jointless  scape.  Flowers  small, 
in  a  spiked  raceme,  bractless.  (Name  composed  of  rpels,  three,  and  y\<a\lv^ 
pdint,  from  the  three  points  of  the  ripe  fruit  in  No.  1.) 

1.  T.  palustre,  L.     Scape  (6' -18' high)  and  leaves  slender ;  fruit  linear- 
dub-shaped  ;  the  3  carpels  when  ripe  separating  from  below  upwards  from  the  tri- 
angular axis,  and  awl-pointed  at  the  base.     1J.  —  Marshes,  both  fresh  and  brack- 
ish, New  York  to  111.,  and  northward.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  mil!  itillllllll,  L.    Scape  (12' -20'  high)  and  leaves  thiclcish,  fleshy  , 
fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  acutish,  of  6  or  rarely  5  carpels  which  are  rounded  at  the  base 
and  slightly  grooved  on  the  back ;  the  edges  acute.     1|.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the 
coast ;  salt  springs,  Salina,  New  York ;  shore  of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  north- 
ward.—  Var.  ELATUM  (T.  elatum,  Nutt.}  grows  in  cold  and  fresh  bogs,  from 
W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  often  2£°  high,  and  has  the  angles  of  the  carpels 
sharper,  or  almost  winged.     (Eu.) 

2.     SCIIEUCHZERIA,    L.        SCHEUCHZERIA. 

Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  spreading,  nearly  alike  (greenish-yellow),  but  the 
latter  narrower,  persistent.  Stamens  6 :  anthers  linear.  Ovaries  3,  globular, 
slightly  united  at  the  base,  2-3-ovuled,  bearing  flat  sessile  stigmas,  in  fruit 
forming  3  diverging  and  inflated  1  -  2-seeded  pods,  opening  along  the  inside.  — 
A  low  bog-herb,  with  a  creeping  jointed  rootstock,  tapering  into  the  ascending 
simple  stem,  which  is  zigzag,  partly  sheathed  by  the  bases  of  the  grass-like  con- 
duplicate  leaves,  terminated  by  a  loose  raceme  of  a  few  flowers,  with  sheathing 
bracts.  (Named  in  honor  of  the  two  brothers  Scheuchzer,  distinguished  Swiss 
botanists.) 

1.  S.  palustris,  L.— Peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Illinois,  and 
north  ward ;  rather  rare.  July.  (Eu.) 

SUBORDER  II.     AL.ISME2E.     THE  WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

3.    ALISMA,    L.        WATER-PLANTAIN. 

Flowers  perfect.  Petals  involute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  definite,  mostly  6. 
Ovaries  many  in  a  simple  circle  on  a  flattened  receptacle,  forming  flattened  cori- 
aceous achenia,  which  are  dilated  and  2  -  3-keeled  on  the  back.  —  Boots  fibrous. 
Leaves  all  from  the  root,  several-ribbed,  with  connected  veinlets.  Scape  with 
whorlcd  panicled  branches.  Flowers  small,  white  or  pale  rose-color  /The 
Greek  name ;  of  uncertain  derivation.) 


438  ALISMACE^E.       (WATER-PLANTAIN    FAMILY.) 

1.  A.  Plantago,  L.,  var.  Americaiium.  Leaves  long-petioled; 
ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  pointed,  mostly  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  3-9-norved  ;  panicle  loose,  compound,  many-flowered  (l°-2°  long); 
carpels  1 5  -  20,  obliquely  obovate,  forming  an  obtusely  triangular  whorl  in 
fruit.  Ij.  (A.  trivialis  and  parviflora,  Pursh.}  —  Ditches  and  marshy  places; 
common.  July,  Aug.  (Eu.) 

4.     ECHINODORUS,    Richard,  Engelinann. 

Flowers  perfect.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6-21  or  more. 
Ovaries  several  or  many,  imbricated  in  a  head,  forming  ribbed  achenia  in  fruit, 
often  beaked  with  a  projecting  persistent  style.  —  Habit  intermediate  between 
the  preceding  genus  and  the  following.  (Name  from  t^ii/coS//?,  prickly,  or  from 
f^ii/or,  and  Sopor,  a  leathern  bottle,  applied  to  the  ovary,  which  is  in  most  species 
armed  with  the  persistent  style,  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  prickly  hciid  of  fruit. ) 

For  the  elaboration  of  this  and  the  next  genus  I  am  indebted  to  DR.  ENGEL- 

MANN. 

1.  E.  parvillllS,  Engelm.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  acute    (£'-!£' 
long,  including  the  petiole) ;  shoots  often  creeping  and  proliferous  ;  scapes  (!'- 
3' high)  bearing  a  2 - 8-flowered  umbel;  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit;  stamens  9; 
styles  much  shorter  than  the  ovary ;  ochenia  beakless,  many-ribbed.     ®  —  Margin  of 
shallow  ponds,  Michigan  to  Illinois  and  westward.  —  Flower  3"  broad. 

2.  E.  1'OStratllS,  Engelm.       Leaves  broadly  heart-shaped,   obtuse,    nerved 
(I' -3'  long,  excluding  the  petiole)  ;  scape  erect,  longer  than  the  leaves,  bearing 
a  branched   panicle  of  proliferous  umbels;  stamens  12;  styles  longer  than   the 
ovary  ;  achenia  beaked,  many-ribbed,      (i)   (Alisma  rostrata,  Nntt.) — Low  river- 
bottoms,  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Plant  from  3'  to  2°  high.     Flower  5"  wide. 
Head  of  fruit  ovoid,  3''  wide. 

3.  E.  radicailS,  Engelm.     Leaves  somewhat  truucatcly  broadly  heart- 
shaped,  obtuse,  nerved   (3' -8'  broad  and  long,  long-petiolcd) ;  slems  or  snipe* 
prostrate,  creeping  (2° -4°  long),  proliferous,  bearing  many  whorls  of  flowers; 
stamens  about  21  ;  styles  shorter  than  the  ovary ;  achenia  short-beaked,  ribbed,  the 
keeled  back  denticulate.     U  (Alisma  radicans,  Nult.)  —  Swamps,  \V.  Illinois 
and  southward.  —  Flowers  about  1'  in  diameter. 

5.     SACITTARIA,    L.        ARROW-HEAD. 

Flowers  monoecious,  or  often  dioecious  in  No.  2.  Petals  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  indefinite,  rarely  few.  Ovaries  many,  crowded  in  a  spherical 
head  on  a  globular  receptacle,  in  fruit  forming  flat  mcmbranaceous  winged 
achenia.  —  Marsh  or  aquatic,  chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  milky  juice  and  fibrous 
roots;  the  scapes  sheathed  at  the  base  by  the  bases  of  the  long  cellular  petioles, 
of  which  the  primary  ones,  and  sometimes  all  of  them,  are  flattened,  nerved, 
and  destitute  of  any  proper  blade:  when  present  the  blade  is  arrow  shaped  or 
lanceolate,  nerved  and  with  cross  veinlets  as  in  Alisma.  Flowere  (produced  all 
summer)  mostly  whorled  in  threes,  with  membranous  bracts;  the  sterile  above 
(Name  from  sayitta,  an  arrow,  from  the  prevalent  form  of  the  leavep.J 


ALISMJLCEJS         (WATER- PLANTAIN    FAMILY.)  433^ 

*  Filaments  slender  aid-shaped,  longer  than  the  anthers :  scape  simple  or  branched. 

1.  S.    falcuta,    Pursh.     Scape  l°-5°  high,  with  several  of  the  lowei 
whorls  fertile  ;  bracts  ovate  or  orbicular ;  pedicels  slender,  the  fertile  recurved  in 
fruit ;  filaments  hairy ;  achenia  obovate-falcate,  pointed  with  a  short  incurved  beak ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  all  with  a  taperiug  base,  thick  (6' -18'  long,  and 
on  a  long  and  stout  petiole),  the  nerves  mostly  arising  from  the  very  thick  midrib. 
(S.  lancifolia,  Michx.)  —  Swamps,  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Known  at  once  by 
its  coriaceous  and  large,  thick-ribbed,  never  sagittate  leaves,  £c. 

2.  S.  variilMlis,  Engelm.     Scape  (£°- 4°  high)  12-angled,  with  one  or 
more  of  the  lower  whorls  fertile  ;  bracts  pointed  ;  pedicels  of  the  fertile  flower* 
about  half  the  length  of  the  sterile  ones ;  petals  with  white  claws  ;  jilaments  glabrous, 
nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  anthers ;  achenia  obovate,  with  a  long  and  curved 
beak  of  J  or  ^  its  length;  leaves  very  various,  mostly  sagittate.     (S.  sagittifolia, 
Amer.  auth.,  Sfc.     The  European  species  has  the  fertile  pedicels  only  J  or  ^  the 
length  of  the  sterile,  the  claws  of  the  petals  purple-tinged,  the  filaments  not 
longer  than  the  anthers ;  the  achenia  almost  orbicular,  very  broadly  winged, 
and  short-beaked.)  —  In  water  or  wet  places;    very  common.  —  Excessively 
variable  in  size  and  foliage :  the  following  are  the  leading  forms.    Var.  OBT(JSA 
(S.  obtusa,  Willd.)  is  large,  dioecious  ;  the  broadly  sagittate  leaves  obtuse,  £°- 
1°  long.  —  Var.  LATirdLiA    (S.  latifolia,    Willd.}  is  large,   monoecious,  with 
broad   and   acute   sagittate   leaves.  —  Var.  DIVERSIF6LIA,  with   some   leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  others  more  or  less  sagittate.  —  Var.  SAGiTTir6LiA  is  the  or- 
dinary form,  with  narrowly  halberd-shaped  or  sagittate  leaves   (including  S. 
hastata,  Pursh).  —  Var.  ANGUSTIF6LIA  has  the  narrow  leaves  with  long  and 
linear  diverging  lobes,  and  a  larger  more  horizontally  beaked  fruit.  —  Var.  GRA- 
CILIS  (S.  gracilis,  Pursh)  is  the  most  slender  form,  with  nearly  linear  leaves  and 
lobes.  See  Addend. 

*  *  Filaments  very  short,  ivith  a  very  broad  glandular  base :  scape  commonly  simple. 

3.  S.  lieteropfiylla,  Pursh.     Scape  weak,  at  length  mostly  procum- 
bent ;  bracts  roundish,  obtuse ;   the  lowest  whorl  of  fertile  flowers,  which  are 
almost  sessile ;  the  sterile  flowers  on  long  pedicds ;  achenia  narrowly  obovate,  long- 
beaked.  —  Rather  common,  at  least  southward,  and  nearly  as  variable  in  foliage 
as  the  last.     Var.  ELLfpTiCA  has  broad  leaves  (sometimes  6'  long  and  5'  wide), 
either  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base,  or  sagittate.  —  Var.  RIGIDA  (S.  rigida, 
Pursh)  has  stout  petioles  and  rigid  narrowly  lanceolate  blades,  acute  at  both 
ends.  —  Var.  ANGUSTiF6LiA  has  nearly  linear  leaves.  —  Var.  FLtniAxs  haa 
narrowly  linear  and  delicate  floating  leaves. 

4.  S.  Simplex,  Pursh.     Scape   very   slender,   erect    (3' -20'   high),   me 
lower  whorls  fertile ;  bracts  triangular,  rather  obtuse,  the  upper  ones  connate ; 
pedicels  all  slender,  the  sterile  and  fertile  of  equal  length  ;  achenia  small,  obovate,  nar- 
rowly winged,  bcakless ;  leaves  varying  from  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear,  rarely 
sagittate.     (S.  acutifolia,  Pursh,  &c.)  —  Rather  common,  especially  southward. 
—  Flowers  much  smaller  than  in  any  of  the  foregoing. 

5.  S.  piisilla,  Nutt.     Dwarf;  scape  (l'-3'  high)  shorter  than  the  linear 
or  awl-shaped  entire  leaves  (their  proper  blade  obscure  and  obtuse  01  none) ; 
floirersonly2-3,on  slender  pedicds  the  fertile  recurved  after  flrwcring  ,  stamen* 


.440  HYDROCHARIDACK*.       (PROG'S-BIT    FAMILY.) 

7-9;  ovaries  short-pointed  (ripe  fruit  not  seen).  (Alisma  subuluta,  Pursti.)  - 
Low  shores,  near  Philadelphia,  &c.  — Apparently  distinct  frcm  dwarr  forms  of 
the  last ;  but  needs  further  investigation. 

S.  N\TANS,  Michx.,  apparently  the  only  remaining  good  species  in  the  Unit- 
ed States,  is  only  found  farther  seuth. 


ORDER  117.    HYDROCHARIDACE^.    (FROG'S-BIT  FAM.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  dioecious  or  polygamous  regular  flowers  on  scape-likt 
peduncles  from  a  spathe,  and  simple  or  double  floral  envelopes,  which  in  the 
fertile  flowers  are  united  into  a  tube  and  coherent  with  the  1  -  ^-celled  ovary. 
Stamens  3-12,  distinct  or  monadelphous :  anthers  2-celled.  Stigmas  3  or 
6.  Fruit  ripening  under  water,  indehiscent,  many-seeded.  Seeds  ascend- 
ing, without  albumen  :  embryo  straight. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     STRATIOTIDEJE.     Ovary  6  -  9-celled :  stigmas  6  - 9. 

1.  LIMNOBIUM.     Filaments  unequally  united  into  a  solid  column  in  the  staminate  flowers  : 

anthers  6  - 12,  linear. 

TRIBE  II.     V A LmSAKRIE^.     Ovary  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentas :  stigmas  8. 

2.  ANACHARIS.    Stem  leafy.    Tube  of  the  perianth  of  the  fertile  flowers  long  and  thread- 

form  ;  its  lobes  6. 

3.  YALLISNERIA.     Stemless.     Tube  of  the  perianth  not  prolonged  bey  si  the  elongated 

ovary  ;  its  lobes  3. 

1.    LIMNOBIUM,    Richard.        AMERICAN  FROG'S-BIT. 

Flowers  dioecious,  (or  monoecious1?)  from  sessile  or  somewhat  pcduncled 
ipathes  ;  the  sterile  spathe  1-leaved,  producing  about  3  long-pedicclled  flowers ; 
the  fertile  2-leaved,  with  a  single  short-pedicelled  flower.  Calyx  3-partcd  or 
cleft;  sepals  oblong-oval.  Petals  3,  oblong-linear.  Filaments  entirely  united 
in  a  central  solid  column,  bearing  6-12  linear  anthers  at  unequal  heights  :  there 
are  3-6  awl-shaped  rudiments  of  stamens  in  the  fertile  flowers.  Ovary  6-9- 
celled,  with  as  many  placentae  in  the  axis,  forming  an  ovoid  many-seeded  berry 
in  fruit :  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells,  but  2-partcd,  awl-shaped  (ovules  orthotro 
pous,  Ton-.).  —  A  stemless  perennial  herb,  floating  in  stagnant  water,  prolif- 
erous by  runners,  with  long-petioled  and  round-heart-shaped  leaves,  which  are 
spongy-reticulated  and  purplish  underneath ;  rootlets  slender,  hairy.  Sterile 
flowers  rather  small ;  the  fertile  larger :  peduncle  nodding  in  fruit.  Petals 
white  1  (Name  from  \ipvofttos,  living  in  pools.) 

1.  L.  Sptingria*  Richard.  (Hydrocharis,  Bosc.  H.  cordifolia,  Nutt.)  — 
Braddock's  Bay  (Monroe  County,  N.  Y.),  Lake  Ontario,  Dr.  Bradlry,  Dr.  Sort- 
vodl.  Illinois,  Vascy,  and  in  the  Southern  States.  Aug.  —  Leaves  l'-2'  loug, 
faintly  5-nerved.  Peduncle  of  the  sterile  flower  about  3'  long,  thread-like ;  ol 
the  fertile,  only  1 ',  stout. 


HIDROCHAKIDACE^:.       (FROCKS-BIT    FAMILY.)  441 

2.    ANACHARIS,    Rich.        (UodRA,  Nutt.)    WATER-WEED. 


Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  solitary  and  sessile  from  a  sessile  and  tubular 
L'-cleft  axillary  spathe.  Sterile  flowers  small  or  minute  ;  with  3  sepals,  barely 
united  at  the  base,  and  usually  3  similar  or  narrower  petals  :  filaments  short  and 
monadelphous  at  the  base,  or  none  ;  anthers  9,  oval.  Fertile  flowers  either  pis- 
tillate or  apparently  perfect  :  perianth  extended  into  an  extremely  long  and 
capillary  tube  ;  the  limb  6-parted  ;  the  small  lobes  (sepals  and  petals)  obovate, 
spreading.  Stamens  3-6,  sometimes  merely  short  sterile  filaments,  without 
anthers,  or  with  imperfect  ones,  sometimes  with  oblong  almost  sessile  anthers. 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae,  each  bearing  a  few  orthotropous  ovules  ; 
the  capillary  style  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  perianth  :  stigmas  3,  large,  2- 
lobed  or  notched,  exserted.  Fruit  oblong,  coriaceous,  few-seeded.  —  Perennial 
slender  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  elongated  branching  stems,  thickly 
beset  with  pellucid  and  veinless,  1-nerved,  sessile,  whorled  or  opposite  leaves. 
The  staminate  flowers  (which  are  rarely  seen)  commonly  break  off,  as  in  Val- 
lisneria,  and  float  on  the  surface,  where  they  expand  and  shed  their  pollen 
around  the  stigmas  of  the  fertile  flowers,  which  are  raised  to  the  surface  by  the 
excessively  prolonged  calyx-tube,  varying  in  length  according  to  the  depth  of 
the  water.  (Name  formed  of  dv,  throughout,  and  adapts,  without  charms,  being 
rather  homely  water-  weeds.) 

1.  A.  CsiliadeilSlS,  Planchon.  Leaves  in  threes  or  fours,  or  the  lower 
opposite,  varying  from  linear  to  oval-oblong,  obscurely  and  minutely  serrulate  ; 
stigmas  more  or  less  2-lobed.  (Elodda  Canadeusis,  Michx.  Udora  Canadensis, 
Nult.  Anacharis  Alsinastrum  (Babington),  Nuttallii,  and  Canadensis  (perhaps 
also  Chilcnsis),  and  also  Apalanthe  Schweinitzii,  Planchon.)  —  Slow  streams 
and  ponds  ;  common.  July.  (Eu.  ?) 

3.    VA1.L,I§N]ERIA,    Micheli.        TAPE-GRASS.    EEL-GRASS. 

Flowers  strictly  dioecious  :  the  sterile  numerous  and  crowded  in  a  head  on  a 
conical  receptacle,  enclosed  in  an  ovate  at  length  3-valved  spathe  which  is  borne 
on  a  very  short  scape  :  stamens  mostly  3.  Fertile  flowers  solitary  and  sessile 
in  a  tubular  spathe  which  is  borne  on  an  exceedingly  long  scape.  Perianth 
(calyx)  3-parted  in  the  sterile  flowers  ;  in  the  fertile  with  a  linear  tube  coherent 
with  the  1-celled  ovary,  but  not  extended  beyond  it,  3-lobed  (the  lobes  obovate)  ; 
also  3  linear  small  petals.  Stigmas  3,  large,  nearly  sessile,  2-lobed.  Ovules 
very  numerous  scattered  over  the  walls,  orthotropous  !  Fruit  elongated,  cylin- 
d-^ical,  berry  -like.  —  Stemless  plants,  with  long  and  linear  grass-like  leaves, 
growing  entirely  under  water.  The  staminate  clusters  being  confined  to  the 
bottom  of  the  water  by  the  shortness  of  the  scape,  the  flower-buds  themselves 
spontaneously  break  away  from  their  short  pedicels  and  float  on  the  surface, 
where  they  expand  and  shed  their  pollen  around  the  fertile  flowers,  which  are 
raised  to  the  suiface  at  this  time  :  afterwards  the  thread-form  fertile  scapes  (2-4 
feet  long  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water)  coil  up  spiral!/  and  draw  the  ovary 
under  water  to  ripen.'  (Named  in  honor  of  Vallisneri,  an  early  Italian  botanist.) 

1.  T.  spirsilis,  L.    Leaves  linear,   thin,  long  and  ribbon-like  (l°-2° 


442  BURMANNIACE.E.       (fiURMANNIA    FAMILY.) 

long),  obscurely  serrulate,  obtuse,  somewhat  nerved  and  netted-veined.  —  Com 
mon  in  slow  rivers,  &c,     August.     (Eu.) 

ORDER  118.     BURMANNIACEJE.     (BURMANNIA   FAMILY.} 

Small  annual  herbs,  often  with  minute  and  scale-like  leaves,  or  those  of  Hie 
root  grass-like  ;  the  /lowers  perfect,  with  a  6-cleft  corolla-like  perianth,  the 
tube  of  which  adheres  to  the  l-celled  or  3-celled  ovary;  stamens  3  and  dis- 
tinct, opposite  the  inner  divisions  of  the  perianth  ;  pod  many-seeded,  the  seeds 
very  minute.  —  A  small  chiefly  tropical  family,  of  which  only  one  plant  is 
found  within  our  borders. 

1.     BURMANNIA,    L.         (TRIPTERELLA,  Michx.) 

Ovary  3-celled,  with  the  thick  placentae  in  the  axis.  Filaments  3,  very  short. 
Style  slender:  stigma  capitate-3-lobed.  Pod  often  3-winged.  (Named  for 
J.  Burmann,  an  early  Dutch  botanist.) 

1.  15.  l»i  flora,  L.  Stem  low  and  slender  (2'-4'  high),  2-flowered  at  the 
summit,  or  soon  several-flowered  ;  perianth  (2"  -3''  long)  bright  blue,  3-winged. 
(Tripterella  caerulea,  Miclix.)  —  Peaty  bogs,  Virginia  and  southward. 

ORDER  119.     ORCHIDACE^E.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.; 

Herbs,  distinguished  by  their  irregular  Jlowers,  6-merous  perianth  adherent 
to  the  1-cclled  ovary  with  3  parietal  placenta?,  gynandrous  stamens  (only  1  or 
2),  and  pollen  cohering  in  waxy  or  mealy  masses.  Fruit  a  l-celled  3-valvcd 
pod,  with  innumerable  minute  seeds,  appearing  like  fine  saw-dust.  Peri- 
anth of  6  divisions  in  2  sets ;  the  3  outer  (sepals")  of  the  same  petal-like 
texture  and  appearance  as  the  3  inner  (petals),  of  which  the  upper  or  pos- 
terior one,  but  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary  or  stalk  commonly  appearing 
the  lower  or  anterior,  differs  more  or  less  in  shape  or  direction  from  the 
others,  is  often  spurred  or  appendagod,  and  is  called  the  lip.  Opposite 
this,  in  the  axis  of  the  flower,  is  the  column,  which  is  composed  of  a  single 
stamen  (or  in  Cypripedium  of  2  fertile  stamens)  entirely  coherent  and 
confluent  with  the  style,  on  which  the  2-celled  anther  is  variously  situated. 
—  Perennial  herbs,  often  tuber-bearing,  or  with  tuberous  or  thickened 
roots.  Leaves  parallel-nerved.  Flowers  commonly  showy  and  singular 
in  shape,  either  spiked,  racemed,  or  solitary,  bracted.  A  large  family,  but 
sparingly  represented  in  the  United  States. 

Synopsis. 

I.  Anther  only  one. 

I.  OPH  R  YDE^.  Anther  ("f  2  separate  cells)  entirely  adnate  to  the  nee  ol  the 
etigma,  erect.  Pollen  cohering  into  a  groat  number  of  coarse  grains,  which  are  all  fast- 
ened by  elastic  and  cobwebby  tissue  into  one  large  mass,  with  a  stalk  that  connects  11 
with  a  gland  of  the  stigma  (Flower  \ir.gent,  the  lip  with  :i  -i»ur  bt-ncath.i 


ORCHIDA.CEJ2.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  443 

1.  ORCHIS.    Anther-cells  contiguous  and  parallel.    Glands  of  the  stigma,  to  which  the  base 

of  the  stalks  of  the  2  pollen-masses  cohere,  contained  in  a  common  little  pouch  formed 
of  a  fold  or  hood  of  the  stigma 

2.  GYMNADENIA.    Anther-cells  contiguous  and  parallel :  glands  naked. 

3.  PLATANTHERA.     Anther-cells  diverging,  widely  separated  at  the  base :  glands  naked. 

TRIBE  II.  NEOTTIE^E.  Anther  dorsal  (attached  to  the  back  of  the  column),  erect, 
parallel  with  the  stigma ;  the  2  cells  approximate.  Pollen  rather  loose  and  powdery,  or 
eiastically  cohering 

4    GOOD  YE  R  A.    Lip  entire,  free  from  the  column,  strap-pointed      Pollen-masses  elastic. 

5.  SPIRANTHES.    Lip  nearly  entire,  channelled,  pointless,  ascending,  embracing  the  column. 

6.  LISTEliA      Lip  flat,  spreading  or  pendulous,  2-lobed  at  the  apex. 

• 

TRIBE  HI.     ARETHUSE^E,   MALiAXIDE^E,  &c.    Anther  terminal  (attached  to 
the  apex  of  the  column,  or  near  it),  and  like  a  lid  over  the  stigma,  at  length  deciduous. 
#  Pollen  in  loose  or  powdery  grains,  forming  2  or  4  delicate  masses. 

7.  ARETHUSA.     Lip  bearded,  its  base  adherent  to  the  linear  column.     Pollen-masses  4. 

8    POGONIA      Lip  more  or  less  crested,  free  from  the  club-shaped  column.    Pollen-masses  2. 
9.  CALOPOGON.     Lip  bearded,  stalked,  free  :  column  winged  at  the  apex.    Pollen-masses  4. 

*  #  Pollen  in  smooth  and  finally  waxy  masses, 
t-  Pollen-masses  attached  by  elastic  stalks,  or  in  No.  10  sessile. 

10.  CALYPSO.    Lip  inflated  and  sac-like,  notched  at  the  apex  and  2-pointed  underneath  the 

notch.     Column  winged  and  petal-like      Pollen-masses  4.     Stem  1-flowered, 

11.  TIPULARIA     Lip  short  and  flat,  with  a  long  and  thread-like  spur  beneath.    Column  mar- 

gined.    Pollen-masses  4.     Raceme  many-flowered. 

12.  BLETIA.     Lip  hooded,  spurless.    Column  not  margined.     Pollen-masses  8. 

•«-  ••-  Pollen-masses  without  any  stalks  or  connecting  tissue. 
•H-  Plants  green  and  with  leaves.     Sepals  spreading :  lip  flat  and  spurless. 
18   MICROSTYLIS.    Lip  arrow-shaped  or  heart-shaped.     Column  minute,  round. 

14.  LI  PARIS.     Lip  entire,  dilated.    Column  elongated,  margined  at  the  apex. 

«*  -H-  Plants  tawny  or  purplish,  leafless,  or  with  a  root-leaf  only  :  sepals  and  petals  conniving. 

15.  CORALLORIIIZA.     Lip  with  a  spur  or  projection  at  the  base  adherent  to  the  rvary.     An- 

ther-cells oblique. 

16.  APLECTRUM.     Lip  spurless,  free,  raised  on  a  claw. 

II.     Anthers  two. 

TRIBE  IV.    C  YPRIPEDIE^E.     The  2  anthers  those  of  the  lateral  stamens :  the  third 
or  upper  stamen  (which  is  the  one  which  bears  the  anther  in  the  rest  of  the  order)  here 
forming  a  petal-like  sterile  appendage  to  the  column. 
17    CYPRIPED1UM.    Lip  a  large  and  inflated  sac,  somewhat  slipper-form. 

1.     ORCHIS,    L.        ORCHIS. 

Flower  ringcnt ;  the  sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  all  of  them,  or  all  but  the 
2  lower  sepals,  converging  upwards  and  arching  over  the  column.  Lip  turned 
downwards,  coalescing  with  the  base  of  the  column,  spurred  at  the  base  under- 
neath. Anther-cells  contiguous  and  parallel.  Pollen  cohering  in  numerous 
coarse  waxy  grains,  which  are  collected  on  a  cobweb-like  elastic  tissue  into  2 
large  masses  (one  filling  each  anther-cell)  borne  on  a  slender  stalk,  the  base  of 
which  is  attached  to  the  2  glands  of  the  stigma,  contained  in  a  common  little 
pouch  or  hooded  fold.  Flowers  showy,  in  a  spike.  ('Opxis,  the  ancient  name.) 

1.  O.  spcctabilis,  L.     (Snowr  ORCHIS.)     Boot  of  thick  fleshy  fibres, 


444  ORCHiDACE.fi.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.) 

producing  2  oblong-obovate  shining  leaves  (3  -5' long)  and  a  few-flowered 
4-anglcd  scape  (4' -7' high);  bracts  leaf-like,  lanceolate;  sepals  and  petals  all 
vaulted,  pink-purple,  the  ovate  undivided  lip  white.  —  On  hills  in  rich  woods, 
New  England  to  Kentucky  and  (especially)  northward.  May. 

2.    GYITCNADENIA,    R.  Brown.        NAKED-GLAND  ORCHID. 

Flower  as  in  Orchis.  Anther-cells  parallel ;  the  approximate  glands  naked 
(whence  the  name,  from  yv/ii/os,  naked,  and  aSi/i/,  gland). 

1.  G.  trideiltata,  Lindl.     Stem  slender   (6'- 12'  high),  with  a  single 
oblong  or  oblanceolate  obtuse  leaf  below,  and  2  or  3  small  ones  like  bracts 
above  ;  spike  6-1 '2-flowered,  oblong ;  lip  wedge-oblong,  truncate  and  with  3  short  teeth 
at  the  apex ;  the  slender  and  slightly  club-shaped  spur  curved  upwards,  longer 
than  the  ovary.  —  Wet  woods  ;  rather  common,  especially  northwards.     July. 
—  Root  of  few  fleshy  fibres.     Flowers  small,  pale  yellowish-green. 

2.  G.  flava,  Lindl.     Stem   several-leaved   (15'  high),  the   1   or  2  lower 
leaves   elongated,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  the  others  becoming   smaller  and 
bract-like ;  spike  densely  many-flowered,  oblong-cylindrical ;  lip  ovate,  a  little  crenate 
or  wavy -margined,  shorter  than  the  awl-shaped  depending  spur.  —  Wet  pine  bar- 
rens of  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  and  southward.     July.  —  Root  of  very  fleshy 
fibres,  one  or  two  of  them  tuber-like.     Flowers  orange-yellow,  closely  set.     (Or- 
chis flava  &  Integra,  Nutt.     Habenaria  Elliottii,  Beck.) 

3.     PL.ATANTHERA,    Richard.        FALSE  ORCHIS. 

Flower  as  in  Orchis,  &c.  (lateral  sepals  spreading,  except  in  Xo.  5)  j  but  the 
anther-cells  diverging  below,  and  the  2  naked  glands  widely  separated  (whence 
the  name,  from  TrXarus,  wide,  and  avdypd,  for  anther). 

§  1.  Scape  l-leaved  at  the  base :  spur  not  exceeding  the  Up :  root  of  thick  fibres. 

1.  P.  obtusata,  Lindl..  (DWARF  ORCHIS.)  Leaf  obovate,  obtuse; 
spike  loosely  5-10-flowered;  upper  sepal  broad  and  rounded;  petals  bluntly 
triangular ;  lip  linear,  entire,  bearing  2  small  tubercles  at  the  base,  about  the  length 
of  the  curving  spur.  —  Cold  peat-bogs  and  high  mountains,  Maine  to  N.  New 
York  and  L.  Superior.  June. —  Scape  5' -8'  high.  Flowers  £'  long.  (Eu.) 

9.  P.  rot ii mli folia,  Lindl.  (SMALL  ROUND-LEAVED  ORCHIS.)  Leaf 
round-ovate  or  orbicular  (2' -3' wide);  spike  several-flowered;  lip  3-lobed,  larger 
than  the  ovate  petals  and  sepals,  the  middle  lobe  larger  and  inversely  heart- 
shaped. —  Along  the  boundary  between  Maine  and  New  Brunswick  (Mr.  Good- 
rich), and  northward.  —  Scape  8'  high.  Leaf,  and  sometimes  the  white  flowers, 
spotted  with  purple  :  lip  £'  long. 

§  2.  Scape  2-lcaved  at  the  base:  spur  very  long:  lip  entire:  roots  thickened. 

3.  P.  orbiculitta,  Lindl.     (LARGE  ROUND-LEAVED  ORCHIS.)    Leave* 
very  large  (4' -8'  wide),  orbicular,  spreading  flat  on  the  ground;  scape  bracted, 
bearing  many  spreading  greenish-white  flowers  in  a  loose  raceme  ;  upper  sepal  or- 
bicular, the  lateral  ovate ;  lip  narrowly  linear-spat  nlate,  drooping,  nearly  thrice 
*he  length  of  the  ovate  reflexed  petals ;  spur  curved,  slender  (l£'~  2  long),  grad- 


ORCHIDACE^:.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.)  445 

nally  thickened  towards  the,  apexy  blunt,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovary.  — Rich  woods, 
under  Hemlocks,  &c.,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin;  rather  rare,  chiefly 
northward,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.  July.  — Leaves  very  s/aooth, 
shining  above,  silvery  underneath.  Scape  l°-2°  high. 

4.  P.  Hookeri,  Lindl.      (SMALLER   TWO-LEAVED   ORCHIS.)     Leaves 
orbicular,  spreading  (3' -4'  broad) ;  scape  mostly  naked  (£°-l°  high),  bearing 
10-20  upright  sessile  yellowish-green  flowers  in  a  strict  spike ;  sepals  ovate-lanceo- 
late ;  lip  lanceolate,  pointed,  a  little  incurved,  longer  than  the  linear-lanceolate 
petals  ;  spur  slender,  acute,  about  the  length  of  the  ovary  (£'  long).  —  Woods,  Rhode 
Island  to  Ohio  and  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     June. 

{  3.  Stem  leafy :  lip  entire  (or  nearly  so),  nearly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  spur:  root 
a  cluster  of  fleshy  branches  or  fibres. 

5.  P.  bracteata,  Torr.      (BRACTED  GREEN  ORCHIS.)      Lower  leaves 
obovate,  the  upper  oblong  and  gradually  reduced  to  lanceolate  acute  bracts  2-3 
times  the  length  of  the  small  green  flowers  ;  spike  loose  ;  sepals  and  linear-lanceolate 
jwtals  erect ;  Up  oblong-linear  or  slightly  spatulate,  truncate  and  minutely  2  -  3-toothed 
at  the  tip,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  sac-like  somewhat  2-lobed  spur.  —  Damp 
woods ;  common  northward.    June.  —  Stem  6' - 12'  high,  6  -  12-flowered.    (Eu.  ?) 

6.  P.  hyperbdrea,  Lindl.    (NORTHERN  GREEN  ORCHIS.)    Stem  very 
leafy ;  leaves  lanceolate,  erect ;  spike  densely  many-flowered ;  lower  bracts  lance- 
olate, longer  4han  the  (greenish)  flowers  ;  lip  and  petals  lanceolate,  somewhat  equal, 
as  long  as  the  obtuse  spur.     (P.  Huronensis,  Lindl.) — Peat-bogs  and  wet  cold 
woods ;  common  northward.     June,  July.  —  Stem  6'  -  2°  high,  strict :  crowded 
spike  of  small  flowers  2'- 1°  long.    Lip  as  long  as  the  sepals,  obtusish,  entire, 
not  dilated  at  the  base.     (Eu.  ?) 

7.  P.  dilatata,  Lindl.     (NORTHERN  WHITE  ORCHIS.)     Leaves  lanceo- 
late or  linear,  erect ;  spike  wand-like,  densely  or  rather  loosely-flowered  ;  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  (white  or  whitish)  flowers ;  petals  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  lip  linear-lanceolate  from  a  rhomboid-dilated  base,  rather  obtuse,  about 
the  length  of  the  obtuse   spur.  —  Cold  peat-bogs,  &c. ;   common   northward. 
June,  July.  —  Usually  more  slender  than  the  last,  but  often  as  tall,  and  too 
nearly  related  to  it. 

8.  P.  flava,  Gray.     (YELLOWISH  ORCHIS.)     Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate  ;  the  uppermost  linear-lanceolate  and  pointed,  passing  into  the  bracts 
of  the  elongated  raceme ;  petals  ovate ;  Up  oblong,  obtuse  or  barely  notched  at 
the  apex,  furnished  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  near  the  base  and  a  small  protuberance 
on  the  palate,  about  the  length  of  the  sepals,  half  the  length  of  the  club-shaped 
sour.     (Orchis  flava,  L. !     O.  virescens,  fucescens,  herbiola,  and  bidentata,  of 
authors.)  —  Wet  places;    common.      June -Aug.  —  Stem  10' -20'  high;    the 
spike  at  first  dense,  with  the  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers,  at  length  elongated 
and  often  loose,  with  the  upper  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  which  are  quite 
small,  dull  greenish-yellow,  drying  brownish. 

t  4.  Stem  leafy :  lip  fringed  along  the  sides,  undivided,  shorter  than  the  spur :  ovary 
,  taper-beaked:  root  a  cluster  of  thick  and  fleshy  fibres. 

9.  P.  cristata,  Lindl.     (CRESTED  ORCHIS.)     Lower  leaves  lanceolate, 
elongated ;  the  upper  gradually  reduced  to  sharp-pointed  bracts,  nearly  the  length 


446  ORCHIDACEJC.       (ORCHIS     FAMILY.) 


of  tiie  crowded  (yellow)  flowers ;  spike  oblong  or  cylindrical ;  petals  rcunded,  ere- 
nate ;  Up  ovate,  with  a  lacerate-frinyed  margin,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  slender  ob- 
tuse incurved  spur,  which  is  not  half  the  length  of  the  ovary.  —  Bogs,  Fenn. 
(Purah)  to  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Flowers  one  quarter  the  size  of  the  next. 

10.  P.  cilia  ris,  Lindl.     (YELLOW  FRINGED-ORCHIS.)     Leaves  oblong 
or  lanceolate ;   the  upper  passing  into  pointed  bracts,  which  arc  shorter  than  the 
long-beaked  ovaries ;  spike  oblong,  rather  closely  many -flowered  ;  flowers  briyht 
vrange-yellow ;  lateral  sepals  rounded,  reflcxed  ;  petals  linear,  cut-fringed  at  the 
apex  ;  Up  oblong,  about  half  the  length  of  the  spur,  furnished  with  a   wry  long  and 
copious  capillary  fringe.  —  Bogs  and  wet  places;  scarce  at  the  North ;  common 
southward.     July,  Aug.  —  Our  handsomest  species,  l^°-2°  high,  with  a  short 
spike  of  veiy  showy  flowers  ;  the  lip  £'  long,  the  conspicuous  fringe  fully  ^'  long 
on  each  side. 

11.  P.  Itlcphariglottis,  Lindl.    (WHITE  FRINGED-ORCHIS.)    Leaves, 
&c.  as  in  the  last ;  flowers  white ;  petals  spatulate,  slightly  cut  or  toothed  at  the 
apex ;  lip  oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong,  with  the  irregular  capillary  fringe  of  the 
margins  usually  shorter  than  the  disk,  one  third  the  length  of  the  spur.  —  Var. 
noLOPETALA    (P.  holopetala,  Lindl.)  has  narrower  petals  with  the   toothing 
obsolete,  and  the  lip  less  fringed.  —  Peat-bogs  and  borders  of  ponds,  with  No. 
10,  or  commonly  taking  its  place  in  the  North.     July.  — A  foot  high,  the  flow- 
ers beautiful,  but  rather  smaller  than  in  the  last.  . 

§  5.  Stem  leafy :  lip  3-parted,  shorter  than  the  somewhat  club-shaped  long  spur,  nut 
rowed  at  the  base  into  a  claw:  roots  clustered  and  flwhy-tliickened. 

*  Flowers  white  or  greenish. 

12.  P.  leucoph&a,  Nutt.     (WESTERN  ORCHIS.)     Leaves  oblong-lan- 
ceolate; the  bracts  similar,  rather  shorter  than  the  (large  dull  white)  flowers; 
spike   elongated,   loose;  petals  obovate,   minutely  cut-toot)ud ;  dicisions  of  the  lip 
broadly  wedge-shaped  or  fan-shaped,  many-cleft  to  the  middle  into  a  tli  read-like  fringe; 
spur  longer  than  the  ovary.  —  Moist  meadows,  Central  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and 
south  westward.     July.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high  ;  the  spike  at  length  1°  long.     Lip 
about  I'  wide. 

13.  P.  hicera,  Gray.     (RAGGED  ORCHIS.)      Leaves  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late; raceme  loosely  many-flowered ;  petals  oblong-linear,  entire;  divisions  of  the 
lip  narrow,  deeply  parted  into  a  few  long  nearly  capillary  lobes ;  spur  about  the 
length  of  the  ovary.     (O.  psycodes,  MuJd.,  &c.,  not  of  L.     O.  lacera,  Michx.) 
—  Bogs  and  moist  thickets ;  rather  common.    July.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high  :  bracU 
shorter  or  longer  than  the  pale  yellowish-green  flowers. 

#  #  Flowers  purple. 

14.  P.  psycodes,  Gray.    (SMALL  PURTLE  FRINGED-ORCHIS.)    Loaves 
oblong,  the  uppermost  passing  into  linear-lanceolate  bracts  ;  ran-nip  rylindrical, 
densely  many-flou-crnl ;  hwtr  sepals  round-oval,  obtuse ;  petals  wedge-obovatr.  or  spat- 
ulate, denticulate  above;  divisions  of  the  spreading  lip   broadly  wedge-shaped, 
many-cleft  into  a  short  fringe.     (O.  psycodes,  L.  !     O.  fimbriata,  Pnrs/t,  Bigelow. 
O.  iucisa  and  0.  fissa,  Muhl.  in  Willd.) — Moist  meadows  and  alluvial  banks; 
common.     July,  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Flowers  short-pedicelled,  crowded  in 


ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  44.7 

a  spike  4f  -  7'  long,  small,  but  very  handsome,  fragrant :  lip  short-stalked, 
barely  £_  broad  and  not  so  long;  the  middle  lobe  broadest  fcnd  more  closely 
fringed,  but  not  so  deeply  cleft  as  the  lateral  ones. 

15.  P.  fim1>ri&ta,  Lindl.    (LARGE  PURPLE  FRINGED-ORCHIS.)    Lower 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the  upper  few,  passing  into  lanceolate  bracts ;  spike  or  ra- 
ceme oblong,  loosely-flowered ;  lower  sepals  ovate,  acute ;  petals  oblong,  toothed  doum 
the  sides ;  divisions  of  the  pendent  large  lip  fan-shaped,  many-cleft  into  a  long 
capillary  fringe.      (O.  fimbriata,  Ait.,  Willd.,  Hook.  Exot.  Fl.,  &c.     O.  grandi- 
flora,  Bi^elow.}  —  Wet  meadows,  &c.,  New  England  to  Pcnn.,  and  (cliiefly) 
northeastward.     June.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Flowers  fewer,  paler  (or  lilac-purple), 
and  3  or  4  times  larger  than  those  of  No.  14  ;  the  more  ample  dilated  lip  f  to 
1'  broad,  with  a  deeper  and  nearly  capillary  crowded  fringe,  different-shaped 
petals,  &c. 

16.  P.  peraimena,  Gray.     (GREAT  PURPLE  ORCHIS.)     Lower  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  the  upper  lanceolate ;  spike  oblong  or  cylindrical,  densely  flow- 
ered ;    lower   sepals  round-ovate  ;  petals   rounded-obovate,  raised  on  a  claw  ; 
divisions  of  the  large  lip  very  broadly  wedge-shaped,  irregularly  eroded-toothed  at  the 
broadly  dilated  summit,  the  lateral  ones  truncate,  the  middle  one  2-lobed.     (P.  fissa, 
Lindl.     O.  fissa,  Pursh,  not  of  Muhl.}  — Moist  meadows  and  banks,  Penn.  to 
Ohio,  Illinois,    and    southward  along  the  Alleghanies.     Aug.  —  Stem  2° -4° 
high.     Flowers  large  and  showy,  violet-purple ;  the  lip  paler  and  very  ample, 
J'  long :  its  divisions  minutely  and  variably  toothed,  or  sparingly  cut  along  the 
terminal  edge,  but  not  fringed. 

4.     GOODYERA,    R.  Brown.        RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN. 

Flower  ringent ;  lateral  sepals  not  oblique  at  the  base,  including  the  saccate 
sessile  base  of  the  lip,  which  is  free  from  the  small  straight  column,  without 
callosities,  and  contracted  at  the  apex  into  a  pointed  and  channelled  recurved 
termination.  Anther  attached  to  the  back  near  the  summit  of  the  column. 
Pollen-masses  2,  consisting  of  angular  grains  loosely  cohering  by  a  manifest 
web.  —  Root  of  thick  fibres  from  a  fleshy  somewhat  creeping  rootstock,  bearing 
a  tuft  of  thickish  petioled  leaves  next  the  ground.  Scape,  spike,  and  the  green- 
ish-white small  flowers  usually  glandular-downy.  (Dedicated  to  John  Goodyer, 
an  early  English  botanist.) 

1.  G.  re  pens,  R.  Brown.    Small  (5' -8'  high)  and  slender;  leaves  ovate, 
n;ore  or  Isss  reticulated  with  white  (about  1'  long) ;  flowers  several,  in  a  loose 
\-sidcd  spike;  lip  inflated,   the  apex    ovate    and  obtuse;  stigma  distinctly  2- 
toothed.  —  Rich  woods,  under  evergreens  ;  common  northward,  and  southward 
along  the  Alleghanies,     Aug.  —  Intermediate  forms  apparently  occur  between 
this  and  the  next.     (Eu.) 

2.  O.  pllbescens,  R.  Brown.     Leaves  ovate,  conspicuously  reticulated 
and  blotched  with  white  (2'  long) ;  flowers  numerous  in  a  crowded  spike,  not  l-sidcd; 
lip  inflated,  and  with  an  abrupt  ovate  apex  ;  stigma  rounded  at  the  summit.  — 
Rich   woods;   rather   common,   especially   southward.       July.   A  tig  — Scape 
8' -12'  high. 


448  ORCHIDACEwE.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

5.     SPIRANTHES,    Richard.        LADIES'  TEESSES. 

Flower  somewhat  ringent ;  the  lateral  sepals  rather  oblique  at  the  base  and 
somewhat  decurrent  on  the  ovary,  covering  the  base  of  the  lip ;  the  upper  one 
cohering  with  the  petals ;  all  usually  erect.  Lip  oblong,  concave  and  embracing 
the  wingless  column  below,  furnished  with  2  callosities  next  the  base,  contracted 
into  a  short  claw  below  them  or  sessile,  the  spreading  apex  more  or  less  dilated. 
Column  arching,  obliquely  short-stalked,  the  ovate  stigma  usually  with  a 
short-pointed  and  at  length  2-cleft  beak.  Anther  attached  to  the  back  of  the 
column.  Pollen-masses  2,  club-shaped  or  obovate,  fixed  to  the  stigma  by 
a  gland,  deeply  2-cleft  from  the  broader  end  (and  in  S.  gracilis  again  2-cleft) 
into  tender  lamellae  which  are  more  or  less  inrolled  when  young,  bearing 
the  powdery  pollen-grains. — Roots  clustered-tuberous.  Stems  naked,  or 
leafy  below.  Flowers  small,  white,  bent  horizontal,  in  a  close  usually  spi- 
rally twisted  spike  (whence  the  name,  from  trnfipa,  a,  coil  or  curl,  and  m/tfos, 
blossom). 

#  Scape  naked,  barely  bracted  below :  leaves  all  at  or  near  tJie  ground,  early  disap- 
pearing :  flowers  all  one-sided. 

1.  S.  gracilis,    Bigelow.     Scape  very  slender   (8'- 15'  high),  smooth, 
spike  slender,  so  twisted  as  to  throw  the  flowers  as  they  expand  all  into  a  single 
(straightish  or  usually  spiral)  row;  bracts  ovate,  pointed,  not  longer  than  the 
pods,  to  which  they  are  closely  appressed ;  lip  spatulate-oblong,  strongly  wavy- 
crisped  at  the  rounded  summit  (not  lobed),  the  callosities  at  the  base  conspicu- 
ous, incurved;  leaves  varying  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  petioled  (l'-2 
long),  thin.     (Also  S.  Beckii,  Lindl.,  as  to  the  Northern  plant.)  —  Hilly  wooda 
and  sandy  plains:  common.     July,  Aug.  —  Perianth  and  lip  \'  —  ±'  long,  of  a 
delicate  pearly  texture :  the  calli  at  first  oval,  bearded  at  the  base  inside,  at 
length  elongating  and  recurved. 

*  *  Scape  or  stem  leafy  towards  the  base :  Jlowers  not  unilateral. 

2.  S.  latifolia,  Torr.  in  Lindl.    Loui  (4' -9'  high) ;  leaves  oblony-lanceolate, 
narrowed  into  a  sheathing  base ;  spike  oblong,  rather  dense,  more  or  less  twist- 
ed ;  bracts  lanceolate,  acutish,  the  lower  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  lip  oblong,  very 
obtuse,  wavy-crisped  at  the  apex,  5-7-nerved  below,  and  with  2  oblong  adnate 
callosities  at  the  base.     (S.  plantaginea,  Torr.  in  N.  Y.  Fl.,  not  of  Lindl.     8. 
•wtivalis,  Oakes,  cat.)  —  Moist  banks,  N.  New  York,  W.  New  England,  and 
northward;  not  rare.     June.  —  Leaves  chiefly  towards  the  base  of  the  stem, 
2' -4'  long  and  about  £'  wide,  thickish;  above  are  one  or  two  small  leaf-like 
bracts.     Flowers  white  with  the  lip  yellowish,  larger  than  in  No.  1,  much  small- 
er than  in  No.  3 ;  the  sepals  minutely  glandular-pubescent,  as  well  as  the  axis 
of  the  spike.  —  I  find  nothing  to  distinguish  it  from  S.  aestivalis  except  ths.t  the 
flowers  are  a  trifle  smaller,  and  the  bracts  less  acute. 

3.  S.  cermia,  Richard.     Root-leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  those  of  the 
stem  similar  but  smaller,  passing  into  bracts ;  spike  dense,  minutely  pubescent ; 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  lip  oblong,  furnished 
<rith  two  minute  callosities  at  the  base,  constricted  above  the  middle,  rounded  at 
the  summit,  wavy-crisped.  —  Wet  grassy  places ;  common.    Aug.  -  O'-t.  —  SteiB 


ORCHIDACE2E.       (ORCHIS     FAMILY.)  448 

6' -2°  high,  the  rooi  leaves  4' -12'  long.  Spike  thick,  3' -5'  long,  seldom 
twisted.  Flowers  white  or  cream-color,  fragrant;  the  perianth  about  5"  long.—- 
The  large  states  seem  to  pass  into  S.  odorata,  Nutt. 

6.    LiISTERA,    R.  Brown.        TWATBLADB. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  spreading  or  reflexed.  Lip  mostly  drooping, 
longer  than  the  sepals,  2-lobet:  or  2-cleft.  Column  wingless :  stigma  with  a 
rounded  beak.  Anther  borne  on  the  back  of  the  column  at  the  summit,  ovate, 
pollen  powdery,  in  2  masses,  joined  to  a  minute  gland.  —  Roots  fibrous.  Stem 
bearing  a  pair  of  opposite  sessile  leaves  in  the  middle,  and  a  spike  or  raceme  of 
greenish  or  brownish-purple  small  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Martin  Lister,  an 
early  and  celebrated  British  naturalist.) 

*  Column  very  short.     (Sepals  ovate,  reflexed:  plants  delicate,  4' -8'  high.) 

1.  It.  CO  I'd  a  ta,  R.  Brown.     Leaves  round-ovate,  somewhat  heart-shaped 
(k'~  1'  long) ;  raceme  almost  smooth,  flowers  minute,  rroioded,  on  pedicels  not  long- 
er than  the  ovary ;  lip  linear,  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals.  1 -toothed  on  each  side 
at  the  base,  2-cleft  to  the  middle.  —  Damp  cold  woods ;  from  Penn.  northward. 
June,  July.     (Eu.) 

2.  li»  australis,  Lindl.     Leaves  ovate;  raceme  loose  and  slender ;  flowers 
very  small,  on  minutely  glandular-pubescent  pedicels  twice  the  length  of  the  ovary ;  lip 
linear,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  sepals,  2-parted,  the  divisions  linear-setaceous. 
—  Damp  thickets,  New  Jersey  to  E.  Virginia  and  southward.     June. 

*  *  Column  longer,  arching  or  straightish. 

3.  It.  convallarioldes,  Hook.    Leaves  oval  or  roundish,  and  some- 
times a  little  heart-shaped  (!'-!£'  long);  raceme  loose,  pubescent;  flowers  on 
slender  pedicels ;  lip  wedge-oblong,  2-lobed  at  the  dilated  apex,  and  1 -toothed  on 
each  side  at  the  base,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  narrowly  lanceolate  spread' 
ing  sepals,  purplish,  %'   long.      (Epipactis   convallarioides,   Swartz.)  —  Dam,', 
mossy  woods,  along  the  whole  Alleghany  Mountains,  to  Penn.,  N.  New  Eng- 
land, Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  —  Plant  4'  -  9'  high. 

•7.     A  HE  Til  USA,    Gronov.        ARETHUSA. 

Flower  ringent ;  the  lanceolate  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  united  at  ih« 
base,  ascending  and  arching  over  the  column.  Lip  dilated  and  recurved  * pread- 
ing  towards  the  summit,  bearded  inside.  Column  adherent  to  the  lip  below 
petal-like,  dilated  at  the  apex.  Anther  lid-like,  terminal,  of  2  approximate 
cells :  pollen-masses  powdery-granular,  2  in  each  cell.  —  A  beautiful  low  herb, 
consisting  of  a  sheathed  scape  from  a  globular  solid  bulb,  terminated  by  a  single 
large  rose-purple  and  sweet-scented  flower.  Leaf  solitary,  linear,  nerved,  bidder 
in  the  sheaths  of  the  scape,  protruding  from  the  uppermost  after  flowering 
(Dedicated  to  the  Nymph  Ar&husa.) 

1.  A    blllbosa,  L. — Bogs,  Virginia  to  Maine,  N.  Wisconsin,  and  nortk 
ward :  rare.     Mav.  —  Flower  1 '  -  2'  long,  very  handsome. 


450  ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS     FAMILY.) 

8.    POGdNIA,    Juss.        POGONIA. 

Flower  irregular,  the  sepals  and  petals  separate.  Lip  created  or  3-lobed 
Column  free,  elongated,  clnb-shaped,  wingless.  Anther  terminal  and  lid-like 
stalked:  pollen-masses  2  (one  in  each  cell),  powdery-granular. —  Stem  1 -5 
leaved.  (Utoywvias,  bearded,  from  the  lip  of  some  of  the  original  species.) 

f  1.  POGONIA  PROPER.  —  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal  and  alike,  pink-purple 

1.  P.  opllioglossoidcs,  Nutt.     "Root  of  thick  fibres ;  stem  (6' -9' high) 
tearing  one  clasping  oval  or  lanceolate  leaf  near  the  middle,  and  a  smaller  similai 
bract  next  the  solitary  flower;  lip  spatulate,  beard-crested  and  fringed. — Bogs 
common.     June,  July.  —  Flower  handsome,  1'  long,  pale  purple,  rarely  2  or  3. 

2.  P.  pcndllla,  Lindl.     Stem(3'-S'  high)  from  oblong  tubers,  bearing 
3  or  4  alternate  ovate-clasping  small  leaves,  and  nearly  as  many  drooping  flowers 
on  axillary  pedicels  ;  lip  spatulate,  somewhat  3-lobed,  roughish  or  crisped  above, 
bnt  not  crested.     (TripWa,  Nutt.) — Rich  damp  woods,  from   N.  New  Eng. 
lUnd  southward  and  westward:  rare.     Aug.,  Sept. — Flowers  whitish,  tinged 
with  pink,  1'  long;  sepals  and  petals  erect. 

*«.  ODONECTIS,  Hat.  — Sepals  linear,  much  longer  than  the  erect  petals:  liy 
3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  crested :  flowers  dingy  purple. 

3.  P.  verticilluta,  Nutt,     Root   of  thick   fibres;    stem  (6'- 12' higty 
bearing  a  whorl  of  5  oval  or  oblong-obovate  pointed  sessile  leaves  at  the  summit,  1 
flowered;  sepals  erect  (I'- 2'  long). — Damp  woods,  New  England  to  Michigai 
Kentucky,  and  southward :  scarce.    June. 

4.  P.  divaiicata,  R.  Br.     Stem  (2°  high)  bearing  one  lanceolate  leaf  i* 
the  middle,  and  a  leafy  bract  next  the  single  flower;  sepals  widely  spreading  (2 
2$'  long).  —  Wet  pine-barrens,  Virginia  and  southward.     May. 

9.     CAJLOPOGON,    R.  Brown.         CALOPOGON. 

Flower  with  the  ovary  or  stalk  not  twisting,  therefore  presenting  its  lip  on  the 
•upper  or  inner  side  !  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  lance-ovate,  spreading^ 
distinct.  Lip  rather  spreading,  raised  on  a  narrowed  base  or  stalk,  dilated  at 
the  summit,  strongly  bearded  along  the  upper  side.  Column  free,  winged  ai 
the  apex.  Anther  terminal  and  lid-like,  sessile  :  pollen-masses  4  (two  in  each 
rwlU,  of  soft  powdery  grains.  —  Scape  from  a  solid  bulb,  sheathed  below  by  the 
base  of  the  grass-like  leaf,  naked  above,  bearing  several  flowers.  Bracts  minute. 
(Name  composed  of  /cczXoy,  beautiful,  and  Trcbycoi/,  beard,  from  the  bearded  lip.) 

1.  C.  pule  lie  1 1 11$,  R.  Brown.     Leaf  linear;  scape  about  1°  high,  2- «• 
flowered ;  lip  beautifully  bearded  towards  the  dilated  summit  with  white,  ye 
low,   and   purple  club-shaped   hairs.  —  Bogs;    common.     July. — Flowers 
broad,  pink-purple,  fragrant. 

1O.     CALYPSO,    Salisb.        CALYPSO. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  similar,  ascending,  spreading,  lanceolate,  pointed, 
L»,p  larger  then- the  rest  of  the  flower,  sac-shaped,  inflated,  3-lobed  at  the  apex, 


(ORCHIS  FAMILY.)  431 

the  middle  lobe  bearded  above,  and  2-pohited  underneath.  Column  erect, 
broadly  winged  and  petal-like.  Anther  lid-like,  just  below  the  apex  of  the 
column  :  pollen-ransses  2,  waxy,  each  2-parted,  sessile  on  the  membranaceoua 
gland.  —  A  little  bog-herb;  the  solid  bulbs  producing  a  single  petioled  ovate 
or  slightly  heart-shaped  thin  leaf,  and  a  short  (3' -5'  high)  scape,  sheathed 
below,  bearing  a  large  and  showy  (variegated  purple  and  yellow)  flower. 
(Name  from  the  goddess  Calypso.) 

1.  C.  bore  fills,  Salisb.  —  Cold  bogs  and  wet  woods,  the  bulbs  resting  in 
moss,  N.  New  England  to  N.  Michigan,  and  northward.  May.  —  A  very  rare 
and  beautiful  plant.  Lip  |'  long,  somewhat  resembling  that  of  a  Lady's 
Slipper.  (Eu.) 

11.     TIPULAR1A,    Nutt        CRANE-FLY  ORCHIS. 

Sepals  and  petals  spreading,  oblong ;  the  latter  rather  narrower.  Lip  pro- 
longed underneath  into  a  thread-like  ascending  spur  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of 
the  flower,  3-lobed ;  the  middle  lobe  linear,  a  little  wavy,  as  long  as  the  petals, 
the  side  lobes  short  and  triangular.  Column  narrow  and  wingless.  Anther 
lid-like,  terminal :  pollen-masses  2,  waxy,  each  2-parted,  connected  by  a  linear 
stalk  with  the  transverse  small  gland. — Herb  with  large  solid  bulbs  connected 
horizontally,  producing  in  autumn  a  single  ovate  nerved  and  plaited  leaf  on  a 
slender  petiole,  which  is  tinged  with  purple  beneath ;  and  in  summer  a  long 
and  naked  slender  scape  (10' -18'  high),  with  1  or  2  sheaths  at  the  base,  bearing 
a  many-flowered  raceme  of  small  greenish  flowers  tinged  with  purple.  (So 
named  from  some  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flowers  to  insects  of  the  genus 
Tipula.) 

1.  T.  discolor,  Nutt.  —  Pine  woods,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Oakes.  Deer- 
field,  Massachusetts,  Prof.  Hitchcock.  Vermont,  Beck.  Parma,  Monroe  County, 
New  York,  Dr.  Bradley.  N.  Micliigan,  Dr.  Cooky.  Rockport,  Ohio,  Dr. 
Bassett.  Also  southward,  where  it  is  much  less  rare.  July.  —  Spur  almost 
1'  long. 

12.    B  LET  I  A,    Ruiz&Pavon.        BLETIA. 

Sepals  spreading,  equal,  rather  exceeding  the  petals.  Lip  hooded,  jointed, 
crested  along  the  upper  face,  often  3-lobcd.  Column  half-cylindrical ;  the  fleshy 
anther  forming  a  lid  at  its  apex.  Pollen-masses  8,  in  pairs,  with  a  stalk  to  each 
pair,  waxy,  becoming  powdery.  —  Scape  many-flowered  from  solid  tubers. 
(Named  for  Louis  Blet,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

1.  B.  aphylla,  Nutt.  Leafless;  scape  (l°-2°high)  beset  with  purplish 
scales,  the  lower  ones  sheathing ;  flowers  racemed,  brownish-purple ;  lip  not  sac- 
cate. Rich  woods,  Kentucky  and  southward. 

13.    UIICttOSTYLtlS,    Nutt.        ADDER'S-MOUTH. 

Sepals  spreading.  Petals  thread-like  or  linear,  spreading.  Lip  auricled  or 
halberd-shaped  at  the  base,  not  tubercled,  entire  or  nearly  so.  Column  very 
small,  with  2  teeth  or  auricles  at  the  summit  and  the  lid-like  anther  betwoen 


452  ORCHIDACEJE.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 


them.  Pollen-masses  4,  in  one  ro\r  (2  in  each  cell),  cohering  by  pairs  at  the 
apex,  waxy,  without  any  stalks  or  elastic  connecting  tissue.  —  Little  herbs  from 
solid  bulbs,  producing  simple  stems  or  scapes,  which  bear  1  or  2  leaves,  and  a 
raceme  of  minute  greenish  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  puepos,  little,  and  orvXir, 
a  column  or  style.) 

1.  M.    moilOpliyllOS,    Lindl.      Slender   (4' -6'   high);    leaf  solitary, 
shcathu  g  the  base  of  the  stem,  ovate-elliptical ;  raceme  spiked,  long  and  slender ; 
pedicels  not  longer  than  the  flowers;  lip  triangular-halberd-shaped,  long-pointed.— 
Cold  wet  swamps,  N.  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 
July.     (Eu.) 

2.  HI.  OplliOglOSSOldes,  Nutt.     Leaf  solitary  near  the  middle  of  the 
stem,  ovate,  clasping  ;  raceme  short  and  obtuse ;  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  flow- 
ers; lip  obtusely  auricled  at  the  base,  3-toothed  at  the  summit.  —  Damp  woods  ; 
more  common  southward.  —  Plant  4'  - 10'  high.    July. 

14.     LI  I* A  11  IS,    Richard.        TWAYBLADB 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  linear,  or  the  latter  thread-like,  spreading. 
Lip  flat,  entire,  often  bearing  2  tubercles  above  the  base.  Column  elongated, 
incurved,  margined  at  the  apex.  Anther,  &c.  as  in  the  last.  —  Small  herbs,  with 
solid  bulbs,  producing  2  root-leaves  and  a  low  scape,  which  bears  a  raceme  of  few 
purplish  or  greenish  flowers.  (Name  from  \iirapos,  fat  or  shining,  in  allusion  to 
the  smooth  or  unctuous  leaves.) 

1.  L.  liliifolia,  Richard.    Leaves  2,  ovate ;  petals  thread-like,  reflcxed  ; 
lip  large  (£'  long),  wedye-obovate,  abruptly  short-jwinted,  brown-purplish.     (Malaxis 
liliifolia,  Sicartz.)  —  Moist  woodlands:  commonest  in  the  Middle  States.    June. 

2.  L..  Loeselii,  Richard.     Leaves  2,  elliptical-lanceolate  or  oblong,  sharp- 
ly keeled ;  lip  obovate  or  oblong  (2"  long),  mucronate  at  the  incurved  tip,  yellow- 
ish-green, shorter  than  the  linear  unequal  petals  and  sqjals.     (Malaxis  Correana, 
Barton.) — Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and 
northward :  rare.    June.     (Eu.) 

15.     CORALLORHIZA,    Hallcr.        CORAL-ROOT. 

Flower  ringcnt ;  the  oblong  or  lanceolate  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  the 
laveral  ascending  and  the  upper  arching :  lip  spreading  above,  with  2  projecting 
ridges  or  lamella?  on  the  face  below,  slightly  adherent  at  the  base  to  the  2-edged 
straightish  column,  and  often  more  or  less  extended  into  a  protuberance  or  short 
spur  coalcsccnt  with  the  summit  of  the  ovary.  Anther  2-lipped,  terminal  and 
lid-like.  Polten-masscs  4,  obliquely  incumbent,  soft-waxy  or  powdery,  free.  — 
Brownish  or  yellowish  herbs,  destitute  of  green  foliage,  with  much-branched 
and  toothed  coral-like  root-stocks  (probably  root-parasitical),  sending  up  a  sim- 
ple scape,  furnished  with  sheaths  in  place  of  leaves,  and  bearing  small  and  dull- 
colored  flowers  in  a  spiked  raceme.  (Name  composed  of  KOjxxAAtov.  coral,  and 
pi(a,  root.) 

It  Lip  3  Ifibcd  (the  m  -ddfe  lobe  very  much  largest)  and  with  2  distinct  lamcllm  or  plaited 
on  th  2  face,  wl  itish,  usually  spotted  or  mottled  with  crimson. 


(ORCHIS   FAMILY.,  453 

I  C.  iimfltct,  R.  Brown.  Plant  slender,  light  brownish  OT  yellowish 
(6' -9'  high),  5  - 1 2-flowered  ;  lip  somewhat  hastately  3-lobed  above  the  base,  the 
lamellae  thick  and  rather  short;  spur  none;  pod  oval  or  elliptical  (3  '-4"  long). 
(C.  verna,  Nutf.)  —  Swamps  and  damp  woods,  throughout;  but  scarce.  May, 
June.  (Eu.) 

2.  C.  iiiltltifldra,  Nutt.      Plant  purplish,  rather  stout   (9' -18' high), 
10-30-flowered;  lip  deeply  3-lobed  at  the  base;  the  middle  lobe  very  wavy,  re- 
curved, the  lamellae  occupying  a  great  part  of  its  length ;  spur  a  manifest  protu- 
berance; pod  oblong    (!'-!'   long).  —  Dry  rich  woods;    common,   especially 
northward.     July -Sept.  —  Flower  much  larger  than  in  the  last;  sepals  and 
petals  3"  -4"  long. 

*  *  Lip  not  at  all  lobed  (mostly  purplish,  but  unspotted) ;  the  lamellae  consisting  of 
short  and  tooth-like  processes  near  the  base. 

3.  C.  odontOl'lliza,  Nutt.     Plant  light  brown  or  purplish ;  stem  rather 
slender,  bulbous-thickened  at  the  base  (6' -16'  high),  6  - 20-flowered ;  flowers 
small,  on  rather  slender  pedicels  ;  lip   (2" -3"  long)  obovate  or  ovate  with  a  short 
narrowed  base,  flattish,  with  the  margin  wavy  and  obscurely  denticulate ;  spur  ob- 
solete; pod  oval  (3"-  5"  long).     (C.  Wistariana,  Conrad,  is  merely  a  larger 
form.)  —  Rich  woods,  W.  New  England  and  New  York  to  Michigan  and  south- 
ward ;  common.      May -Aug.  —  Flowers  intermediate  in  size  between  No.  1 
and  No.  2.     There  is  a  small  tooth,  more  or  less  evident,  on  each  side,  where 
the  base  of  the  lip  and  the  wing-like  margin  of  the  column  join. 

4.  C.  Ulaci'ffei,  Gray.     Plant  purplish,  stout  (6' -16'  high),  bearing  15- 
20  large  flowers  in  a  crowded  spike,  on  very  short  pedicels ;  lip  oval,  very  obtuse,  rath- 
er fleshy  (purple),  3-nerved,  perfectly  entire,  concave,  the  margins  incurved,  the 
sessile  base  obscurely  auricled  and  with  1-3  short  lamellae ;  spur  none  at  all ; 
pod  ovoid  (I' long). — Woods,  along  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior  (Mackinaw, 
C.  G.  Loring,  Jr.,  Whitycy,  &c.,  West  Canada,  W.  F.  Macrae.)  —  Sepals  and 
petals  6"  -  8"  long,  conspicuously  3-nerved ;  but  this  cannot  be  C.  striata,  LindL, 
which  is  said  to  have  a  3-lobed  and  acute  lip,  &c.     Flowers  the  largest  of  the 
genus. 

16.    APL.ECTRUM,    Nutt.        PUTTY-ROOT.    ADAM-AND-EVE 

Sepals  and  petals  much  as  in  the  last.  Lip  with  a  short  claw,  free,  3-lobed, 
the  palate  3-ridged ;  no  trace  of  a  spur.  Anther  slightly  below  the  apex  of  the 
cylindrical  straightish  column  :  pollen-masses  4.  —  Scape  and  raceme  as  in  Co- 
rallorhiza,  invested  below  with  3  greenish  sheaths,  springing  in  May  from  the 
side  of  a  thick  globular  solid  bulb  or  corm  (filled  with  ex  tecdingly  glutinous 
matter),  which  also  produces  from  its  apex,  late  in  the  preceding  summer,  a 
large,  oval,  many-nerved  and  plaited,  petioled,  green  leaf,  lasting  through  the 
winter.  (Genus  too  near  the  last?  The  name  composed  of  a  privative  and 
n\T)Krpov,  a  spur,  from  the  total  want  of  the  latter.) 

I.  A.  hyemalc,  Nutt.  —  Woods,  in  rich  mould  :  rare.  —  Solid  bulbs  of- 
ten 1'  in  diameter,  one  produced  annually  on  a  slender  stalk,  along  with  fibrous 


454  ORCHIDACEJE.       (ORCHIS     FAMILY.; 

toots,  generally  lasting  until  the  fourth  year  before  it  shrivels,  so  thai  2-3  01 
more  are  found,  horizontally  connected.  Scape  1°  high.  Flowers  dingy  green- 
ish-brown and  purple ;  the  lip  whitish  and  speckled,  nearly  £'  long. 

17.     CYPKIPEDIUItt,    L.        LADY'S  SLIPPER. 

Sepals  spreading  ;  the  2  anterior  distinct,  or  commonly  united  into  one  under 
the  lip.  Petals  similar  but  usually  narrower,  spreading.  Lip  a  large  inflated 
sac,  somewhat  slipper-shaped.  Column  short,  3-lobed ;  the  lateral  lobes  bearing 
a  2-ccllcd  anther  under  each  of  them,  the  middle  lobe  (sterile  stamen)  dilated 
and  petal-like,  thickish,  incurved.  Pollen  pulpy  or  waxy.  Stigma  terminal, 
obscurely  3-lobc-d.  —  Root  of  many  tufted  fibres.  Leaves  large,  many-nerved 
and  plaited,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  solitary  or  few,  large  and  showy. 
(Name  composed  of  KuTrpiy,  Venus,  and  nodiov,  a  sock  or  buskin,  i.  e.  Venus's 
Slipj>er.)  Also  called  MOCCASON-FLOWER. 

$  1 .  Stem  leafy,  1  -  3-Jloivered :  sepals  and  the  linear  wary-twisted  petals  longer  than 
the  lip,  pointed,  greenish  shaded  with  purplish-brown  ;  the  2  anterior  sepals  united 
into  one  quite  or  nearly  to  the  tip. 

1.  C.  pubcseciis,  Willd.     (LARGER  YELLOW  LADY'S  SLIPPER.)     Se- 
pals elonyated-lanccolate ;  lip  flattened  laterally,  very  convex  and  gibbous  above, 
pale  yellow ;  sterile  stamen  (appendage  of  the  column)  triangular.  —  Bogs  find 
damp  low  woods  ;  common  northward  and  westward,  and  southward  in  the 
Alleghanies.     May,  June. —  Stem  2°  high,  pubescent,  as  are  the  broadly  oval 
acute  leaves.    Flower  scentless.    Lip  l£'-2'  long. 

2.  C.  parvifloruiii,  Salisb.     (SMALLER  YELLOW  LADY'S  SLIPPER.) 
Sejxds  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  lip  Jlattish  from  above,  bright  yellow ;  sterile  sta- 
men triangular  ;    leaves  oval,  pointed.  —  Rich  low  woods  ;    rather  common. 
May,   June.  —  Stem  l°-2°   high.      Flower  fragrant:  perianth   more   brown- 
purple  than  the  last :  lower  sepal  often  narrower  than  the  upper,  frequently  cleft 
at  the  apex.     Lip  |'- 1'  long. 

3.  C.  CiSiHliclimi,  Muhl.    (SMALL  WHITE  LADY'S  SLIPPER.)    Sepals 
ovate-lanceolate ;  lip  flattish  laterally,  convex  above,  white  ;  sterile  stamen  lanceo- 
late; leaves  lance-oblong,  acute.  —  Low  grounds,  W.  Penn.  to  Kentucky,  Wis- 
consin, and  northwestward.  —  Plant  5' -10'  high,  slightly  pubescent,  1 -flowered. 
Petals  and  sepals  greenish,  nearly  equal  in  length,  not  much  longer  than  the 
lip,  which  is  I'  long. 

§  2,  Stem  very  leafy,  1  -  3-f!oiccred :  sepals  and  petals  flat  and  rounded,  white,  nut 
longer  than  the  Up,  the  2  anterior  sepals  perfectly  united  into  one. 

4.  C.  SpecUifoilo,  Swart/.     ( SHOWY  LADY'S  SLIPPER.)    Sepals  round- 
ovate  or  the  upper  orbicular,  rather  longer  than  the  oblong  petals  ;  lift  much  in- 
flated, white  tinged  with  purple  in  front ;  sterile  stamen  heart-ovate.  —  Peat-bogs, 
Maine,  and  W.  New  England   to    Illinois;    common  northward,  and  southward 

along  the  Allcgh :iuk\s.  July.  —  The  most  beautiful  of  the  genus,  downy,  2° 
high.  Leaves  ovate,  pointed.  Lip  fully  1^'  in  diameter,  sometimes  almost  aV 
purple. 


AMARYLLIDACE^E.       (AMARYLLIS     FAMILY.)  455 

§  3.  (Scope  naked,  2-leaved  at  the  base,  \-flowered  ;  sepals  and  petals  greenish,  shorter 
than  the  Up,  the  2  anterior  perfectly  united  into  one. 

5.  C.  acaule,  Ait.      (STEMLESS   LADY'S    SLIPPER.)      Sepals   oblong- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  nearly  as  long  as  the  linear  petals  j  lip  drooping,  obovoid, 
rose-purple,  with  a  fissure  in  front ;  sterile  stamen  rhomboid,  pointed ;  leaves 
oblong.     (C.  humile,  Salisb.) — Dry  or  moist  woods,  under  evergreens;  com- 
mon, especially   northward.     May,   June. — Plant   downy:  the   scape  8' -12' 
high,  with  a  green  bract  at  the  top.     Lip  nearly  2'  long,  veiny,  sometimes  pale, 
or  even  white. 

§  4.  Stem  leafy,  1  flowered :  the  2  anterior  sepals  separate. 

6.  C.  arietiiiiliii,  R.  Brown.     (RAM'S-HEAD.)     Upper  sepal  ovate-Ian  • 
ceolate,  pointed  ;  the  2  lower  and  the  petals  linear  and  nearly  alike,  rather  longer 
than  the  red  and  white  veiny  lip,  which  is  prolonged  at  the  apex  into  a  short 
conical  deflexed  point ;  sterile  stamen  rounded ;  leaves  3  or  4,  elliptical-lanceo- 
late, nearly  smooth.     (Cryosanthes,  Raf     Arietinum,  Beck.)  —  Swamps  and 
damp  woods,  Maine  and  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward :  rare.     June. 
—  Stem  slender,  6' -12' high.     Perianth  greenish-brown:  lip  small,  somewhat 
conical,  hairy  at  the  orifice,  £'  long. 


ORDER  120.    AMARYLLIDACE^E.     (AMARYLLIS  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  bulbous  and  scape-bearing  herbs,  not  scurfy  or  woolly,  with  linear 
flat  root-leaves,  and  regular  (or  nearly  so)  perfect  6-androus  flowers,  the  tube 
of  the  corolline  Q-parted  perianth  coherent  with  the  ^-celled  ovary,  the  lobes 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  —  Anthers  introrse.  Style  single.  Pod  3-celled, 
several -many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous  or  nearly  so,  with  a  straight 
embryo  in  the  axis  of  flashy  albumen.  —  An  order  represented  in  our  gar- 
dens by  the  Narcissus  (N.  POETICUS),  Jonquil  (N.  JONQUILLA),  and  Daf- 
fodil (N.  PSEUDO-NARCISSUS),  the  Snowdrop  (GALANTHUS  NIVALIS) 
and  the  Snowflake  (LEUCOJUM  VERNUM),  &c.,  but  with  very  few  indige 
nous  representatives  in  this  country.  Bulbs  acrid.  Ilypoxys  is  the  type 
of  a  small  suborder  ? 

Synopsis.   , 

*  Pod  3-valved,  loculicidal:  anthers  versatile:  perianth  funnel-shaped. 

1.  AMARYLLIS.     Flower  naked  in  the  throat ;  the  tube  short  or  none.     Bulbs  coated. 

2.  PANCRATIUM.    Flower  with  a  slender  tube  and  narrow  recurved  lobes;  a  cup-shaped 

crown  connecting  the  stamens.     Bulbs  coated. 
8   AGAVE.    Flower  equally  6-cleft,  persistent :  no  crown.     Fleshy-leaved,  not  bulbous 

*  *  Pod  indehiscent :  anthers  sagitate. 
4.  HYPOXYS.     Perianth  6-parted  nearly  down  to  the  ovary.    Bulb  solid. 

1.     AMARYLLIS,  L.   §  ZEPHYRANTHES,  Herb.     AMARYLLIS. 

Penanlh  funnel-form,  from  a  tubular  base  ;  the  6  divisions  petul-like  and  sim- 
ilar, spreading  above ;  the  6  stamens  inserted  in  its  naked  throat :  anthers  versa- 


456  AMARYLLIDACE^E.       (AMARYLLIS     FAMILY.) 

tile.     Pod  membranaceous,  3-lobcd.  —  Leaves  and  scape  from  a  coated  bulb. 
Flowers  1  or  2,  from  a  1  -2-leaved  spathe.     (A  poetical  name.) 

1.  A.  Atamasco,  L.  (ATAMASCO  LILY.)  Spathe  2-cleft  at  the  apex  j 
perianth  white  and  pink  ;  stamens  and  style  declined.  —  Pcnn.  (Muhl.)  Virginia, 
and  southward.  June.  —  Flower  3  long,  on  a  scape  6'  high. 

2.     PANCRATIUM,    L.        PANCRATIUM. 

Perianth  with  a  long  and  slender  tube,  and  an  equal  b-parted  limb ;  the  lobea 
long  and  narrow,  recurved  :  the  throat  bearing  a  tubular  or  cup-shaped  corolline 
delicate  crown,  which  connects  the  bases  of  the  6  exserted  stamens.  Anthers 
linear,  versatile.  Pod  thin,  2  -  3-lobed,  with  a  few  fleshy  seeds,  often  like  bulb- 
lets.  —  Scapes  and  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb.  Flowers  large  and  showy  in  an 
umbel-like  head  or  cluster,  leafy-bracted.  (Name  composed  of  7rai/,  all,  and 
Kparus, powerful,  from  fancied  medicinal  properties.) 

1.  P.  FO til  til  111,  Ker.  Leaves  ascending,  strap-shaped  (l°-2°  long); 
scape  few-flowered  ;  the  handsome  (white  and  fragrant)  flower  with  a  spreading 
large  12-toothed  crown,  the  alternate  teeth  bearing  the  filaments.  (Hymeno- 
callis  rotata,  &c.,  Herbert.)  — Marshy  banks  of  streams,  Kentucky,  Virginia,  and 
southward.  May.  —  Flowers  opening  at  night  or  in  cloudy  weather. 

3.  AGAVE,    L.        AMERICAN  ALOE. 

Perianth  tubular-funnel-form,  persistent,  6-parted ;  the  divisions  nearly  equal, 
narrow.  Stamens  6,  soon  exserted  :  anthers  linear,  versatile.  Pod  coriaceous, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  flattened.  —  Leaves  very  thick  and  fleshy,  often  with  car 
tilaginous  or  spiny  teeth,  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  many-flowered  scape,  from 
a  thick  fibrous-rooted  crown.  (Name  altered  from  ayavos,  wonderful,  not  inap- 
propriate as  applied  to  A.  Americana,  the  Century-plant.) 

1.  A.  Virginica,  L.  (FALSE  ALOE.)  Herbaceous;  scape  simple  (3° 
-  6°  high) ;  the  flowers  scattered  in  a  loose  wand-like  spike,  greenish-yellow, 
very  fragrant.  —  Dry  or  rocky  banks,  Pcnn.?  Kentucky,  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward. Sept. 

4.    HYPOXYS,    L.        STAR-GRASS. 

Perianth  persistent,  6-parted,  spreading ;  the  3  outer  divisions  a  little  herba 
ceous  outside.  Stamens  6  :  anthers  erect.  Pod  crowned  with  the  withered  or 
closed  perianth,  not  opening  by  valves.  Seeds  globular,  with  a  crustaceous 
coat,  ascending,  impcifectly  anatropous,  the  rhaphe  not  adherent  quite  down  to 
the  micropyle,  the  seed-stalk  thus  forming  a  sort  of  lateral  beak.  Radicle  infe- 
rior!- Stcmless  small  herbs,  with  grassy  and  hairy  linear  leaves  and  slender 
few-flowered  scapes  from  a  solid  bulb.  (Name  composed  of  urro,  beneath,  and 
o£vs,  sharp,  it  is  thought  because  the  pod  is  acute  at  the  base.) 

1.  II.  ^rrcfa,  L.  Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  longer  than  the  umbellately 
1  -4-flowered  scape  ;  divisions  of  the  perianth  hairy  and  greenish  outside,  yellow 
within.  —  Meadows  and  open  woods ;  common.  June  -  Aug. 


(BLOODWORT    FAMILY.)  A£7 

ORDER  121.     H^EMODORACE^E.     (BLOODWORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  withjibrous  roots,  usually  equitant  leaves,  and  perfect  3-6-androus 
regular  flowers,  which  are  woolly  or  scurfy  outside ;  the  tube  of  the  G-lobed 
perianth  coherent  with  the  whole  surface,  or  with  merely  the  lower  part,  of  the 
3-celled  ovary. —  Anthers  introrse.  Style  single,  sometimes  3-partible; 
the  3  stigmas  alternate  with  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Pod  crowned  or  en- 
closed by  the  persistent  perianth,  3-celled,  loculicidal,  3  -  many-seeded. 
Embryo  small,  in  hard  or  fleshy  albumen.  A  small  family.* 

Synopsis. 

*  Ovary  wholly  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube  :  style  filiform :  seeds  peltate,  amphitropous. 

1.  LACHNANTHES.     Stamens  3,  exserted  :  anthers  versatile.     Leaves  equitant 

*  *  Ovary  free  except  the  base  :  style  3-partible :  seeds  anatropous. 

2.  LOPHIOLA.    Stamens  6,  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  woolly  6-cleft  perianth.    Leaves 

equitant. 

3.  ALETRIS.    Stamens  6,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  warty-roughened  and  tubular  6-toothed 

perianth.    Leaves  flat. 

1.  L.ACHNANTHES,  Ell.   RED-ROOT. 

Perianth  woolly  outside,  6-parted  down  to  the  adherent  ovary.  Stamens  3, 
opposite  the  3  larger  or  inner  divisions  :  filaments  long,  exserted  :  anthers  linear, 
fixed  by  the  middle.  Style  thread-like,  exserted,  declined.  Pod  globular. 
Seeds  few  on  each  fleshy  placenta,  flat  and  rounded,  fixed  by  the  middle.  — 
Herb  with  a  red  fibrous  perennial  root,  equitant  sword-shaped  leaves,  clustered 
at  the  base  and  scattered  on  the  stem,  which  is  hairy  at  the  top,  and  terminated 
by  a  dense  compound  cyme  of  dingy  yellow  and  loosely  woolly  flowers  (whence 
the  name,  from  Xa^vr],  wool,  and  avdos,  blossom). 

1.  It.  tilictorin,  Ell.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Rhode  Island,  New  Jersey,  and 
southward,  near  the  coast.  July  -  Sept. 

2.     LOPHIOLA,    Ker.        LOPHIOLA. 

Perianth  densely  woolly,  deeply  6-cleft ;  the  divisions  nearly  equal,  spreading, 
longer  than  the  6  stamens,  which  are  inserted  at  their  base.  Anthers  fixed  by 
the  base.  Pod  ovate,  free  from  the  perianth  except  at  the  base,  pointed  with 
the  awl-shaped  style,  which  finally  splits  into  3  divisions,  one  terminating  each 
valve.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong,  ribbed,  anatropous. — -A  slender  perennial 
herb,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  fibrous  roots,  linear  and  nearly  smooth  equi- 
tant leaves  ;  the  stem  leafless  and  whitened  with  soft  matted  wool  towards  the 
summit,  as  well  as  the  crowded  or  panicled  cyme.  Perianth  dingy  yellow  in- 


*  The  character  by  which  Endlicher  distinguishes  this  family  from  the  foregoing,  viz  by  ha> 
Ing  the  3  cells  of  the  ovary  opposite  the  inner  divisions  of  the  perianth,  is  not  true  of  either  ol 
the  following  genera.  Yet,  in  Lophiola  and  Aletris,  the  3  stigmas,  as  well  as  the  3  divisions  in- 
to which  the  style  splits  at  maturity,  are  indeed  thus  situated :  but  they  stand  over  the  parti- 
tt^ts,  instead  of  the  cells,  and  therefore  exactly  surmount  the  valves  of  the  loculicidal  jod. 


458  BROMELIACE2E.       (PINE-APPLE    FAMILY.) 

side ;  the  lobes  naked  only  towards  the  tip,  each  clothed  with  a  woolly  tuft 
towards  the  base  (whence  the  name,  from  Xo<£elov,  a  small  crest). 

1.  JL.  aiircu,  Ker.  (Conostylis  Americana,  Pursh.) — Boggy  pine  bar- 
rens, New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  June  -  Aug. 

3.    A  LET  ISIS,    L.        COLIC-ROOT.     STAR-GRASS. 

Perianth  cylindrical,  not  woolly,  but  wrinkled  and  roughened  outside  iy 
thickly-set  points,  which  look  like  scurfy  mealiness,  the  tube  cohering  below 
v  ith  the  base  only  of  the  ovary,  6-cleft  at  the  summit.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  lobes  :  filaments  and  anthers  short,  included.  Style  awl-shaped, 
3-clcft  at  the  apex  :  stigmas  minutely  2-lobed.  Pod  ovate,  enclosed  in  the 
roughened  perianth  ;  the  dehiscence,  seeds,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Lophiola.  — Peren 
nial  and  smooth  stemless  herbs,  very  bitter,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  a  spreading 
cluster  of  thin  and  flat  lanceolate  leaves ;  the  small  flowers  in  a  wand-like  spiked 
raceme,  terminating  a  naked  slender  scape  (2° -3°  high).  Bracts  awl-shaped, 
minute.  ('AXerpi's,  a  female  slave  who  grinds  com ;  the  name  applied  to 
these  plants,  in  allusion  to  the  apparent  mealiness  dusted  over  the  blossoms.) 

1.  A.  farinosa,  L.      Flowers   oblong-tubular,   white;  lobes   lanceolate- 
oblong.  —  Grassy  or  sandy  woods  ;  common,  especially  southward.     July,  Aug. 

2.  A.  aiirea,  Walt.     Flowers  bell-shaped,   yellow  (fewer  and  shorter)  ; 
lobes  short-ovate.  —  Barrens,  &c.,  N.  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 


ORDER  122.     BROMELIACEJE.     (PINE- APPLE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (or  scarcely  woody  plants,  nearly  all  tropical),  the  greater  part  epi- 
phytes, with  persistent  dry  or  fleshy  and  channelled  crowded  leaues,  sheathing 
at  the  base,  usually  covered  with  scurf;  6-androus ;  the  G-cleft  perianth  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary  in  the  Pine-apple,  &c.,  or  free  from  it  in  our  only  rep- 
resentative, viz. 

1.    TILL.ANDSIA,    L.        LONG  Moss. 

Perianth  plainly  double,  6-parted  ;  the  3  outer  divisions  (sepals)  membrane 
ceous;  the  3  inner  (petals)  colored;  all  convolute  below  into  a  tube,  spreading 
above,  lanceolate.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous  !  or  the  alternate  ones  cohering  with 
the  base  of  the  petals :  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  free  :  style  thread-shaped  :  stig- 
mas 3.  Pod  cartilaginous,  3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved  ;  the  valves  splitting 
into  an  inner  and  an  outer  layer.  Seeds  several  or  many  in  each  cell,  anatro- 
pous,  club-shaped,  pointed,  raised  on  a  long  hairy-tufted  stalk,  like  a  coma. 
Embryo  small,  at  the  base  of  copious  albumen.  —  Scurfy-leaved  epiphytes. 
(Named  for  Prof.  Tillnnds  of  Abo.) 

1.  T.  USII«>OI«1«'S,  L.  (COMMON  LONG  Moss  or  BLACK  Moss.)  Stems 
thread-shaped,  branching,  pendulous  ;  loaves  thread-shaped  ;  peduncle  short,  1- 
flowiTcd. —  Dismal  Swamp,  Virginia,  and  southward;  growing  on  the  branches 
of  tivcs,  forming  long  hanjjng  tufts.  A  characteristic  plant  of  the  Southern 
States,  iiud  barely  coining  within  the  limits  of  this  work. 


IRIDACEJE.       (IRIS    FAMILY.)  459 

ORDER  123.     IRIDACE^E.     (!RIS  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  equitant  ^-ranked  leaves,  ayd  regular  or  irregular  perfect  flow- 
ers ;  the  divisions  of  the  6-cleft  petal-like  perianth  convolute  in  the  bud  in  2 
sets,  the  tube  coherent  with  the  3-celled  ovary,  and  3  distinct  or  monadelphoua 
stamens  with  extrorse  anthers.  —  Flowers  from  a  2-leaved  spathe,  usually 
showy  and  ephemeral.  Style  single  :  stigmas  3,  opposite  with  the  cells  of 
the  ovary.  Pod  3-celled,  loculicidal,  many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous: 
embryo  straight  in  fleshy  albumen.  Rootstocks,  tubers,  &c.  mostly  acrid. 
—  A  rather  small  family,  here  represented  by  only  two  genera. 

1.     IRIS,    L.        FLOWER-DE-LUCE. 

Perianth  6-cleft ;  the  3  outer  divisions  spreading  or  reflexed ;  the  3  inner 
smaller  and  erect.  Stamens  distinct,  placed  before  the  outer  divisions  of  the 
perianth,  and  under  the  3  petal-like  stigmas.  Pod  3  -  6-angled.  Seeds  de- 
pressed-flattened. —  Perennials  with  creeping  and  often  tuberous  rootstocks, 
sword-shaped  or  grassy  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers,  flpts,  the  rainbow 
deijied,  anciently  applied  to  this  genus  on  account  of  the  bright  and  varied 
colors  of  the  blossoms.)  See  Addend. 

#  Stems  leafy  (l°-3°  high},  often  branching :  rootstocks  thick:  flowers  crestless,  the 

inner  divisions  (petals)  much  smaller  than  the  outer. 

1.  I.  versicolor,  L.     (LARGER  BLUE  FLAG.)     Stem  stout,  angled  on 
one  side;  leaves  sword-shaped  (|'  wide) ;  ovary  obtusely  triangular  with  the  sides 
flat ;  pod  oblong,  turgid,  with  rounded  angles.  —  Wet  places ;  common.     May, 
June.  — Flowers  blue,  variegated  with  green,  yellow  and  white  at  the  base,  and 
veined  with  purple. 

2.  I.  Virgiiiica,  L.      (SLENDER  BLUE  FLAG.)      Stem  very  slender, 
terete;  leaves  narrowly  linear  ({'  wide);  ovary  3-angled,  and  each  side  deeply 
2-grooved  ;  pod  triangular,  acute  at  both  ends.     (I.  prismatica,  Pursh.     I.  gra- 
cilis,  Bigel.) — Marshes,  Maine  to  Virginia,  and  southward,  near   the  coast. 
June.  —  Flower  much  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

*  *  Low,  almost  stemless,  1  -  3-flowered :  divisions  of  the  light  blue-purple  perianth 
nearly  equal :  rootstocks  slender,  and  here  and  there  tuberous-thickened,  creeping  and 
tufted. 

3.  I.  Verna,  L.     (DWARF  IRIS.)     Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  rather  glau- 
cous, the  thread-like  tube  of  the  perianth  about  the  length  of  the  divisions,  which 
are  all  beardless  and  crestless;  pod  triangular.  —  Wooded  hill-sides,   Virginia, 
Kentucky,  and  southward.     April. 

4.  I.  cristf&ta,  Ait.     (CRESTED  DWARF  IRIS.)      Leaves  lanceolate  (3'- 
5'  long  when  grown) ;  those  of  the  spathe  ovate-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the 
thread-like  tube  of  the  perianth,  which  is  2'  long  and  considerably  exceeds  the  divis- 
ions ;  the  outer  ones  crested,  but  beardless ;  pod  sharply  triangular.  —  Mountains 
of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May. 

5.  I.  laciiStl'iS,  Nutt.     (LAKE  DWARF  IRIS.)     Tube  of  the  perianth  rather 
ihorter  than  the  divisions  (yellowish,  £'-  f  long),  dilated  upwards,  not  exceeding 


460  DIOSCOREACEJE.       (YAM    FAMILY.) 


the  spa  the  :  otherwise  much  as  in  the  last.  —  Gravelly  shores  of  Lakes  Huron 
and  Michigan.     May. 

I.  PUMILA,  L.,  the  DWARF  IRIS  of  the  Old  World,  and  I.  GBRMANICA,  L., 
the  common  FLOWER-DE-LUCE  (i.  e.  Fleur-de-Lis),  are  familiar  in  gardens. 

2.     SISYBINCIIIUM,    L.        BLUE-EYED  GRASS. 

Perianth  6-parted ;  the  divisions  alike,  spreading.  Stamens  monadelphous. 
Stigmas  involute-thread-like.  Pod  globular-3-angled.  Seeds  globular.  —  Low 
slender  perennials,  with  fibrous  roots,  grassy  or  lanceolate  leaves,  mostly  branch- 
ing 2-edgcd  or  winged  stems,  and  fugacious  umbellcd-clustered  small  flowers 
from  a  2-leaved  spathe.  (Name  composed  of  <rvs,  a  hog,  and  pvy\os,  snout, 
from  a  fancy  that  the  hogs  are  fond  of  rooting  it  up.) 

1.  S.  Bermudiana,  L.  Scape  winged,  naked,  or  1  -  2-leaved ;  leaves 
narrow  and  grass-like ;  divisions  of  the  perianth  obovatc,  more  or  less  notched 
at  the  end,  and  bristle-pointed  from  the  notch.  (Leaves  of  the  spathe  almost 
equal,  shorter  than  the  flowers.)  —  Var.  ANCEPS  (S.  anceps,  Cay.)  has  a 
broadly  winged  scape,  and  the  outer  leaf  of  the  very  unequal  spathe  longer  than 
the  flowers.  —  Var.  MUCRONATUM  (S.  mucronatum,  Michx.)  has  a  slender  and 
narrowly  winged  scape,  very  narrow  leaves,  those  of  the  spathe  sharp-pointed, 
unequal,  one  of  them  usually  longer  than  the  flowers.  But  there  are  various 
intermediate  forms.  —  Moist  meadows,  £c.,  among  grass  ;  common  everywhere. 
June -Aug.  —  Flowers  small,  delicate  blue,  changing  to  purplish,  rarely  whit- 
ish, 4-6  opening  in  succession. 

THE  CROCUS,  the  CORN-FLAG  (GLADIOLUS),  the  BLACKBERRY  LILY  (PAR- 
DANTHUS  CHINENSIS),  and  the  TIGER-FLOWER  (TIGIU'DIA  PAv6xiA),  are 
common  cultivated  plants  of  the  family. 

ORDER  124.     DIOSCOREACEyE.     (YAM    FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  twining  stems  from  large  tuberous  ropts  or  knotted  rootstockx, 
and  ribbed  and  netted -veined  petioled  leaves,  small  dioecious  6-androus  and 
regular  flowers,  with  the  6-cleft  calyx-like  perianth  adherent  in  the  fertile 
plant  to  the  3-celled  ovary.  Styles  3,  distinct.  —  Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell, 
anatropous.  Fruit  usually  a  membranaceous  3-angled  or  winged  pod. 
Seeds  with  a  minute  embryo  in  hard  albumen.  —  Represented  chiefly 
oy  the  genus 

T.    DIOSCOREA,    Plumicr.        YAM. 

Flowers  very  small,  in  axillary  panicles  or  racemes.  Stamens  6,  at  the  base 
of  the  divisions  of  the  6-parted  perianth.  Pod  3-celled,  3-winged,  loculicidally 
3-valvcd  by  splitting  through  the  winged  angles.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell,  flat, 
with  a  mcmbninaceous  wing.  (Dedicated  to  the  Greek  naturalist  Diotooride*.) 

1.  D.  villos:i,  L.  (WILD  YAM-ROOT.)  Hi-rburums  ;  leaves  most!} 
alternate,  sometimes  nearly  opposite  or  in  fours,  more  or  les.-  downy  under 


SMILACE2E.       (SMILAX    FAMILY.)  461 

neath,  heart-shaped,  conspicuously  pointed,  9-11-ribbed  ;  flowers  pale  greenish- 
yellow,  the  sterile  in  drooping  panicles,  the  fertile  in  drooping  simple  racemes. 
—  Thickets,  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  common  southward.  July.  —  A 
slender  vine,  from  knotty  and  matted  rootstocks,  twining  over  bushes.  Pods  £•' 
long.  —  A  bad  name,  for  the  plant  is  never  villous,  and  often  nearly  smooth. 


ORDER  125.     SMILACE^E.     (SMILAX  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  or  climbing  shrubby  plants,  with  ribbed  and  conspicuously  netted- 
veiny  leaves,  regular  6  -  10-androus  flowers  with  the  G  -  10-leaved  perianth 
free  from  the  3  -  5-cetted  (rarely  1  -  2-cellecT)  ovary ;  the  styles  or  sessile  stig- 
mas as  many  and  distinct.  Anthers  introrse.  Fruit  a  few  -  several-seeded 
berry.  Embryo  minute,  in  hard  albumen.  —  A  group  with  no  known  and 
clear  marks  of  distinction  from  the  next :  as  here  received  it  comprises  two 
marked  suborders,  viz. :  —  See  Addend. 

SUBORDER  I.    EUSMILACE2E.     THE  TRUE  SMIIAX  FAMILY 

Flowers  dioecious,  axillary :  the  6  divisions  of  the  perianth  all  alike. 
Anthers  1 -celled  (2-locellate).  Styles  nearly  wanting:  stigmas  1-3 
Seeds  orthotropous,  pendulous.  —  Chiefly  shrubby  and  alternate-leaved. 

1.  SMILAX.     Perianth  of  6  distinct  and  similar  divisions.    Ovules  solitary,  rarely  2  in  each 

eel]. 

SUBORDER  II.     TKILLIACE^.    THE  TRILLIUM  FAMILY. 

Flowers  perfect,  terminal :  the  sepals  and  petals  usually  different  in  col- 
or. Anthers  2-celled.  Styles  manifest.  Seeds  anatropous,  several  in 
each  cell.  Herbs  :  leaves  whorled. 

2.  TRILLIUM.     Sepals  3,  green,  persistent.     Petals  3.    Flower  single. 

3.  MEDEOLA.    Sepals  and  petals  3,  colored  alike,  deciduous.    Flowers  umbelled. 

SUBORDER  I.    EITSMIL,ACE^E.     THE  TRUE  SMILAX  FAMILY. 

1.     SHI  I  Li  AX,    Tourn.        GREENBRIER.     CATBRIER. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  of  6  (rarely  5  or  7)  equal  spreading  sepals 
(greenish  or  yellowish),  deciduous.  Ster.  Fl.  Stamens  as  manv  as  the  sepals, 
and  at  their  base  :  filaments  linear  :  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  fixed  by  the  base. 
Fert.  FL  Filaments,  if  present,  sterile.  Stigmas  thick  and  spreading,  almost 
sessile.  Berry  globular,  1  -  3-celled,  1  -  6-seeded.  Seeds  orthotropous,  sus 
pended,  globular.  Albumen  horny.  —  Shrubs,  or  rarely  perennial  herbs,  often 
evergreen  and  prickly,  climbing  by  a  pair  of  tendrils  on  the  petioles,  with  yel- 
lowish-green stems,  variously  shaped  simple  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  axillary 
peduncled  umbels.  (The  ancient  Greek  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 

$  1.  SMILAX  PROPER.  —  Stems  woody,  often  prickly :  ovules  and  seed*  solitary  in 
each  cell.     (All  our  species  are  glabrous.) 


4C2  SMILACE^E.       (SMILAX    FAMILY.) 

*  Leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  frc.,  most  of  then  roundish  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base, 
5  -  9-nerued,  the  three  middle  nerves  or  ribs  stronger  and  more  conspicuous. 

-*-  Peduncles  shorter  or  scarcely  longer  than  tJie  petioles :  leaves  thickish,  inclining  to 
be  evergreen,  at  least  southward,  green  both  sides. 

1.  S.  Walter!,  Pursh.     Branches  somewhat  angled,  prickly  or  unarmed ; 
leaves  ovate  and  somewhat  heart-shaped  (3' -4^'  long)  ;  benies  red.     (S.   China, 
Walt.)  —  S.  New  Jersey,  and  southward.     July. 

2.  S,  rotmidifolia,  L.     (COMMON  GREENBRIER.)     Stem  armed  with 
scattered  prickles,  as  well  as  the  terete  branches ;  branchlets  more  or  less  4- 
angular ;  leaves  ovate  or  round-ovate,  often  broader  than  long,  slightly  heart-shaped, 
abruptly  short-pointed  (2' -3'  long)  ;  berries  blue-black,  with  a  bloom.     (S.  cadu- 
ca,  L.,  is  only  a  more  deciduous  and  thin-leaved  form.)  —  Moist  thickets;  com- 
mon, especially  southward.     June.  —  Plant  yellowish-green,  often  high-climbing. 
—  Passes  into  var.  QUADRANGUL.ARIS;  the  branches,  and  especially  the  branch- 
lets,  4-angular,  often  square.     (S.  quadrangulaiis,  Muhl.)  — Penn.,    to   Illinois, 
and  southward. 

-»-  -»-  Peduncles  longer  than,  but  seldom  twice  the  length  of  the  petiole :  leaves  tardily 
deciduous  or  partly  persistent :  berries  black,  with  a  bloom. 

3.  S.  glillkca,  Walt.     Terete  branches  and  somewhat  4-angnlar  branch 
lets  armed  with  scattered  stout  prickles,  or  naked ;  leaves  ovate,  rarely  subcor- 
date,  glaucous  beneath  and  sometimes  also  above  as  well  as  the  branchlets  when 
young  (about  2'  long),  abruptly  mucronate,  the  edges  smooth  and  naked.     (S. 
Sarsaparilla,  L.,  in  part,  but  not  as  to  syn.  Bauliin,  whence  the  name  was  taken. 
S.  caduca,  Willd.,  £c.     S.  spinulosa,  Smith?  Torr.  fi.)—  Dry  thickets,  &c.,  S. 
New  York  to  Kentucky  and  southward.     July. 

4.  S.  taninoidcs,  L.     Branches  and  the  angular  (often  square)  branch- 
lets  sparsely  armed  with  short  rigid  prickles ;  leaves  varying  from  round-heart- 
shaped  and  slightly  contracted  above  the  dilated  base  to  fiddle-shaped  and  hal- 
berd-shaped -  3-lobed,  green  and  shining  both  sides,  cuspidate-pointed,  the  margins 
often  somewhat  bristly-ciliate  or  spinulose.    (S.  Bona-nox,  L.,  8.  hastata,  Willd., 
S.  panduratus,  Pursh,  £c.,  are  all  forms  of  this.)  —  Thickets,  New  Jersey  to  Illi- 
nois, and  (chiefly)  southward.     July. 

•»-•»-•»-•  Peduncles  2-4  times  the  length  of  the  petiole:  leaves  ample  (3' -5'  long), 
thin  or  thinnish,  green  both  sides  :  berries  black :  stem  terete  and  branchlets  nearly  so. 

5.  S.  liispida,  Muhl.     Rootstock  cylindrical,  elongated ;  stem  (climbing 
high)  below  densely  beset  with  long  and  weak  blackish  bristly  prickles,  the  flowering 
branchlets  mostly  naked ;  leaves  ovate  and   the  larger   heart-shaped,  pointed, 
ilightly  rough-margined,  membranaceous  and  deciduous.  —  Moist  thickets,  Penn. 
uul  W.  New  York  to  Michigan.     June.  —  Peduncles  1^-2'  long.     Sepals  lau 
ceolate,  almost  :\"  long. 

6.  S.  Psciiclo-Chllia,     L.     Rootstock   tuberous;  stems   and  branches  un 
urmed,  or  with  very  few  weak  prickles ;  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  or  on  the 
branchlets  ovate-oblong,  cuspidate-pointed,  often  rough-fill  ate,  becoming  firm 
in  texture;  peduncles  flat  (l£'-3'  long).  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  \ow  Jersey  to 
Kentucky,  and  southward.     July 


SMILACE^E.       (SMILAX    FAMILY.)  4G3 

*  #  Leaves  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  narrowed  at  ihe  base  into  a  short 
petiole,  3  -  5-nerved,  shining  above,  paler  or  glaucous  beneath,  many  withmt  tendrils  ; 
peduncles  short,  seldom  exceeding  the  pedicels;  the  umbels  sometimes  panicled ; 
branches  terete,  unarmed. 

7.  S.  lanceolata,  L.     Leaves  thin,  rather  deciduous,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
lance-oblong ;  berries  red.  —  S.  E.  Virginia  and  southward.    June. 

8.  S.  laurifolia,  L.     Leaves  thick  and  coriaceous,  evergreen,  varying  from 
oblong-lanceolate  to  linear  (2^' -5'  long) ;  berries  black,  mostly  1-seeded. — Pine 
barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward.     July,  Aug. 

f  2.  COPROSMANTHUS,  Torr.  —  Stem  herbaceous,  not  prickly:  ovules  mostly 
in  pairs  in  each  cell :  leaves  long-petioledt  membranaceous,  mucronate-tipped :  berries 
bluish-black  with  a  bloom. 

9.  S.  herbacea,  L.     (CARRION-FLOWER.)     Stem  erect  and  recurving, 
or  climbing ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  rounded,  mostly  heart-shaped,  7  -  9-nerved,  smooth ; 
tendrils  sometimes  wanting;  peduncles  elongated  (3' -4'  long,  or  often  6' - 8', 
and  much  longer  than  the  leaves),  20  -  40-flowered.  —  Var.   PULVERULENTA 
(S.  pulverulenta,  Michx.  &  S.  peduncularis,  Muhl.)  has  the  leaves  more  or  less 
soft-downy  underneath.    A  shorter  peduncled  state  of  this  is  S.  lasioneuron, 
Hook.  —  Moist  meadows   and   river-banks;   common.     June. —  Stem   3°.- 6° 
long.    Leaves  very  variable  :  petioles  l'-3'  long.    Flowers  exhaling  the  stench 
of  carrion.     Seeds  6. 

10.  S.  tamnifolia,  Michx.      Stem   upright  or  climbing ;  leaves  heart- 
halberd-shaped,  5-nerved,  smooth;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles.     (S.  tarn- 
noides,  Pursh.,  not  of  L.) — Pine  ban-ens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  south- 
ward. —  Leaves  abruptly  narrowed  above  the  dilated  heart-shaped  base,  tapering 
to  the  apex.    Berry  (always  1)2-  3-seeded. 

i 
SUBORDER  n.     TItILLIA€£JB.     THE  TRILLIUM  FAMILY. 

2.    TRILLIUM,    L.        THREE-LEAVED  NIGHTSHADE. 

Flower  perfect.  Sepals  3,  lanceolate,  spreading,  herbaceous,  persistent. 
Petals  3,  larger,  withering  in  age.  Stamens  6  :  anthers  linear,  adnate,  on  short 
filaments.  Siyles  (or  rather  stigmas)  awl-shaped  or  slender,  spreading  or  re 
curved  above,  persistent,  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side.  Berry  often  6-sided, 
ovate,  3-celled  (purple).  Seeds  horizontal,  several  in  each  cell.  —  Low  peren- 
nial herbs,  with  a  stout  and  simple  stem  rising  from  a  very  short  and  abrupt 
tuber-like  rootstock,  naked  below,  bearing  *at  the  summit  a  whorl  of  3  amp  la 
and  commonly  broadly  ovate  leaves,  and  a  terminal  large  flower.  (Name 
from  trilix,  triple;  all  the  parts  being  in  threes.) — Monstrosities  are  not  rarely 
met  with  in  some  species,  especially  in  Nos.  5  and  7,  with  the  calyx  and 
sometimes  the  petals  changed  to  leaves,  or  with  the  parts  of  the  flower  increased 
in  number. 

^  1.  Flower  sessile  and  involucrate  by  the  3  leaves,  erect ;  petals  varying  from  spatulate 
to  lanceolate,   l'-2'  long,  little  exceeding  the  sepals,  withering-persistent: 
mostly  two  from  tlie  same  bud. 

25 


464  SMILACE^E.       (SMILAX    FAMILY.) 

1.  T.  Sessile,    L.     Leaves  also  sessile,  ovate  or  rhomboidal,  acute,  often 
blotched  or  spotted ;  sessile  petals  erect-spreading  (dark  and  dull  purple,  varying 
to  greenish).  —  Moist  woods,  Penn.   to  Wisconsin,  and   southward.     April, 
May.  —  Stem  4'  -  12'  high. 

2.  T.  recur  vat  mil,  Beck.     Leaves  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  petiole, 
ovate,  oblong,  or  obovate ;  sepals  reflexed,  petals  pointed  at  both  ends,  unguiculate, 
dark  purple.  —  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     April. 

$  2.  Flower  raised  on  a  peduncle :  petals  withering  away  soon  after  blossoming. 
#  Short  peduncle  recurved  under  tfie  leaves :  rootstocks  clustered,  bearing  2-3  stems. 

3.  T.  <  VIM  ii  it  ill,  L.     (NODDING  TRILLIUM  or  WAKE-ROBIN.)    Leaves 
broadly  rhomboid,  pointed,  nearly  sessile ;  petals  white,  oblong-ovate,  pointed,  re- 
curved, ivavy,  rather  longer  than  the  sepals.  —  Moist  woods,  N.  England  to  Vir- 
ginia, Kentucky,  and  southward ;  common  eastward.    May.  —  Petals  |'  -  1 '  long. 

*  #  Peduncle  erect  or  at  length  nodding :  rootstocks  bearing  a  single  stem. 
•*-  Leaves  sessile,  abruptly  taper-pointed. 

4.  T.  er€ctuill,  L.     (PURPLE  TRILLIUM.    BIRTIIROOT.)     Leaves  dilat- 
ed-rhomboidal,  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  very  abruptly  pointed ;  petals  ovate,  acutish, 
dark  dull  purple,  spreading,  little  longer  than  the  sepals  (l'-l£'  long).      (T. 
rhonlboideum,  var.  atropurpureum,  Michx.)  — Rich  woods  ;  common  northward, 
especially  westward,  and  along  the  Alleghanies.     May.  —  Peduncle  l'-3'  long, 
at  length  inclined. 

Var.  album,  Pursh.  Petals  greenish-ivhite,  or  rarely  yellowish ;  ovary 
mostly  dull-purple.  (T.  pendulum,  Ait.,  &c.)  —  With  the  purple-flowered  form, 
especially  from  New  York  westward. 

5.  T.  graiidiflorum,  Salisb.     (LARGE  WHITE  TRILLIUM.)    leaves 
rhomboid-obovate,  longer  than  broad,  more  taper-pointed,  barely  sessile ;  petals  obo- 
vate, spreading  from  an  erect  base,  longer  and  much  broader  than   the  sepals 
(2'-2£'  long),  white,  changing  with  age  to  rose-color.  —  Rich  woods,  Vermont  to 
Wisconsin  and  Kentucky,  and  northward.     June.  —  Flower  on  a  peduncle  2'  - 
3'  long,  very  handsome. 

•«-  •*-  Leaves  petioled,  rounded  at  the  base. 

6.  T.  nivale,  Riddell.     (DWARF  WHITE  TRILLIUM.)     Small  (2'-3 
high) ;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse ;  petals  oval-lanceolate,  obtuse,  rather  wavy,  white 
as  long  as  the  peduncle,  longer  than  the  sepals.  —  Rich  woods,  Ohio  to  Wiscon 
sin.     April.  —  Leaves  l'-2',  and  petals  1',  long.     Styles  long  and  thread-like. 

7.  T.  erythrocarpum,  Michx.    (PAINTED  TRILLIUM.)    Leaves  ovate, 
taper-pointed;  petals  ovate  or  oval-lanceolate,  pointedl  wavy,  widely  spreading,  white 
painted  with  purple  stripes  at  the  base,  almost  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals,  shorter 
than  the  peduncle.     (T.  pictum,  Pursh.)  —  Cold  damp  woods  and  bogs,  New 
England  to  Lake  Superior  and  northward,  and  southward  in  the  higher  Alle- 
ghanies through  Virginia.     May,  June. 

3.    ME  DEO  LA,    Gronov.        INDIAN  CUCUMBER-ROOT. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  revolute,  of  3  sepals  and  3  petals  which  are  oblong 
and  alike  (pale  greenish-yellow),  deciduous.  Stamcnf  6  :  filaments  thread-like, 


LILIACEJE.     (LILY  FAMILY.)  465 

longer  than  the  linear-oblong  anthers,  which  are  attached  by  their  back  near 
the  middle,  extrprse.  Style  none :  stigmas  3,  recurved-diverging,  long  and 
thread-form  (stigmatic  along  the  upper  side),  deciduous.  Berry  spherical 
(dark  purple),  3-celled,  few-seeded. — A  perennial  herb,  with  a  simple  slender 
stem  (l°-3°  high,  clothed  with  flocculent  deciduous  wool)  rising  from  a  hori- 
zontal and  tuberous  white  rootstock  (which  has  the  taste  of  the  cucumber), 
bearing  a  whorl  of  5-9  obovate-lanceolate  and  pointed  sessile  leaves  near  the 
middle,  and  another  of  3  smaller  ovate  ones  at  the  top,  subtending  a  sessile 
umbel  of  small  recurved  flowers.  (Named  after  the  sorceress  Medea,  from 
the  imaginary  notion  that  it  possesses  great  medicinal  virtues.) 
1.  UI.  Virginica,  L.  (Gyr6mia,  Nutt.} — Rich  damp  woods.  June. 

ORDER  126.     LILIACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  parallel-nerved  sessile  or  sheathing  leaves,  regular  perfect  6- 
{rarely  4-)  androus  flowers  with  the  petal-like  consimilar  6-merous  perianth 
free  from  the  2-3-celled  ovary,  introrsc  anthers  attached  by  a  point,  and  the 
style  single. — Stigmas  3,  or  combined  into  one.  Fruit  a  3-valved  loculi- 
cidal  pod,  or  a  berry,  many -few-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous  or  amphitro- 
pous.  Embryo  slender  or  minute,  in  fleshy  or  hard  albumen.  See  Add. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     ASPAHAGF^.      Fruit  a  few-seeded  berry,  2-3-celled.      Albumen  horny. 

Not  bulbous :  rootstocks  creeping  or  tuberous.    Pedicels  jointed  under  the  flower. 

*  Stems  branching,  very  leafy.    Seeds  amphitropous. 

1.  ASPAKAGUS.    Perianth  6-parted.    Leaves  thread-like  or  bristle-form.  Pedicels  jointed. 

*  *  Stem  simple,  leafy. 

2.  POLYGONATUM.    Perianth  tubular,  6-cleft ;   stam<  ns  above  the  middle.    Flowers  axil- 

lary. 

8.  SMILACINA.    Perianth  4-6-parted,  spreading,  the  stamens  borne  at  the  base.    Flowera 
in  a  raceme. 

*  *  *  Scape  naked. 

4.  CONVALLARIA.    Perianth  bell-shaped,  6-lobed.    Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme. 

5.  CLINTONIA.  Perianth  of  6  separate  sepals.   Stamens  hypogynous.   Flowers  in  an  umbel. 

TRIBE  II.    ARPIIO«»ELEJ5.    Fruit  a  few -many-seeded  pod,  3-celled.    Seed-coat  era* 
taceous,  black. 

*  Not  bulbous.     Perianth  united  in  a  tube  below. 
t    HEMEROCALLIS.     Perianth  funnel-form.     Stamens  declined.     Pod  many-seeded. 

*  *  Bulbous  :  scape  simple      Perianth  6-sepalled  or  6-parted. 
i.  ORNITHOGALUM.    Flowers  corymbed,  never  blue  or  reddish.     Style  3-sidei. 

8.  SC1LLA.    Flowers  racemed,  purple  or  blue      Style  thread-like. 

9.  ALLIUM.     Flowers  umbelled,  from  a  spathe.     Sepals  1-nerved. 

TaiBE  III.     TUL.lPACE.flE.     Fruit  a  many-seeded  3-celled  pod.     Seed-coat  paJe.    Pen- 
anth  6-leaved. 

*  Bulbous  herbs.     Perianth  deciduous. 

10.  LILIUM.    Stem  leafy.    Pod  oblong.     Seeds  vertically  much  flattened. 
11    ERYTHRONIUM.     Scape  naked,  1-flowered      Pod  obovate-triangular :  seeds  ovoid. 

*  *  Not  bulbous  :  stem  (caudex)  perennial.     Perianth  not  deciduous. 
12.  FUOCA.     Flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle.     Leaves  crowded  rigid  and  persistent 


466  LILIACEJS.     (LILY  FAMILY.; 

1.     ASPARAGUS,    L.        ASPARAGUS. 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading  above :  the  6  stamens  at  their  base.  Style  sl.ort. 
stigma  3-lobed  Berry  spherical.  3-celled;  the  cells  2-seedcd.  —  Perennials, 
with  much-branched  stems  from  thick  and  matted  rootstocks,  very  narrow  leaves 
in  clusters,  and  small  greenish-yellow  axillary  flowers.  (The  ancient  Greek 
name.) 

1.  A.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  (GARDEN  ASPARAGUS.)  Herbaceous  ;  bushy- 
branched  ;  leaves  thread-like.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens  into  waste 
places  on  the  coast.  June.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.     POLYGONATUJJI,    Tourn.        SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

Perianth  tubular,  6-lobed  at  the  summit ;  the  6  stamens  inserted  on  or  above 
the  middle  of  the  tube,  included.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  2-6  ovules  in  each  cell : 
style  slender,  deciduous  by  a  joint :  stigma  obtuse  or  capitate,  obscurely  3-lobed. 
Berry  globular,  black  or  blue ;  the  cells  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with 
simple  erect  or  curving  stems,  rising  from  creeping  thick  and  knotted  rootstocks, 
above  bearing  nearly  sessile  or  half-clasping  nerved  leaves,  and  axillary  nod- 
ding greenish  flbwers.  (The  ancient  name,  composed  of  TroXus,  many,  and 
yoj/u,  knee,  alluding  to  the  numerous  joints  of  the  rootstocks  and  stems.)  — 
Ours  are  all  alternate-leaved  species,  and  with  the  stem  terete  or  scarcely  angled 
when  fresh. 

1.  P.  bifldrum,  Ell.     (SMALLER  SOLOMON'S  SEAL.)     Glabrous,  except 
the  ovate-oblong  or  lance-oblong  nearly  sessile  leaves,  which  are  commonly  mi- 
nutely pubescent,  at  least  on  the  veins  (but  sometimes  smooth),  as  well  as  pale  or 
glaucous  underneath;   stem  slender  (l°-3°  high)  ;  peduncles  1-3-  6;rf  mostly  2- 
flowered;  filaments  papillose-roughened,  inserted  towards  the  summit  of  the  cylin- 
drical-oblong perianth.     (Convallaria  biflora,  Walt.     C.  pubescens,  Willd.     Po- 
lygonatum  pubescens,  angustifolium,  &  multiflorum,  Pursh.)  — Wooded  banks ; 
common.  —  Perianth  £'  long,  greenish. 

2.  P.  gigiinteum,  Dietrich.      (GREAT  SOLOMON'S   SEAL.)      Glabrous 
tfiroughout;  stem  stout  and  tall  (3° -8°  high),  terete;  leaves  ovate, partly  clay>- 
ing  (5' -8' long),  or  the  upper  oblong  and  nearly  sessile,  many- nerved,  green 
both  sides ;  peduncles  several-  (2-8-)  fiowered ;  filaments  smooth  and  naked,  or  nearly 
BO,  inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  tube  of  the  cylindrical-oblong  perianth.    (Con- 
vallaria  canaliculata,  Willd.     Po  lygonatum  canaliculatum,  Pursh.     P.  commu- 
tatum,  Dietrich.)  —  River-banks  and  woods,  in  alluvial  soil;  not  rare.    June. 
(The  stem  not  being  at  all  channelled  in  the  living  plant,  it  is  better  to  dis- 
card the  earlier  name  of  canaliculatum.) —Pedicels  |'-li;  long:  perianth  §' 
long. 

3.  P.  kit i folium.  Desf.     Upper  part  of  the  stem  (2° -3°  high),  the  1  -  5- 
flowered  peduncles,  pedicels,  and  lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or  oblong  mostly 
petioled  leaves  more  or  leas  pubescent ;  filaments  glabrous.    (P.  hirtum,  Pursh.    Con- 
vallaria hirta,  Poir.)  —  Pennsylvania,  Mufilenberg  !  —  This  appears  to  be  essen- 
tially the  European  P.  latifolium. 

P.  AicLTiFLOiiL'M,  with  hirsute  filaments,  I  have  never  seen  in  this  countiy. 


LILIACK.fi.       (L7.L\    FAMILY.)  407 

8.    SMILACiNA,    Dosf.        FALSE  SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

Perianth  4-6-parted,  spreading,  deciduous  (white),  with  as  many  stamens 
inserted  at  the  base  of  the  divisions.  Filaments  slender :  anthers  short.  Ovary 
2  -  3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell :  style  short  and  thick :  stigma  obscurely 
2  -3-lobed.  Berry  globular,  1  -2-seeded. — Perennial  herbs,  with  simple  stems 
from  creeping  or  thickish  rootstocks,  alternate  nerved  leaves,  and  white,  often 
fragrant  flowers  in  a  terminal  simple  or  compound  raceme.  (Name  a  diminu- 
tive of  Smilaz,  which,  however,  these  plants  are  quite  unlike.) 

§  1.  SMILACINA  PROPER.  —  Divisions  of  the  perianth  (oblong-lanceolate)  and 
stamens  6,  the  latter  longer :  ovary  3-celled :  ovules  collateral :  racemes  crowded  in 
a  compound  raceme  or  close  panicle. 

1.  S.  racemosa,  Desf.    (FALSE  SPIKENARD.)    Minutely  downy  ;  leaves 
numerous,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  ciliate,  abruptly  somewhat 
petioled.  —  Moist  copses  :   common.     June.  —  Stem  2°  high  from  a  thickish 
rootstock,  zigzag.     Berries  pale  red,  speckled  with  purple,  aromatic.     (S.  cili- 
ata,  Desf.,  is  a  dwarf  state  of  this.) 

$  2.  ASTERANTTIEMUM,  Kunth. — Divisions  of  the  perianth  6,  oblong-lance- 
olate, longer  than  the  stamens :  ovary  2  -  3-cetted :  ovules  one  above  the  other :  raceme 
single,  5  -  20-Jloivered. 

2.  S.  Stcllfita,  Dcsf.     Nearly  glabrous,  or  the  7  - 12  -oblong-lanceolate  leaves 
minutely  downy  beneath  when  young,  slightly  clasping  ;   berries  blackish.  -  - 
Moist  banks  ;   common,  especially   northward.      May,  June.  —  Plant  le>-2° 
high.     (Eu.) 

3.  S.  triftolia,  Desf.     Glabrous,  dwarf  (3'  -6'  high);  leaves  3  (sometimes 
2  or  4),  oblong,  tapering,  to  a  sheathing  base;  berries  red.  —  Cold  bogs,  New 
England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    May. 

§3.  MAIANTHEMUM,  Desf.  —  Divisions  of  the  rejlexed-spreading  perianth 
(oval)  and  the  stamens  4,  of  equal  length :  ovary  2-celled:  ovules  collateral:  raceme 
single,  many-flowered.  % 

4.  S.  bifolia,  Ker.     Glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent,  low  (3'  -  5'  high) ; 
leaves  mostly  2  (sometimes  3),  heart-shaped,  petioled,  or  in  our  plant  (var. 
CANADENSIS)  one  or  both  often  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  clasping.  —  Moist 
woods ;  very  common,  especially  northward.    May.     (Eu.) 

4.     CONVAL.L.ARIA,    L.  (in  part).    LILY  OP  THE  VALLEY. 

Perianth  bell-shaped  (white),  6-lobed,  deciduous ;  the  lobes  recurved.  Sta- 
mens 6,  included,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  3-celled,  tapering 
into  a  stout  style :  stigma  triangular.  Ovules  4  -  6  in  each  cell.  Berry  few- 
seeded  (red).  —  A  low  perennial  herb,  glabrous,  stemless,  with  slender  running 
rootstocks,  sending  up  from  a  scaly-sheathing  bud  2  oblong  leaves,  with  their 
long  sheathing  petioles  enrolled  one  within  the  other  so  as  to  appear  like  a  stalk, 
and  an  angled  scape  bearing  a  one-sided  raceme  of  pretty  sweet-scented  nodding 
flowers  (Alterol  from  Lilium  convattium,  the  popular  name.) 


468  LILIACE^.     (LILY  FAMILY.; 

1.  <J.  majalis,  L.  —  High  Alleghanies  of  Virginia,  and  southward. 
May.  —  Same  as  the  European  plant  so  common  in  gardens.  (Eu.) 

5.     CLINT  ON  I  A,    Raf.        CLINTONIA. 

Perianth  of  6  separate  sepals,  bell-shaped,  lily-like,  deciduous;  the  6  stamens 
inserted  at  their  base.  Filaments  long  and  thread-like :  anthers  linear-oblong. 
Ovary  ovoid-oblong,  2  -  3-celled :  style  long,  columnar-thread-like :  stigma  de- 
pressed. Berry  ovoid,  blue,  few  -  many-seeded.  —  Stemless  perennials,  with 
jlender  creeping  rootstocks,  producing  a  naked  scape  sheathed  at  the  base  by 
the  stalks  of  2-4  large  oblong  or  oval  ciliate  leaves.  Flowers  rather  large,  urn- 
belled,  rarely  single,  somewhat  downy  outside.  (Dedicated  to  De  Witt  Clinton.} 

1.  C.  borealiS,  Raf.     Umbel  few-  (2-7-)  flowered;  ovules  20  or  more. 
(Dractena  borealis,  Ait.)  —  Cold  moist  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin  and 
northward,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.    June.  —  Scape  and  leaves  5'  -  8' 
long.    Perianth  over  £'  long,  greenish-yellow. 

2.  C.  umbellata,  Torr.     Umbel  many-flowered;  ovules  2  in  each   cell. 
(C.   multiflora,  Beck.     Convallaria  umbellulata,  Michx.     Smilacina,  Desf.)  — 
Rich  woods,  S.  W.  New  York,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.    June.  — 
Flowers  half  the  size  of  the  last,  white,  speckled  with  green  or  purplish  dots. 

6.     IIEUIEKOCALLIS,    L.        DAT  LILY. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  lily-like ;  the  short  tube  enclosing  the  ovary,  the  spread- 
ing limb  6-parted ;  the  6  stamens  inserted  on  its  throat.  Filaments  and  style 
long  and  thread-like,  declined  and  ascending :  stigma  simple.  Pod  rather  fleshy, 
3-angled,  3-valved,  with  several  black  spherical  seeds  in  each  cell.'  —  Showy  pe- 
rennials, with  fleshy-fibrous  roots ;  the  long  and  linear  keeled  leaves  2-ranked  at 
the  base  of  the  tall  scapes,  which  bear  at  the  summit  several  bracted  large»yellow 
flowers  :  these  collapse  and  decay  after  expanding  for  a  single  day  (whence  the 
name,  from  jpeptt,  a  day,  and  KciXXoy,  beauty). 

1.  H.  FULVA,  L.  (COMMON  DAT-LILT.)  Inner  divisions  (petals)  of  the 
tawny  orpnge  perianth  wavy  and  obtuse.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens, 
where  it  is  common.  July.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

H.  FL\VA,  L.,  the  YELLOW  DAT-LILT,  is  commonly  cultivated.  —  The 
White  and  the  Blue  Day-Lilies  of  the  gardens  are  species  of  FDNKIA,  a  very 
different  genus. 

7.    ORNITIIOGALUItt,    Tourn.        STAR-OF-BETHLKHEM. 

Perianth  of  6  colored  (white)  spreading  sepals,  3-7-nerved.  Filaments  6, 
flattcncd-awl-shapcd.  Style  3-sided:  stigma  3-angled.  Pod  membranous, 
roundish-angular,  with  few  dark  and  roundish  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Scape  and 
linear  channelled  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb.  Flowers  corymbed,  bracted.  (An 
ancient  whimsical  name  from  opvts,  a  bird,  and  yoXa,  milk.) 

1.  O.  DMBELL\TUM,  L.  Flowers  5-8,  on  long  and  spreading  pedicels; 
sepals  green  in  the  middle  on  the  outside.  —  Escaped  from  gaidens  iuto  moM 
meadows,  eastward.  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


LILIACE.S:.     (LILT  FAMILY.)  4C9 

8.    SCILLA,    L.        SQUILL. 

Perianth  of  6  colored  (blue  or  purple)  spreading  sepals,  mostly  deciduous , 
the  6  awl-shaped  filaments  at  their  base.  Style  thread-like.  Pod  3-angled,  3- 
valved,  with  several  black  roundish  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Scape  and  linear  leaves 
from  a  coated  bulb:  the  flowers  in  a  simple  raceme,  mostly  bracted.  (The 
ancient  name.) 

1.  S.  Fraseri.  (EASTERN  QUAMASH.  WILD  HYACINTH.)  Leaves 
long  and  linear,  keeled;  raceme  elongated;  bracts  solitary,  longer  than  the 
pedkels  ;  stigma  minutely  3-cleft ;  pod  triangular,  the  cells  several-seeded. 
(Phalangium  esculentum,  Nutt.  in  part.  Scilla  esculenta,  Ker.  Camassia 
Fraseri,  Torr.  mss. )  —  Moist  prairies  and  river-banks,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and 
south  westward.  May.  —  Bulb  onion-like,  eaten  by  the  Indians.  Scape  1°  high. 
Sepals  widely  spreading,  pale  blue,  3-nerved,  £'  long.  (I  do  not  discern  suffi- 
cient characters  for  the  genus  Camassia.) 

9.    AL.L.IUM,    L.        ONION.    GARLIC. 

Perianth  of  6  entirely  colored  sepals,  which  are  distinct,  or  united  at  the  very 
base,  1 -nerved,  often  becoming  dry  and  scarious  and  more  or  less  persistent: 
the  6  filaments  awl-shaped  or  dilated  at  their  base.  Style  persistent,  thread- 
like :  stigma  simple.  Pod  lobed,  3-valved,  with  1  or  few  ovoid-kidney-shaped 
amphitropous  or  campylotropous  black  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Strong-scented  and 
pungent  stemless  herbs ;  the  leaves  and  scape  from  a  coated  bulb  :  flowers  in  a 
simple  umbel,  some  of  them  frequently  changed  to  bulblets ;  spathe  1  -  2-valved. 
(The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Garlic.) 

#  Ovules  and  seeds  only  one  in  each  cell :  leaves  broad  and  flat,  appearing  in  early 

spring,  and' dying  before  the  flowers  are  developed. 

1.  A.  tricoccum,  Ait.     (WiLD  LEEK.)     Scape  naked  (9'  high),  bear- 
ing an  erect  many-flowered  umbel;   leaves   lance-oblong  (5' -9'  long,   l'-2 
wide) ;  scapes  1°  high  from  clustered  pointed  bulbs  (2'  long) ;  sepals  oblong 
(white),  equalling   the   simple   filaments;   pod   strongly  3-lobed.  —  Rich   cool 
woods,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southward  in  the  Alle- 
ghanies.     July. 

*  *  Ovules  and  seeds  mostly  2  in  each  cell :  ovary  crested  with  6  teeth  at  the  summit  i 

leaves  long  and  narrow. 
•*-  Umbel  bearing  only  flowers  and  ripening  pods. 

2.  A.  Ccrmilllll,  Roth.     (WiLD  ONION.)     Scape  naked,  angular  (1°  -2° 
high),  often  nodding  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  loose  or  drooping  many-flowered  umbel; 
leaves  linear,  sharply  keeled  (1°  long);  sepals  oblong-ovate,  acute  (rose-color), 
shorter  than  the  simple  slender  filaments.  —  Steep  banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wis- 
consin and  southward.     Aug. 

3.  A.  Stellatllin,  Nutt.     Scape  terete,   slender,  bearing  an  erect  umbel', 
leaves  flat;  sepals  equalling  the  stamens  :  otherwise  resembling  the  last,  but  usu- 
ally not  so  tall ;  the  pod  more  crested.  ~  Rocky    slopes,   Illinois  (/'- 

and  northwestward. 


470  LILIACE.fi.       ^LILT    FAMILY.) 

4  A.  SclMElloprasuin,  L.  (CHIVES.)  Scape  naked,  or  leafy  at  the 
base  (£°-l°  high)  bearing  a  globular  capitate  un&el  of  many  rose-purple  flow- 
ers; sepals  lanceolate,  pointed,  longer  than  the  simple  downwardly  dilated  fila- 
ments; leaves  awl-sltaped,  hollow.  Var.  with  recurved  tips  to  the  sepals  (A 
Sibiricum,  L.)  — Shore  of  Lakes  Huron,  Superior,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

-*-  •+-  Umbel  often  densely  bulb-bearing,  with  or  without  flowers, 

5.  A.  VINE\LE,  L.     (FIELD    GARLIC.)     Scape  slender,  clothed  with  th€ 
sheathing  bases  of  the  leaves  below  the  middle  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  terete,  hoi 
low.  slender,  channelled  above ;  filaments  much  dilated,  the  alternate  ones  3-clc/l, 
the  middle  division  anther-bearing.  —  Moist  meadows  and  fields,  near  the  coast 
Jane.  —  Flowers  rose-color  and  green.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.  A.  Cauadeiisc,  Kalm.     (WILD  MEADOW    GARLIC.)     Scape  leafy 
only  at  the  base  (1°  high) ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  flattish  ;  umbel  few-flowered, 
filaments  simple,  dilated  below.  —  Moist  meadows,  £c.     May,  June. — Flowers 
pale  rose-color,  pedicelled  ;  or  a  head  of  bulbs  in  their  place. 

*  #  *  Ovules  several  in  each  cell ;  leaves  long  and  linear.    (Nothoscoruum,  Kunth.) 

7.  A.  strife tu IBS,  Jacq.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  often  convolute,  striato 
on  the  back,  about  the  length  of  the  obscurely  3-angled  naked  scape  (6' -12 
long) ;  filaments  dilated  below,  shorter  than  the  narrowly  oblong  sepals  (whi'-b 
are  white  with  a  reddish  keel) ;  ovules  4-7  in  each  cell.  —  Prairies  and  op^n 
woods,  Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     May. 

A.  TRIFL6RDM,  Raf.,  from  the  mountains  of  Penn.,  is  wholly  obscure. 
A.  SAxlvuM,  the  GARDEN  GARLIC,  A.  P6RRDM,  the  LEEK,  and  A.  CEP  A, 
the  ONION,  are  well-known  cultivated  species. 

1C.     LI  LI  I  HI,    L.        LILY. 

Perianth  funnel-form  or  bell-shaped,  colored,  of  6  distinct  sepals,  spreading  or 
recurved  above,  with  a  honey -bearing  furrow  at  the  base,  deciduous;  the  6  sta- 
mens somewhat  adhering  to  their  bases.  Anthers  linear,  versatile.  Style  elon- 
gated, somewhat  club-shaped  :  stigma  3-Iobed.  Pod  oblong,  containing  numer- 
ous flat  (depressed)  soft-coated  seeds  densely  packed  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. — 
Bulbs  scaly,  producing  simple  stems,  with  numerous  alternate-scattered  or 
whorled  short  and  sessile  leaves,  and  from  one  to  several  large  and  showy 
flowers.  (The  classical  Latin  name,  from  the  Greek  \€ipiov.) 

*  Flowers  erect,  bell-shaped,  the  sepals  narrowed  beloiv  into  cluics. 

1.  L,.  Pliiladclphicum,  L.     (WILD  ORANGE-RED  LILY.)     Leaves 
linear-lanceolate;  the  upper  chiefly  in  whorls  of  5  to  8;  flowers  1-3,  open-bell- 
shaped,  raldix/i-orange  spotted  with  purplish  inside ;  the  lanceolate  sepals  not 
recurved  at  the  summit.  —  Open  copses;  rather  common.     June,  July. —  Stem 
2° -3°  high  :  the  flower  2j'  long. 

2.  L,.  CatCSbiM,   Walt,     (SOUTHERN  RED  LILY.)     Leaves  1 1  mar-lance- 
olate, scattered ;  flower  solitary,  open-bell-shaped,  the  long-clawed  sepals  wavy 
on  the  margin  and  recurved  at  the  summit,  scarlet,  spotted  with  dark  purple  and 
yellow  Inside.  —  Low  sandy  soil,  Pennsylvania?  to  Kentucky  and  southward. 


LILIACEJE.     (LILT  FAMILY.)  471 

*  *  Flowers  nodding,  bell-shaped,  the  sessile  sepals  revdute. 

3.  L<.  CaiJJldeilse,  L.    (WILD  YELLOW  LILT.)    Leaves  remotely  whorledt 
lanceolate,  strongly  3-nervcd,  the  margins  and  nerves  rough,  flowers  few,  long- 
peduneled,  oblong-bell-shaped,  the  sepals  recurved-spreading  above  the  middle,    or- 
ange,spottcd  inside  with  brown.  —  Moist  meadows  and  bogs ;  common,  especially 
northward.     June,  July.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.     Flower  2' -3' long. 

4.  L..  SUpcrbuni,  L.     (TURK'S-CAP  LILY.)     Lower  leaves  whorled,  lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  3-nerved,  smooth ;  flowers  often  many  (3-20  or  40)  in  a  pyram- 
idal raceme ;  sepah  strongly  revolute,  bright  orange,  with  numerous  dark  purple 
spots  inside.  —  Rich  low  grounds  ;  rather  common.     July,  Aug.  —  Stem  3°  -  7° 
high :  sepals  3'  long.     L.  Carolinianum,  Michx.,  is  apparently  a  variety  of  this. 

L.  CANDIDUM,  the  WHITE  LILT,  arid  L.  BULBfFERUM,  the  ORANGE  BULB- 
BEARING  LILT,  are  most  common  in  gardens. 

11.    ERYTIIRONIUM,    L.        DOG'S-TOOTH  VIOLET. 

Perianth  lily-like,  of  6  distinct  lanceolate  sepals,  recurved  or  spreading  above, 
deciduous,  the  3  inner  usually  with  a  callous  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  erect 
base,  and  a  groove  in  the  middle.  Filaments  6,  awl-shaped :  anthers  oblong- 
linear.  Style  elongated.  Pod  obovate,  contracted  at  the  base,  3-valved.  Seeds 
rather  numerous,  ovoid,  with  a  loose  membranaceous  tip.  —  Nearly  stemless 
herbs,  with  2  smooth  and  shining  flat  leaves  tapering  into  petioles  and  sheathing 
the  base  of  the  1-flowered  scape,  rising  from  a  deep  solid-scaly  bulb.  Flower 
nodding,  vernal.  (Name  from  cpvOpos,  red,  which  is  inappropriate  as  respecta 
the  American  species.) 

1.  E.  Americanum,  Smith.     (YELLOW  ADDER'S-TONGDE.)    Leaves 
elliptical-lanceolate,  pale  green,  spotted  with  purplish  and  dotted  ;  perianth  palf. 
yellow,  spotted  near  the  base ;  style  club-shaped ;  stigmas  united.  —  Low  copses, 
&c. ;  common.    May.  —  Scape  6'  -  9'  high  :  flower  1'  or  more  long.  — E.  BRAC- 
TEATUM,  Boott,  from  the  Camel's  Rump  Mountain,  Vermont,  is  probably  only 
an  accidental  state  of  this  species. 

2.  E.  albidum,  Nutt.     (WHITE  DOG'S-TOOTH  VIOLET.)     Leaves    el- 
liptical-lanceolate, spotted,  not  dotted ;  perianth  white  or  bluish-white ;  sepals  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  the  inner  without  lateral  teeth ;  style  thread-like  and  club- 
shaped  ;  stigma  3-cleft.  —  Low  thickets  from  Albany,  New  York,  and  W.  Penn- 
sylvania to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     April,  May. 

12.     YIJCCA,    L.        BEAR-GRASS.     SPANISH  BAYONET. 

Perianth  of  6  petal-like  (white)  oval  or  oblong  and  acute  flat  sepals,  wither- 
ing-persistent, the  3  inner  broader,  longer  than  the  6  stamens.  Stigmas  3,  ses- 
sile. Pod  oblong,  somewhat  6-sided,  3-celled,  or  imperfectly  6-celled  by  a  par- 
tition from  the  back,  fleshy,  tardily  3-valved  at  the  apex.  Seeds  veiy  many  in 
each  cell,  depressed.  —  Stems  woody,  either  very  short,  or  rising  into  thick  and 
columnar  palm-like  trunks,  clothed  with  persistent  rigid  linear  or  sword-shaped 
leaves,  and  terminated  by  an  ample  compound  panicle  of  showy  (often  polyga 
naous)  flowers.  (An  aboriginal  name.) 


472  MELANTHACE^E.       (COLCHICUAI    FAMILY.) 

1.  Y.  filainentosa,  L.  (ADAM'S  NEEDLE.)  Stemless,  i.  e.  the  taunk 
(from  a  running  rootstock)  rising  for  a  foot  or  less  above  the  earth,  covered  with 
the  lanceolate  unarmed  coriaceous  leaves  (l°-2°  long),  which  bear  filaments  on  their 
margins ;  scape  or  flower -stem  6°  -  8°  high,  erect.  —  Sandy  soil,  E.  Virginia  and 
southward.  July. 

Y.  GLORi6sA,  L.,  and  Y.  ALOir6LiA,  L.  (SPANISH  BAYONET),  which  are 
caulescent  and  thick-leaved  species,  belong  farther  south,  and  probably  are  not 
indigenous  north  of  the  coast  of  North  Carolina. 
l  

The  TULIP,  the  CROWN  IMPERIAL,  the  HYACINTH,  and  the  TUBEROSE 
(PonANTHES  TDBER6SA)  are  common  cultivated  representatives  of  this 
Family. 

ORDER  127.    MELANTHACE^E.     (CoLcmcuM  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  regular  Q^merous  and  Q-androus  flowers,  the  consimilar  peri- 
anth free  (or  nearly  free)  from  the  3-celled  ovary,  extrorse  anthers,  and  3 
more  or  less  distinct  styles.  (Anthers  introrse  in  Tofieldia,  a  connecting 
link  with  Juncacese.  Styles  sometimes  perfectly  united  in  Uvulariese.) 
Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  soft  or  membranous  seed-coat,  and  a  small  embryo 
in  copious  albumen.  —  If  we  include  the  Bell  worts,  which  form  a  group 
ambiguous  between  this  order,  Trilliacese,  and  Liliaceae,  (all  of  which  are 
connected  by  various  gradations,)  we  shall  have  two  strongly  marked  sub- 
orders, viz. :  —  See  Addend. 

SUBORDER  I.    UVULARIE^.    THE  BELLWORT  FAMILY. 

Perianth  early  deciduous,  the  sepals  distinct,  petal-like.  Styles  united 
into  one  at  the  base  or  throughout !  Fruit  a  3-celled  few-seeded  berry  or 
loculicidal  pod.  —  Stems  from  small  perennial  rootetocks  and  fibrous  roots, 
forking,  bearing  ovate  or  lanceolate  membranaceous  sessile  or  clasping 
leaves,  like  those  of  Solomon's  Seal,  and  perfect  flowers :  peduncles  solitary 
or  1 -flowered. 

1.  UVULARIA.    Pod  3-angular  or  3-lobed.    Anthers  linear,  adnate,  on  short  filaments. 

2   PltOSARTES.    Berry  3-6-seeded.    Anthers  linear-oblong,  pointless,  fixed  near  the  base 

Flowers  terminal. 
8.  STREPTOPUS.    Berry  several-seeded.     Anthers  arrow-shaped,  1  -  2-pointed.    Flowers  ax 

illary  ;  their  pedicels  bent  in  the  middle. 

SUBORDER  II.    ME  LAN  THIEVE.     TRUE  COLCHICUM  FAMILY. 

Perianth  mostly  persistent  or  withering  away;  the  sepals  distinct,  or 
rarely  their  claws  united.  Styles  3,  separate.  Fruit  a  3-celled  3-partible 
or  &epticidal,  rarely  loculicidal,  pod.  —  Herbs  with  acrid  poisonous  proper- 
ties; the  simple  or  rarely  panicled  stems  springing  from  solid  bulbs  or 
conns,  or  sometimes  from  creeping  rootstocks.  Flowers  sometimes  polyga- 
mous or  dioecious. 


MELANTHACE^E.   'VCOLCHICUM  FAMILY.)         473 

S  Anthers  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped,  confluently  1-celled,  shield-shaped  aftei  opening : 
pod  3-horned.  septicidal :  seeds  flat,  membranaceous-margined. 

•i-  Sepals  glandular  on  the  inside  near  the  base. 
4.  MELANTIIIUM.    Flowers'  polygamous.    Sepals  entirely  free  from  the  ovary,  their  long 

claws  bearing  the  stamens. 

6.  ZYGADENUS.    Flowers  perfect.    Sepals  nearly  free  or  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary : 
stamens  separate. 

•»-  •«-  Sepals  destitute  of  glands,  not  clawed. 

6.  STENANTHIUM.     Perianth  below  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  the  sepals  lanceo- 

late, pointed,  longer  than  the  stamens.    Racemes  compoucd-panicled. 

7.  VERATRUM      Perianth  entirely  free ;  the  obovate  or  oblong  sepals  longer  than  the  sta- 

mens.    Flowers  panicled,  polygamous. 

8.  AMIANTHTUM.    Perianth  free,  the  oval  or  obovate  sepals  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

Flowers  racemed,  perfect. 

*  *  Anthers  2-celled  :  pod  loculicidal.    Flowers  racemed  or  spiked. 

9.  XEROPHYLLTJM.    Flowers  perfect.    Cells  of  the  globose-3-lobed  pod  2-seeded.    Leaves 

rush-like.     Seeds  2  in  each  cell. 

10.  HELONIAS.    Flowers  perfect.     Cells  of  the  globose-3-lobed  pod  many-seeded.     Leaves 

lanceolate.    Scape  naked.    Seeds  numerous. 

11.  CHAM^LIRIUM.     Flowers  dioecious.    Pod  oblong,  many-seeded.    Stem  leafy. 

*  *  *  Anthers  2-celled,  innate  or  introrse :  pod  septicidal. 

12.  TOFIELDIA.    Flowers  perfect,  spiked  or  racemed.     Leaves  equitant. 

SUBORDER  I.     UVULARIEjE.     THE  BELLWORT  FAMILY. 

1.    UVUL.ARIA,    L.        BELLWORT. 

Perianth  nearly  bell-shaped,  lily-like ;  the  sepals  spatulate-lanceolate,  with  a 
honey-bearing  groove  or  pit  at  the  erect  contracted  base,  much  longer  than  the 
stamens,  which  barely  adhere  to  their  base.  Anthers  long  and  linear,  adnate : 
filaments  short.  Style  deeply  3-cleft ;  the  divisions  stigmatic  along  the  inner 
side.  Pod  triangular  or  3-lobed,  3-valved  from  the  top.  Seeds  few  in  each 
cell,  obovoid,  with  a  tumid  or  fungous  rhaphe.  —  Rootstock  short  or  creeping. 
Flowers  pale  yellow,  nodding,  solitary  or  rarely  in  pairs,  on  terminal  peduncles 
which  become  lateral  by  the  growth  of  the  branches.  (Name  "  from  the  flowers 
hanging  like  the  uvula,  or  palate.") 
#  Leaves  clasping-perfoliate :  sepals  acute :  pod  obovate-truncate,  3-lobed  at  the  top. 

1.  II.  grandiflora,  Smith.    (LARGE-FLOWERED  BELLWORT.)    Leaves 
oblong   or  elliptical-ovate,  pale   and  obscurely  pubescent  underneath;  sepals 
smooth  within;  anthers  blunt-pointed;  lobes  of  the  pod  with  convex  sides.  —  Rich 
woods,  Vermont  to  Ohio,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     May,  June.  —  Flowers 
pale  greenish-yellow,  1^'  long. 

2.  U.  perfoliata,  L.     (SMALLER  BELLWORT.)     Leaves  ovate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, smooth,  glaucous  underneath ;  sepals  granular-roughened  inside ; 
anthers  conspicuously  pointed ;   lobes   of  the  pod  with   concave  sides.  —  Moi^i 
copses;    common  eastward   and    southward.      May.  —  Smaller  than   No.   1- 
flowers  pale  yellow,  f  to  1'  long. 

*  *  Leaves  sessile :  sepals  rather  obtuse :  pod  ovoid-triangular,  sharp-angled. 
.   3.  U»  sessilifolia,  L.    (SESSILE-LEAVED  BELLWORT.)    Sir.ooth ;  1« avert 
oval  or  lanceolate-oblong,  pale,  glaucous  underneath  ;  styles  united  to  the  mid 


474  MELANTHACE^E.       (COLCHICUM    FAMILY.) 

die,  exceeding  the  pointless  anthers ;  pod  triangular-oborate,  narrowed  into  a  stalk. 

—  Low  woods ;  common.    May.  —  Stem  6'  -  9'  high  when  in  flower :  the  cream- 
colored  flower  f '  long. 

4.  U.  pubci'lila,  Michx.  Slightly  pubendent ;  leaves  bright  green  both 
sides,  and  shining,  with  rough  edges ;  styles  separate  to  near  the  base,  not 
exceeding  the  short-pointed  anthers ;  pod  ovate,  not  stalked.  —  Mountains  and 
throughout  the  upper  part  of  Virginia,  and  southward. 

2.     PKOSAKTES,    Don.        PROSARTES. 

Perianth  bell-shaped,  much  as  in  Uvularia.  Filaments  thread-like,  much 
longer  than  the  linear-oblong  blunt  anthers,  which  are  fixed  near  the  base. 
Ovary  with  2  ovules  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell :  styles  united  into 
one :  stigmas  short,  recurved-spreading.  Berry  ovoid  or  oblong,  pointed,  3-6- 
seeded,  red.  —  Downy  low  herbs,  divergently  branched  above,  with  closely  sessile 
ovate  and  membranaceous  leaves,  and  greenish-yellow  drooping  flowers  on  slen- 
der terminal  peduncles,  solitary  or  few  in  an  umbel.  (Name  from  Trpoc-aprdw, 
to  hang  from,  in  allusion  to  the  pendent  ovules  or  flowers.) 

1.  P,  lanugiliosa,  Don.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  taper-pointed,  rounded 
or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  closely  sessile,  downy  underneath ;  flowers 
solitary  or  in  pairs ;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  (£'  long),  soon  spread- 
ing, twice  the  length  of  the  stamens,  greenish;  style  smooth.  (Streptopus 
lanuginosus,  Michx.)  —  Rich  woods,  Western  New  York  to  Virginia,  Kentucky, 
and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.  May. 

3.    STREPTOPUS,    Michx.        TWISTED-STALK. 

Perianth  recurved-spreading  from  a  bell-shaped  base ;  the  sepals  lanceolate- 
acute,  the  3  inner  keeled.  Anthers  arrow-shaped,  fixed  near  the  base  to  the 
short  flattened  filaments,  tapering  above  to  a  slender  entire  or  2-cleft  point. 
Ovary  with  many  ovules  in  each  cell :  styles  united  into  one.  Berry  red,  round- 
ish-ovoid, many-seeded.  —  Herbs,  with  rather  stout  stems,  divergently-spreading 
branches,  ovate  and  taper-pointed  rounded-clasping  membranaceous  leaves,  and 
small  (extra-)  axillary  flowers,  either  solitary  or  in  pairs,  on  slender  thread-like 
peduncles,  which  are  abruptly  bent  or  contorted  near  the  middle  (whence  tho 
name,  from  orpeTrros,  twisted,  and  irovs,foot,  or  stalk), 

1.  S.  ampEexifolillS,  DC.       Leaves  very  smooth,  glaucous  underneath, 
strongly  clasping;  flower  greenish-white  on  a  long  peduncle  abruptly  bent  above 
the  middle;  anthers  tapering  to  a  slender  entire  point;  stigma  entire,  truncate. 
S.)   distortus,  Michx.     Uvularia  amplcxifolia,  L.)  —  Cold  and   moist  woods, 
Northern  New  England  to  the  mountains  of  Penn.,  and  northward.    June. — 
Stem  2° -3°  high,  rough  at  the  base,  otherwise  very  smooth.     Sepals  £'  long. 

—  In  this,  as  in  the  next,  the  peduncles  are  opposite  the  leaves,  rather  than  truly 
axillary,  and  are  bent  round  the  clasping  base  underneath  them :  they  are  rarely 
2-flowered.     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  roscilS,  Michx.    Leaves  green  both  »id(>s,  finely  ciliate,  and  the  branches 
sparingly  beset  with  short  bristly  hairs ;  flower  rose-purple,  more  than  half  the 


MELANTHACE^E.       (COLCHICUM   FAMILY.)  475 

lengtn  of  the  slightly  bent  peduncle ;  anthers  2-horaed ;  stigma  3-deft.  —  Cold 
damp  woods ;  common  northward,  and  in  the  Alleghanies  southward.  May.  — 
Smaller  than  the  last. 

SUBORDER  II.    MEL,ANTIIIE-aE.     TRUE  COLCHICUM  FAMILY. 

4.    MEL.ANTHIUM,    Gronov.,  L.        MELANTHIUM. 

Flowers  monceciously  polygamous.  Perianth  of  6  separate  and  free  widely 
spreading  somewhat  heart-shaped  or  oblong  and  halberd-shaped  sepals,  raised  on 
slender  claws,  cream-colored,  the  base  marked  with  2  approximate  or  confluent 
glands,  turning  greenish-brown  and  persistent.  Filaments  shorter  than  the 
sepals,  adhering  to  their  claws  often  to  near  their  summit,  persistent.  Styles 
awl-shaped,  diverging,  tipped  with  simple  stigmas.  Pod  ovoid-conical,  3-lobed, 
of  3  inflated  membranaceous  carpels  united  in  the  axis,  separating  when  ripe, 
and  splitting  down  the  inner  edge,  several-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  broadly  winged. 
—  Stem  simple  (3°  -  5°  high),  from  a  somewhat  bulbous  base,  roughish-downy 
above,  as  well  as  the  open  and  ample  pyramidal  panicle  (composed  chiefly  of 
simple  racemes),  the  terminal  part  mostly  fertile.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear, 
grass-like,  those  from  the  root  broader.  (Name  composed  of  /xe'Xas,  black,  and 
&v6os,  flower,  from  the  dark  color  which  the  persistent  perianth  assumes  after 
blossoming.) 

1.  M.  Tirginicum,  L.  (BUNCH-FLOWER.)  (M.  Virginicum  &  race- 
mosum,  Michx.  Leimanthium  Virginicum,  Willd.  L.  Virg.  &  hybridum, 
Roem.  Sf  Schult.,  Gray,  Melanih.) —  Wet  meadows,  Southern  New  York  to  Illi- 
nois, and  common  southward.  July.  —  The  two  received  species  are  doubtless 
forms  of  one. 

5.     ZYGADENUS,    Michx.        ZYGADENE. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  withering-persistent,  spreading ;  the  petal-like  ses- 
sile or  slightly  clawed  oblong  or  ovate  sepals  1  -  2-glandular  next  the  more  or 
less  narrowed  base,  which  is  either  free,  or  united  and  coherent  with  the  base  of 
the  ovary.  Stamens  free  from  the  sepals  and  about  their  length.  Styles  and 
pod  nearly  as  in  Melanthium.  Seeds  margined  or  slightly  winged.  —  Very 
smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous  perennials,  with  simple  stems  from  creeping 
rootstocks  or  coated  bulbs,  linear  leaves,  and  pretty  large  panicled  greenish- 
white  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  tvyos,  a  yoke,  and  ddrjv,  a  gland.) 
*  Glands  on  the  perianth  conspicuous. 

1.  Z.  glabcrrimilS,  Michx.     Stems  1°-  3°  high,  from  a  creeping  root 
stock ;  leaves  grass-like,  channelled,  conspicuously  nerved,  elongated,  tapering  to 
a  point ;  panicle  pyramidal,  many-flowered  ;  perianth  nearly   free ;  the   sepals 
(£'  long)  ovate,  becoming  lance-ovate,  with  a  pair  of  orbicular  glands  above  the 
short  claw-like  base.  —  Grassy  low  grounds,  S.  Virginia  (Pursh)  and  southward. 
July. 

2.  Z.  glaftcilS,  Nutt.    Stem  about  l°-3°  high  from  a  coated  bulb;  leaves 
flat ;  panicle  simple,  mostly  few-flowered ;  base  of  the  perianth  coherent  withth* 


476  MELANTHACE.E.       ^COLCHICUM    FAMILY.) 

base  of  the  ovary,  the  thin  ovate  or  obovate  sepals  marked  with  a  large  obcofdatt 
viand.  (Anticlea  glauca,  Kunth.)  — Banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  New  York,  to 
N.  Illinois  and  northward :  rare.  July. 

#  #  Glands  of  the  perianth  obscure.  (Here  also  Amianthium  Nuttallii,  Gray.) 
3.  Z.  Iciiimiitlioides.  Stem  l°-4°high  from  a  somewhat  bulbous 
base,  slender ;  leaves  narrowly  linear ;  flowers  small  (4"  in  diameter)  and  nu  • 
merous,  in  a  few  crowded  panicled  racemes  ;  perianth  free,  the  obovate  sepals 
with  a  yellowish  glandular  discoloration  on  the  contracted  base.  (Amianthium 
leimanthoides,  Gray.) — Low  grounds,  pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey  (Durand, 
Knieskern),  Virginia,  and  southward.  July. 

6.     STENANTHIUM,    Gray  (under  Veratrum). 

Flowers  polygamous  or  perfect.  Perianth  spreading  ;  the  sepals  narrowly 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  point  from  the  broader  base,  where  they  are  united  and 
coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  not  gland-bearing,  persistent,  much  longer 
than  the  short  stamens.  Pods,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Veratrum.  Seeds  nearly  wing- 
less. —  Smooth,  with  a  wand-like  leafy  stem  from  a  somewhat  bulbous  base, 
long  and  grass-like  conduplicate-keeled  leaves,  and  numerous  small  flowers  in 
compound  racemes,  forming  a  long  terminal  panicle.  (Name  composed  of 
arfvos,  narrow,  and  avdos,  flower,  from  the  slender  sepals  and  panicles.) 

1.  S.  angllStifolilllll,  Gray.  Leaves  linear,  elongated;  flowers  small 
(if  long),  white,  very  short-pedicelled,  in  slender  racemes  ;  the  prolonged  termi- 
nal one,  and  often  some  of  the  lateral,  fertile.  (Veratrum  angustifolium,  Pursh. 
Helonias  graminea,  Bot.  Mag.} — Grassy  prairies  and  low  meadows,  Penn.  to 
Illinois,  Virginia,  and  southward  toward  the  mountains.  July. — Stem  slender, 
20-6<>  high. 

7.    VERATRUM,    Tourn.        FALSE  HELLEBORK. 

Flowers  monceciously  polygamous.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  a»d  separate 
obovate-oblong  (greenish  or  brownish)  sepals,  more  or  less  contracted  at  the 
base,  entirely  free  from  the  ovary,  not  gland-bearing.  Filaments  free  from  the 
sepals  and  shorter  than  they,  recurving.  Pistils,  fruit,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Melan- 
thium.  —  Somewhat  pubescent  perennials,  with  simple  stems  from  a  thickened 
base  producing  coarse  fibrous  roots  (very  poisonous),  3-ranked  leaves,  and  ra- 
cemcd-panicled  dull  or  dingy  flowers.  (Name  compounded  of  vere,  truly,  and 
ater,  black.) 

1.  V.  viricle,  Ait.    (AMERICAN  WHITE  HELLEBORE.    INDIAN  POKE.) 
Stem  stout,  very  leafy  to  the  top   (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves  broadly  oval,  pointed, 
sheath  clasping,  strongly  plaited;  panicle  pyramidal,  the  dense  spike-like  racemes 
spreading,  perianth  yellowish-green,  moderately  spreading.  —  Swamps  and  low 
grounds  ;  common.    June.     (Too  near  V.  album  of  Europe.) 

2.  V.  parviflorum,  Michx.     Stem  slender  (2° -5°  high),  sparingly  leafy 
below,  naked  above ;  leaves  scarcely  plaited,  glabrous,  contracted  into  sheathing  peti- 
oles, varying  from  oval  to  lanceolate ;  panicle  very  long  and  loose,  the  terminal 
raceme  wand-1'ke,  the  lateral  ones  slender  and  spreading ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the 


MELANTHACEJE.       (COLCHICUM   FAMILY.)  473 

/lowers;  sepals  dingy-green,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  (2|"-3"  long,  those  o» 
the  sterile  floweis  on  claws,  widely  spreading.  (Melanthium  monoicum,  Wait. 
Leiraanthium  monoicum,  Gray.)  —  Rich  woods,  mountains  of  Virginia  and 
southward.  July. 

3.  V.  Wo6<lii,  Robbins.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate ;  pedi 
eels  (l£"-3"  long)  shorter  than  the  flowers,  the  oblanceolate  spreading  sepals  (3"- 
4%"  long)  dingy  green  turning  brownish  purple  within:  otherwise  much  as  in  the 
last,  of  which  it  may  prove  to  be  a  variety  •  but  the  flowers  are  mostly  double 
the  size,  the  panicle  stouter,  &c.  (Plant  3°  -  6°  high.)  —  Woods  and  hilly  bar- 
rens, Green  Co.,  Indiana,  Wood.  Augusta,  Illinois,  Mead.  July. 

8.    AMIANTIIIUJJI,    Gray.        FLY-POISON. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  widely  spreading ;  the  distinct  and  free  petal-like 
(white)  sepals  oval  or  obovate,  sessile,  not  gland-bearing.  Filaments  capillary, 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  perianth.  Anthers  (as  in  all  the  foregoing)  kidney- 
shaped  or  heart-shaped,  becoming  1 -celled,  and  shield-shaped  after  opening. 
Styles  thread-like.  Pods,  £c.  nearly  as  in  Melanthium.  Seeds  wingless,  ob- 
long or  linear,  with  a  loose  coat,  i  -  4  in  each  cell.  —  Glabrous  plants,  with  sim- 
ple stems  from  a  bulbous  base  or  coated  bulb,  scape-like,  few-leaved,  terminated 
by  a  simple  dense  raceme  of  handsome  flowers,  turning  greenish  with  age. 
Leaves  linear,  keeled,  grass-like.  (From  a/uai/ros,  unspotted,  and  avOos,  flower ; 
a  name  made  with  more  regard  to  euphony  than  to  correctness  of  construction, 
alluding  to  the  glandless  perianth.) 

1.  A.  IHtlSCSet6xiCUHl,  Gray.  (FLT-PoisoN.)  Leaves  broadly  linear, 
elongated,  obtuse  (£'  to  1'  wide),  as  long  as  the  scape ;  raceme  simple,  oblong  01 
cylindrical ;  pod  abruptly  3-horned ;  seeds  oblong,  with  a  fleshy  red  coat.  (He- 
Ion' as  erythrosperma,  Miclix.)  —  Open  woods,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 
to  Kentucky  and  southward.  June,  July. 

9.    XEROPIIYL,L,UM,   Michx.        XEROPHYLLUM. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  widely  spreading ;  sepals  petal-like  (white),  ovaf, 
distinct,  sessile,  not  glandular,  at  length  withering,  about  the  length  of  the  awl- 
ehaped  filaments.  Anthers  2-celled,  short.  Styles  thread-like,  stigmatic  down 
the  inner  side.  Pod  globular-3-lobed,  obtuse  (small),  loculicidal ;  the  valves 
bearing  the  partitions.  Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  collateral,  3-angled,  not  margined. 
—  Herb  with  the  aspect  of  an  Asphodel ;  the  stem  simple,  l°-4°  high,  from  a 
bulbous  base,  bearing  a  simple  compact  raceme  of  showy  white  flowers,  thickly 
beset  with  needle-shaped  leaves,  the  upper  ones  reduced  to  bristle-like  bracts ; 
those  from  the  root  very  many  in  a  dense  tuft,  reclined,  1°  or  more  long,  1' 
wide  below,  rough  on  the  margin,  remarkably  dry  and  rigid  (whence  the  name 
from  ^rjpos,  arid,  and  <£vXXoi/,  leaf). 

1.  X.  aspliocleloides,  Nutt.  (X.  tenax,  Nutt.  X.  setifolium,  Michx, 
Helonias,  L.)  — Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey,  Virginia  ?  and  southward.  /Also  in 
Oregon  and  California.)  June 


478  MELANTHACEJE.       ^COLCHICUM     FAMILY.) 

10.    HELONIAS,    L.        HELONIAS. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  6  spatulate-oblong  (purplish  turning  greenish', 
sepals,  persistent,  shorter  than  the  thread-like  filaments.  Anthers  2-celled, 
roundish-oval,  blue.  Styles  revolute,  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side.  Pod  ob- 
cordatcly  3-lobed,  loculicidally  3-valved ;  the  valves  divergently  2-lobed.  Seeds 
man j  in  each  cell,  linear,  with  a  tapering  appendage  at  both  ends.  —  A  smooth 
perennial,  with  many  oblanceolate  or  oblong-spatulate  flat  leaves,  from  a  tuber- 
ous rootstock,  producing  in  early  spring  a  hollow  naked  scape  (l°-2°  high), 
sheathed  with  broad  bracts  at  the  base,  and  terminated  by  a  simple  and  short 
dense  raceme.  Bracts  obsolete:  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers.  (Name 
probably  from  eXos,  a  swamp ;  the  place  of  growth.) 

1.  II.  biilliita,  L.  (H.  latifolia,  Michx.)—  Wet  places,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia  :  rare.  May. 

11.  CHAm^BLIRIUM,    Willd.        DEVIL'S-BIT. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  of  6  spatulate-linear  (white)  spreading  sepals, 
withering-persistent.  Filaments  and  (yellow)  anthers  as  in  Helonias :  fertile 
flowers  with  rudimentary  stamens.  Styles  linear-club-shaped,  stigmatic  along 
the  inner  side.  Pod  ovoid-oblong,  not  lobed,  of  a  thin  texture,  loculicidally  3- 
valved  from  the  apex,  many-seeded.  Seeds  linear-oblong,  conspicuously  winged 
at  each  end.  —  A  smooth  herb,  with  a  wand-like  stem  from  a  (bitter)  thick  and 
abrupt  tuberous  rootstock,  terminated  by  a  long  and  wand-like  spiked  raceme 
(4' -9' long)  of  small  bractless  flowers;  the  fertile  plant  more  leafy  than  the 
staminate.  Leaves  flat,  lanceolate,  the  lowest  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  petiole. 
(Name  composed  of  X"/*01'?  on  the  ground,  and  Xeiptov,  lily ;  of  no  obvious  appli- 
cation.) 

1.  C.  lute II ill.  (BLAZING-STAB.)  (C.  Carolinianum,  Willd.  Veratrum 
luteum,  L.  Helonias  lutea,  Ait.  H.  dioica,  Pursh.)  —  Low  grounds,  W.  New 
England  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  June. 

12.  TOFIELDIA,    Hudson.        FALSE  ASPHODEL. 

Flowers  perfect,  usually  with  a  little  3-bracted  involucre  underneath.  Peri- 
anth more  cr  less  spreading;  the  sepals  (white  or  greenish)  concave,  oblong  or 
obovate,  senails.  Filaments  awl-shaped :  anthers  short,  innate  or  somewhat 
introrso;  2-celled.  Styles  awl-shaped :  stigmas  terminal.  Pod  3-angular,  3- 
partiblc  or  scpticidal ;  the  cells  many-seeded.  Seeds  oblong.  —  Slender  peren- 
nials, mostly  tufted,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  simple  scape-like  stems  leafy  only 
at  the  base,  bearing  small  flowers  in  a  close  raceme  or  spike.  Leaves  2-ranked, 
equitaut,  linear.  (Named  after  Mr.  Tqfield,  an  English  botanist  of  the  last  cen- 
tury.)—  The  two  following  compose  the  subgenus  TRlANTHA,  Nutt. :  pedi- 
tels  mostly  in  threes ;  the  flowering  proceeding  from  the  apex  downwards ; 
seeds  tail-pointed  at  both  ends. 

1.  T.  gllltinosa,  Willd.  Stem  (6'- 16'  high)  and  pedicels  very  ylutinau* 
with  dark  glands;  leaves  broadly  linear,  short.  —  Moist  grounds,  Maine,  Michi- 
gan, Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  also  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.  June. 


JUNCACEJE.       (RUSH     FAMILY.)  479 

2.  T.  pfrl>ens,  Ait.  Stem  (l°-2°  high)  and  pedicels  roughened  urith  mi' 
nute  glands ;  leaves  longer  and  narrower:  —  Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Vis 
ginia  and  southward.  July. 

T.  PALIJISTRIS,  Hudson,  a  Northern  species  of  both  hemispheres,  grows  on 
Isle  Royale  and  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior ;  but  has  not  yet  been  found 
on  the  United  States  side. 


ORDER  128.     JUNCACE^E.     (Rusn  FAMILY.; 

Grass-like  or  sedge-like  herbs,  with  jointed  stems,  and  a  regular  persistent 
perianth  of  6  similar  glumaceous  sepals,  6  or  rarely  3  stamens  with  introrse 
anthers,  and  a  I-  B-celled  ovary,  forming  a  3-valved  3  —  many-seeded  pod. 
Style  single.  Seed  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo  enclosed  at  the  base 
of  the  albumen.  —  Rushes,  with  the  flowers  liliaceous  in  structure,  but 
grass-like  in  aspect  and  texture  (excepting  the  ambiguous  Nartbecium). 

Synopsis. 

*  Stigma  entire.    Perianth  partly  colored  (yellowish). 

1.  NARTIIECIUM.    Filaments  woolly.     Pod  many-seeded.    Seeds  long-tailed  at  be**  end*. 

*  *  Stigmas  3,  thread-like,  hairy.    Sepals  glume-like. 

2.  LUZULA.    Pod  1-celled,  3-seeded.    Leaves  mostly  hairy. 

8.  JUNCUS.    Pod  3-celled  (sometimes  imperfectly  so),  many-seeded. 

1.    NARTIIECIUM,    Moehring.        BOG-ASPHODEL. 

Sepals  linear-lanceolate  (yellowish).  Filaments  6,  woolly:  anthers  linear. 
Pod  cylindrical-oblong,  pointed  with  the  undivided  style  terminated  by  a  single 
stigma,  3-celled,  loculicidal,  many-seeded.  Seeds  appendaged  at  each  end  with 
a  bristle-form  tail  of  great  length.  —  Rootstock  creeping,  bearing  linear  equitant 
leaves,  and  a  simple  stem  or  scape  (6'- 10'  high),  terminated  by  a  simple  raceme. 
(Name  from  vapOfjKLov,  a  rod,  or  box  for  fragrant  ointments;  application  uncer- 
tain.) 

1.  W.  Americanum,  Ker.  Pedicels  of  the  dense  raceme  bearing  8 
bractlet  below  the  middle.  —  Bogs,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey.  June. 

2.    L.UZUL.A,    DC.        WOOD-RUSH. 

Perianth  glumaceous.  Stamens  6.  Stigmas  3.  Pod  1-celled,  3-seeded.  — 
Perennials,  with  flat  and  soft  usually  hairy  leaves  and  spiked-crowded  or  um- 
belled  flowers.  (Name  said  to  be  altered  from  the  Italian  lucciola,  a  glowworm.) 
*  Flowers  loosely  long-peduncled,  umbelled  or  corymbed. 

1.  L..  pilosa,  Willd.  Leaves  lance-linear,  hairy ;  peduncles  umbelled,  sim^ 
pie,  chiefly  1 -flowered ;  sepals  pointed,  shorter  than  the  obtuse  pod  ;  seeds  tipped 
with  a  curved  appendage.  —  Woods  and  banks  ;  common  northward.  May.  — 
Plant  G'  -  9'  high.  (Eui) 

2  L..  parviflora,  Desv.,  var.  melaiiocurpa.  Nearly  smooth ; 
leaves  broadly  linear ;  corymb  decompound,  loose ;  pedicels  drooping ;  sepals  pointed. 


i80  JUNCACE^E.     (RUSH  FAMILY.) 

straw-color,  about  the  length  of  the  minutely  pointed  brown  pod.  (L.  melans 
carpa,  Desv.)  — Mountains,  Maine,  W.  Massachusetts,  N.  New  York,  and  north 
ward.  July.  —  Stems  1°  -  3°  high,  scattered.  (Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  crowded  in  spikes  or  close  clusters.     (Plants  6' -  12'  high.) 

3.  I.,  caillpestris,  DC.     Leaves  fiat,  linear ;  spikes  4  - 1 2,  somewhat  urn- 
belled,  ovoid,  straw-color,  some  of  them  long-peduncled,  others  nearly  sessile ; 
sepals  bristle-pointed,  longer  than  the  obtuse  pods ;  seeds  with  a  conical  appen- 
dage at  the  base.  —  Dry  fields  and  woods ;  common.     May.     (Eu.) 

4.  It.  :irc(iat:t,  Meyer.     Leaves  cfiannetted,  linear ;  spikes  3-5,  on  unequal 
often  recurved  peduncles,    ovoid,   chestnut-brown  ;   bracts  ciliate-fringed ;  sepals 
taper-pointed,   longer  than  the  obtuse  pod;  seeds  not  appendaged.  —  Alpine 
summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 

5.  L.  spicfi t;i,  Desvaux.     Leaves  channelled,  narrowly  linear ;  flowers  in 
sessile  clusters,  forming  a  nodding  interrupted  spiked  panicle,  brown ;  sepals  bristle- 
pointed,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  abruptly  short-pointed  pod ;  seeds  merely  with 
a  roundish  projection  at  the  base.     (Our  plant  is  L.  racemosa,  Desv.  f  according 
to  Godet.)     With  the  last,  and  more  common.     (Eu./ 

3.    JIJNCUS,    L.        RUSH.     BOG-RUSH. 

Perianth  glumaceous.  Stamens  6,  or  sometimes  3.  Stigmas  3.  Pod  3- 
celled  (often  imperfectly  so  at  maturity),  loculicidal,  many-seeded.  —  Chiefly 
perennials,  with  pithy  stems,  and  cymose,  panicled,  or  clustered  small  (greenish 
or  brownish)  flowers,  usually  produced  all  summer.  (The  classical  name,  from 
jungo,  to  join,  alluding  to  their  use  for  bands.) 

#  Scapes  naked  and  simple  from  matted  running  rootslocks,  many  of  them  barren, 
furnished  with  short  leafless  sheaths  at  the  base :  flowers  in  a  sessile  cymose  panicle 
produced  from  the  side  of  the  scape  above  the  middle,  fj-androus  (except  in  No.  1 ) : 
seeds  not  appendaged. 

1.  J.  effusus,  L.      (COMMON  or  SOFT  RUSH.)      Scape  soft  and  pliant 
(2° -4°  high),  finely  striated;  panicle  diffusely  tnuch-branched  (sometimes  closely 
crowded),  many-flowered;  sepals  green,  lanceolate,  very  acute,  as  long  as  the 
obovate  very  obtuse  and  pointless  pod;  stamens  3  or  6. — Marshy  ground; 
everywhere.     (Eu.) 

2.  J.  filifoMiiis,  L.     Scape  slender   (l°-2°  high),  pliant;  panicle  few- 
jiovxrid,  simple;  sepals  green,  lanceolate,  acute,  rather  longer  than  the  very 
obtusa  b'^t  short-pointed  pod.    (J.  setaceus,  Torr.  Fl.)  — Wet  banks  and  shores, 
N.  New  England  to  Michigan,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

3.  J.   15::  1 1  i<  us,  Willd.     Scape  rigid  (2° -4°  high),  from  a  very  strong 
rootstock;  /x/»/VA   nwnding,  loose,  dark  chestnut-colored;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate* 
the  3  outer  sharp-pointed,  as  long  as  the  elliptical  rather  triangular  pod.  —  Sandy 
shores  of  New  England  and  of  the  Great  Lakes  ;  thence  northward      (Eu.) 

*  #  Scapes,  $-c.  as  in  the  preceding,  but  some  of  the  sheaths  at  the  base  leaf-bearing ; 
the  leaves  terett,  knotless,  like  the  continuation  of  the  scape,  atove  the  panicle  '  *ta> 

6. 


JUNCACEJS.     (RLSH  FAMILY.)  481 

4.  J.  setaceilS,  Rostk.     Scape  slender  (2° -3°  high) ;  panicle  loose,  raihei 
simple,  turning  light  chestnut-color;  sepals  lanceolate,  sharp-pointed,  especial!/ 
the  3  exterior,  longer  than  the  obovate  mucronate-pointed  pod.  —  Pcnn.,  Vir- 
ginia, and  southward,  near  the  coast. 

5.  J.  maritinillS,  Lam.     Scape  stout  and  rigid  (2° -5°  high),  the  apex 
pungent ;  panicle  compound,  erect,  loose ;  the  flowers  clustered  in  small  heads ; 
sepals  lanceolate,  the  outer  acute,  as  long  as  the  elliptical  short-pointed  pod. 
(J.  acutus,  MuhL,  &c.) — Brackish  marshes,  New  Jersey  (Pursh),  Virginia,  and 
southward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *;  Stems  leaf-bearing :  leaves  terete,  or  flattened  laterally  (equitant),  knotted  by 
cross  partitions  internally :  cyme  or  panicle  terminal :  flowers  in  heads  or  small  clus- 
ters (rery  liable  to  a  monstrosity,  from  the  bite  of  insects  making  them  appear  CM 
if  viviparous) :  pod  more  or  less  l-celled. 

+-  Stamens  3. 

6.  J.  SCirpoides,  Lam.     Stem  stout  (l°-3°  high)  and  terete,  as  are  the 
leaves ;  panicle  rather  simple,  bearing  several  (5-18)  pale  gi'een  densely  many-flow- 
ered spherical  heads;  sepals  rigid,  awl-shaped  and  bristly-pointed,  especially  tho 
outer,  as  long  as  the  oblong  triangular  taper-pointed  pod ;  seeds  barely  pointed 
at  each  end,  tailless.     (J.  polycephalus,  Michx.  (excl.  var.  a?).     J.  echinatus, 
MuhL     J.  nodosus,  var.  multiflorus,   Torr.)  —  Wet  borders  of  streams,   &c. ; 
rather  common.  —  Rootstock  thickish,  creeping.     Remarkable  for  its  bur-like 
green  heads,  usually  J'  in  diameter. 

7.  J.  paradoxilS,  E.  Meyer.     Stem  rather  stout  (l°-2^°  high),  terete; 
leaves  terete  or  somewhat  flattened  ;  panicle  decompound;  the  numerous  greenish 
heads  globular,  many-  (8  -  15-)  flowered ;  sepals  lanceolate,  somewhat  awl-pointed, 
rigid,  shorter  than  the  oblong-triangular  abruptly  short-pointed  pod  ;  seeds  con- 
spicuously tailed  at  both  ends  !^    ( J.  polycephalus,  Darlingt.,  Torr.  PL  N.  Y.  excl. 
var.  3,  &  syn.     J.  fraternus,  Kunth.     J.  sylvaticus,  Pursh.)  —  Wet  places ;  com- 
mon. —  Heads  less  dense,  fewer-flowered,  and  sometimes  smaller,  than  in  the 
foregoing.     Remarkable  for  the  loose  white  seed-coat  prolonged  at  both  ends 
into  a  tail  longer  than  the  oblong  body  of  the  seed. 

8.  J.  debilis.     Stems  weak  and  slender  (1°  -2°  long),  flattened,  as  are  the 
slender  leaves  ;  panicle  decompound,  loose,  widely  spreading ;  the  numerous  pale  green 
heads  4-8-flowered;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  herbaceous,  shorter  than  the  oblong 
pod;  seeds  tailless,  minutely  and  barely  pointed  at  each  end.     (J.  sub  verticil  la- 
tus,  MuhL,  not  of  Wulf.    J.  pallescens,  Meyer,  as  to  N.  American  plant.     J 
polycephalus,  var.  ?  depauperatus,  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.)  —  Wet  swamps  ;   common, 
especially  southward  and  westward.  —  Roots  fibrous.     Stems  often  decumbent 
or  floating  and  rooting :  branches  of  the  cymose  panicle  slender  and  diverging. 
Heads  2"  long.     Pods  pale,  sometimes  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  when  ripe 
—  This,  which  is  pretty  clearly  the  J.  acuminatus  of  Kunth,  is  perhaps  the  plant 
of  Michaux  ;  but  the  next  is  the  species  taken  for  J.  acuminatus  by  American 
authors. 

9.  J.  acmninatUS,    Michx.     Stem  erect   (10' -15'  high),  terete,  leaves 
slender,  nearly  terete ;  panicle  with  rather  slightly  spreading  branches,  bearing  Jew  or 
many  3  -  8-flowercd  chestnut-colored  heads ;  sepals  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate. 


482  JUNCACE^E.     (RUSH    FAMILY.) 

very  acute,  one  third  or  one  half  the  length  of  the  prismatic  triangular  and  Z.T) 
ruptly  acute  pod;  seeds  tail-pointed  at  both  ends.  (J.  sylvaticus,  Mi'lil.  J.  Can- 
adensis,  Gay.) — Peat-hogs,  and  sandy  borders  of  ponds.  —  Pods  turning  deep 
chestnut-brown.  Tails  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  seed. 

•*-  •»-  St<tine)is  G.     (Heads  chestnut-colored:  the  pods  becoming  blackish  or  brown,  and 
shining :  seeds  tailless,  but  sometimes  thort-pointed  at  both  ends.) 

10.  J.  nrliculatus,  L.     Stem  erect  (9'- 18'  high),  and  with  the   1-3 
slender  leaves  sliyhlly  compressed;  panicle  spreading;  heads  2  -%-flowercd ;  sepal* 
lance-oblong,  the  outer  acute,  the  inner  mostly  obtuse,  usually  mucronate,  shorter 
limn  the  ovate-oblong  triangular  abruptly  mucronatc-pointi-d  pod.     ( J.  lamprocarpus, 
Khrh.,  &c.)  — Var.  PELOCARPUS  (J.  pelocarpus,  E.  Meyer  $•  ed.  1.)  is  a  va- 
riety with  fewer  flowers  in  the  head,  and  rather  blunter  pods  slightly  exceeding 
the  sepals.  —  Wet  places,  Rhode  Island    to    N.   Illinois    and  northward:  the 
genuine  European  form  received  from  Mr.  Olney  and  Dr.  Sartice/l.     (Eu.l 

11.  J.  militaris,  Bigel.     Stem   stout   (2° -3°  high),   bearing  a  solitary 
cylindrical  bayonet-like  feo/*below  or  near  the  middle,  which  overtops  the  crowded 
panicle;  heads  numerous,  5-  1 Q-floicered ;  sepals  lanceolate,  sharp-pointed,  as  long  as 
the  ovate  taper-pointed  pod.— Sandy  bogs  N.  Maine  (Rev.  J.  £lakc),  E.  Massa- 
chusetts,   pine   barrens  of   New  Jersey,    and    southward.     Rootstock   thick, 
creeping.     Leaf  stout,  l°-2°  long.     Heads  2  "-3"  wide,  brown. 

12.  J.  IIOlIosils,  L. !     Stem  "erect,  slender  (G'-15'  high),  3  -  5-leaved  ; 
leaves  terete,  short;  heads  1-2,  or  several  and  clustered, globose,  many-  (10-20-) 
flowered ;  sepals  lanceolate,  awl-pointed,  nearly  as  lony  as  the  slender  triangular  taper- 
\tointtdpod.     (J.  Rostkovii,  E.  Meyer.)  —  Var.  MEGACEPHALI:S,  Torr. :  heads 
rather  numerous  and  larger,  50  -  60-flowered,  crowded  in  a  dense  cluster  at  tho 
summit  of  the  stout  and  rigid  stem  (2°  high).  —  Gravelly  borders  of  streams; 
common,  especially  northward ;  the  var.  on  the  sandy  shore  of  Lake  Ontario, 
&c.  —  Rootstocks  slender.  —  Quite  distinct  from  No.  6  and  No.  7,  with  which  it 
has  been  confounded. 

13.  J.  Coiir:idi,  Tuckcrm.     Stems  slender  (6' -10'  high),  leafy,  branch- 
ing above  into  a  compound  diffusely  spreading  cymose  panicle,  hearing  chiefly 
sulilari/  scattered  Jlutrers  in  the  forks  and  along  one  side  of  the  branches  ;  hares 
thread-form,  the  upper  slightly  knotted;  scjxils  oblonu,  acutish,  shorter  than  the  ob- 
U,-./  taper-beaked  pod.     (J.  viviparus,  Conrad,  —  so  named  from  a  condition  in 
which  most  of  the  flowers  develop  into  a  tuft  of  rudimentary  or  manifest  leaves. 
J.  Xo.  1  :\  Mnhl.  Gram.  ?  and  therefore  J.  Muhlenhergii,  Spreitg.  ?)  —  Wet  sandy 
places,  Canada  and  Wisconsin?  N.  New  England  to  Virginia,  and  southward, 
diirtly  near  the  coast.  —  Rootstocks  slender. 

#  *  *  #  Leaves  knot  less :  inflorescence  terninal. 
•«-  I ^  ads  cymoso-pamded :  leaves  flat  and  open  :  stamens  3. 

14.  J.   ItKtrxillfltlls,  Rn-tk.      Stem  leafy,  erect,  flattened  (l°-3°high); 
leaves  linear,  grass-like,   nerved;  heads  globose,  3-8-flowered;  sepals   oblong, 
the  8  Otttcr  with   the   bracts  slightly  awned,  the    inner  obtuse   and   pointless,  aa 
lout.-  as  the  globular  pod  ;  seeds  minutely  pointed  at  both  ends.      (J.  aristulatos, 
A/icli.r.)  —  Moist    sandy    places,  N".   New    England    to    Illinois,  and   southward 
July.  —  Sepals  soft,  chestnut-purplish,  with  a  green  keel. 


PONTEDERIACE^E.       (PICKEREL-WEED     FAMILY.)  438 

+-  •*-  Head  single  (or  sometimes  2  or  3)  :  leaves  channelled  above  :  stamem  6. 

15.  J.  Stygilis,  L.     Stem  slender,  erect  (6' -10' high),  \-3-lcared  belowt 
naked  above ;  leaves  thread-like ;  heads  3  -  4-flowcrcd,  about  the  length  of  tha 
sheathing  scarious  awl-pointed  bract;  sepals  oblong  and  lanceolate,  scarcely 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  acute  pod;  seeds  oblong,  with  a  very 
loose  coat  prolonged  at  both  ends.  —  Peat-bog  bordering  Perch  Lake,  Jefferson 
County,  New  York.     (Eu.) 

16.  J.  trificlllS,  L.     Stems  densely  tufted  from  matted  creeping  rootstocks, 
erect  (5'- 10'  high),  wiry  and  thread-like,  sheathed  at  the  base,  leafless  below,  about 
3-leaved  at  the  summit ;  the  upper  thread-like  leaves  subtending  the  sessile  head 
of  2 -4  flowers;  sepals  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  rather  than  the  globose-ovate 
beak-pointed   (brown)  pod;  seeds  roundish,  angled. — Alpine  summits  of  the 
mountains  of  N.  New  England  and  N.  New  York,  and  high  northward.    (Eu.) 
•«-•»-•<—  Flowers  cymose-panicled,  separate  (not  clustered  in  heads)  :  leaves  channelled 

or  involute,  or  else  thread-form,  or  almost  setaceous :  stamens  6. 

17.  J.  t£nuis,  Willd.     Stems  slender,  wiry  (9'- 18'  high),  simple,  leafy 
only  near  the  base ;  cyme  shorter  than  the  involucral  leaves,  small,  the  flowers 
mostly  one-sided,  almost  sessile,  green  and  shining ;  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acute, 
one  third  longer  than  the  globose-ovoid  obtuse  pod.  —  Low  grounds  and  fields  ;  very 
common. 

18.  J.  Grecnii,  Oakes  £  Tuckerm.     Stems  rigid  (l°-2°high),  simple, 
naked,  1  -  2-leaved  at  the  base ;  cyme  much  shorter  than  the  principal  erect  involucral 
leaf,  dense,   the  numerous  crowded  flowers  one-sided  ;   sepals  lanceolate,  acute, 
greenish,  shorter  than  the  ovoid-oblong  obtuse  pod.  —  Sandy  coast  of  Long  Island 
and  New  England,  and  occasionally  on  river-banks  in  the  interior. 

19.  J.  1>lll1>6silS,    L.   (BLACK  GRASS.)    Stems  simple,  somewhat.  flattcnedt 
slender,  but  rigid   (l°-2°  high),  leafy  below;  panicle  somewhat  cymose,  rather 
crowded,  usually  shorter  than  the  bracteal  leaf;  sepals  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  incurved, 
chestnut-color  and  greenish, 'mostly  rather  shorter  than  the  oblong-oval  and 
somewhat  triangular  obtuse  mucronate  pod.     (J.  compressus,  Jacq. :  a  name 
with  which  some  supersede  the  Linnaean,  because  the  stem  is  really  not  bulbous 
at  the  base.)  —  Var.  GERARDI  (J.  Gerardi,  Loisel.,  and  J.  Bothnicus,  WahL)  is 
the  more  common  form  in  this  country,  with  the  panicle  usually  exceeding  the 
bract,  and  the  calyx  as  long  as  the  pod.  —  Salt  marshes;  common  along  the 
coast  from  New  Jersey  northward.     (Eu.) 

20.  J.  bllfoilius,  L.     Annual;  stems  low  and  slender  (3' -9'  high),  leafy, 
often  branched  at  the  base  ;  panicle  forking,  spreading ;  the /lowers  remote,  greenish ; 
sepals  lanceolate,  awl-pointed,  much  longer  than  the  oblong  obtuse  pod. — Low 
grounds  and  road-sides,  everywhere.     (Eu.) 

ORDER  129.  PONTEDERIACE^E.    (PICKEREL-WEED  FAM.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  perfect  more  or  less  irregular  flowers  from  a  spathe ; 
the  petal-like  6-merous  perianth  free  from  the  3-celled  ovary;  the  3  or  6  most- 
ly unequal  or  dissimilar  stamens  inserted  in  its  throftt.  —  Perianth  with  the  6 


484  PONIEDEHIACEJE.       (PICKEREL-WEED     FAMILY.) 

divisions  colored  alike,  imbricated  in  2  rows  in  the  bud,  the  whole  togethei 
sometimes  re  volute-coiled  after  flowering,  withering  away,  or  the  base 
thickened-persistent  and  enclosing  the  fruit  Anthers  introrse.  Ovulea 
anatropous.  Style  1 :  stigma  3-lobed  or  6-toothed.  Fruit  a  perfectly  or 
incompletely  3-celled  many-seeded  pod,  or  a  1-celled  1-seeded  utricle  Em- 
bryo slender,  in  floury  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  PONTEDERIA.     Perianth  2-lipped,  its  fleshy  base  enclosing  the  1-seeded  utricle.     Sta 

iiic-us  6.     Spike  many-flowered. 

2.  HKTERAXTIIKIIA.      Perianth    salver-shaped,   withering-fugacious.      Pod   many-seeded 

Stamens  3,  unequal,  of  2  forms.    Spathe  1  -  few-flowered. 
8.  SCHOLLEKA.     Perianth  salver-shaped,  regular.     Stamens  3,  alike      Spathe  1-flowered. 

1.     PONTEDERIA,    L.        PICKEREL-WEED. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  2-lipped ;  the  3  upper  divisions  united  to  form  the  3- 
lobed  upper  lip ;  the  3  lower  spreading,  and  their  claws,  which  form  the  lower 
part  of  the  curving  tube,  more  or  less  separate  or  separable  down  to  the  base : 
after  flowering  the  tube  is  revolute-coiled  from  the  apex  downwards,  and  its 
fleshy-thickened  persistent  base  encloses  the  fruit.  Stamens  6,  the  3  lower  ex- 
serted  with  elongated  filaments ;  the  3  upper  (often  sterile  or  imperfect)  with 
very  short  filaments,  unequally  inserted  lower  down  :  anthers  oval,  blue.  Ovary 
3-celled ;  two  of  the  cells  empty,  the  other  with  a  single  suspended  ovule.  Utri- 
cle 1-cellcd,  filled  with  the  single  seed.  —  Stout  herbs,  growing  in  shallow  water, 
with  thick  creeping  rootstocks,  producing  erect  long-petioled  mostly  heart-shaped 
leaves,  and  a  1 -leaved  scape,  terminated  by  a  spike  of  violet-blue  ephemeral  flow- 
ers. Root-leaves  with  a  sheathing  stipule  within  the  petiole.  (Dedicated  to 
Fontedera,  Professor  at  Padua  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  century.) 

1.  P.  COrdfita,  L.  Leaves  arrow-heart-shaped,  blunt ;  spike  dense,  from 
a  i»pathe-likc  bract.  —  Var.  ANGUSTiF6LiA  (P.  angustifolia,  Pursh)  has  triangu- 
lar-elongated and  tapering  leaves  scarcely  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  —  Common. 
July-  Sept.  —  Calyx-tube  in  fruit  crested  with  6  toothed  ridges.  Upper  lobe  of 
the  perianth  marked  with  a  pair  of  small  yellow  spots. 

2.     II ETE  RANT  II  ERA,    Ruiz  &  Pav.        MUD  PLANTAIN. 

Perianth  salver-form  with  a  slender  tube ;  the  spreading  limb  somewhat  equal- 
ly 6-partcd,  ephemeral,  soon  withering  or  decaying.  Stamens  3;  the  2  upper 
with  their  filaments  thickened  in  the  middle  and  bearing  ovate  (yellow)  anthers; 
the  other  with  a  longer  filament  bearing  a  larger  oblong  or  arrow-shaped  (green- 
ish) anther.  Pod  incompletely  3-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Creeping  or  floating 
low  herbs,  with  chiefly  rounded  long-petioled  leaves,  and  a  1  -  few-flowered 
sputhc  bursting  from  the  sheathing  side  or  base  of  a  petiole.  Flowers  blue  01 
white.  (Name  from  eVf'pa,  different,  and  dvQrjpd,  anther.) 

1.  II.  reilif<6rmiS  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Leares  rom>d-kidnei/-s/nij>ffl :  spathe  3- 
5-flowcred ;  flowers  white.  —  Muddy  margins  of  streams,  S.  New  York  to  llli 
aoia,  and  southward.  Aug. 


COMMEL1NACEJE.       (SPIDERWORT    FAMILY.)  485 

2.  II.  limoScl,  Vahl.     Leaves  oblong  or  lance-oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends; 
ipathe  1 -flowered  ;  flowers  blue.     (Leptanthus  ovalis,  Miclix.)  —  W.  Virginia  to 
Illinois,  and  southward.     July -Sept. 

3.  SCIIOL.LERA,    Schreber  (1789).        WATER  STAR-GRASS. 

Perianth  salver-form,  with  6  nearly  equal  lance-linear  spreading  divisions  on 
a  very  long  thread-like  tube.  Stamens  3,  with  similar  oblong-arrow-shaped  an- 
thers (or  rarely  a  fourth  which  is  abortive)  :  filaments  nearly  equal,  awl-shaped. 
Pod  oblong,  invested  by  the  withered  perianth,  1-cclled  with  3  projecting  parie- 
tal placentae,  many-seeded.  —  A  grass-like  herb,  like  a  Pondweed,  growing 
wholly  under  water,  only  the  (small  pale  yellow)  flowers  expanding  on  the  sur- 
face ;  the  slender  branching  stems  clothed  with  linear  translucent  sessile  leaves, 
and  bearing  a  terminal  1 -flowered  spathe.  (Named  after  one  Scholler,  a  German 
botanist.) 

1.  S.  gramiliea,  Willd.  (Leptanthus,  Michx.) — In  streams  ;  common. 
July  -  Sept. 


ORDER  130.    COMMEL,YNACEjE.    (SPIDERWORT  FAMILY.; 

Herb*,  with  fibrous  or  sometimes  thickened  roofs,  jointed  often  brandling 
leofij  stems,  and  chiefly  perfect  and  6-androus,  often  irregular  flowers,  with 
the  perianth  free  from  the  2  -  ^-celled  ovary,  and  having  a  distinct  calyx  and 
corolla,  viz. :  Sepals  3,  persistent,  commonly  herbaceous.  Petals  3,  ephem- 
eral, decaying  or  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous,  some  of  them  often 
sterile :  anthers  with  2  separated  cells.  Style  1  :  stigma  undivided.  Pod 
2-3-celled,  2-3-valved,  loculicidal,  3  -  several-seeded.  Seeds  orthotro 
pous.  Embryo  small,  pulley-shaped,  partly  sunk  in  a  shallow  depression 
at  the  apex  of  the  albumen.  Leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  linear,  flat, 
sheathed  at  the  base ;  the  uppermost  often  dissimilar  and  forming  a  kind 
of  spathe.  —  A  chiefly  tropical  family,  not  aquatic,  here  represented  only 
bv  two  genera. 

1.    COM  ME  L  If  W  A,    Dill.        DAT-FLOWER. 

Flowers  irregular.  Sepals  somewhat  colored,  unequal ;  the  2  lateral  partly 
united  by  their  contiguous  margins.  Two  lateral  petals  rounded  or  kidney 
shaped,  on  long  claws,  the  odd  one  smaller.  Stamens  unequal,  3  of  them  fer- 
tile, one  of  which  is  bent  inward :  3  of  them  sterile  and  smaller,  with  imperfect 
cross-shaped  anthers  :  filaments  naked.  Pod  3-celled,  two  of.  the  cells  2-seeded, 
the  other  1 -seeded  or  abortive.  —  Stems  branching,  often  procumbent  and  root- 
ing at  the  joints.  Leaves  contracted  at  the  base  into  sheathing  petioles ;  the 
floral  one  heart-shaped  and  clasping,  folded  together  or  hooded  and  forming  a 
kind  of  spathe  enclosing  the  flowers,  which  expand  for  a  single  morning  and 
are  recurved  on  their  pedicel  before  and  afterwards.  Petals  b^ie.  Flowering 
oil  summer.  (Dedicated  to  the  early  Dutch  botanists  J.  and  G 


486  COSIMELTNACE^E.       (SPIDERWORT    FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  erecta,  L.     Stem  erect,  rather  stout  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  large 
(5  -  7'  long,  l'-2'  wide),  oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper  surface  and  margins  very 
rough  backwards,  sheaths  fringed  with  rusty  bristles ;  spathes  crowded  aiid  nearly 
sessile,  hooded,  top-shaped  in  fruit ;  odd  petal  shaped  like  the  others  but  shorter, 
round-ovate,  raised  on  a  claw;   pod  3-cellcd.     ty    (C.   Virginica,  ed.   1,  &c.) 
—  A  hairy  form  apparently  is  C.  hirtella,  Void. — Alluvial  and  shaded  river- 
banks,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Our  largest  spccies;  and  the  only  ono 
with  a  top-shaped  spathe. 

2.  C.  Virgiuica,  L.     Stems  slender,  erect,  or  reclined  and  rooting  to- 
wards the  base  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate ;  spathes  mostly  solitary 
or  scattered,  peduna,eut  condu.pl icate,  rotatd-heart-skaped  when  expanded,  pointed, 
ill  fruit  somewhat  hood-like,  and  with  a  short  top-shaped  base ;  odd  petal  usu- 
ally inconspicuous  and  nearly  sessile;  pod  2-celled.      ]\.    (C.  Virginica,  L.,  as 
to  syn.  Pluk.,  which  gave  the  name  :  Linnaius's  detailed  description  apparently 
pertains  to  No.  1,  which  however  must  bear  the  name  which  he  took  I'roiu  Dil- 
lenius,  the  authority  for  the  species.     C.  angustifolia,  Michx.  $•  td.  1.)  — Damp 
rich  woods  and  banks,  S.  New  York  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

3.  C.  agT&ria,   Kunth.     Stems  creeping,  glabrous;  Iwes  ovate-oblony  01 
lance-oblony,  obtuse,  smatl  (I' -2' long);  spathes  heart-ovate  when   expanded,  pe- 
duncled,  conduplicate,  the  base  not  contracted  in  fruit,  3-4-flowcred;  the  odd  petal 
round-ovate,  nearly  sessile,      ty  (C.  Cajennensis,  Rich.) — Alluvial  banks,  Illi- 
nois and  southward.  —  The  smallest-leaved  and  smallest-flowered  species. 

2.     TKADESCANTIA,    L.         SPIDERWORT. 

Flowers  regular.  Sepals  herbaceous.  Petals  all  alike,  ovate,  sessile.  Sta- 
mens all  fertile:  filaments  bearded.  Pod  2-3-celled,  the  cells  1-2-secded. — 
Perennials.  Stems  mucilaginous,  mostly  upright,  nearly  simple,  leafy.  Leaves 
keeled.  Flowers  ephemeral,  in  umbelled  clusters,  axillary  and  terminal ;  the 
floral  leaves  nearly  like  the  others.  (Named  for  the  elder  Tradescant,  gardener 
to  Charles  the  First.) 

*  Umbels  sessile,  clustered,  usually  involucrate  by  2  /cares. 

1.  T.  Yirgiiiica,  L.    (COMMON  SPIDERWORT.)    Leaves  liinccolutc-linftu , 
elongated,  tapering  from  the  sheathing  base  to  the  point,  ciiiate,  more  or  less 
open ;  umbels  terminal,  many-flowered.  —  Moist  woods,  from  W.  New  York  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward:  commonly  cultivated.     May -Aug.  —  Plant  either 
smooth  or  hairy;  the  large  flowers  blue,  in  gardens  often  purplish  or  white. 

2.  T.   i>il«»s:i,   Litlim.     Leaves   broadly   Uniceolate   from    a   narrowed   base, 
pointed,   downy-hairy   both   sides,   minutely  ciiiate;    ujiih-ls    many-flowered,   in 
verv  dense  ti-nninnl  anil  a.rillanj  clusters  ;   pedicels   and   calyx  glandular-hairy. 
(T.  flcxuosa,  I  inf.)  —  Ohio,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     June-  Sept.  — 
Stem  stout,  smooth  In-low,  2°  -3°  high,  often  branched,  /.ig/.ag  above,  with  an  at 
length  close  cluster  of  small  (|'  broad)  lilac-blue  flowers  in  all  the  upper  axils. 

#  #  Umbels  lonr/-})cdn)icl(d,  naked. 

3.  T.  I'OM'a,   Vent.     Small,  slender  (6'  -10'  high),  smooth  ;  leaves  linear, 
grass-like,  ciliate  at  the  base;  umbel  simple,  or  sometimes  a  pair;   flowers  ($' 
wile)  rose-color.  —  Sandy  woods,  Penn.  (?)  to  Kentucky,  and  southward. 


XYRIDACE^E.     (YELLOW-EYED  GRASS  FAMILY.)          467 

ORDER  131.     XYRIDACE^E.     (YELLOW-EYED  GRASS  FAM.) 

Rush-like  herbs,  with  equitant  leaves  sheathing  the  base  of  a  naked  scape, 
which  is  terminated  by  a  head  of  perfect  3-androus  floicers,  uith  extrorse  an- 
thers, a  glumaceous  calyx,  and  a  regular  corolla;  the  3-valved  mostly  \-celled 
pod  containing  several  or  many  orthotropous  seeds  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the 
apex  of  fleshy  albumen:  —  represented  by  Xyris. —  The  anomalous  genus 
Mayaca,  consisting  of  a  few  moss-like  aquatic  plants,  intermediate  in  char- 
acter between  this  family  and  the  last,  may  be  introduced  here. 

1.     MAYACA,    Aublct.         (SrENA,  Schreber.) 

Flowers  single,  terminating  a  naked  peduncle.  Perianth  persistent,  of  3  her- 
baceous lanceolate  sepals  and  3  obovate  petals.  Stamens  3,  alternate  with  the 
petals.  Ovary  1-celled  with  3  parietal  few-ovuled  placentae  :  style  filiform  :  stig- 
ma simple.  Pod  3-valved,  several-seeded  — Moss-like  low  herbs,  creeping  in 
shallow  water,  densely  leafy ;  the  leaves  narrowly  linear,  sessile,  1 -nerved,  pellu- 
cid, entire,  notched  at  the  apex  :  the  peduncle  solitary,  sheathed  at  the  base. 
(An  aboriginal  name.) 

1.  UI.  Michauxii,  Schott  &  Endl.  Peduncles  not  much  exceeding  the 
leaves,  nodding  in  fruit;  petals  white.  (Syena  fluviatilis,  Pursh.}  —  S.  E.  Vir- 
ginia, and  southward.  July. 

2.    XYRIS,    L.        YELLOW-EYED  GRASS. 

Flowers  single  in  the  axils  of  coriaceous  scale-like  bracts,  which  are  densely 
imbricated  in  a  head.  Sepals  3 ;  the  2  lateral  glume-like,  boat-shaped  or  keeled 
and  persistent ;  the  anterior  one  larger  and  membranaceous,  enwrapping  the 
corolla  in  the  bud  and  deciduous  with  it.  Petals  3,  with  claws,  which  cohere 
more  or  less.  Fertile  stamens  3,  with  linear  anthers,  inserted  on  the  claws  of 
the  petals,  alternating  with  3  sterile  filaments  which  are  cleft  and  plume-bearing 
at  their  apex.  Style  3-cleft.  Pod  oblong,  free,  1-celled  with  3  parietal  more  or 
less  projecting  placentas,  3-valvcd,  many-seeded. — Flowers  yellow.  (Svplt, 
an  ancient  name  of  gome  plant  with  2-edged  leaves,  from  £vpov,  a  razor.) 

1.  X.  bulbosa,  Kunth.    Soape  slender,  from  a  more  or  less  bulbous  base, 
somewhat  3-angled,  flattish  at  the  summit,  very  smooth,  much  longer  than  the 
narrowly  linear  leaves,  both  commonly  twisted  with  age ;  head  rounclish-ovoid 
(4"  -  5"  long) ;  lateral  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  finely  ciliate-scabrous  on  the  narrow 
wingless  keel,  and  usually  with  a  minute  bearded  tuft  at  the  very  apex.     (X.  Ju- 
pacai,  Michx.  in  part.     X.  Indica,  Pursh.     X.  flexuosa,  Muhl.  Cat.     X    brevi- 
folia,  of  Northern  authors,  not  of  Mic/ix.)  —  Sandy  or  peaty  bogs,  from-  New 
Hampshire  and  Michigan  southward  :  rare  except  near  the  coast.     July -Sept 
—  Leaves  l^'-8',  the  scape  3' -14',  high.     Petals  minutely  toothed  at  the  sum 
mit.  —  This  species  should  have  borne  Muhlenberg's  name  of  X.  flexuosa,  which, 
however,  Elliott  appears  to  have  applied  rather  to  the  following. 

2.  X.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     Scape  flattish,  1-nngled  below,  2-edged  at 
the  summit,  smooth ;  leaves  linear-sword-shapcd,  flat ;  head  globular-ovoid  (.V- 

28 


488  ERIOCAULONACE^E.       (PIPEWORT    FAMILY.) 

-  7  long) ;  lateral  sepals  obscurely  lacerate-fringed  above  on  the  winged  ktd,  rathei 
shorter  than  the  bract.  (X.  Jupacai,  partly,  Mlchx.  X.  anceps,  Multl.)  —  Sandj 
swamps,  &c.,  Rhode  Island  to  Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  coast.  Aug. 
—  Scape  l°-2°  high  :  leaves  l"-4"  wide.  Petals  pretty  large,  the  claws  turn- 
ing brownish. 

3.  X.  fiiiibriftta,  Ell.  Scape  somewhat  angled  (2°  high),  rather  longer 
than  the  lincar-sword-shaped  leaves ;  head  oblong  (§'  long) ;  lateral  sepals  lance- 
olate-linear, nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  bract,  above  conspicuously  fringed  on  tht 
wing-margined  keel,  and  even  plumose  at  the  summit,  —  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey, 
Virginia,  and  southward. 


ORDER  132.    ERIOCAULONACE^E.     (PIPEWORT  FAMILY., 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  stemless  or  short-stemmed ',  with  a  tuft  of  JUirous 
roots,  and  a  cluster  of  linear  often  loosely  cellular  yrass-lUce  leaves,  and  naked 
scapes  sheathed  at  the  base,  leaiiny  dense  heads  of  monoecious  or  rarely  dioe- 
cious small  2  -  3-merous  flowers,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scarious  bract ;  the 
perianth  double  or  rarely  simple,  chaffy ;  anthers  introrse ;  the  fruit  a  2-3- 
celled  -2  -  3-seeded  j)od :  the  ovules,  seeds,  embryo,  &c.  as  in  the  preceding 
order.  —  Chiefly  tropical  plants,  a  few  in  northern  temperate  regions. 

Synopsis. 

1.  ERIOCAULON  Perianth  double,  the  inner  (corolla)  tubular-funnel-form  in  the  staminate 
flowers  ;  the  stamens  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes  (4  or  6).  Anthers  2-celled 

21  PJSPALANTIIUS.  Perianth  as  hi  the  last :  the  stamens  only  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
inner  series,  or  corolla  (3).  Anthers  2-celled. 

&  LACHNOCAULON.  Perianth  simple,  of  3  sepals.  Stamens  3,  monadelphous  below.  An 
thers  1-celled. 

1.     ERIOCAIJLON,  L.        PIPEWORT. 

Flowers  monoecious  and  androgynous,  i.  e.  both  kinds  in  the  same  head,  cither 
intermixed,  or  the  central  ones  sterile  and  the  exterior  fertile,  rarely  dioecious. 
Ster.  Fl.  Calyx  of  2  or  3  keeled  or  boat-shaped  sepals,  usually  spatulate  or 
dilated  upwards.  Corolla  tubular,  2-3-lobed,  each  of  the  lobes  bearing  a  black 
gland  or  spot.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  one  inserted 
at  the  base  of  each  lobe  and  one  in  each  sinus;  anthers  2-cclle.l.  Pistils  rudi- 
mentary. Fert.  Fl.  Calyx  as  in  the  sterile  flowers,  often  remote  from  the  rest 
of  the  flower  (therefore  perhaps  to  be  viewed  as  a  pair  o^f  bractlets).  Corolla  of 
2  or  3  separate  narrow  petals.  Stamens  none.  Ovarv  often  stalked,  2-3- 
lobed,  2- 3-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell:  style  1:  stigmas  2  or  3, 
slender.  Pod  membranaccous,  loculicidal.  —  Leaves  mostly  smooth,  loosely 
cellular  and  pellucid.  Scapes  or  peduncles  terminated  by  a  single  head,  which  is 
involucrate  by  some  outer  empty  bracts.  Flowers,  also  the  tips  of  the  bracts, 
&c.,  usually  bearded  or  woolly.  (Name  compounded  of  Zpiov,  irool,  and  AcauXor, 
a  stalk,  from  the  wool  at  the  base  of  the  scape  and  leaves  of  the  original  species. 
Excepting  this  and  the  flowers,  our  species  aie  wholly  glabrous.)  —  The  Nortb 


EIUOCAULONACEJE.       (riPEWORT    FAMILY.)  489 

American  species  are  all  stcinless,  with  a  depressed  head,  and  have  the  paits  of 
the  flowers  in  twos,  the  stamens  4. 

1.  E.  decailglllare,   L.    (syn.  Pink.,  &c.)      Leaves  lin&ir-sword-shaped, 
ascending  (6' -15'  long),  of  a  rather  firm  texture;  scape  10-12-ribbed  (l°-3° 
high)  :  chaff  (bracts  among  the  flowers)  pointed.      1|.    (E.  serotinum,  Walt.]  — 
Pine-barren  swamps,  New  Jersey  ?  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     July  -  Sept.  — 
Involucral  scales  roundish,  straw-color  or  light  brown.     Flowers  and  bracts,  a« 
in  the  following,  tipped  with  a  white  beard. 

2.  E.  gllilplmloclcs,   Michx.     Leaves  short  and  spreading  (2' -5' long), 
grassy-awl-shaped,    soft    and    cellular,    tapering   gradually   to   a   point,    mostly 
shorter  than  the  sheath  of  the  1  Q-ribbed  scape ;  chaff  obtuse.     1J.    (E.  decangulare, 
L,,  in  part,  viz.  as  to  pi.  Clayt.) — Pine-barren  swamps,  New  Jersey  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  southward.     June -Aug.  —  This  and  the  last  have  been  variously 
confounded. 

3.  E.  SCptangTlliYre,  Withering.    Leaves  short  (l'-3'  long) ,  awl-shaped 
pelliiciil,  soft  and  very  cellular;  scape  1-striatc,  slender,  2' -6'  high,  or  when 
submerged  becoming  l°-6°  long  (Torr.),  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water; 
chaff  acutish.    1J.    (E.  pellucidum,  Michx.) — In  ponds  or  along  their  borders, 
from  New  Jersey  and  Pcnn.  to  Michigan,  and  northward.     Aug.  —  Head  2" -3" 
broad  ;  the  bracts,  chaff,  &c.  lead-color,  except  the  white  coarse  beard.     (Eu.) 

2.     P^EPALANTISUS,    Mart.      (Sp.  of  ERIOCAULON  of  authors.) 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  (often  involute)  lobes  of  the  funnel-form  corolla  of 
the  sterile  flowers,  and  opposite  them,  commonly  3,  and  the  flower  ternary 
throughout.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Eriocaulon.  (Name  from  TranraXr),  dust  or 
flour,  and  avOos,  flower,  from  the  meal-like  down  or  scurf  of  the  heads  and  flow- 
ers of  many  [South  American]  species.) 

1.  P.  flavidllS,  Kunth.  Tufted,  stemless  ;  leaves  bristle-awl-shaped 
(1'long);  scapes  very  slender,  simple,  minutely  pubescent  (6' -12' high),  5- 
angled ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  pale  straw-color,  those  among  the 
(ternary)  flowers  mostly  obsolete ;  perianth  glabrous ;  sepals  and  petals  of  the 
fertile  flowers  linear-lanceolate,  scarious-white.  ty  ?  (Eriocaulon  flavidum, 
Michx.)  — Low  pine  barrens,  S.  Virginia  and  southward. 

3.     LACHNOCATJL,ON,    Kunth.        HAIRY  PIPEWORT. 

Flowers  monoecious,  &c.,  as  in  Eriocaulon.  Calyx  of  3  sepals.  Corolla 
none  !  Ster.  Fl.  Stamens  3  :  filaii.ents  below  coalescent  into  a  club-shaped 
tube  around  the  rudiments  of  a  pistil,  above  separate  and  elongated  :  anthers 
1-celled  !  Fert.  Fl.  Ovary  3-celled,  surrounded  by  3  tufts  of  hairs  (in  place 
of  a  corolla).  Stigmas  3,  two-cleft.  —  Leaves  linear-sword-shaped,  tufted. 
Scape  slender,  simple,  bearing  a  single  head,  2-3-angled,  hairy  (whence  the 
tiame,  from  \d)(vos,  wool,  and  KovAos,  stalk). 

1.  L*.  HHTicliaiixii,  Kunth.  (Eriocaulon  villosum,  Michx.)  —  Low  pine 
s,  Virginia  (Pursfi^,  and  southward. 


490  CYPERACEjE.       (SEDGE     FAMILY.) 

ORDER  133.     CYPERACE^E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots  and  solid  stems  (culmt;), 
;losed  sheaths,  and  spiked  chiefly  3-androus  Jlowers,  one  in  the  axil  of  each 
>f  the  glume-like  imbricaltd  bracts  (scales,  glumes),  destitute  of  any  perianth, 
»r  with  hypoyynous  bristles  or  scales  in  its  place;  the  l-cclled  ocary  with  a 
ringle  erect  anatropous  ovule,  in  fruit  for min(j  an  achenium.  Style  2-clefl 
when  the  fruit  is  flattened  or  lenticular,  or  3-clef't  when  it  is  3-anguLr. 
Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  the  somewhat  floury  albumen.  Stem-leavea 
when  present  3-ranked.  — A  large,  widely  diffused  family.  See  Addei.d. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     CYPEREJE.     Flowers  perfect,  2-ranked.    Spikclels    1  -  many-flowered. 

1.  CYPERUS.    Spikes  few  -many-flowered,  usually  elongated  or  slender.     Perianth  none. 

2.  KYLLINGIA.     Spikes  1-flowered,  glomerate  in  a  sessile  head.     Perianth  none 

8,  DULICHIUM.    Spikes  6  -  10-flowered.     Perianth  of  6  -  10  bristles      Achenium  beaked 

TRIBE  II.  HYPOL,YTRE.<E.  Flowers  perfect ;  the  scales  many -ranked  :  each  flowtt 
provided  with  its  own  (1-4)  proper  scale-like  bractlets.  True  perianth  none. 

4.  HEMICARPHA.     Bractlet  or  inner  scale  1,  very  small.     Stamen  1.     Style  2-cleft. 

TRIBE  III.     SCIRPE^E.     Flowers  perfect ;  the  scales  regularly  several-ranked,  each  cov- 
ering a  naked  flower,  or  only  the  lowest  empty.    Perianth  of  bristles  or  hairs,  or  none. 
*  Perianth  of  hypogynous  bristles  or  hairs  (rarely  obsolete  or  wanting). 

5.  ELEOCHARIS.    Achenium  with  a  tubercle  jointed  on  its  apex,  consisting  of  the  bulbocj 

persistent  base  of  the  style.    Head  solitary,  terminating  the  leafless  and  bractless  culm. 

6.  SCIRPUS.     Achenium  naked  at  the  apex,  or  pointed  with  the  continuous  simple  base  of 

the  style.    Perianth  of  3  -  6  bristles.     Culms  leafy  at  the  base      Heads  one  or  more. 

7.  ERIOPHORUM.    Achenium,  &c.,  as  in  Scirpus.    Perianth  of  long  and  tufted  woolly  hairs. 

*  *  Perianth  none. 

8.  FIMBRISTYLIS.     Style  bulbous  at  the  base,  deciduous  (with  or  rarely  without  the  jointed 

bulb)  from  the  achenium. 
*  *  *  Perianth  of  3  large  scales,  and  mostly  as  many  alternating  bristles. 

9.  FUIKENA.    Scales  of  the  spike  awned  below  the  apex      Achenium  triangular,  pointed 

with  the  base  of  the  style. 

TRIBE  IV.  RHYNCHOSPORE^E.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Scales  of  tha 
few-flowered  spikes  irregularly  several-ranked,  many  of  the  lower  ones  empty,  and  often 
the  upper  sterile.  Perianth  of  bristles  or  none.  Stems  leafy. 

*  Achenium  beaked  with  the  dilated  persistent  style  or  its  base. 
•»-•  Perianth  none  :  style  2-cleft :  achenium  wrinkled  transversely. 

10    PSILOCARYA.    Spikes  many-flowered,  terete,  ovoid,  cymose,  naked. 

11.  DICHROMKNA.     Spikes  few-flowered,  flattened,  crowded  into  a  leafy -mvoluerate  head. 

«-  «-  Perianth  of  bristles  or  awns,  rarely  wanting 

12    CERATOSCHCENUS.     Style  simple,  all  persistent  in  the  awned  beak  of  the  flat  achenium. 
J«   MiYNCIIOSPORA.    Style  2-cleft,  the  base  only  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  acheniuni. 

*  *  Achenium  without  a  beak  or  tubercle  ;  the  style  deciduous.  • 

11.  CLADIUM.     Achenium  globular,  corky  or  pointed  at  the  summit.     Perianth  none. 

TaiBB  V      SCL.ERIE.flS.     Flowers  monoecious  :  the  fertile  spikes  1-flowereU  ;  tu--< 

inate  neveral-  (lowered      Acl'.eniurn  nut-like,  mostly  crustaoeous. 
15  SCLEHIA.     Achenium  bony  or  crustaceoua.     Proper  perianth  none. 


CYPERACE,E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  491 

TRIEK  VI  CARICEJE.  Flowers  monoecious  in  the  same  (androgynous)  or  in  separata 
spikes,  or  sometimes  dioecious.  Proper  perianth  none.  Achemuui  enclosed  in  a  sac 
(perigynium  which  answers  to  a  bractlet  or  pair  of  bractlets),  lenticular  or  triangular. 

16.  CAKEX.    Fertile  flowers  without  a  bristle-form  hooked  appenaage  projecting  from  the  sac. 

1      CYPERUS,    L.         GALINGALE. 

Spikes  many  -  few-flowered,  flat  or  rarely  terete,  variously  arranged,  mostly 
in  clusters  or  heads,  which  are  commonly  disposed  in  a  simple  or  compound 
terminal  umbel.  Scales  2-ranked  ( their  decurrent  base  often  forming  margins  or 
wings  to  the  joint  of  the  axis  next  below),  deciduous  when  old.  Stamens  (1, 
2,  or  mostly)  3.  Perianth  none.  Style  2  -3-clcft,  deciduous.  Achenium  len- 
ticular or  triangular,  naked  at  the  apex.  —  Culms  triangular,  simple,  leafy  at 
the  base,  and  with  one  or  more  leaves  at  the  summit  forming  an  involucre  to  the 
umbel.  Peduncles  unequal,  sheathed  at  the  base.  (KvTteipos,  the  ancient 
name.) 

$  1.  PYCREUS,  Beauv.  —  Style  2-cleft:  achenium  flattened :  spikes  flat,  many- 
flowed:  only  the  lotcest  scale  empty.  (Root  of  all  our  species  fibrous  and  appar- 
ently annual.) 

1.  C.  flav£seeais,  L.     Stamens  3;  spikes  becoming  linear,  obtuse,  clus- 
tered at  the  end  of  the  2-4  very  short  rays   (peduncles);  scales  obtuse,  straw- 
yellow;    achenium   shining,   orbicular.  —  Low   grounds,    mostly   near  the   coast. 
Aug.  —  Culms  4' -10'  high:  spikes  5" -8"  long.      Involucre   3-leaved,  very 
unequal.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  dmndrilS*  Torr.     Stamens  2,  or  soir^imcs  3;  spikes  lance-oblong, 
scattered  or  clustered  on  the  2-5  very  short  or  unequal  rays  ;  scales  rather  obtuse, 
purple-brown  on  the  margins  or  nearly  all  over;  achenium  dull,  oblong-obovate : 
otherwise  much  like  the  last.  —  Var.  CASTXNEUS,  Torr.   (C.  castaneus,  Bigel.) 
is  only  a  form  with  browner  scales.  — Low  grounds ;  common.     Aug.,  Sept. 

3.  C.  NllttifiUii,  Torr.     Stamens  2  ;    spikes  lance-linear,  acute,  very  flat 
(£'-!'  long),  crowded  on  the  few  very  short  (or  some  of  them  distinct)  rays  ; 
scales  oblong,  i/ellotcish-broicn,  rather  loose  ;  achenium  oblong -obovate,  very  blunt,  dull. 

—  Salt  or  brackish  marshes,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug. 

—  Culms  4' -12'  high.  — C.  minimus?  Nutt.,  the  C.  Clcaveri,  Torr.,  fr  ed.  1,  is 
a  depauperate  condition  of  this,  with  a  1 -leaved  involucre,  and  only  one  or  two 
spikes  ! 

4.  C.  fl  a  VI  CO  III  US,  Michx.     Stamens   3;    spikes    linear    (4"  -  8'    long), 
spiked  and  crowded  on  the  whole  length  of  the  branches  of  the  several-rayed 
nm.be!,  spreading ;  scales  oval,  very  obtuse,  yellowish  and  brownish,  broadly  scarious- 
(ichifish-)  margined;  achenium  olmate,  mucronate,  blackish;  culm   stout  (l°-3° 
high);  leaves  of  the  involucre  3  -  5,  very  long, — Low  grounds,  Virginia  and 
southward.     July  -  Oct. 

I  2.  PAPYRUS,  Thouars. —  Style  3-cleft  :  achenium  triangular:  stamens  3: 
spikes  many-flowered,  flattish  joints  of  the  axis  margined  by  a  pair  of  more  or 
less  free  scales,  •..•hich  remain  qjler  the  proper  scale  fa\  's  away  :  otherwise  as  in  $  8. 


492  CYPERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.^ 

5.  C.  erytlirorlllzos,  Muhl.     Culm  obtusely  triangular  (2° -3J  high), 
umbel  compound,  many-rayed  ;  involucre  4  -  5-leaved,   very  long ;  involuceli 
bristle-form ;  spikes  very  numerous,  crowded  in  oblong-cylindrical  nearly  sessile 
heads,  spreading  horizontally,  linear,  flaitish   (\'  long),  bright  chestnut-colored ; 
scales  lanceolate,  rnucronulate.     (J) — Alluvial  banks,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  ?  and 
southward.  .  August.  —  Hoot  fibrous,  red. 

$  3.  CYPEKUS  PKOFKK.  —  Style  3-cle/l  :  achenium  triangular  :  spikes  m^ny- 
flowered,  flat  or  almost  terete  ;  only  the,  lowest  scale  empty  ;  the  joints  of  the  axil 
narrowly  wing-margined  or  naked. 

#  Roots  annual,  fibrous:  no  creeping  rootstocks:  culm  triangular:  spikes  aid-shaped, 
thread-shaped,  or  very  nai~rowly  linear,  very  numerous,  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the 
rays  of  the  simple  or  mostly  compound  ample  and  open  umbel :  involucre  very  longt 
3-sei-eral-leaitd:  scales  of  the  spike  pointless;  the  joints  of  the  axis  winged  by  a 
l>air  of  adlierent  scales  :  stamens  3. 

6.  €.    ill  H'iiatfl  \iullllS   Schultcs.      Culm    stout   (l°high);  rays  short; 
tpikcs  linear-thread-shapcd,  teretish  when  mature  (|'-^'  long) ;  ti\v  joints  of  its  ari» 
short  and  winged  with  very  broad  scaly  margins,  which  embrace  the  ovate  triangular 
achenium  ;  scales  ovate,  obtusish.  —  Marshes,  especially  along  the  coast  and 
large  rivers,  S.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept.  — 
Flowers  6-20  in  the  spike,  yellowish-brown. 

7.  C.  EilgClllldlllli,  Steud.     Culm   £°-3°high;    rays   mostly  short; 
spikes  filiform,  almost  terete  (about  £'  long),  somewhat  remotely  5  -  9- flowered,  the 
zigzag  joints  of  the  axis  slender,  narrowly  wing-margined;  achenium  oUong-linear, 
almost  equalling  the  oblong  or  oval  broadly  scarious  scale.    (C.  tenuior,  Engelm. 
mss.     C.  stenolepis,  Torr.,  probably,  though  the  character  does  not  accord  :  the 
greenish  keel  or  centre  was  perhaps  taken  for  the  whole  scale,  which  is  not  nar- 
row, so  the  name  is  inapplicable  as  well  as  doubtful.)  — Low  banks  of  streams, 
Wisconsin,  Illinois,   Virginia?  and  southward. — Between  the  foregoing  and 
the  next.     The  scales  of  the  spike  are  so  separated  that  their  base  is  never 
touched  by  the  one  next  beneath  on  the  same  side. 

8.  C.  strigosilS,  L.      Culm  mostly  stout,  bulbous-thick*  n<d  at    the  base 
(l°-3°  high)  ;  some  of  the  rays  elongated,  their  sheaths  2-bristlcd  ;  sjtihs  linear- 
iwl-shaped,   but  flat,    8— 15-flowered,    very   numerous,   reflexed    with  age;   the 
slender  joints  of  the  axis  narrowly  wing-margined;  scales  oblong-lanceolate,  sev- 
eral-nerved, much  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  achenium.  —  Var.  SPECIOSUS  (C. 
npeeiosus,  la/,/?  Torr.)  is  a  rank  state,  with  some  of  the  partial  umbels  fur- 
nished with  a  leafy  involucel.  —  Low  or  rich  grounds;    common,   especially 
southward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Spikes  greenish,  turning  straw-color,  £'  -  1'  long. 

*  #  Roots  annual,  flbrous :  stamen  only  1  :  culm  slender,  low  (l'-12'  high)  :  spikes 
flat,  oblong-linear  or  ovate,  crowdi-d  into  heads  on  the  few  simple  or  compound  w//s: 
involucre  2  -  3-li'ni'f-d  :  scales  of  the  spike  with  spreading  points :  joints  of  the  axis 
slightly  or  not  at  all  margined. 

9.  C.  infleXUS,  Muhl.     Dwarf  (l'-5    high);  spikes  ol>long-linear,  7-13- 
flowered,  collected  in  2-3  ovate  heads  (either  sessile  and  clustered  or  short-jx.1- 
duncled)  ;  scahn  nrrrt-d,   tapering  into  a  long  recurved  point ,-  acheninm  obovate, 
o'jcusc.  —  Sandy  'vet  chores  ;  common.    July  -  Sept.  —  Sweet-scented  in  drying 


CYPERACE^E.       ( SEDGE    FAMILY.)  '193 

10.  C.  nciliniiiatus,  Torr.     Slender  (3'- 12' high) ;  spikes  ovate  ^com- 
ing oblong,  1 6  -  30-flowered,  pale,  collected  in  simple  or  compound  heads  ;  scales 
Mseurely  3-nerced,  their  short  acute  tips  somewhat  spreading ;  achenium  oblong, 
pointed  at  both  ends.  —  Low  ground,  Illinois  and  westward. 

*  *  *  Root  perennial:  stamen  only  1  :  spikes  short  and  flat,  ovate  and  oblong,  crowd- 
ed in  close  globular  heads ;  the  joints  of  the  axis  not  margined. 

11.  C.  Vii'ens,  Michx.     Culm   (1° -4°  high)   either  sharply  or  obtusely 
triangular ;  leaves  and  involucre  very  long,  keeled ;  umbel  compound,  many- 
rayed  ;  achenium  oblong  or  linear,  £  to  |  the  length  of  the  narrow  oblong  acut- 
ish  scale.     (C.  vegetus,  Torr.}  —  Wet  places,  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Head* 
of  spikes  grcea,  turning  tawny. 

*  *  w  *  Root  perennial:  rootstocks  creeping,  or  tuberous:  stamens  3. 

-*-  S]>ikes  flat,  closely  flowered,  ovate-oblong  or  becoming  broadly  linear,  3  -  5  at  tht 

end  of  each  ray  of  the  compound  umbel. 

12.  C.  ilentatus,  Torr.    Culm  slender  (6'-  12'  high) ;  umbel  4-7-rayed; 
spikes  6  -  30-flo\vered  ;  scales  strongly  keeled,  and  with  abruptly  sharp-pointed 
slightly  spreading  tips,  reddish-brown  on  the  sides,  green  on  the  back  ;  achenium 
obovate,  sharply  triangular.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and 
southward.     Aug  —  Spikes  2"-  5"  long,  sometimes  changing  into  leafy  tufts. 
•«-  H-  Spikes  flat,  closely  flowered,  linear  (£'-!'  long),  loosely  spiked  along  the  upper 

part  of  the   rays  of  the  open  umbel :  rootstocks  slender,  creeping  extensively,  and 
bearing  small  nut-like  tubers. 

13.  C.  1'otiindus,  L.,  var.  Hydra.      (NUT-GRASS.)      Culm  slender 
(£°-  1^°  high),  longer  than  the  leaves;  umbel  simple  or  slightly  compound, 
about  equalling  the  involucre;  the  few  rays  each  bearing  4 - 9  dark  chestnut- 
purple  1 2  -  40-fl  owered  acute  spikes ;  scales  ovate,  closely  appressetl,  nerveless  except 
on  the  green  keel.     (C.  Hydra,  Michx.)  —  Sandy  fields,  Virginia  and  south- 
ward :  probably  an  immigrant  from  farther  south.     Excessively  troublesome  tc 
planters.     (Eu.) 

14.  C.  pliyiimtdtles,  Muhl.    Culm  (l°-2%°  high)  equalling  the  leaves; 
umbel  often  compound,  4-  7-rayed,  much  shorter  than  the  long  involucre  ;  spikes 
numerous,  lit/lit  chestnut  or  straw-color,  acutish,  12  — 30-flowered;  scales  oblong,  nar- 
rowly scarious-margined,  nerved,  the  acutish  tips  rather  loose ;  achenium  oblong. 
(C.  repens,  EU.) — Low  grounds,  along  rivers,  &c.,  Vermont  to  Michigan,  Illi- 
nois, and  common  southward.     Aug.  —  Tubers  small,  at  the  end  of  very  slender 
rootstocks :  by  these  the  plant  multiplies  rapidly,  and  becomes  a  pest. 
•«-•»-•»-  Spikes  flattish.  rather  loosely  flowered,  greenish,  lance-linear,  capitate-clua* 

tered  (except  in  Nc.  15) ;  the  convex  ovate  scales  many-nerved,  only  J  or  4  longer 
than  the  triangular  achenium:  culms  tufted  from  hard  tuberiferous  rootstocks. 

15.  C.  Scliwciiibtzii,  Torr.     Culm  rough  on  the  angles  (1°- 2°  high) ; 
leaves  linear;  umbel  simple,  4-8-rayed;  spikes  crowded  at  the  upper  part  of  the 
mostly  elongated  rays,  erect,  loosely  6  -  9-flowered,  a  bristly  bract  at  the  base  of 
each  ;  scales  awl-pointed,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate  achenium ;  joints  of  the 
axis  narrowly  winged.  —  Dry  sandy  shores,  &c.,  Lake  Ontario,  New  York,  to 
Illinois  and  northwestward.     Aug.  —  Spikes  %'-%'  long:  the  scales  large  i& 
proportion. 


494  CYPERACE.fi     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 


16.  C.  Ui'ayil,  Toir.    Culm  thread-form,  wiry  (6'-  12'  high)  ;  loives 
bristle-shaped,  channelled;  uinbid  simple,  4  -  6-roy«7  ,-  spikes  5-10  ///  a  loose  head, 
spreadiiH/,  5  -  7-flo\vorcd,  the  joints  of  the  axis  winyed;  scales  rather  obtuse,  groen- 
ish-chcstnut-color;  achcniuin  obovate,   minutely  pointed.  —  Barren  sandy  soil, 
Rhode  Island  to  New  Jersey,  near  the  coast.     Aug.     (Approaches  the  next.) 

17.  C.  filiculillis,   Vahl.      Culm  slender,  wiry,   often  reclined    (8'-  15' 
high  )  ;  leaves  linear  (  1  "  -  2"  wide  )  ;  spikes  numerous  and  chut:.  n<l  in  on<  s<  ssile  dense. 
head,  or  in  1-3  additional  looser  heads  on  spreading  rays,  6  -  10  flowered  ;  joints  oj 
the  a.ris  naked  ;  scales  blunt,  greenish  ;  aehenium  obovate,  short-poinicd.     (C.  ma- 
nscoides,  Ell.)  —  Dry  sterile  soil;  common,  especially  southward.    Aug. 

4  4.  MAilfSCUS,   Vahl.  —  Style   3-cleJl  :   the   achcnium   triaiujnlar  :    stamens  3 
spikes  1  -few-flowered,  scarcely  flattened  ;  the  2  lotver  scales  short  and  empty  :  oth- 
erwise as  in  §  3. 

18.  C.  OVlllftriS,  Torr.    Smooth;  culm  sharply  triangular  (6'-  12'  high)  ; 
umbel  1  -6-rayed;  spikes  in  globular  dense  heads,  2-4-Jlotvered,  short  and  thick: 
joints  of  the  axis  winged  ;  scales  ovate,  blunt,  greenish  ;  achenium  obovoid.      U 
(Kyllingia.  Michx.)  —  Sandy  soil,  S.  New  York   to    lilino's  and    southward. 
Aug.  -Oct.  —  Heads  barely  £'  in  diameter,  of  50-100  spikes. 

19.  C.   retrofit  CtllS,  Torr.     Culm  minutely  down}/  like  the  leaves,  rough 
on   the   obtu.-ish   angles   (l°-3°  high)  ;  umbel  many-rayed;  spikes  slender,  awl- 
gna/H-d,  very  numerous  in  obovate  or  oblong  heads  terminating  the  elongated 
rays,  soon  rcflcxed,  \-2-flotoered  in  the  middle;  scales  usually  4  or  5,  the  two 
lowest  ovate  and  empty,  the  fertile  lanceolate,  the  uppermost  involute-awl-shaped  ; 
achenium  linear.      1J.   (Scirpus  retrofractus,  L.)  —  Sandy  fields,  New  Jersey  to 
Virginia,  and  southward.    Aug.  —  Spikes  £'  long,  50-  100  in  a  head,  greenish. 

2.     KYLL.INGIA,    L.        KVLLINGIA. 

Spikes  of  3-4  two-ranked  scales,  1  -  1^-flowered  ;  the  2  lower  scales  minuto 
and  empty,  us  in  Cypcras  §  4  ,  otherwise  as  in  Cyperus  §  1  (viz.  stylo  2-cleft; 
achenium  lenticular)  :  but  the  numerous  spikes  densely  aggregated  in  solitary 
or  triple  sessile  heads.  Involucre  about  3-leaved.  (Named  after  Kylling,  a 
Danish  botanist.) 

1.  K.  pillllila,  Michx.  Head  globular  or  3-lobed,  whitish-green  (4" 
broad)  ;  spikes  strictly  1  -flowered  ;  upper  scales  ovate,  pointed,  rough  on  tlie 
keel;  stamens  U;  leaves  linear.  —  Low  grounds,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 
Aug.  —  Culms  2'  -9'  high. 

3.     DULICIIIUin      Richard.        DDLICHIUM. 


Spikes  many-  (6-  10-)  flowered,  linear,  flattened,  sessile  in  2  ranks  on  axillary 
solitary  peduncles  emerging  from  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves.  Scales  2  -ranked, 
lanceolate.  Perianth  of  6-9  downwardly  barbed  bristles.  Staincm  3.  Style 
2-cleft  above.  Achenium  flattened,  linear-oblong,  beaked  with  the  long  persist- 
ent style.  —  A  perennial  herb,  with  a  terete  simple  culm  (l°-2°  high),  jointed 
ttnd  leafy  to  the  summit;  the  leaves  short  and  flat,  linear,  3-ranked.  (The  nauic 
oi'  a  G'^ek  island  ;  its  application  unexplained.) 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  495 

1.  I>.  spatlliaceuin,  Pers.  —  Borders  of  ponds;  common.  July  - 
Sept. 

4.     I3EUIICARPHA,    Nees.        HBMICARPHA. 

Spikes  many-flowered,  ovoid,  one  or  few  in  a  lateral  cluster,  sessile.  Scales 
regularly  imbricated  in  many  ranks,  ovate  or  obovate.  Inner  scale  single  be- 
hind the  flower,  very  thin,  finally  often  adhering  to  or  wrapped  around  the  ob- 
long or  obovoid  pointless  naked  achenium.  Perianth  none.  Stamen  1.  Stylo 
2-cleft. —  Little  tufted  annuals  resembling  Scirpus,  except  as  to  the  minute  inner 
scale,  which  is  readily  overlooked ;  the  naked  culms  with  bristle-like  leaves  at 
the  base.  (Name  from  jj/ii,  half,  and  Kap<pos,  straw  or  chaff,  in  allusion  to  the 
single  inner  scalelet  on  one  side  of  the  flower.) 

1.  H.  Slibsquarrosa,  Nees.  Dwarf  (l'-4'  high) ;  involucre  1 -leaved, 
as  if  a  continuation  of  the  bristle-like  culm,  and  usually  with  another  minute 
leaf;  spikes  2-3  (2"  long);  scales  brown,  tipped  with  a  short  recurved  point, 
(Scirpus  subsquarrosus,  MahL)  —  Sandy  borders  of  ponds  and  rivers  ;•  not  rare, 
often  growing  with  Cyperus  inflexus.  July.  —  Var.  DRDMMONDII  (II.  Drum- 
mondii,  Nees)  is  a  form  with  single  and  pale  or  greenish  heads.  —  Illinois  and 
southward. 

5.     EL.EOCIIARIS,    R.  Brown.        SriKE-Rusn. 

Spike  single,  terminating  the  naked  culm,  many  -  several-flowered.  Scalea 
imbricated  all  round  in  many,  rarely  in  2  or  3,  ranks.  Perianth  of  3-12  (com- 
monly 6)  bristles,  usually  rough  or  barbed  downwards,  rarely  obsolete.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  its  bulbous  base  persistent  as  a  tubercle,  which  is 
jointed  with  the  apex  of  the  lenticular  or  obtusely  triangular  achcnium.  — Leaf- 
less, chiefly  perennial,  with  tufted  culms  sheathed  at  the  base,  from  matted  or 
creeping  rootstocks.  (Name  from  eXos,  a  marsh,  and  x^P^i lo  delight  in;  being 
marsh  plants.) 

4  1.  LIMN6CIILOA,  Nees.  —  Scales  of  the  dense  and  terete  many-flowered  spikt 
papery-coriaceous  and  rounded,  with  a  scarious  margin,  pale :  style  3-clefl :  ache- 
nium  doubly  convex,  about  equalling  the  bristles. 

X-  Culms  large  and  stout,  often  thicker  than  the  cylindrical  spike:  scales  faintly  many- 
striate,  and  de.mdy  imbricated  so  as  usually  to  form  (Jive)  distinct  spiral  roics : 
&hcatJis  at  tlie  base  often  nearly  leaf-bearing.  (LiMNOCHLOA  proper.) 

1.  E.  CQUisetoides,   Torr.       Culm   terete,   knotted  as  if  jointed  by  many 
cross  partitions  (2°  high,  thick  as  a  goosequill) ;  achenium  smooth,  crowned  with 
a  conical-beaked  tubercle.  —  Shallow  water,  Rhode  Island  (Olnc:y],  Michigan 
(Houghton),  Delaware,  and  southward.  —  Spike  1'  or  more  long. 

2.  E.  qtiadrangrulata,  R.  Brown.     Culm  even,  sharply  4-angled  (2°- 
4°  high) ;  achenium  finely  reticulated,  crowned  with  a  conical  flattened  distinct 
tubercle.  —  Penn.,  Michigan,  and  southward. 

*  •%  Culms  slender :  spike  ovate  or  oblong :  scales  with  a  midrib. 

3.  E.  tubcrcilldsa,  R.  Brown.     Culms  striate  (8'- 12' high) ;  bristles 
strongly  barbed  downward ;  ichenium  triangular,  ribbed  ami  minutely  reticulated, 


496  CTPERACE^E,        (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

sitrnwunted  by  a  Jlattish  cap-shaped  tubercle  as  large  as  it  self.  —  Wet  sandy  places 
Massachusetts,  along  the  coast,  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

$  2.  ELE6CHARIS  PROPER.  —  Scales  of  the  terete  seveml- many -flowered  spike 
membranaceous,  and  with  a  midrib  or  nerve,  imbricated  in  more  than  three  ranks. 

*  Achenium  lenticular  (smooth)  :  style  2-cleft,  in  No.  4  commonly  3-cleJl:  spike  dense, 

many-flowered:  culins  rather  slender,  spongy.     (ELEOGENUS,  NCOS.) 

4.  E.  ol>tll$a,   Schultes.     Culms  nearly  terete,  tufted  (8' -14'  high)  from 
fibrous  roots;  spike  globose-ovoid  and  with  age  oblong,  olttiise   (dull  brown);  the 
scales  very  obtuse  and  numerous  (80—130),  densely  crowded  in  many  ranks ;  stifle  3- 
( rarely  2-)  clejl ;  achenium  obovate,  shining,  tumid-margined,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  6  bristles,  crowned  with  a  short  and  very  broad  flattened  tubercle.  — 
Muddy  places ;  everywhere  common. 

5.  E.  oli vftccsi.  Torr.     Culms  flattish,  grooved,  diffusely  tufted  on  slcn 
der  matted  rootstocks  (2' -4' high);  spike  ovate,  acutish,  20  -  30-Jlowered ;  scales 
ovate,  obtuse,  rather  loosely  imbricated  in  many  ranks  (purple  with  a  green  mid- 
rib and  slightly  scarious  margins);  achenium  obovate,  dull,  abruptly  beaked 
with  a  narrow  tubercle,  about  half  the  length  of  the  G-8  bristles.  —  Inundated 
sandy- soil,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey  near  the  const,  and  southward. 

6.  E.  paliistris,  Jl.  Brown.     Culms  nearly  terete,  striate  (1°-  2°  high), 
from  running  rootstocks;  spike  oblong -lanceolate,  pointed,  matnj-flowerrd ;   scales 
ovate-ol>long ,  loosely  imbricated  in  several  ranks,  reddish-brown  with  a  broad  and 
translucent  whitish  margin  and  a  greenish  keel,  the  upper  acutish,  the  lowest 
rounded  and  often  enlarged  ;   achenium  obovate,  somewhat  shining,  crowned 
with  a  short  ovate  or  ovate-triangular  flattened  tubercle,  shorter  than  the  usually 
4  bristles. — Var.  GLAUCESCENS  (S.  glaucescens,  Wild.!) :  culms  slender  or  fili- 
form; tubercle  narrower  and  acute,  beak-like,  sometimes  half  the  length  of  the 
achenium.  —  Var.  cAi,VA   (E.  calva,  Torr.):  bristles  wanting;  tubercle  short, 
nearly  as  in  the  true  E.  palustris,  but  rather  narrower  (Watcriown,  New  York, 
Craice).  —  Very  common,  either  in  water,  when  it  is  pretty  stout  and  tall ;  or  in 
low  grassy  grounds,  when  it  is  slender  and  lower.     (Eti.) 

*  #  Achenium  triangular :  style  3-cleft  :  bristles  sometimes  few  and  fragile  or  alto- 

gether wanting.     (SciRP/DlUM,  Nees,  nciirly.) 
•»-  Spike  much  broader  than  thefllifonn  or  slender  culm  :  scales  imbricated  in  several 

ranks,  brownish  or  purplish  with  scarious  wfiittsft  margins,  \-nci  r,J. 
-*  I>ri*ll<s  4-6,  longer  than  the  achenium,  stout  and  bearded  rfovntoerra. 

7.  E.  rostellalil,   Torr.      Culms  flattened  and  str'uttc-grixn'id,   if  fry,   eiect 
(l°-2°  high),  the  sheath  transversely  truncate;  spike  oroiil-lannolatc,  acute,  12- 
20-Jlowered;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  rather  rigid  (light  brown)  ;  achenium  smooth, 
ohovate-triangular,  narrowed  into  the  confluent  pyramidal   tubercle,  which  is 
overtopped  by  the  4-6  bristles.  —  Marshes,  Rhode  Island  (Olncy),  l\  un  Van, 
New  York  (Stirtuvll),  and  Michigan.  —  Allied  to  S.  multicaulis  of  Ku. 

8.  E.   intermedia,     Sniu-tcs.       Culms   capillary,    wiry,    striate-groovcd, 
densely  tufted  from  fibrous  roots,  diffusely  fpreuding  or  reclining  (6' -12'  long)  ; 
tpike  oblong-ovate,  acutish,  loosely  \Q-\K-flowered  (2" -3"  long);  scales   oblong, 

,  green-keeled,  the  sides  purplish-brown;  achenium  smooth,  obovoid  with 


CYPERACEuE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  497 

a  narrowed  base,  beaked  with  a  slender  conical-awl-shaped  distinct  tabercle, 
which  nearly  equals  the  6  bristles.  (E.  reclinata,  Kunth!)  —  Wet  slopes  ;  com- 
mon northward,  and  west  to  Illinois. 

+•*>  -M-  Hristles  2-4,  shorter  than  the  achenium  and  fragile,  or  none. 

9.  E»  ti'iBtliS,   Schultes.     Culms  almost  capillary,   erect,   sharply   4-angulat 
(1°  high),  the  sides  concave;  spike  elliptical,  acutish,  20 - 30-fiowered  (3"  long) ; 
scales  ovate,  obtuse,  chestnut-purple  with  a  broad  scarious  margin  and  green  keel ; 
achenium  obovate,  roughened  with  close  and  fine  projecting  dots,  crowned  with  a  small 
depressed  tubercle ;  bristles  2-3,  half  the  length  of  the  achenium,  or  wanting. 
(E.  elliptica,  Kunth!)  — Wet  meadows  and  bogs;  common. 

10.  E.    COBllpvessa,    Sullivant.     Culms  fiat,   strongly  striate,   slender, 
erect  (1^°  high);  spike  ovate-oblong,  20 - 30-fiowered  (4"  long);  scales  lanceolate- 
ovate,  acute,  dark  purple  with  broad  white  pellucid  margins  and  summit;  the  style 
2-cleft ;  achenium  obovate-pear-shaped,  obtusely  3-angled,  obscurely  wrinkled-pitted, 
crowned  with  a  small  globular-conical  tubercle;  bristles  none  (rarely  a  single  rudi- 
ment).—  Wet  places,  N.  New  York,  Ohio,  and  Illinois.  —  Culms  tufted  on  run- 
ning rootstocks,  5''  broad,  strikingly  flat,  spirally  twisted  in  drying. 

11.  E.  melanocarpa,  Torr.     Culms  flattened,  grooved,  wiry,  erect  (9' 
-  18'  high) ;  spike  cylindrical-ovoid  or  oblong,  thick,  obtuse,  densely  many-flowered 
(3" -6"  long) ;  scales  roundish-ovate,  very  obtuse,  brownish  with  broad  scarious 
margins ;  achenium  smooth,  obovate-top-shaped,  obtusely  triangular,  the  broad  summit 
entirely  covered  like  a  lid  by  the  fiatly  depressed  tubercle,  which  is  raised  in  the  cen- 
tre into  a  short  abrupt  triangular  point ;  bristles  3  or  4,  shorter  than  the  (soon 
blackish)  achenium,  fragile,  often  obsolete.  —  Wet  sand,  Plymouth,  Massachu- 
setts, to  Virginia,  and  southward  along  the  coast.     Scales  closely  many-ranked, 
as  in  the  first  division  of  §  2. 

12.  E.  triCOStata,  Torr.     Culms  fiattish,  thread-like  (1°-  2°  high) ;  spike 
cylindrical-oblong,  densely  many-flowered  (6" -9"  long),  thickish;  scales  ovate, 
very  obtuse,  rusty  brown,  with  broad  scarious  margins ;  achenium  obovate,  with  3 
prominent  thickened  angles,  minutely  rough-wrinkled,  crowned  with  a  short-conical 
acute  tubercle;  bristles  none.  —  Quaker  Bridge,  New  Jersey   (Knieskern),  and 
southward . 

••-  •*-  Spike  lance-linear,  scarcely  broader  than  the  sharply  triangular  culm :  scales 
Jew-ranked,  greenish,  finely  several-nerved  on  the  keeled  back.  ' 

13.  E.  RolVblBlSiij   Oakes.     Flower-bearing  culms  exactly  triangular,  rather 
stout,  erect  (8' -2°  high),  also  producing  tufts  of  capillary  abortive  stems,  like 
fine  leaves,  which  float  in  the  water ;  sheath  obliquely  truncate ;  scales  of  tho 
pointed  spike  3-9,  convolute-clasping,  lanceolate,  obtuse,  with  scarious  mar- 
gins; achenium  oblong-obovate,  3-angular,  minutely  reticulated,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  6  downwardly-barbed  strong  bristles,  tipped  with  a  flattened  awl- 
shaped  tubercle.  —  Shallow  water,  from  Pondicherry  Pond,  New  Hampshire 
(Rol>bins),to  New  Jersey,  C.  E.  Smith,  &c. — Spike  varying  from  \'  to  1'  long,  by 
1"  wide ;  the  long  scales  being  rather  remote  and  sheath-like. 

$  3.  CIIJETOCYPEKUS,  Nees.  —  Scales  of  the  compressed  few  -  sever alfiowered 
spike  membranaceous,  2  -  3-  ranked:  bristles  3  -  6,  fragile  or  fugacious  :  style  3-clefi  : 
achenium  triangulu  '  or  somewhat  terete  :  culms  small  a*td  capillary. 


498  CYPERACE^E.       (SKDGE    FAMILY.) 

*  Achenium  obscurely  triangular,  many-ribbed  on  ihe  sides. 

14.  E.  aciciilffil'is,  R.  Brown.      Culms  finely   capillary    (2'-  3'  long), 
more  or  less  4-angular;  spike  3-9-flowered  ;  scales  ovate-oblong,  rathe/  ->btus« 
(greenish  with  purple  sides) ;  achenium  obovate-oblong,  tumid,  with  3  nubed 
angles  and  2  -  3  times  as  many  smaller  intermediate  ribs,  also  transversely  stri 
ate,  longer  than  the  3-4  very  fugacious  bristles;  tubercle  conical-triangulai 
(S.  trichodes,  Muld.,  &c.)  —  Muddy  places,  and  margins  of  brooks;  common 
(Eu.) 

*  *  Achenium  triangular,  with  smooth  and  even  sides. 

15.  E.  pygm&a,  Torr.     Culms  bristle-like,  flattened  and  grooved  (!'- 
2  high);  spike  ovate,  3 - S-flowered ;  scales  ovate   (greenish),  the  upper   rather 
acute ;  tichenium  ovoid,  acutely  triangular,  smooth  and  shining,  tipped  with  a 
minute  tubercle ;  bristles  mostly  longer  than  the  fruit,  sometimes  wanting.     (S. 
pusillus,  Vahl.?     Chajtocypcrus  polymorphus,  Nees?) — Brackish  marshes  an<? 
river-banks,  as  far  as  salt  water  reaches. 

16.  E.  microcarpa,  var.1?  filiculniis,  Torr.     "  Culms  capillary  or 
thread-like,  wiry,  4-angular  (3'-4'  high)  ;  spikes  oblong,  often  proliferous,  15-25- 
flowered;  bristles  nearly  as  long  as  the  obovate-oblong  (obtusely  triangular)  nut 
without  the  tubercle;  scales  dark  chestnut-color."  —  Wet  places,  in  the  pine 
barrens  of  New  Jersey,  Torrey. 

6.     SCIKPUS,    L.        BULRUSH.     CLUB-RUSH. 

Spikes  many  -  several-flowered,  terete,  single  or  mostly  clustered,  and  sub- 
tended by  one  or  more  involucral  leaves,  often  appearing  lateral  from  the  exten- 
sion of  an  involucral  leaf  like  a  continuation  of  the  culm.  Scales  regularly 
imbricated  all  round  in  several  ranks.  Perianth  of  3-6  bristles.  Stamens 
mostly  3.  Style  2  -  3-cleft,  simple,  not  bulbous  at  the  base.  Avholly  deciduous, 
or  leaving  a  persistent  jointless  base  as  a  tip  or  point  to  the  lenticular  or  trian- 
gular achenium.  —  Culms  sheathed  at  the  base  ;  the  sheaths  usually  leaf-bearing. 
Perennials,  except  No.  8.  (The  Latin  name  of  the  Bulrush.)  See  Addend. 

§  1.  SCIRPUS  PROPER.  —  Bristles  rigid,  not  exserted,  mostly  barbed  doicmcarck 
#  Spike  single.,  terminal,  with  an  empty  scale  or  bract  at  its  base  equalling  or  overtop- 

ping  it,  fine-flowered:  culms  sl.endei;  jointless,  leaf -bearing  only  at  the  base  (style 

3-i-l'jl :  arhcniiim  triangular,  smooth). 

1.  S.  CUDSpitoSllS,  L.     Culms  terete,  wiry,  densely  sheathed  at  the  base, 
in  compact  turfy  tufts   (3' - 10' high)  ;  the  upper  sheath  prolonged  into  a  short 
awkshapcd  l<-af;  spike  ovoid,  rusty-color ;  the  2  lower  scales  bract-like,  callous- 
pointed,  and  as  long  as  the  spike;  bristles  6,  smooth,  longer  than  the  abruptly 
short-pointed  achenium.  —  Alpine  tops  of  the  mountains  of  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  N.  New  York.     Also  high  mountains  of  Virginia  (     (!>»•) 

2.  S.  plailifolillS,  Muhl.     Culms  triangular,  loosely  tufted  (5'  -  10'  high), 
leafy  at  the  base ;  leaves  linear,  flat,  as  long  as  the  culm,  rough  on  the  edges  and 
keel,  as  is  the  culm;  spike  ovate  or  oblong,  rusty-color;  scales  ovate,  with  a 
atrong  green  keel  prolonged  into  an  awned  tip,  the  lowest  about  as  long  as  the 
spike  ;  bristles  4-6,  upwardly  hairy,  as  long  as  the  blunt  aeheuium.  —  Dry  or 
moist  woods,  Delaware  to  New  England,     Jane. 


CYPERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  499 

•3.  S»  SlllrtcrmiimliS,  Torr.  Culms  (l°-3°  long)  and  slender  terete 
leaves  immersed  and  cellular ;  spike  overtopped  by  a  green  bract,  which  appears  like 
a  prolongation  of  the  culm,  oblong,  raised  out  of  the  water ;  scales  scarcely 
pointed ;  bristles  6,  bearded  downwards,  rather  shorter  than  the  abruptly-pointed 
achcnium.  —  SloAV  streams  and  ponds,  New  Jersey  and  New  England  to  Michi- 
gan, and  westward.  Aug. 
*  #  Spikes  clustered  (rarely  reduced  to  one),  appearing  lateral  by  the  extension  of  t)ie 

one-leaved  involucre  exactly  like  a  continuation  of  the  naked  culm. 
«-  Culm  triangular,  stout,  chiefly  from  running  rootstocks :  spikes  niany-floivwedt 

rusty  brouon,  closely  sessile  in  one  cluster :  sheaths  at  base  more  or  less  leaf-bearing. 

4.  S.  puiiSfCHS,  Vahl.   « Culm  sharply  3-angled  throughout  (1°- 4°  high), 
with  concave  sides  ;  leaves  1-3,  elongated  (4'- 10'  long),  keeled  and  channelled ; 
spikes  1-6,  capitate,  ovoid,  long  overtopped  by  the  pointed  involucral  leaf; 
scales  ovate,  sparingly  ciliate,  2-cleft  at  the  apex  and  awl-pointed  from  between 
the  acute  lobes;  anthers  tipped  with  an  awl-shaped  minutely  fringed  appendage; 
style  2-clefl ;  bristles  2-6,  shorter  than  the  obovate  plano-convex  and  mucronate 
smooth  achenium.     (S.  triqueter,  Michx.,  not  of  L.     S.  Americanus,  Pers.)  — 
Borders  of  salt  and  fresh  ponds  and  streams.     July,  Aug.  —  This  is  the  species 
generally  used  for  making  rush-bottom  chairs.     (Eu.) 

5.  S.  Oliicyi?   Gray.     Culm  3-wing-angled,  with  deeply  excavated  sides,  stout 
(2° -7°  high),  the  upper  sheath  bearing  a  short  3-angular  leaf  or  none ,  spikes  6- 
12,  closely  capitate,  ovoid,  obtuse,  overtopped  by  the  short  involucral  leaf;  scales 
orbicular,  smooth,  the  inconspicuous  mucronate  point  shorter  than  the  soarious 
apex ;  anthers  with  a  very  short  and  blunt  minutely  bearded  tip  ;  style  2-cleJl ;  bris- 
tles 6,  scarcely  equalling  the  obovate  plano-convex  mucronate  achenium.  —  Salt 
marshes,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Oakes,  Rhode  Island,  Olney,  and  New  Jersey, 
Knieskcrn ;  also  southward.     July.  —  Cross-section  of  the  stem  strongly  3-raycd, 
with  the  sides  parallel.  —  Much  nearer  than  the  last  to  the  European  S.  triqueter, 
which  has  similar  anthers  and  an  abbreviated  or  almost  abortive  leaf;  but  its 
culm  is  wingless,  and  the  cluster  of  spikes  compound,  some  of  them  umbellate- 
stalked. 

6.  S.  T6rreyi,  Olney.     Culm  3-angled,  with  concave  sides,  rather  slender 
(2°  high),  leafy  at  the  base;  leaves  2-3,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  culm,  tri- 
angular-channelled, slender  ;  spikes  1-4,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  distinct,  sessile,  long 
overtopped  by  the  slender  erect  involucral  leaf;  scales  ovate,  smooth,  entire, 
barely  mucronate  ;  style  3-cleft ;  bristles  longer  than  the  unequally  triangular  oborate 
very  smooth  and  long-pointed  achenium.     (S.  mucronatus,  Pursh  ?   Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.) 
—  Borders  of  ponds,  both  brackish  and  fresh,  New  England  to  Michigan.    July, 
Aug.  —  (S.  mucronatus,  L.,  should  it  be  found  in  the  country,  will  be  known 
by  its  leafless  sheaths,  conglomerate  head  of  many  spikes,  stout  involucral  leaf 
bent  to  one  side,  &c.) 

««-  ••-  Culm  terete,  naked. 

7.  S.  lacustris,    L.     (BULRUSH.)     Culm   large,   cylindrical,   gradually 
tapering  at  the  apex  (3° -8°  high),  the  sheath  bearing  a  small  linear-awl-shaped 
leaf  or  none ;   spikes  ovate-oblong,  numerous,  in  a  con  pound  umbel-like,  panich 
turned  to  one  side,  risry-brown ;  scales  ovate,  mucronate ;  bristles  4- 6;  ach/wuum 


500  CTPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILT.J 

obovatc,  mucronate,  plano-convex.  —  Our  plant  appears  constantly  to  have  a  2- 
rleft  style,  and  tlie  scales  often  a  little  downy  on  the  back,  and  is  S.  validus,  ^  "ahL 
&  S.  acutus,  Muhl. —  Fresh-water  ponds  and  lakes;  common.  July.  —  Culm 
as  tiJck  as  the  finger  at  the  base,  tipped  with  an  erect  and  pointed  involucral 
leaf,  which  is  shorter  or  longer  than  the  panicle.  (Eu.J 

8.  S.  debilis,  Pursh.     Culms  slender  (6' -12'  high),  striate,  tufted,  from 
fibrous  roots,  leafless,  or  1-lcaved  at  the  base  ;  spikes  ovate,  few  (1-8)  in  a  sessile 
cluster,  appearing  deeply  lateral  by  the  prolongation  of  the  1-lcaved  involucre; 
scales  round-ovate  (greenish-yellow) ;  style  2-3-clcft;  bristles  4-6,  longer  ihan 
the  obovate  plano-convex  or  lenticular  shining  minutely  dotted  acheniura,  or 
rarely  obsolete.     ®  —  Low  banks  of  streams,  Massachusetts  to  Michigan,  Illi- 
nois, and  southward.     Aug. 

*  *  *  Spikes  clustered  and  mostly  umbelled,  plainly  terminal,  many-flowered :  involu- 
cre leafy  :  culm  leafy,  triangular,  and  with  closed  joints  below  (style  3-clefi). 
+-  Sca'es  of  the  large  spikes  awl-pointed,  lacerate-3-cleft  at  the  apex. 

9.  S.  Hiaritimus,  L.     (SEA  CLUB-RUSH.)     Leaves  flat,  linear,  as  long 
as  the  stout  culm   (l°-3°high),  those  of  the  involucre  1-4,  very  unequal; 
spikes  few  -  several  in  a  sessile  cluster,  and  often  also  with  1-4  unequal  rays 
bearing  1-7  ovate  or  oblong-cylindrical  (rusty  brown)  spikes  ;  achenium  obovate- 
orbicitlar,  much  compressed,  Jlat  on  one  side,  convex  or  ol>tuse-anylcd  on  the  other,  mi- 
nutely pointed,  shining,  longer  than  the  1-6  unequal  and  deciduous   (sometimes 
obsolete)  bristles.  —  Var.  MACROSTACHYOS,  Michx.   (S.  robustus,  Pursh.)  is  a 
larger  form,  with  very  thick  oblong  or  cylindrical  heads,  becoming  !'-!§'  long, 
and  the  longer  leaf  of  the  involucre  often  1°  long.  —  Salt  marshes  ;  common  on 
the  coast,  and  near  salt  springs  (Salina,  New  York),  &c.     Aug.  —  Heads  beset 
with  the  spreading  or  recurved  short  awns  which  abruptly  tip  the  scales.    (Eu.) 

10.  S.  fllivifltilis.     (RIVER  CLUB-RUSH.)     Leaves  flat,  broadly  linear 
($'  or  more  wide),  tapering  gradually  to  a  point,  the  upper  and  those  of  the  very 
long  involucre  very  much  exceeding  the  compound  umbel ;  rays  5-9,  elongated, 
recurved-spreading,  bearing  1-5  ovate  or  oblong-cylindrical  acute  heads;  tu-hmi- 
um  obovate,  sharply  and  exactly  triangular,  conspicuously  pointed,  opaque,  scarcely 
equalling  the  6  rigid  bristles.    (S.  marit.,  var.  ?  fluviatilis,  Torr.,  excl.  syn.  EIL) 
—  Borders  of  lakes  and  large  streams,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois. 
July,  Aug.  —  Culm  very  stout,  sharply  triangular,  3° -4°  high.     Leaves  rough- 
ish  on  the  margin,  like  the  last;  those  of  the  umbel  3-7,  the  largest  l°-2° 
long.     Principal  rays  of  the  umbel  3' -4'  long,  sheathed  at  the  base.     Heads  $' 
to  14'  long,  paler  and  duller  than  in  No.  9  ;  the  scales  less  lacerate  and  the  awns 
less  recurved  ;  the  fruit  larger  and  very  different. 

•*-  •»-  Scales  of  the  small  compound-umbellcd  and  clustered  heads  mucronate-tipped. 

11.  S.  sylVilticilS,  L.     Culm  leafy  (2°-5°  high) ;  leaves  broadly  linear, 
flat,  rough  on  the  edges ;  umbel  cymose-decompound,  irregular ;  the  numerous 
gpikes  clustered  (3  -  10  together)  in  dense  heads,  ovoid,  dark  lead-colored  or  olive- 
green  turning  broicnish  ;  bristles  6,  downwardly  barbed  their  whole  length,  straight, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  convex-triangular  achenium.  —  Low  grounds,  N.  New 
England  and  northward.  —  Var.  ATUOVIRENB  (S.  atrovircns,  Muhl.)  is  a  form 
with  the  spik&s  (ID -30  together)  conglomerate  into  denser  larger  heads. —  Wet 


CYPERACE^.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  501 

meadows,  &c.,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Kentucky,  Wisconsin,  and  nurth 
ward.     July.     (Eu.) 

12.  S.  polyptiyllllS,  Vahl.      Culm,  umbel,  &c.  as  in  the  last;  sjiiket 
clustered  in  heads  of  3-8,  ovoid,  becoming  cylindrical  with  age,  yellowish-brown ; 
bristles  6,  usually  twice  bent,  soft-barbed  towards  the  summit  only,  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  achenium.     (S.  exaltatus,  Pursh.     S.  brunneus,  MM.)  —  Swamps 
and  shady  borders  of  ponds,  W.  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    July. 
—  Intermediate  in  character  between  the  last  and  the  next. 

§2.  TRICH6PHORUM,  Richard.  —  Bristles  capillary,  tortuous  and  entangled, 
naked,  not  barbed,  much  longer  than  the  {triangular)  achenium,  when  old  projecting 
beyond  the  rusty-colored  scales.  (Leaves,  involucre,  frc.  as  in  the  last  species.) 

13.  S.  liiieatus,  Michx.     Culm  triangular,  leafy   (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves 
linear,  flat,  rather  broad,  rough  on  the  margins  ;  umbels  terminal  and  axillary, 
loosely  cymose-panicled,  drooping,  the  terminal  with  a  1  -3-leaved  involucre  niuci 
shorter  than  the  long  and  slender  rays ;  spikes  oblong,  becoming  cylindrical,  oc 
thread-like  drooping  pedicels ;   bristles  at  maturity  scarcely  exceeding   the  ovate 
green-keeled  and  pointed  scales;  achenium  sharp-pointed.  —  Low  grounds,  W. 
New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.    July. 

14.  S.  Eriophorum,  Michx.      (WOOL-GRASS.)      Culm  nearly  terete, 
very  leafy  (2° -5°  high)  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  long,  rigid,  those  of  the  invo- 
lucre 3—5,  longer  than  the  decompound  cymose-panicled  umbel,  the  rays  at  length 
drooping ;  spikes  exceedingly  numerous,  ovate,  clustered,  or  the  lateral  pedi- 
cclled,  woolly  at  maturity ;  the  rusty-colored  bristles  much  longer  than  the  pointless 
scales;  achenium  short-pointed.     (Eriophorum  cyperinum,  L.)  —  Var.  CYPEK!- 
KOS  (S.  eyperinus,  Kunlh)  is  the  form  with  nearly  all  the  spike  conglomerate  in 
small  heads.      Vrar.  lAxus  (S.  Eriophorum,  Kunth)  has  the  heads  scattered, 
the  lateral  ones  long-pedicelled.      Various  intermediate  forms  occur,  and  the 
umbel  varies  greatly  in  size.  —  Wet  meadows  and  swamps ;  common  northward 
and  southward.     July  -  Sept. 

7.    ERIOPHORUM,    L.        COTTON-GRASS. 

Spikes  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  all  round  in  several  ranks.  Peri- 
anth woolly,  of  numerous  (rarely  6)  flat  and  delicate  hair-like  bristles  much 
longer  than  the  scales,  persistent  and  forming  a  silky  or  cotton-like  usually  white 
tuft  in  fruit.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  (3-cleft)  and  achenium  as  in  Scirpus.  Pe« 
rennials.  (Name  from  eptoi/,  wool  or  cotton,  and  <£qpa,  bearing.) 

#  Bristles  of  the  flower  only  6,  crisped,  white;  spike  single:  small,  involucre  none. 

1.  E.  alpiillllli,    L.      Culms  slender,  many  in  a  row  from  a  running 
rootstock   (6' -10' high),  scabrous,  naked;  sheaths  at  the  base  awl-tipped.  — 
Cold  peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  far  northwai  d.    May, 
June.     (Eu.) 

#  #  Bristles  very  numerous,  long,  not  crisped,  forming  dense  cottony  heads  in  fruit, 
•+-  Culm  bearing  a  single  spike  :  involucre  none :  wool  silvery  white. 

2.  E.  vaglBlfiUlIll,  L.     Culms  in  close  tufts  {1°  high),  leafy  only  at  the 


£02  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

base,  and  with  2  inflated  leafless  sheaths  ;  root-leaves  long  and  thread-Corn/,  tri- 
angular-channelled ;  scales  of  the  ovate  spike  long-pointed,  lead-color  at  matu- 
rity.—  Cold  and  high  peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward; 
rare.  June.  (Eu.) 

H-  --  Culm  leafy,  bearing  several  umbellate-clustered  heads,  involucraie. 

3.  E.  Virginicum,  L.      Culm   rigid   (2°-4°  high);  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  elongated,  flat;  spikes  crowded  in  a  dense  cluster  or  head ;  wool  rusty  cr 
co/>i XT-color,  only  thrice  the  length  of  the  scale;  stamen  1.  —  Bogs   and   low 
meadows  ;  common.    July,  Aug. 

4.  E.  polystacliyoil,  L.     Culm  rigid  (1°-  2°  high),  obscurely  triangu- 
lar; leaves  linear,  fiat,  or  barely  channelled  below,  triangular  at  the  point ;  involucre 
Z-3-leaved;  spikes  several  (4-12),  on  nodding  peduncles,  some  of  them  clou- 
gated  in  fruit;  aehenium  obovate  ;  wool  wJdte,  very  straight  (I'  long  or  more). 
—  Var.  ANGUSTIF6LIUM  (E.  angustifolium,  Roth,  and  European  botanists,  not 
of  American,  and  the  original  E.  polystachyon  of  L.}  lias  smooth  peduncles. — 
Var.  LATIF6LIUM  (E.  latifolium,  Hoppe,  &  E.  polystachyon,  Toir.,  frc.)  has  rough 
peduncles,  and  sometimes  broader  and  flatter  leaves.  —  Both  are  common  in 
bogs,  especially  northward,  and  often  with  the  peduncles  obscurely  scabrous, 
indicating  that  the  species  should  probably  be  left  as  Linnaeus  founded  it.    June, 
July.     (Eu.) 

5.  E.  gracilc,  Koch.     Culm   slender    (l°-2°  high),  rather  triangular; 
leaves  slender,  cJtannelled-triangular,  rough  on  the  angles  ;  involucre  short  and  scale- 
like,  mostly  l-leaved;  peduncles  rough  or  rough ish-pubescent ;  aehenium  ellipti- 
cal-linear.    (E.  triquetrum,  Hoppe.     E.  angustifolium,  Torr.)  —  Cold  bogs,  New 
England  to  Illinois,  and  northward.    July,  Aug.  —  Spikes  3-7,  small,  when 
mature  the  copious  white  wool  £'  to  |'  long.     Scales  brownish,  several-nerved, 
or  in  our  plant,  var.  PAUCIN£RVIUM,  Engelm.,  mostly  light  chestnut-color, 
and  about  3-nerved.     (Eu.) 

8.     FIMBRISTYLIS,    Vahl.        (Species  of  SCIRPUS,  L.) 

Spikes  several  -  many-flowered,  terete;  the  scales  all  floriferous,  regularly  ini 
brieated  in  several  ranks.  Perianth  (bristles,  &c.)  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style 
2-3-elcft,  with  a  thickened  bulbous  base,  which  is  deciduous  (except  in  No.  4) 
from  the  apex  of  the  naked  lenticular  or  triangular  arlii-nium.  Otherwise  as  in 
Scirpus.  —  Culms  leafy  at  the  base.  Spikes  in  our  species  umbclled,  and  the 
involucre  2-3-leavcd.  (Name  compounded  of  Jim liriu,  a  fringe,  and  stylus,  the 
style,  which  is  fringed  with  hairs  in  the  genuine  species.) 

j  1.  FIMHIMSTYLIS  PROPER.  —  Style  deleft,  mostly  flat  and  nl'mtc  on  the 
iinn-;fins,fil/i.ni/  airay  with  the  bulbous  base  from  the  lenticular  aehenium;  scales  of 
the  many-Jlowercd  spike  very  closely  imbncadd. 

1.  F.  spadlcca,  Vahl.  Culms  (l°-2£°  high)  naked  above,  Ml,  as  are 
the  thread-form  c<»u-ulnlf -channeled  leaves,  smooth  ;  spikes  ovate-oblong  becoming 
cylindrical,  dark  chestnut-color  (2"  thick);  stamens  2  or  3 ;  acficnium  minutely 
striate  and  dotted.  U  (F.  eylindrica,  Vahl.}  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast 
New  York  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  July  -  Sept. 


CYPKRACE^E,     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  505 

2.  F.  laxa,  Vahl.     Culms  slender  (2'- 12'  high),  weak,  grooved  and  flat- 
tisb     leaves  linear,  flat,  ciliate-denticulatc,  glaucous,  sometimes  hairy;  spikes  ovate, 
acute  (3"  long)  ;  stamen  1  ;  achenium  &-S-ribbed  on  each  side,  and  with  Jlner  cross 
lines,      (i)    (F.  Baldwiniana,   Torr.     F.   brizoidcs,   Nees,   &c.) — Low,   mostly 
clayey  soil,  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     July-  Sept. 

§  2.  TRIC1IEL6STYLIS,  Lcstib.  —  Style  3-cleft:  adusnium  triangular:  other- 
wise nearly  as  in  §  1. 

3.  F.  aiitiiumalis,  llwm.  £  Schult.    Low  (3' -9' high),  in  tufts  ;  culms 
flat,  slender,  diffuse  or  erect ;  leaves  flat,  acute ;  umbel  compound ;  spikes  ob- 
long, acute  (l"-2"  long)  single  or  2-3  in  a  cluster;  the  scales  ovate-lanceo- 
late, mucronate ;  stamens  1-3.     ®  (Scjrpus  autumnalis,  L.) — Low  grounds, 
Maine  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

$3.  ONCOST  YLIS,  Martins.  —  Style  3-cleft,  slender,  its  small  bulb  more  or  less 
persistent  on  the  apex  of  the  triangular  achenium. 

4.  F.  capillaris.    Low,  densely  tufted  (3' -9'  high);  culm  and  leaves 
nearly  capillary,  the  latter  all  from  the  base,  short ;  umbel  compound  or  pani- 
cled;  spikes  (2"  long)  ovoid-oblong;  stamens  2;  achenium  minutely  wrinkled, 
very  obtuse.     ®   (Scirpus,  L.)  —  Sandy  fields,  &c.,  common,  especially  south- 
ward.    Aug.  -  Sept. 

9.    FIT  I  REN  A,    Rottboll.        UMBRELLA-GRASS. 

Spikes  many-flowered,  terete,  clustered  or  solitary,  axillary  and  terminal. 
Scales  imbricated  in  many  ranks,  awncd  below  the  apex,  all  florifcrous.  Peri- 
anth of  3  ovate  or  heart-shaped  petaloid  scales,  mostly  on  claws,  and  usually 
with  as  many  alternate  small  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  3-c.left.  Achenium 
triangular,  pointed  with  the  persistent  base  of  the  style.  Culms  obtusely  angu- 
lar. (Named  for  G.  Fuiren,  a  Danish  botanist.) 

1.  F.  squarrosa,  Michx.  Stem  (1°-  2°  high)  leafy;  leaves  and  sheaths 
hairy;  spikes  ovoid-oblong  (£'  long),  clustered  in  heads,  bristly  with  the  spread- 
ing awns  of  the  scales  ;  perianth-scales  ovate,  awn-pointed,  the  interposed  bris- 
tles minute.  —  Var.  rfjMiLA,  Torr.  is  a  dwarf  form,  l'-G'  high,  with  2-6 
spikes  ;  perianth-scales  ovate-lanceolate  and  oblanceolate.  1J.  —  Sandy  wet 
places,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward ;  also  Michigan ;  northward 
mostly  the  small  variety.  Aug. 

10.     PSILOCARYA,    Torr.        BALD-RUSH. 

Spikes  ovoid,  terete,  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  perfect.  Scales  imbri- 
cated in  several  ranks ;  the  lower  ones  empty.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  usu- 
ally 2.  Style  2-cleft.  Achenium  doubly  convex,  more  or  less  wrinkled  trans- 
versely, crowned  with  the  persistent  tubercle  or  dilated  base  of  the  style.  —  Culms 
leafy ;  the  spikes  in  terminal  and  axillary  cymes.  (Name  from  >//-tXos,  bare,  and 
Kupva,  nut,  alluding  to  the  absence  of  bristles.) 

1.  P.  SCirpoidcs,  Torr.  Spikes  20  - 30-flowcred  ;  scales  oblong-ovate 
acute,  chestnut-colored ;  achenium  obscurely  wrinkled,  beaked  with  the  sword 


504  CYPERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

shaped  persistent  style,  and  somewhat  margined;  culm  4' -9'  high  :  leaves  flat 
(D  — Inundated  places,  Rhode  Island  and  Plymouth,  Massachusetts.    July. 

11.     I>  1C  UK  6  HE  ft  A,    Richard.        DICHROMENA. 

Spikes  terete,  flattened,  aggregated  in  a  terminal  leafy  involucrate  head 
many-flowered ;  some  of  the  flowers  imperfect.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  3. 
Style  2-clcft.  Achenium  lenticular,  wrinkled  transversely,  crowned  with  the 
broad  tubercled  base  of  the  style.  —  Culms  leafy,  from  creeping  rootstocks  ;  the 
leaves  of  the  involucre  mostly  white  at  the  base  (whence  the  name,  from  fit's, 
double,  and  ^poopi,  color). 

1.  I>.  Icticoccpliala,  Michx.  Culm  triangular ;  leaves  narrow ;  invo- 
lucre 5-7-leavcd;  achcnium  truncate,  not  margined.  1J. —  Damp  pine  barrens 
of  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward.  August. 

12.     CERATOSCH<ENUS,    Nees.        HORXED  RUSH. 

Spikes  spindle-shaped,  producing  1  perfect  and  1  to  4  staminate  flowers. 
Scales  few  and  loosely  imbricated;  the  lower  ones  empty.  Perianth  of  5-6 
rigid  or  cartilaginous  flattened  bristles,  which  are  somewhat  dilated  or  united 
at  the  base.  Stamens  3.  Style  simple,  entirely  hardening  in  fruit  into  a  long 
and  slender  awl-shaped  upwardly  roughened  beak  with  a  narrow  base,  much  ex- 
scrted,  and  several  times  longer  than  the  flat  and  smooth  obovate  achonium.  — 
Perennials,  with  triangular  leafy  culms,  and  large  spikes  clustered  in  simple  or 
compound  terminal  and  axillary  cymes.  (Name  composed  of  Kfpas,  a  horn,  and 
o \divos,  a  rush.) 

1.  C.  comic  III  ft  ta,  Nccs.     Cymes  decompound,  diffuse;  bristles  awl-sliapcd, 
stout,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  achenium. — Wet  places,  Pcnn.  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.     August.  —  Culm  3° -6°  high.     Leaves  £'  wide.     Fruit  with  the 
taper  beak  1'  long. 

2.  C.  macrostachya,  Gray.     Cymes  somewhat  simple,  small,  the  spikes 
closely  clustered  ;  bristles  capillary,  twice  the  length  of  the  achenium.  —  Borders  of 
ponds,   E.    Massachusetts,  Rhode   Island,  New  Jersey,  and  rare   southward. 
(Some  states  occur  intermediate  between  ftus  and  the  last.) 

13.    RIIYNCIIOSFORA,    Vahl.        BEAK  RUSH. 

Spikes  ovate,  few  -  several-flowered ;  the  lower  of  the  loosely  imbricated 
grales  empty,  the  uppermost  usually  with  imperfect  flowers.  Perianth  of  6  (01 
rarely  more)  bristles.  Stamens  mostly  3.  Style  2-clcft.  Achcnium  lenticular 
or  globular,  crowned  with  the  dilated  and  persistent  base  of  the  style  (tubercle). 
—  Perennials,  with  more  or  less  triangular  and  leafy  culms  ;  the  small  spikes  in 
terminal  and  axillary  clusters,  cymes,  or  heads  :  flowering  in  summer.  (Name 
composed  of  pi>y\os,  a  snout,  and  orropa,  a  seed,  from  the  beaked  achcnium.) 
*  Achenium  transversely  wrinkled,  more  or  less  fattened,  bristles  upwardly  denticulate. 

1.  K.  cyillOSa,  Nutt.  Culm  triangular;  leaves  linear  (}'  wide);  cymes 
corymbose ;  the  spikes  croivded  and  clustered ;  achenium  rouml-ol>ovate,  twice  the 


CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE     FAMILY.)  505 

length  of  the  bristles,  four  times  the  length  of  the  depressed-conical,  tubercle.  — 
Low  grounds,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

2.  R.  To  r  re  y  fan  a,  Gray.     Ctdm  nearly  terete,  slender ;  leaves  bristle-form  ; 
cynics  panided,  somewhat  loose,  the  spikes  mostly  pedicefled;  uchemitut  ol>iony-obo- 
vate,  longer  than  the  bristles,  thrice  the  length  of  the  broad  compressed-conical 
tubercle.  —  Swamps;  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and  southward. 

3.  R.  iliexpaiisa,  Vahl.     Culm  triangular,  slender;  leaves  narrowly  lin- 
ear; spikes  spindle-shaped,  mostly  pedicelled,  in  drooping  panicles ;  acht nium  obioiHj, 
half  the  length  of  the  slender  bristles,  twice  the  length  of  the  triangular-sub- 
ulate tubercle.  —  Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward. 

*  *  Athenium  smooth  and  even,  lenticular. 
•)-  Bristles  of  the  perianth  denticulate  or  barbed  upwards. 

4.  R.  fYfiSCa,   Roem.  &  Schultes.     Leaves   bristle-form,   channelled ;   spikes 
ovate-oblong,  few,  clustered  in  1-3  loose  heads  (dark  chestnut-color) ;  achenium 
obovat?,  half  the  length  of  the  bristles,  about  the  length  of  the  triangular-sword- 
shaped  acute  tubercle,  which  is  rough-serrulate  on  the  margins.  —  Low  grounds, 
New  Jersey  to  New  Hampshire  :  rare.     July.  —  Culm  6'- 12' high.     (Eu.) 

5.  R.  gr«tcileilta,   Gray.     Leaves  narrowly  linear;  spikes  ovoid,  in  2-4 
small  clusters,  the  lateral  long-peduncled  ;  achenium  ovoid,  rather  shorter  than  the 
Iristles,  about  the  length  of  the  flattened  awl-shaped  tubercle.  —  Low  grounds, 
S.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  —  Culm  very  slender,  l°-20  high. 

•*-  ->-  Bristles  denticulate  or  barbed  downwards  (in  No.  9  both  ways). 

6.  R.  Silba*   Vahl.     Leaves  almost  bristle-form;  spikes  (whitish)  several  in  a 
corymhed  duster,  lanceolate ;  achenium  ovoid,  narrowed  at  the  base,  s/torter  than  the 
9-11  bristles,  a  little  longer  than  the  slender  beak-like  tubercle;  stamens  usually 
only  2.  —  Bogs;  common  eastward  (both  north  and  south)  and  northward. — 
Culm  slender,  12' -20'  high.     (Eu.) 

7.  R.  capillfkcea,  Torr.     Leaves  bristle-form;  spikes  3-6  in  a  terminal 
clutter,  and  commonly  1  or  2  on  a  remote  axillary  peduncle,  obi  oiuj -lanceolate,  (pale 
chestnut-color,  £'  long)  ;  achenium  obl-ona-ocoid,  stipitate,  very  obscurely  wrinkled, 
aboi  t  half  the  length  of  the  6  stout  bristles,  and  twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate- 
beaked  tubercle.  —  Bogs  and  rocky  river-banks,  Pennsylvania  to  New  York  s:j?d 
Michigan.  —  Culm  6'  -  9'  high,  slender. 

8.  R.  KaiiesKerilii,   Carey.      Leaves  narrowly  linear,   short ;  spike-s  nu- 
merous, crouxled  in  4 -6  distant  clusters,  oblona-ovate   (chestnut-color,  scarcely  1" 
lorg)  ;  achenium  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  equalling  the  6  bristles,  twice  the 
length  of  the  triangular  flattened  tubercle.  —  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  on 
bog   iron-ore   banks   exclusively   (Knieskern),  and   southward;    rare.  —  Culms 
tufted,  6' -18'  high,  slender. 

9.  R.  glomcrata,   Vahl.     Leaves  linear,  flat ;  spikes  numerous  in  distant 
clusters  or  heads   (which  are  often  in  pairs  from  the  same  sheath),  ovoid-oblong 
(chestnut-brown) ;  achenium  obovate,  margined,  narrowed  at  the  base,  as  long 
as  the  lance-awl-shaped  flattened  tubercle,  which  equals  the  (always)  downwardly 
barbed  bristles.  —  Low  grounds,   Maine   to  Kentucky,  and  southward.  —  Culm 
l°-2°  high.  — A  state  with  small  panioled  clusters  is  R.  paniculata,  Gray. 


5C6  CYPERACEAi.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

10  R.  CeplmUintlia,  Torr.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat,  keeled ;  spikes 
very  numerous,  crowded  in  2-3  or  more  dense  f/lobiilar  heads  which  are  distant  (and 
often  in  pairs),  obhny-lanceolate,  dark  brown  ;  achenium  orbieular-obovate,  mar- 
gined, narrowed  at  the  base,  about  as  long  as  the  a\vl-shaped  beak,  half  the 
length  of  the  stout  bristles,  which  are  barbed  either  downwards  or  upwards.  —  Sandy 
swamps,  Long  Island  to  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  —  Culm  stout,  2°  -  3°  high : 
the  fruit,  &c.  larger  than  in  the  last,  of  which  very  probably  it  is  only  a  marked 
variety. 

14.     CL.ADIUM,   P.  Browne.        TwiG-Rusn. 

Spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  of  several  loosely  imbricated  scales  ;  the  lower  ones 
empty,  one  or  two  above  Bearing  a  staminate  or  imperfect  flower ;  the  terminal 
flower  perfect  and  fertile.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2.  Style  2- 3-cleft,  decid- 
uous. Achenium  ovoid  or  globular,  somewhat  corky  at  the  summit,  or  pointed, 
without  any  proper  tubercle.  —  Perennials,  with  the  aspect  of  Rhynchospora. 
(Name  from  /cXciSos,  a  twig  or  branch,  perhaps  on  account  of  the  branching  styles 
of  some  species.) 

1.  C.  lliariscoicles,  Torr.  Culm  obscurely  triangular  (l°-2°  high); 
leaves  narrow,  channelled,  scarcely  rough-margined ;  cymes  small ;  the  spikes 
clustered  in  heads  3- 8  together  on  2-4  peduncles;  style  3-cleft.  (Schcenus, 
.Muhl.) — Bogs,  New  England  to  N.  Illinois,  and  northward.  July. 

15.     SCLEKIA,    L.        NUT-RUSH. 

Flowers  monoecious  ;  the  fertile  spikes  1-flowered,  usually  intermixed  with 
clusters  of  few-flowered  staminate  spikes.  Scales  loosely  imbricated,  the  lowor 
ones  empty.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  3-cleft.  Achenium  globular,  stony,  bony, 
or  enamel-like  in  texture.  Bristles,  &c.  none. — Perennials,  with  triangular 
leafy  culms.  (Name  oveXjjpia,  hardness,  from  the  bony  or  crustaccous  fruit.) 

*  Achenium  smooth  and  polished :  its  base  surrounded  by  an  obscurely  triangular  cms* 

taceous  ring  or  disk:  stamens  3. 

1.  S.  trigflomerata,  Michx.     Culm  (2° -3°  high)  and  broadly  linear 

roughish  ;  fascicles  of  spikes  few,  terminal  and  axillary,  in  triple  clusters, 
the  lower  peduriclcd  ;  achenium  ovoid-globular,  slightly  pointed  (2"  broad)  — 
how  grounds,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  &c. ;  common  southward.  July. 

*  #  Achenium  reticulated,  seated  on  a  JJat/ish  (tide  of  3  consjticnous  and  ovate-lan- 

ceolate entire  scale-like  lol>es:  sfann  us  2. 

2.  S.  Klirtsl  ji^,  Michx.     Culms  slender   (1°  high);  leaves  narrowly 
linear;  clusters  loose,  axillary  and  terminal,  sessile  or  short-prdunded  ;  a</ie- 
niinn  ytobiiliir,  <I«'i>hj  pitt«l  between  the  regular  reticulations,  not  hairy* — Sandy 
swarnps,  Eastern  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  ami  southward:  rare. 
August. 

3.  8.  Iflxa,  Torr.     Culms  slender  and  weak  (l°-2°  high)  ;  leaves  linear; 
clusters  loose,  the  lower  mostly  long-peduncled  and  drooping;  arht-nimn  globular^ 
pitted  and  somewhat  spirally  marked  with  minutely  hnin/  wrinkles,  —  Sandy  swamps, 
Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  southward,  near  the  coast.     Too  like  the  last. 


CYPERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  507 

fc  #  #  Achenium  warty-roughened,  but  shining  and  ivhite:  disk  a  narroiv  ring  sup 
porting  6  minute  rounded  tubercles,  in  pairs  :  stamens  3. 

4.  S.  pniiciflora,  Muhl.     Somewhat  downy  or  smoothish ;  culms  slen- 
der  (9'-18'  high);  leaves  narrowly  linear;    clusters  few-flowered,  the  lower 
lateral  ones  when  present  peduncled  ;  bracts  ciliate.  —  Swamps  and  hills,  S. 
and  W.  New  England,  W.  New  York,  and  southward.     July. 

*  *  *  ^  Disk  none:  achenium  white,  rough  with  minute  tubercles:  stamens  1-2. 

5.  S.  verticil  lata,  Muhl.     Smooth;  culms  simple  and  slender  (6'- 10 
high),  terminated  by  an  interrupted  spike  of  4-6  rather  distant  sessile  clusters; 
bracts   minute;  leaves  linear;  achenium  globular   (small).  —  Swamps,   Yates 
County,  New  York  (Sartwell),  Michigan  (Cooley),  Pennsylvania  (MuUf*berg)t 
Ohio  (Lesquereux),  and  southward.     June. 

16.    GAR  EX,    L.        SEDGE.* 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  separated  (monoecious),  either  borne  together 
in  the  same  spike  (androgynous),  or  in  separate  spikes  on  the  same  stem,  very 
rarely  on  distinct  plants  (dioecious).  Scales  of  the  spikes  1 -flowered,  equally 
imbricated  around  the  axis.  Stamens  3,  rarely  2.  Ovary  enclosed  in  an  inflat- 
ed sac  (composed  of  two  inner  scales  (bractlets)  united  at  their  margins),  form- 
ing a  rounded  or  angular  bladdery  fruit  (perigynium) ,  contracted  towards  tie 
apex,  enclosing  the  lenticular,  plano-convex,  or  triangular  achenium,  which  is 
crowned  with  more  or  less  of  the  persistent  (rarely  jointed)  base  of  the  style. 
Stigmas  2-3,  long,  projecting  from  the  orifice  of  the  perigynium.  —  Perennial 
herbs,  chiefly  flowering  in  April  or  May,  frequently  growing  in  wet  places,  often 


*  Contributed  by  JOHN  CARET,  Esq  ,  with  the  subjoined  explanatory  note. 

•;  In  arranging  the  Carices  for  your  work,  I  have  had  constantly  in  view  the  species  compre- 
hended within  your  geographical  range,  and  have  framed  the  sections  and  subsections  with  es- 
pecial reference  to  these,  without  regard  to  other  excluded  species  belonging,  in  many  cases,  to 
the  same  groups,  but  exhibiting  peculiarities  which  would  require  the  combining  characters  to 
be  modified  or  changed  Indeed,  most  of  my  subsections  would,  in  a  monograph  of  the  genus, 
require  to  stand  as  distinct  sections,  with  appropriate  subdivisions  I  have  thought  it  an  as- 
si-  tance  to  the  student  t6  give  a  leading  name  to  the  principal  groups,  and  in  some  cases  have 
a  (opted  those  already  suggested  by  different  authors  ;  but  as  I  am  uncertain  whether  the  char- 
afters  on  which  I  rely  are  in  accordance  with  their  views,  I  have  cited  no  authorities  under 
euch  subsections.  I  have  endeavored  to  bring  the  allied  groups  (as  I  understand  them)  as 
nearly  together  as  I  could  ;  but  this,  of  course,  is  not  always  practicable  in  any  lineal  arrange- 
ment. It  might,  however,  have  been  done  with  much  greater  satisfaction  on  a  larger  and  more 
comprehensive  scale.  I  have  retained  the  small  artificial  group  Psyllophorje,  from  its  manifest 
convenience,  but  should  not  have  done  so  in  a  more  philosophical  work.  Upon  the  whole,  I 
am  inclined  to  hope  that  the  present  will  at  least  possess  this  one  advantage  over  the  hitherto, 
more  artificial  arrangement  in  general  use,  — that  a  student,  when  acquainted  with  one  species 
of  a  group,  will  be  enabled  to  recognize  the  co-species  for  himself,  whilst  a  merely  artificial 
enumeration  must  at  times  place  very  incongruous  forms  in  juxtaposition.  Any  increased 
difficulty,  if  such  there  be,  in  commencing  the  study  of  this  vast  and  intricate  genus  upon 
principles  of  natural  classification,  will  be  amply  repaid  by  the  more  accurate  knowledge  ol 
structure  thus  obtained,  than  by  a  reliance  merely  on  the  loose  external  characters  derived 
from  the  number  and  position  of  the  spikes.-  I  shall  be  well  satisfied  if  my  attempt  shall  be 
m  assistance  to  others  in  doing  far  better,  hereaftw."  Ed.  1.  —  The  additions  and  alteration^ 
In  the  present  edition  are  mainlj  from  notes  obligingly  furnished  by  Mr.  Carey. 


508  CITERACE^E.        (gEDUE    FAMILY.) 

in  dense  tufts.  Culms  triangular,  bcaiing  the  spikes  in  the  axils  of  green  and 
leaf-like  or  scale-like  bracts  ;  commonly  with  thin  mem  bran  aceous  sheaths  at 
the  base  which  enclose  more  or  less  of  the  stalks  of  the  spikes.  Leaves  grassy, 
usually  rough  on  the  margins  and  keel.  (A  classical  name,  of  obscure  signifi- 
cation ;  derived  by  some  from  carco,  to  want,  the  upper  spikes  being  mostly 
sterile;  and  by  others  from  Kelpa,  to  cut,  on  account  of  the  sharp  leaves.) 

ABRIDGED    SYNOPSIS     OF    THE     SECTIONS. 

A.  Spike  solitary,  simple,  dioecious  or  anirogynous :  bracts  small,  colored  and  scale-like — 

(This  division,  retained  for  the  convenience  of  .students,  is  merely  artificial,  and  combines 
species  having  uo  real  natural  affinity.)  —  PSYLLOTIIOIUE,  Loisel. 
$  1.  Spike  dioecious,  or  with  a  few  staminatc  flowers  at  its  base.     No.  1-3. 
2.  Spike  androgynous,  stain inate  at  the  summit.     No  4-7 

B.  Spike  solitary,  single,  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  summit :  bracts  and  scales  of  the  fer- 

tile flowers  green  and  leaf-like.    Stigmas  3.  -  PIIYLLOsJTACH  Yd,  Torr.  &  Gr.    No.  8    10. 

C.  Spikes  several  or  numerous,  androgynous  (occasionally  dioecious  in  Xo.  11  and  33),  sessile, 

forming  compact,  or  more  or  less  interrupted,  sometimes  paniculate,  compound  or  do- 
compound  spikes.     Stigmas  2  —  VIGNEA,'Beauv. 
§  1.  Spikes  approximate,  with  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  variously  situated.    No.  11  •  13. 

2  Spikes  pistillate  below,  staminate  at  the  summit.     No   14    28. 

3  Spikes  pistillate  above,  staminate  at   he  base      No.  29    41. 

I)  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  borne  in  separate  (commonly  more  or  less  stalked)  simple 
spikes  on  the  same  culm  ;  the  one  or  more  staminate  (sterile)  spikes  constantly  upper- 
most, having  occasionally  more  or  less  fertile  flowers  intermixed  ;  the  lower  spikes  all 
pistillate  (fertile)  or  sometimes  with  staminate  (lowers  at  the  base  or  apex.  Stigmas  3  (or 
only  2  in  No.  42-49  and  58).  — CAREX  PIIOPKR. 

*  I'erigynia  with  merely  a  minute  or  short  point,  not  prolonged  into  a  beak. 
f  1.  Perigyuia  not  inflated  (slightly  so  in  No.  51),  smooth,  nerved  or  nerveless,  with  a  minute 
straight  point ;  glaucous-green,  becoming  whitish,  or  more  or  less  spotted  or  tinged  with 
purple.     Scales  blackish-purple  or  brown.     Staminate  spikes  1    3,  or  the  terminal  spike 
androgynous  and  staminate  at  the  base,  the  rest  all  fertile.    No  42-57. 

2.  Pcrigynia  slightly  inflated,  smooth,  nerved,  obtuse  and  pointless  or  with  a  straight  or 
oblique  point.     Scales  brown,  becoming  tawny  or  white.     Staminate  spike  solitary  {ex- 
cept sometimes  in  No.  62)  or  androgynous  and  pistillate  above,  the  rest  all  fertile.     No. 
68    71. 

3.  Pcrigynia  slightly  inflated,  hairy  (in  No.  70  smooth  at  maturity),  nerved,  with  a  minute 
straight  point.     Terminal  spike  androg}  nous,  pistillate  at  the- apex,  the  rest  all  fertile. 
No  72,  73. 

4.  Perig.\  nia  not  inflated,  smooth,  regularly  seriate,  with  a  short,  entire,  obliquely  bent  or 
recurved  point,  remaining  green  at  maturity.     Staminate  spike  solitary.     Bmcts  green 
and  leaf-liko  (,-xivpt  in  No  74).     No  74  -  81 

f.  Perigynia  not  inflated,  smooth  or  downy,  not  stria te,  with  a  minute,  obliquely  bent,  white 
and  mcnibraii.'icovuis  point,  reddish-brown  or  olive-color»d  at  maturity.  Terminal  spike 
all  staminatc,  or  with  2-3  fertile  flowers  at  the  base  ;  the  rest  all  fertile,  or  with  a  few 
sterile  flowers  at  the  apex.  Bracts  reduced  to  colored  sheaths,  or  with  a  short  green  pro- 
longation. No.  82,  83. 
*  *  Perigynia  with  a  distinct  beak,  either  short  and  abrupt,  or  mom  or  less  pro^nged. 

6  Perigynia  not  inflated,  hairy,  with  a  rather  abrupt  beak,  terminating  in  a  membrano- 
ceous  notched  or  2-toothcd  orifice  Bracts  short :  culms  mostly  low  and  slender  ;  leaves 
all  radical,  long  and  narrow.  Staminate  spike  sohwiry.  No  Hi  90. 

7.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  hairy  or  smooth,  with  a  short  beak  terminating  in  an  enUre 
or  slightly  notched  ori«5ee  Bracts  Ion?  and  leaf-like:  culms  tall  and  leafy.  Staminattt 
spike  solitary  (in  No  91  pistillate  tit  the  summit) :  fertile  .-pikes  erect  (except  in  No  91), 
No  91-93. 


CTPERACE^:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  509 

$  8.  Perigyma  slightly  inflated,  smooth  and  shining,  green,  few-nerved  or  nerveless,  with  a 

straight  tapering  beak  terminating  in  2  small  meuibranaceous  teeth.     Staiuiuate  spifco 

solitary  :  fertile  spikes  all  on  slender  and  pendulous  stalks.     No  94-97. 
9.  i'erig}  uia  slightly  inflated,  smooth,  nerved,  with  a  tapering  somewhat  serrulate  beak, 

terminating  in  2  distinct  membrauacccus  teeth  ;  becoming  tawny  or  yellow  at  maturity. 

Staminate  spike  solitary.     No.  98  -  101. 
10    Peri  gy  uia  slightly  inflated,  rough  or  woolly,  with  an  abrupt  straight  beak.     Staminate 

spikes  usually  2  or  more      No.  102  -  105 
1      Perigynia  moderately  inflated,  smooth  (except  No.  109),  conspicuously  many-nerved,  with 

a  straight  beak  terminating  in  2  rigid  more  or  less  spreading  teeth.    Staminate  spikes  1- 

5     No  106  -  112 
J°    Perigynia  much  inflated,  smooth,  conspicuously  many-nerved,  with  a  long  tapering  2- 

toothed  beak      Stamiuate  spike  solitary.     No.  113  -  120 

13.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  obovoid  or  obcouic,  smooth,  few-nerved,  with  an  extremely  ab- 
rupt, very  long,  2-toothed  beak,  tawny  or  straw-colored  at  maturity,  horizontally  spread- 
ing or  deflexed.     Terminal  spike  Staminate,  or  androgynous  and  fertile  at  the  apex. 
No   121,  122. 

14.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  smooth,  nerved  (except  No  132),  shining  and  straw-colored  at 
maturity,  with  a  tapering  and  more  or  less  elongated  2-toothed  beak.     Staminate  spikas 
2  -  3.     No.  123  -  132 

A»  Spike  solitary,  simple,  dioecious  or  androgynous  :  bracts  small,  colored  and  scale- 
like.  —  PsrLLdpHO&JC,  Loisel. 


()  1  .  Spike  diu'tious,  or  the  fertile  merely  with  a  few  Staminate  flowers  at  the  base. 
#  Stigmas  2  :  leaves  all  radical,  bristle-form. 

1.  C.  gyiiocrates,   Wormskiold.     Culm  and  leaves  smooth,  or  minutely 
rough  at  the  top  ;  barren  spike  linear;  fertile  spike  ovoid,  loosely  flowered  ;  peri- 
gynia  oblong,  short-beaked,  with  a  white  membranaceous  obtusely  2-toothed  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  nerved  throughout,  smooth,  spreading  horizontally  at  maturity, 
longer  than  the  acnte  or  acutish  scale.     (C.  dioica,  ed.  1,  not  of  L.)  —  Swamps, 
Wayne  County,  New  York  (Sarticell),  to  Michigan  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

2.  <J«  CXlliS,  Dew.     Culm  roiu/h  ;  spike  rarely  all  Staminate  and  filiform, 
but  commonly  fertile  with  a  few  Staminate  flowers  at  the  base,  densely  flm^.ed, 
occasionally  with  1-2  very  small  additional  fertile  spikes   below  the  sterile 
flowers  ;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  plano-convex,  with  a  few  fine  nerves  only  on  the 
convex  side,  serrulate  on  the  man/in,  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  spreading,  rather  longer 
than  the  acute  scales.  —  Swamps,  E.  New  England  to  New  Jersey,  near  the 
coast  :  also  borders  of  mountain  lakes,  Essex  County,  New  York. 

#  *  Stigmas  3  :  leaves  flat. 

3.  C.  SCirpoidca,  Michx.     Spike  narrowly  cylindrical  ;  perigynia  6*«ni, 
with  a  minute  point,  densely  hairy,  dark  purple  at  maturity,  about  the  lengwi  01 
the  pointed  ciliate  scale.     (C.  Wormskioldiana,  Ifornem.     C.  Michauxii,  Scfav.*, 
—  Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of  Maine  and  N.  Hampshire  (Oakes,  tf-c.),  tVil- 
loughby  Mt.,  Vermont  (  Wood),  Drummond's  Island,  Michigan,  and  northward. 

§  2.  Spike  androgynous,  Staminate  at  the  summit. 
*  Stigmas  2  :  leaves  bristle-form. 

4.  C.  eajutfata,  L.     Spike  small,  roundish-ovoid  ;  perigynia  broadly  ellip- 
tical with  a  notched  membranaceous  point,  compressed,  smooth,  spreading, 


510  CYPERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

than  the  rather  obtuse  scale.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire,  Rol>bins,  Oakes.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Stic/mas  3  :  leaves  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm. 

5.  C.  piiuciildra,  Lightfoot.    Spike  few-flowered;  sterile  flowers  1  or  2; 
perigynia  cud-shaped)  reflexed,  straw-colored;  scales  deciduous.     (C.  leucoglochin, 
Eltrh.}  — Peat-bogs,  from  New  England  and  W.  New  York  northward.     (Eu.) 

6.  C.  polytriclioidcs,  Muhl.      Culm  slender;  spike  very  small,  few- 
flowered  ;  perigynia  erect,  alternate,  oblong,  compressed-triangular,  obtuse,  slightly 
nerved,  entire  at  tlie  apex,  green,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  scale.     (C.  lepta- 
lea,  Wahl.     C.  microstachya,  Michx.)  — Low  grounds  and  hogs;  common. 

#  #  #  Stigmas  3  :  leaves  very  broad  (!' -!£'),  longer  than  the  naked  culm. 

7.  C.  Frascriaiisi,  Sims.     Pale  or  glaucous  and  glabrous  ;  leaves  with- 
out a  midrib,  many-nerved,  smooth,  with  minutely  crisped  cartilaginous  margins 
(9'- 18' long),  convolute  below  around  the  base  of  the  scape-like  culm:  spiko 
oblong,  the  fertile  part  becoming  globular ;  perigynia  ovoid,  inflated,  mucro- 
nately  tipped  with  a  minute  entire  point,  longer  than  the  scarious  oblong  obtuse 
scale ;  often  with  a  short  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  aehenium.  —  Rich  woods, 
mountains  of  Penn.  ?    Virginia,  and  southward;   rare.  —  A  most  remarkable 
species,  with  no  obvious  affinity  to  any  other. 

15.  Spike  solitary,  simple,  androgynous,  staminatc  at  the  summit ;  bracts  and 
scales  of  the  pistillate  flowers  green,  leaf-like,  tapering  from  a  broad  base,  the  lowest 
much  longer  than  the  spike,  the  uppermost  equalling  the  slightly  inflated  peri- 
gynia :  style  jointed  at  the  base  :  stigmas  3.  (Leaves  long  and  grassy,  much 
exceeding  the  short,  almost  radical  culms.) — PHYLLOSTACHYS,  Torr.  &  Or. 

8.  C.  WilldcilOVli,  Schk.    Sterile  flowers  4-8,  closely  imbricated  ;  /*r»- 
gynia  6 -.9,  somewhat  alternate,  oblong,  rough  on  the  angles  and  tapering  bale; 
aehenium  oblong,  triangular,  finely  dotted  ;  stignias  downy.  —  Copses,  Mass.,  W. 
New  York,  and  southwestward. 

9.  C.  StCUdelii,  Kunth.     Sterile  flowers  10-15,  rather  loosely  imbricated 
into  a  linear  (apparently  distinct)  spike;  perigynia  2-3,  rot/mdisli-cbovotd,  smooth, 
with  a  long  and  abrupt  rough  beak:  aehenium  roundish,  obscurely  triangular,  very 
minutely  dotted;  stigmas  downy.     (C.  Jarnesii,  Schw.)  —  Woody   hill-sides,  N. 
New  York  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky. 

10.  C.   liackii,  Boott.    Sterile  flower  3,  inconspicuous;  perin ;./»/«  2-4,  loose, 
yld)ose-oroid  with  a  conical  beak,  smooth  throughout;  aehenium  glnl.osc-pYnform, 
scarcely  dotted  ;  stigmas  smooth.  —  Rocky  hills,  W.  Massachusetts  (Mount  Tern, 
I'ruf.  Whitney),  and  N.  New  York  to  Ohio,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  — 
Culms  generally  shorter,  and  the  leafy  scales  broader  and  more  conspicuous, 
than  in  the  last  two. 

C.  Spikes  several  or  numerous,  androgynous  (occasionally  dioecious  in  No.  11 
and  33),  sessile,  forming  a  compact  or  more  or  less  interrupted  sometimes  panic- 
ulate-compound or  decompound  inflorescence  :  stigmas  2  :  acJicnium  Irnticitlar.  — 
VIGN&A,  Bcauv. 

$  1.  Spikes  approximated,  with  the  staminate  and  pistillate  Jloirers  variously  situ- 
ated; perigynia  piano  convex,  nerved,  with   a  rough  slightJy  toothed  beak  ; 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE     J^A-MILr.)  511 

bracts  light  brown,  resembling  the  scales,  or  with  a  prolonged    point,  shorter 
than  the  (at  maturity)  brown  and  chaffy-looking  spikes.  —  Sic  c.VrjE. 

11.  C.  broaiioidcs,   Schk.     Spikes  4-6,  alternate,  oblong-lanteolate,  some 
of  the  central  ones  wholly  fertile ;  pcrigynia  erect,  narrow-lanceolate  with  a  taper- 
ing point,  solid  and  spongy  at  the  base,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  scale;  style 
jointed  at  the  base.  —  Swamps,  &c. ;  common.  —  A  slender  species,  occasionally 
dioecious. 

12.  C.  SlCCata,  Dew.     Spikes  4  -  8,  ellipsoid,  the  uppermost,  and  commonly 
1  -  3  of  the,  lowest,  fertile  below,  the  intermedt  <e  ones  frequently  ah  staminate  ;  pcri- 
gynia ovate-lanceolate,  compressed,  with  a  long  rather  abrupt  beak,  about  the 
length  of  the  scale;  style  minutely  hairy.     (C.  pallida,  C,  A.  Meyer.     C.  Lid- 
doni,  cd.  1,  not  of  Boott.)  —  Sandy  plains,  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  north- 
westward. 

13.  C.   SartWellii,  Dew.     Sj>ikes  numerous,  short  and  ovoid,  the  upper  chief- 
ly staminate,  the  lower  principally  or  entirely  fertile ;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  the 
margins  not  united  to  the  top,  leaving  a  deep  cleft  on  the  outer  side  ;  scale  ovate, 
pointed,  about  the  length  of  the  perigynium.  —  Seneca  County,  New  York  (Sart- 
well},  to  Illinois.  —  Too  near  C.  intermedia  of  Eu. 

§  2.  Spikes  pistillate  below,  staminate  at  the  summit. 

*  Perigynia  of  a  thick  and  corky  texture,  with  a  short  2-toothed  roughly-margined 
beak,  nerved  towards  the  base,  dark  chestnut-brown  and  polislu.d  at  maturity: 
spikes  decompound,  paniculate :  scales  light  brown,  with  white  mombrana- 
ceous  margins  ;  the  bracts  at  the  base  resembling  them,  and  with  a  short  bristly 
prolongation.  — PANICUIAT^E. 

14.  C.  terctiuSCllBa,  Good.     Spikes  with  very  short  appressed  branches, 
forming  a  slender  crowded   spiked  panicle ;  perigynia  ovate,  unequally  biconvex, 
short-stalked,  with  3-5  short  nerves  on  the  outer  side  near  the  broad  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  base  ;  scale  acute,  rather  shorter  than  the  perigynium  ;  achenium  obovoid- 
pi/r/form,  obtusely  triangular.    (C.  paniculata,  var.  teretiuscula,  }\rahl.}  —  Swamps  ; 
common,  especially  northward.     (Eu.) 

Var.  mfijor,  Koch.  Spikes  more  panicled ;  perigynia  rather  narrower 
(C.  paniculata,  var.  minor,  ed.  1.  C.  Ehrhartiana,  Hoppe.  C.  prairiea,  Dew.}  — 
Bogs  and  low  grounds,  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

15.  C.  dcconiposita,  Muhl.     Panicle  large,  with  very  numerous  dense- 
ly crowded  spikes  on  the  rather  short  spreading  branches  ;  perigynia  locate,  un- 
eqwilly  biconvex,  sessile,  with  a  short  very  abrupt  beak,  conspicuously  nerved  on  each 
side,  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed  scale.     (C.  paniculata,  var.  decoiu- 
posita,  Dew.)  —  Swamps,  W.  New  York  (Sartwell)  to  Penn.,  Illinois,  and  south 
westward. 

*  *  Pcritjynia  small,  compressed,  2-3-ncrvcd,  racmbrfinaceous,  with  a  short  2- 
toothcd  rough  beak,  yellow  or  brown  at  maturity :  spikes  decompound,  with  nu- 
merous small  very  densely- flowered  heads  :  scales  of  the  fertile  spikes  tawny,  with 
the  green  keel  prolonged  into  a  rough  point:  bracts  short  and   resembling 
them  at  the  base,  or  often  becoming  green  and  bristle- shaped,  and  much  ex 
ceeding  the  culm.  —  Mui/riFL6R.®. 

27 


512  CYPEHACKJC.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

1C.  C>.  VlllpillOidea,  Michx.  Spike  oblong  and  dense,  o;  more  or  lees 
interrupted,  of  8-10  crowded  clusters  (l£'-2£'  long);  perigynia  ovate  from  a 
broad  base,  with  a  more  or  less  abrupt  beak,  diverging  at  maturit}'.  (C.  multi- 
flora,  Muhl.  C.  bracteosa  and  C.  polymorj)ha,  Schw.  C.  mierospcrma,  H  «/</  ) 

—  Varies  with  the  perigynium  narrower,  and  the  beak  tapering  and  more  strongly 
serrulate.      (C.  setacea,  Dew.)  —  Low  meadows;  very  common.  —  Varies  ex- 
ceedingly in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  perigynium  and  beak. 

#  *  *  Perigynia  on  short  stalks,  plano-convex,  without  a  margin,  membranaceous, 
with  a  tliick  and  sponyy  base  and  a  long  tapering  2-toothed  rough  beak,  distiuct- 
ly  nerved  (only  obscurely  so  in  No.  20  and  21 ),  widely  spreading  and  yel'ow  at 
maturity:  spikes  dense,  more  or  less  aggregated,  sometimes  decompound: 
scales  of  the  fertile  spikes  tawny,  with  a  sharp  point :  bracts  bristle-shaped, 
shorter  than  the  thick  and  triangular  culms.  —  VULPINE. 

17.  C.  Cl'lIS-Corvi,   Shuttleworth.     Spike  very  large,  decompound,  the 
lower  branches  long  and  distinct,  the  upper  shorter  and  aggregated  ;  bracts  ojien 
2-toothed  at  the  base :  fieri(/i/nia  attenuated  from  an  ovate  dilated  and  truncate  base  into 
a  very  long  slightly-winged  b<ak,  much  exceeding  the  scale ;  style  tumid  at  the  base. 
(C.  sicajformis,  Boott.     C.  llalei,   />//•.)  —  Swamps,   Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward.  —  A  conspicuous,  very  large  species,  with  spikes  4' -9'  long,  often 
somewhat  paniculate,  and  ylaucous  leaves  i'  wide. 

18.  C.  Stipata,  Muhl.     Spikes  10-15,  aggregated,  or  the  lower  ones  dis- 
tinct  and   sometimes   compound  ;  ]>eri<jy>a'a  lanceolate,  with  a  lony  beak  tapering 
from  a  truncate  base,  much  exceeding  the  scale;  style  not  tumid  at  the  base.     (C.  vul- 
pinoidea,  Ton'.,  Cyp.,  not  of  Michx.)  —  Swamps  and  low  grounds;  common. 

19.  C.  Ylllpma,  L.     Spikes  numerous,  aggregated  into  a  cylindrical  and 
dense  (or  at  times  elongated  and  somewhat  interrupted)  compound  spike;  peri- 
gynia  compressed,  tajieriita  from  a  broadly-ovate  base,  into  a  beak;  not  much  lonyer  than 
the  scale;  aclienium  oi-al ;  style  tumid  at  the  base..  —  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Kentucky. 

—  A  tall,  robust  species,  3° -4°  high,  with  wide  leaves  and  a  remarkably  tliick 
rough  culm.     It  is  very  like  the  last,  from  which  it  chiefly  differs  in  the  more 
compressed  and  wider  base  and  shorter  beaks  of  the  perigynia.  —  The  forms 
with  interrupted  spikes  have  also  a  general  resemblance  to  ]So.  22;  which,  how- 
ever, is  distinguished  by  the  maraiiud  and  mrnhss  pcrigynia.      (Ku.) 

20.  C.  alopCCOiflca,  Tuekcrman.     Head  of  8-10  aggregated   spikes, 
oUong,  dense  ;  jtfriyynia  compressed,  ct-ry  obscunfy  nerced,  orate  from  a  l>road  trun- 
cate or  somewhat  heart-shaped  base,  a  little  longer  than  the  scale  ;  achuuuv,  }>yri- 
fonn;  base  of  the  style  not   tumid.     (C.   cephalophora,   var.   maxima,   D<ic.)  — 
Woods,  \V.    New   York  to   I'eim.,  Michigan,  &c.  —  Much   resembling   the   last, 
but  smaller,  with  shorter  and  more  compact  spikes  ;  easily  distinguished  by  the 
nearly  ;K-/VV/ISS  perigynia,  and  the  diil'erent  aehenium  and  style. 

21.  C.   imilM    tl;i,  L.     Spikes  4- G,  ovoid,  approximate  but  distinct,  the 
lowermost  sometimes  a  little  remote;  pcriyynia  nnih--hinc<ohiti-,  somewhat  com- 
pressed, inrnl(ss,  or  rtrij  obsi-nrdy  ncrnd  totrards  the  base,  rather   longer  than    the 
scale;  aehenium  ovat< ,  ba>e  of  the  style  not  tumid.  —  Fields,  Massachusetts  (in- 
troduced ?),  Ohio,  and  Kentucky  ;  rare.  —  Spikes  mostly  looser  than  in  the  last, 
Hie  perigynia  narrower,  with  a  longer  and  more  tapering  beak.     (Eu.) 


CTPERACE^E.       (SEDGE     FAMILY.)  513 

*  *  *  Perigynia  sessile,  plano-convex,  compressed,  more  or  less  margined,  mem- 
bran  aceou:;,  with  a  rather  short  and  rough  (or  wholly  smooth  in  No.  26) 
2-toothed  beak,  spreading  and  green  at  maturity:  scales  of  the  fertile  spikes 
tawny  or  white:  bracts  bristle-shaped,  commonly  shorter  than  the  culm.  — 


22.  C.  Spai-gaiiBOldes,  Muhl.     Spikes  6-10,  ovoid;  the  upper  ones  ag- 
gregated, the  lower  distinct  and  more  or  less  distant  ;  perigynia  broadly-ovate,  nerveless, 
rough  on  the  narrow  margin,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate-pointed  scale  ; 
achenium  roundish-ovate;  style  short,  tumid  at  the  base.  —  Var.  CEPHALOIDEA  is  a 
reduced  state,  with  4-6  rather  smaller  spikes,  closely  aggregated  into  an  oblong 
head  ;  resembling  No.  23  in  general  appearance.     (C.  cephalophora,  var.  cepha- 
loidea,   &  C.  cephaloidea,   Dew.)  —  Low  rich  grounds;  not   rare:   the  var.  in 
fields  and  hedges.  —  A  robust  species,  with  rather  wide  pale-green  leaves;  some- 
times with  1  —  2  short  branches  of  a  few  spikes  each  at  the  base  of  the  compound 
spike  (probably  C.  divulsa,  Pursh,  not  of  Goodenough). 

23.  C.  Ceplial6l>llOl'a,  Muhl.     Spikes  5-6,  small,  and  densely  aggregat- 
ed in  a  short  ovoid  head;  perigynia  broadly  ovate,  with  3-4  indistinct  nerves  on  (he 
outer  side,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate  roughly-pointed  scale  ;  achenium  and 
style  as  in  the  last.     (C.  Leavenworthii,  Dew.)  —  Woods  and  fields;  common. 

24.  C.  MltlllCllbcrgii,   Schk.     Spikes  5  -  7,  closely  approximate,  forming 
an  oblong  head  ;  perigynia  orbicular-ovate,  with  a  very  short  beak,  prominently  nerved 
on  both  sides,  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  roughly-pointed  scale;  achenium  or- 
bicular, with  a  vertj  short  bulbous  style.  —  Fields  ;  rather  common,  especially  south- 
ward. —  Plant  12'  -18'  high,  pale  green,  commonly  with  a  bract  at  the  base  of 
each  spike. 

25.  C.  rosea,  Schk.     Spikes  4  —  6,  the  2  uppermost  approximate,  the  others 
all  distinct,  and  the  lowest  often  remote;  perigynia  oblong   (about  8-10  in  each 
spike),  narrow  at  the  base,  widely  diverging  at  maturity,  twice  am  long  us  the 
broad/i/  ovate  obtuse  scale.  —  Varies  with  weak  slender  culms,  and  small  3  -  4-flow- 
ered  spikes.     (Var.  RADI\TA,  Dew.     C.  neglecta,  Tuckcrman.)  —  Moist  woods 
and  meadows  ;  common. 

26.  C.  rctrofleXSt,   Muhl.     Spikes  4-5,  all  approximate,  the  1-2  lowest 
distinct  but  not  remote;  perigi/nia  (about  5  -  7  in  each  spike)  ovate,  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, smooth  on  the  margin  and  beak,  not  much  exceeding  the  ovate-lanceolate  pointed 
scale,  widely  spreading  or  reflexed  at  maturity.     (C.  rosea,  var.  retroflcxa,  Torr  , 
Cyp.)  —  Copses  and  moist  meadows;  less  common  than  the  last,  from  which  it 
is  distinguisho!  by  the  smaller  approximate  spikes,  longer  and  sharper  scales, 
and  especially,  from  every  species  in  this  subsection,  by  the  smooth  margin  and 
beak  of  the  perigynium. 

*  *  *  *  *  Pei-igynia  plano-convex,  icithont  a  beak,  of  a  thick  and  leathery  texture, 
prominently  nerved,  smooth  (except  on  the  angles),  icith  a  minute  and  entire 
or  slightly  notched  white  membranaceons  point  :  achenium  conformed  to  the  peri- 
gy:rium,  crowned  with  the  short  thick  style:  bracts  like  the  scales  (brown), 
the  lowest  with  a  prolonged  point:  rootstock  creeping.  —  CHORDORHIZJK. 
27  C.  ctlOI'dorllBZa,  Ehrh.  Culms  branching  from  the  long  creeping  root- 

stock(i'-9'  high),  smooth  mid  naked  above,  clothed  at  the  base  with  short  up- 


514  CYPERACE.fi.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

pressed  leaves;  spikes  aggregated  into  an  orold  head;  perigyn'a  o^ate,  a  little 
longer  than  tlie  scale.  —  Cold  peat-bogs,  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  north- 
ward. (Eu.) 

28.  C.  tcnclla,   Schk.      Spikes  2-4,  very  small,  remote,  with  commonly  2 
fertile  flowers ;  pcrigynia  ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  scale.     (C.  loliacea,  Schk. 
supp.,  not  of  L.     C.  dispcrma,  Dew.     C.  gracilis,  cd.  I,  not  of  Ehrh.)  —  Cold 
swamps,  New  England  to  Pcnn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  A  slender  spe- 
cies, 6' -12'  high,  with  long  grassy  leaves,  growing  in  tufts.      (Eu.) 

§  3.  Spikes  pistillate  above,  staminate  at  1/te  base. 

*  Spikes  roundish-oroid,  rather  small,  more  or  less  distant  on  the  zigzag  axis  (closely 
aggregated  in  No.  30)  :  perigynia  plano-convex,  smooth,  pale  green,  becoming 
whitish  or  silvery:  scales  white  and  membranaceous  ;  the  bracts  resembling 
them,  or  prolonged  and  bristle-shaped.  —  CANESCENTES. 

•«-  Perigynia  somewhat  thickened  and  leathery,  distinctly  nerved,  with  a  smooth  or  mi- 
nutely serrulate  short  point,  entire  or  slightly  notched  at  the  apex. 

29.  C.  tl'ispcrnm,    Dew.      Spikes  2-3,   very  small,   with  about  3  fertile 
flowers,  remote,  the  lamest  with  a  long  bract ;  perigynia  oblong,  with  numerous 
slender  nerves,  longer  than  the  scale.  —  Cold  swamps  and  woods,  especially  on 
mountains,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  and   northward.  —  Re- 
sembling the  last,  but  with  larger  spikes  and  fruit,  and  weak  spreading  culms, 
l°-2°  long. 

30.  C.  tClllli flora,  Wahl.     Spikes  3,  few-flowered,  closely  approximated; 
perigynia  oi-ate-oblong,  about  the  length  of  the  broadly  ovate  scale.  —  Cold  swamps, 
N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

31.  C.  CSIIICSCCBIS,  L.  (in  part).     Pale  or  glaucous;  spikes  5-7    (aboiti 
12  -  20-Jioicered) ,  the  2-3  upper  approximated,  the  rest  all  distinct  and  the  lower- 
most remote;  perigynia  ovate,  about  the  length  of  the  pointed  scale.     (C.  curta 
Good.     C.  Ilichardi,  Miclix.)  — Marshes  and  wet  meadows  ;  common,  especially 
northward.     (Eu.) 

Var.  vitilis  is.  a  more  slender  and  weak  form,  not  glaucous,  with  smaller 
nn<l  roundish  G  -  15-flowercd  spikes,  the  more  pointed  perigynia  spreading  (and 
often  tawny)  at  maturity:  perhaps  a  good  species.  (Var.  alpicola  and  var. 
gph;crosta<'hya,  ed.  1.  C.  tcnella,  Ehrh.  C.  Persoonii,  Si*ber.  C.  vitilis,  /•>/«. 
I'.  (Irhhardi,  llopfte.  C.  sphserostachya  and  C.  Buckleyi,  Dew.}  —  On  moun- 
tains, and  high  northward.  (Eu.) 

«-  •»-  Perigynia  thickened  only  at  the  base,  olwunly  nerved  on  t/ie  outer  side,  tapering 
into  a  rough  2-toollied  In  ak. 

32.  C.  Dcweyana,  Schw.     Spikes  about  4 ;  the  2  uppermost  approxi- 
mate, the  others    listinct,   the  lowest  long-bract  ed ;  perigynia   oblong-lanceolate, 
rather  longer  than  the  sharply  pointed  or  awned  scale.  —  Copses,  New  England 
to  Wisconsin,  and  r.c.rthwiird.  See  Addend. 

*  #  Spikes  ovoid  o*   olioroid.  more  or  less  clustered ;  perigynia  cnncare-com'ex,  com- 
prexud,  ni<ifl/in(d  or  iringed,  nerved,  with  a  rough  2-toothcd  beak,  often  tawny 
at  maturity:  scales  tawny  or  white,  awnless  :   bracts  bristle-shaped,  usually 
falling  before  the  maturity  of  the  spikes  (;n  No.  34  persistent,  -wry  long  and 
leaf-like.) 


CTPERACKAC.     (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  5.15 

•*-  Spikes  smalt ;  periyynla  thick  and  spongy  at  the  base,  and  with  a  rigid  margin^ 
not  dilated.  —  STELLLLAT,K. 

33.  C.  Steliuliita,  Good.     Spikes  3-5,  distinct,  obovoid  or  roundish  at 
maturity ;  perigynia  ovate  from  a  broad  somewhat  heart-shaped  base,  widely 
spreading  at  maturity,  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  scale;  achenium  ovate,  ab- 
ruptly contracted  into  a  minute  stalk;  style  slightly  tumid  at  the  base.  —  Var. 
SCIRPOIDES  has  smaller  more  approximate,  spikes,  the  perigynia  ovate  from  a 
rounded  or  truncate  base,  narrower  and  less  acute  scales,  and  a  very  short  style. 
(C.  scirpoides,  Schk.) — Var.  STERJLIS  has  the  spikes  occasionally  dioecious,  or 
th<">  staminatc  ones  with  but  few  fertile  (lowers,  and  the  pistillate  nearly  destitute 
of  barren  ones ;  the  culms  stouter  arid  rig-idly  erect ;  and  the  leaves  generally 
glaucous ;  achenium  rounder,  with  a  more  tapering  base,  and  the  style  scarcely 
tumid  at  the  base.     (C.  sterilis,  Schk.)  —  Var.  ANGUST\TA  has  about  4  aggre- 
gated spikes,  with  narrowly  lanceolate  perigynia  tapering  into  a  long  slightly  rough 
beak,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  blunt  scale  ;  the  achenium  oblong.  — - 
Swamps  and  wet  meadows;  common,  especially  northward.     (Eu.) 

•-  •»-  Spikes  rather  large :  perigynia  thickened  and  spongy  on  the  angles,  with  a  more 
or  less  dilated  membra naceous  margin  or  wing.  —  OvALES. 

34.  C.  sycllllOCCplaaia,   Carey.     Spikes  densely  clustered,  forming  a  short 
cornjjound  spiked  head  subtended  by  3  very  long  unequal  leafy  bracts  ;  perigynia  taper- 
ing from  an  abruptly  Contracted  ovate  base  into  a  long  slender  beak,  somewhat  ex- 
ceeding the  lanceolate  abruptly  mucronate  scale.     (C.  cyperoides,  Dew.,  not 
of  L.) — Jefferson  County   (Vasey  Sf  Knieskern)   and  Little  Falls,  New  York, 
Vasey.  —  Different  in  habit  from  all  the  rest  of  this  section,  and  recognized  at 
once  by  the  ovoid  compound  spike,  seated  at  the  base  of  the  long  leafy  bracts, 
by  which  the  lower  spikes  are  partly  concealed. 

35.  C.  ai'ida,   Schw.  £  Ton-.     Spikes  8-10,  approximate  (|'  long),  ^long- 
cylindrical,  contracted  at  each  end;  perigynia  narrowly  lanceolate  (4-5  lines  in 
length),  tapering  into  a  long  beak  more  than  twice  t/te  length  of  the  ovate-lanceolate 
scale;  achenium  sessile,  narrowly  oblong.     (C.  Muskingumensis,  Schw.)  —  Wet 
meadows.  Ohio  and  Michigan  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  —  In  its  characters  scarce- 
ly distinguished  from  the  next,  but  strikingly  different  in  appearance;  a  mueb 
larger  plant,  with  long,  dry,  and  chaffy-looking  spikes. 

36.  C.  scopftria,  Schk.     Spikes  5  -  8,  club-shaped,  at  length  ovate,  more 
or  less  app'-oxi mate,  sometimes  forming  a  dense  head;  perigynia  narroidij  lanceo- 
late, tapering  into  a  long  slender  beak,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  pointed  scale ;  ache- 
nium distinctly  stalked,  exactly  oval.  —  Low  meadows ;  everywhere  common.  — 
Spikes  brownish  or  straw-colored  when  ripe. 

37  C.  lagopodioiilcs,  Schk.  Spikes  10-15,  approximate;  perigynia 
ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate-oblong  rather  obtuse  scale ;  ache- 
nium narrowly  oval,  on  a  short  stalk.  —  Var.  CIUST\TA  has  the  spikes  closely 
aggregated,  with  the  perigynia  spreading.  (C.  cristata,  Schw.  $•  Torr.)  —  Wet 
fields;  equally  common  with  the  last,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  only  by  the 
more  numerous  shorter  spikes,  and  shorter  less  tapering  perigynia  and  scales. 
The  variety  has  the  spikes  crowded  into  an  ovals  head,  to  which  the  diverging 
points  of  tlr;  fruit  give  a  squarrose  appearance. 


516  CYi'KRAci^E.     (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

38.  C.  adtista,  Boott.     Spikes  4 -10,  approximate  or  ntthcr  distant,  of  ate 
or  at  length  club-shaped  (straw-color  or  pale  chestnut)  ;  perigynia  ovate  ui'h  a 
tapering  beak,  slightly-winged,  rather  ol>scurely  nerved,  especially  on'  the  upper  side, 
equalling  the  scale  in  length  and  breadth.  —  Rhode  Island   (Olney),  New  York 
(S.  T.  Caiey,  frc.),  Lake  Superior  (C.  G.  Loring,  Jr.,  with  the  smaller  form), 
nnd  northward.  —  Much  like  some  forms  of  the  next,  but  the  spikes  more  chaffy, 
the  perigynia  tapering  into  a  longer  beak. 

39.  C.  fcstlflcacea,   Schk.     Spikes  6-8,  obovoid  or  club-shaped,  the  lower 
distinct;  perigynia  orate,  narroivly  winged,  with  a  short  beak;  longer  than  the  ocatfr 
lanceolate  scale;  achcnium   sessile,   broadly   oval.  —  Var.  TENERA  has   (3 -5' 
smaller  spikes,  which  are  more  distant  on  the  slender,  flcxuose,  sometimes  nod 
ding  stem.     (C.  tenera,  Dew.) — Var.  MIRABILIS  has   (6-8)  rounder  approx 
imatc  spikes,  with  fewer  staminate  flowers,  and  the  perigynia  somewhat  spread 
ing.    (C.  mirabilis,  Dew.)  — About  fields  and  fences  ;  rather  common,  especially 
northward.  —  A  stiff  and  rigid  species,  often  of  a  pale-green  appearance,  except 
the  first  variety,  which  has  commonly  brownish  heads,  and  a  weak  stem. 

40.  C.  ftemca,  Muhl.     Spikes  4-10,  ovoid,  approximate,  the  lower  rarely 
compound,  of  a  gla  neons-green  color;  perigynia  ovate,  winged,  with  a  short  beak, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  oblong  and  blunt  ish  white,  scale,-  achcnium   on  a  short 
stalk,  oval.  — Salt  or  brackish  marshes,  on  the  sea-coast,  Rhode  Island  (Ohny) 
to  Virginia,  and  southward.  —  Much  like  the  last,  from  which   it  diiVers  princi- 
pally in  the  color  of  the  spikes,  and  in  the  constantly  erect  and  more  broadly- 
margined  perigynia.     The  culm  is  smooth  and  stout. 

41.  C.  Straillilica,   Schk.     Spikes  (about  6),  roundish-ovoid,  approximate ; 
perigynia  orbicular-ovate,  much  compressed,  broadly  and  niembranaccously  winged, 
with  a  short  abrupt  beak  a  little  longer  than   the  lanceolate  scale;  achcnium 
nearly  sessile,  oval  — Borders  of  woods  and  in  fields;  rather  commor    — The 
larger  forms  have  a  remarkably  wide  wing,  often  brown  on  the  margin,  giving  a 
variegated  appearance  to  the  soft  and  flaccid  spikes.     In  the  smaller  forms  iho 
heads   are  fewer  (3-4)  and  more  rigid,  owing  to  the  narrower  wings  of  the 
perigynia. 

D»  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  borne  in  separate  (commonly  nw-'e  or  less 
etaffo-d)  simp/e,  spiki*  on  (lie  same  culm  ;  the  one  or  more  staminate  (sterile)  spikes 
constantly  uppermost,  having  occasionally  more  or  less  feriile  flowers  intermixed  : 
the  lower  spikes  all  pistillate  (fertile),  or  sometimes  with  staminate  flowers  at  the 
base  or  apex:  stigmas  3:  acheninm  sharply  triangular  (only  '2  stigmas  and  the 
achenium  lenticular  in  No.  42-51  and  58).  —  CAKKX  Proper. 

§  1.  Pt-rigijiiia  without,  a  beak,  smooth,  not  inflat(d  (slightly  in  No  51),  terminating 
in  a  minute,  straight,  entire  or  notched  point,  ghuicous-green  when  young,  In- 
coming whitish,  often  spotted  or  tinged  with  purple,  or  occasionally  nearly 
Mack  at  maturity  :  pistillate  scales  blackish-purple  (brown  in  No.  51  and  57), 
giring  a  dark  aji/ienrance  to  the  sjiikes. 

*  Sit  rile  spikt-s  1-3,  stalked,  often  with  more  or  less  fertile  flowers:  pistillate 
spikes  3-5,  fr<-ijnently  irith  sterile  flowers  at  the  aj>e.r :  bract  of  the  lowest  spike 
leaf-like,  with  dark-colored  expansions  (auricles)  at  the  base,  and  very  minute 
sheaths,  or  none.  (  Cidni  and  leaves  more  or  less  glaucous. ) 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  517 


ir-jStiyntas  2  (in  No.  42  sometimes  3)  :  perigynium  lenticular.  — 
•*-*•  Scales  awnless,  mostly  olituse. 

42.  C.   ra^ida,   Good.       Sterile   spike  solitary;  the  fertile  2-4,  cylindrical, 
erect,  rather  loosely  flowered,  the  lower  on  short  peduncles;  lowest  bract  about  the 
length  of  the  culm,  with  rounded  auricles;  stigmas  2-3,  mostly  2;  perigynia  el- 
liptical, with  an  entire  scarcely  pointed  apex,  nerveless,  or  very  obscurely  nerved, 
about  as  long  as  the  obtuse  scale  ;  culm  rigid,  nearly  smooth  except  towards  the 
top,  about  the  length  of  the  firm  erect  leaves.     (C.  saxatilis,  FL  Dan.,  not  of 
L.)  —  Var.  BiGEL6vn  has  3-5  longer  fertile  spikes,  the  lowest  on  a  long  stalk, 
spreading  and  sometimes  remote.     (C.  Bigclovii,  Torr.     C.  Washiugtonia,  Dew 
C.  nigra,  Schiv.  <j-  Torr.,  not  of  All.)  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of  N. 
New  England  and  New  York,  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 

43.  C.  torta,  Boott,  Mss.     Sterile  spikes  1-2,  commonly  I,  fertile  3-  4t 
elongated  t  narrowly-cylindrical  or  slightly  clnb-shaped,  loosely  few-  flowered  at  the  base, 
occasionally  more  or  less  staminate  at  the  apex,  the  lower  on  smooth  slender 
stalks,  at  first  erect,  finally  spreading  or  drooping  ;  bracts  iritli  oblong  auricles,  or  very 
slightly  sheathing,  the  lowest  about  the  length  of  the  culm,  the  rest  bristle-shaped, 
shorter  than  their  respective  spikes  ;  perigynia  elliptical,  short-stalked,  tapering  to 
a  distinct  point,  with  a  minutely  notched  or  jagged  membranac^ous  oriiice,  veiy 
smooth,  nerveless,  or  with  2  -3  indistinct  short  nerves,  the  tips  spreading  or  ob- 
ligiii-li/  recurved  at  maturity,  scarcely  exceeding  the  narrow  obtuse  scale  ;  achcnium 
broadly  obovatc,  much  shorter  than  the  perigynium  ;  culm  very  smooth,  leaves 
slightly  rough  on  the  margin  only.     (C.  verrucosa,  Schicein,     C.  acuta,  var. 
sparsiflora,  Dew.  ?)  —  Rills  and  wet  hanks,  N.  New  England,  New  York,  &c., 
and  along  the  mountains  from  Penn.  southward.  —  Culm  rather  slender,  15'-2° 
high,  usually  with  3  slender  and  nodding  fertile  spikes.     It  is  well  distinguished 
by  its  smoothness,  and  by  the  spreading  empty  tips  of  the  perigynia. 

44.  C.  VlligiiriS,  Fries.     Sterile  spike  1,  rarely  2;  the  fertile  2-4,  approx- 
imated, oblong,  erect,  dens'.lij-Jlowered,  occasionally  staminate   at  the   apex,  the 
lowest  on  a  very  short  stalk  ;  lowest  bract  about  the  length  of  the  culm,  with' 
small  blackish  rounded  auricles  ;  perigynia  ovate-Miptical,  stalked,  mrcal  especially 
towards  the  base,  with  a  very  short  abrupt  entire  or  minutely  notched  point, 
longer  than  the  obtuse  appressed  black  scale;  culm  slender,  nearly  smooth,  except 
at  the  top.     (C.  crespitosa,  Good  <j-  Amer.  aiith.,  not  of  L.    C.  Goodenovii,  Cay.) 
—  Banks  of  streams,  Ne\v  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  —  Grows  in 
small  patches  (not  in  dense  tufts  like  No.  46),  and  varies  in  height  from  3'  to 
18',  with  narrow  leaves  shorter  than  the  culm.     From  the  last  it  differs  in  the 
short  thick  spikes,  and  erect  perigynia,  and  in  the  auricles  of  the  bracts  ;  and 
from  the  next,  in  the  shape  and  nerves  of  the  perigynium,  and  in  the  shorter, 
black,  appressed  scale.     (Eu.) 

45.  C.  :»!>;'  J  J:i,  Boott.     Sterile  spikes  1  -2,  oblong-cylindrical,  acute  ;  fer- 
tile 2-4,  oblong,  erect,  the  uppermost  approximate  and  sessile,;  the  lower  distant  and 
short-stalked,  staminate  at  the  apex,  or  often  entirely  fertile;  lowest  bract  about 
the  length  of  the  culm,  with  oblong  brown  auricles,  or  very  slightly  sheathing, 
l.he  upper  bristle-shaped,  shorter  than  the  spikes  ;  perigynia  roundislt-ocate,  stalked, 

nerves,  covered  with  very  minute  transparent  dots,  and  sometimes  very 


518  CYPKRACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

slightly  rough  U  the  apex,  with  an  abrupt  very  short  notched  orifice,  broader  and 
niu-h  shorter  tliau  the  lanceolate  pointed  brown  scale ;  culm  sharply  tr 'angular,  smooth 
belotr,  exceeding  the  rough  sharp-pointed  leaves.  (C.  acuta,  var.  ereeta,  Dew.  ?) 
—  Wet  meadows,  Rhode  Island  (Uliuy),  and  far  westward.  —  Culm  l°-2°  high, 
with  commonly  2  fertile  spikes  l'-lj'  in  length,  appearing  somewhat  bristly 
from  the  long-  find  spreading  scale.  Differs  from  the  next  chiefly  in  the  rounder 
perigynium  and  nearly  smooth  culm,  and  should  perhaps  be  referred  to  it. 

46.  C.  Strict:!,  Lam.  (not  of  Good. )     Sterile  spikes  1-3;  ti\Q fertile  2  -  4, 
cylindrical,  slender,  usually  barren  at  the  summit,  sessile,  or  the  lower  on  a  short 
stalk  ;  lower  bract  with  rounded  or  oblong-  brown  auricles,  seldom  exceeding  the 
culm  ;  perigynia  ovate-acuminate  or  elUptieal,  nerveless  or  very  obscurely  few-nerved, 
of  en  minutely  rough  on  the  short,  entire,  or  slightly  notched  point,  usually  shorter  and 
broader  than  the  narrow  reddish-brown  scale  ;  culm  slander,  sharply  triangular, 
rouyh,  longer  than  the  narrow  and  rigid  rough  and  glaucous  leaves.     (C.  acuta, 
MultJ.  <j~  Amer.  a  nth.,  not  of  L.     C.  Virginiana,  Smith  in  /«'«•*,  (.}/<••/.     C.  angtis- 
tata,  Btxttl.)  —  Var.  STR^CTICR  has  shorter  and  more  densely  flowered  fertile 
spikes,  and  perigynia  equalling  or  somewhat  exceeding  the  scale.     (C.  stric- 
tior,  Dew.)  —  Wet  meadows  and  swamps;  very  common.     Grows  in  large  and 
thick  tufts,  2° -2£°  high.     The  scales  of  the  fertile  spikes  are  very  variable; 
the  lower  commonly  acute,  the  upper  narrower  and  obtuse.     This  species  and 
the  last  have  been  referred  to  C.  acuta,  L.,  which  has  not  been  found  in  North 
America. 

47.  C.  aquatiliS,  Wahl.     Sterile  spikes  commonly  2  -  3  ;  the  fertile  3-  5, 
club-sJtapcd,  erect,  densely  Jlowered,  sessile,  or  the  lower  on  very  short  stalks ;  bracts 
hug,  1  -  2  of  the  lowest  exceeding  the  culm  :  perigynia  obovate-dliptiml,  stalked,  nerve- 
less, with  a  very  short  entire  point  about  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  scale;  culm 
sharply  triangular,  rough  towards  the  top,  not  much  exceeding  the  pah'-grr.-n 
glaucous  leaves.  —  Margins  of  lakes  and  rivers,  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and 
northward.  —  A  rather  robust  species  2° -3°  high;  the  thick  fertile  spikes  l'-2' 
long.     (Ku.) 

48.  C.   ICBitiCllIariS,   Michx.     Sterile  spike  single  and  mostly  fertile  at  tto 
top ;  the  fertile  2-5,  erect,  cylindrical  (£'-  1'  long),  sessile,  or  the  lower  short- 
peduncled,   densely-flowered;  bracts  exceeding  the  culm;  periyipiia  vcate.-oval, 
Kssile,  more  or  less  nenvd,  abruptly  short-pointed,  the  point   entire,  slightly  ex- 
ceeding the  oblong  and  very  obtuse  scale  ;  culm  (9'  -  15'  high)  and  leaves  smooth 
or  nearly  so.  —  Lake  Avalanche,  N.  New  York  (Toirey),  Lake  Superior,  and 
northward. 

•»•*  +•«•  Scales  aimed. 

49.  C.  sallita,  Wahl.     Sterile   spikes  2-3;    Unfertile  2-4,   cylindrical, 
erect,  often  sterile  at  the  apex,  on  more  or  less  included  stalks  ;  bracts  long,  with 
rounded  auricles,  the  two  lowest  commonly  exceeding  the  culm  ;  perigi/nia  ovate- 
elliptical,  with  a  minute  entire  point,  nerveless,  rather  shorter  than   the  ronghly- 
avnid  dn  rL--bro<rn  scale ;  culm  rough   at  the  top,  rather  exceeding  the  leaves. — 
Coast  of  Massachusetts  (Greene,,   II7.  Boott],  an  1  far  northward.     (Eu.) 

50.  C.    lli;iriitilll«l,   Vahl.      Sterile   and   fertile  s////v  w  cadi    about  2   or  3 
(!'  long),  spreading  or  drooping  on  slender  peduncles;  periymia   Viarltj  orbicular. 


CXTERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  -519 

with  a  short  entire  point,  much  shorter  than  the  long-awned  greenish  scale;  culm 
(1°  high)  and  the  broad  flat  leaves  smooth.  (C.  paleacea,  Wahl.)  —  Coast  of 
Massachusetts  and  northward  ;  rare.  (Eu.) 

51.  C.  criuiia,  Lam.  Sterile  spikes  1-2,  often  with  fertile  flowers  various- 
ly intermixed  ;  the  fertile  3-5,  long-cylindrical  (2'  -3'  long),  densely  'flowered,  on 
exsertcd  nodding  stalks  ;  bracts  very  long,  exceeding  the  culm  ;  peariytpria  roundish- 
obovate,  slightly  inflated,  obscurely  nerved,  with  a  short  entire  point,  shorter  than 
the  oblong  roughly-owned  light-brown  scale;  culm  (2°  -4°  high)  rough  and  sharp'}/ 
angled,  leafy  below;  the  pale  leaves  3"  -4"  wide,  also  rough-edged.  —  Varies 
with  the  awns  of  the  scales  very  long  and  the  fruit  imperfect  (var.  MOKIIIDA, 
Carey  in  Sill.  Jour.  &  C.  paleacea,  Amer.  auth.}  not  of  \Vahl.}  ;  and  with  awns 
not  much  longer  than  the  scales  (C.  gynandra,  Schw.).  —  Wet  meadows  and 
borders  of  rills;  very  common.  —  A  variable  but  easily  recognized  species. 
--  •«-  Stigmas  3  :  perigynium  obtusely  triangular,  indistinctly  few-nerved,  more 

or  less  compressed  :  pistillate  spikes  borne  on  exserted  filiform  drooping  stalks.  — 


52.  .C.  fistcca,  Schreb.     Sterile  spikes  1  -2  ;  the  fertile  about  3,  cylindrical, 
On  exserted  drooping  stalks,  commonly  staminate  at  the  top;  lower  bract  .usually 
shorter  than  the  culm  ;    sheaths  obsolete  or  minute  ;  perigynia   roundish-ovoid, 
notched  at  the  point,  smooth  or  slightly  roughened  on  tlie  angles,  about  the  length  of 
the  obtuse  or  pointed  black  scale;  culm  sharply  triangular,  rough,  taller  than  the 
glaucous   rigid   leaves.     (C.   glauca,  Scop.     C.   recurva,  Iluds.     C.  Barrattii, 
Schw.  $•  Ton:)  —  Marshes  of  New  Jersey,  near  the  coast,  Collins,  Knieskern.  — 
A  widely  variable  species.     (Eu.) 

53.  C.  lilllOSa,  L.     Staminate  spike  solitary  ;  the  fertile  1  -2,  oblong,  10- 
ZO-flowered,  occasionally  with  staminate  flowers  at  the  apex  ;  bracts  very  narrow, 
tJie  lowest  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  perigynia  ovate,  with  a  minute  entire  point,  about 
equal  to  the  ovate  muci'onate  scale.  —  Peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania, 
Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Culm  6'-12;  high,  erect,  longer  than  the  sharp 
and  rigid  leaves.     (Eu.) 

51.  C.  irr^gim,  Smith.  Staminate  spike  solitary;  the  fertile  2-4,  ovoid 
or  oblong,  occasionally  staminate  at  the  apex,  or  rarely  with  a  few  sterile  flowers 
at  the  base  ;  lowest  bract  as  wide  as  the  leaves,  longer  than  the  culm  ;  perigynia 
roundish-ovate.,  with  an  entire  orifice,  ?nuch  shorter  than  the  tapering  pointed  scale. 
(C.  limosa,  var.  irrigua,  Wahl.  C.  paupercula,  Miclix.)  —  Peat-bogs,  New  Eng- 
land to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Taller  than  the  last,  growing  in 
clumps,  wkh  weaker  nodding  stems,  often  exceeded  by  the  leaves.  (Eu.) 
#  *  Uppermost  spike  club-shaped,  pistillate  above  and  staminate  at  the  base  ;  tlie  rest 

all  fertile,  or  with  a  few  sterile  flowers  below  :  lowest  bract  leaf-like,  scarcely 

equalling  the  culm,  with  minute  light-brown  auricles  and  no  sheaths  :  culm 

and  leaves  of  a  pale  glaucous-green.  —  ATRAT^E.^ 

55.  C.  Blixbaiitilii,  Wahl.     Spites  3-4,  obovoid  or  oblong,  the  uppermost 
short-stalked  (rarely  altogether  staminate),  the  others  nearly  sessile,  the  lowest  some« 

*  C.  VAHLII,  So,hk  ,  of  lAs  group,  occurs  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior  and  on  Isle 
Royale,  bat  has  not  yet  been  mot  with  on  the  United  States  side. 


520  CYPERACF^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.; 

what  remote ;  perigynia  elliptical,  obtusch  triangular,  compressed,  obscurely 
nerved,  with  a  distinctly  notched  orifice,  scarcely  equalling  the  ovate  sharp- 
pointed  or  short-awncd  (dark-brown  or  brownish)  scale.  (C.  cancsccns,  L.,  in 
part.)  — Peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward ;  also  southward 
along  the  Allcghanies.  (Eu.) 

56.  C.  atl'ata,  L.     Spikes  3  -  4,  obhng-ovoid,  approximate,  all  on  short  fili- 
form stalks,  at  length  drooping;  perigynia  ovoid,  with  a  short  notched  point, 
about  the  length  of  the  ovate  acute  (brown  or  dark  purple)  scale.  —  Alpine  sum- 
mits of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire. — About  12'- 15'  high,  with 
rather  rigid  leaves,  nearly  equalling  the  culm.     Fruit  at  first  straw-color,  mostly 
becoming  dark  purple  or  nearly  black.     (Eu.) 

57.  C.  Shortiaiia,  Dew.     Spikes  about  5,  cylindrical,  erect,  more  or  lesg 
distant,  greenish  turning  straw-color,  (i'-l^'  l°n«>)  an(l  the  lowest  rather  re- 
mote, all  androgynous  and  densely  flowered;  the  terminal  one  about  half  stami- 
nate,  the  rest  with  only  a  few  barren  flowers  at  the  base,  the  2-3  lower  on  short 
stalks  ;  perigynia  broadly  obovate,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short  stalk, 
with  an  extremely  minute  entire  j>oinf,  little  longer  than  the  short-pointed  somewhat 
obovate.  scale.  —  Marshes,  S.  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Plant 
l°-3°high. 

f  2.  Perigynia  without  a  beak,  smooth,  slightly  inflated,  bluntly  triangular,  nerved, 
with  an  obtuse  and  pointless  orifice,  or  a  short  (and  straight  or  oblique)  entire  01 
notched  point :  bracts  leaf-like,  sheathing:  staininate  spike  solitary  (except  some- 
times in  No.  62),  01-  androgynous  and  pistillate  above;  the  rest  all  fertile. 

#  Staminate  spike  on  an  elevated  stalk  (short-stalked  or  sessile  in  No.  63,  64,  in 
No.  61  occasionally  with  1  -2  small  ones  at  its  base) :  pistillate  spikes  1-6, 
erect,  the  upper  on  very  short,  the  lower  on  more  or  less  elongated  cxscrted 
stalks  (short  and  included  in  No.  64)  :  bracts  sliortcr  than  the  culm  (except  in 
No.  58  and  63)  :  perigynia  with  an  entire  and  straight  or  oUiqui-ly  bent  point,  glau- 
cous-green when  young,  becoming  cream-colored  or  yellow  at  r^.tuniu  sometimes 
spotted  with  purple  (stigmas  only  2  in  No.  58)  :  pistillate  scales  dark-brown 
with  white  margins,  fading  to  tawny.  (Leaves  mostly  radical,  more  cr  ie.sa 

glaUCOUS.) PANfCE.K. 

r>8.  C.  UUK  a,  Ntitt.  Fertile  spikes  3-4,  oblong,  loosely  floircred,  the  In  west 
often  ,v.ry  remote;  p<rigyn!a  obovate  or  pear-shapul,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  ovate 
scate  scale  ;  stigmas  2  ;  achenium  lenticular.  (C.  pyriformis,  Schw.)  —  Wet  grassy 
banks,  especially  on  limestone;  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward, 
—  A  slender,  delicate  species,  4' -8'  high,  with  long  grassy  leaves,  and  bracts 
exceeding  the  culm.  Sterile  spike  often  with  some  fertile  flowers  at  the  apex. 

59.  C.  livi<la,  Willd.  Fertile  spikes  1-2,  rarely  with  a  third  near  the 
base  of  the  culm,  10-  \5:/l<jic<rcd ;  perigynia  ovoid-olilong ,  with  faint  pellucid  nerves, 
tipped  with  a  straight  obtuse  point,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  scale.  (C. 
limosa,  var.  livida  \Vultl.  (J.  (irayana,  Uur.)  —  Peat-bogs  and  wet  pine  barrens, 
New  Jersey,  Oriskany,  New  York,  and  high  northward.  —  Occurs  rarely  with  a 
single  (sterile)  spike,  or  with  an  additional  fertile  one  on  an  erect  stalk  6-9 
long,  arising  from  the  base  of  the  culm.  Plant  very  glaucous,  the  leaves  rigid 
and  finely  tuporing.  (Eu.J 


CYPERACE2E.       (SE1WE    FAMILY.)  521 

60.  C.  jmiSMCCa,  L.     Fertile  spikes  1-3,  commonly  2,  otwY/,  oblong,  or  cylin- 
drical, closely  flowered,  remote  ;  perigynia  when  young  oblong,  and  contracted  at  each 
end,  at  maturity  roundish-obovoid,  scarcely  inflated,  with  more  obscure  nerves,  and 
a  slightly-bent  point,  longer  than  the  ovate  pointed  or  awned  scale ;  achenium 
triquetrous,  flattened  at  the  top,  contracted  towards  the  base,  distinctly  dotted  under 
a  lens.     (C.  Meadii,  Dew.)  — Wet  meadows  and  margins  of  streams,  New  Eng- 
land to  Wisconsin,  and  southwestward.  —  Very  variable  in  the  length  and  thick- 
ness of  the  fertile  spikes,  the  slender  forms  approaching  closely  to  the  next ;  in 
both,  the  shape  of  the  fruit  varies  greatly  with  age.     (l^u.) 

61.  C»  tcfciiiBC:a,   Sclik.     Fertile  spikes  1  -  3,  commonly  2,  oblong-cylindrical, 
loosely  flowered,  remote ;  perigynia  when  young  pointed  at  each  end,  at  maturity  obo- 
void,  scarcely  inflated,  with  a  slightly  bent  point,  longer  than  the  ovate  pointed  or 
awned  scale;  achenium  ovoid-triquetrous,  indistinctly  dotted  under  a  lens.     (C.  co- 
noidea,    Gray,  Gram.  $-  Cyp.,  not  of  Schk.      C.  Woodii,  Dew.) — Margins  of 
lakes  and  rivers,  N.  New  York  to  Michigan,  and  southward. 

62.  C.  Crawei,  Dew.     Sterile  spike  usually  solitary,  or  with  1  (rarely  2) 
short  additional  ones  at  its  base,  the  principal  sometimes  fertile  at  the  apex  j 
fertile  spikes  3-6,  remote,  and  the  lowest  near  the  root,  ol>long  or  cylindrical,  densely 
floioered,  and  sometimes  slightly  compound  at  the  base ;  perigynia  ovoid-oblonc, 
obscurely  nerved,  with  a  short  slightly  bent  point,  longer  than  the  rather  obtuse 
scale.     (C.  heterostachya,  Torr.)  —  Clefts  of  rocks,  Jefferson  County,  New  York 
(Crowe),  shore  of  Lake  Ontario  (Vasey),  and   L.  Michigan  (Bull). — A  very 
variable  species,  rigidly  erect,  4'-  12'  high,  in  some  of  its  forms  much  resembling 
the  next ;  but  the  perigynium  is  less  round  and  with  fewer  and  more  indistinct 
nerves,  the  bracts  do  not  exceed  the  culm,  and  the  staminate  spike  is  long- 
peduncled. 

63.  C.  granillaris,  Muhl.     Sterile  spike  sessile,  or  short-stalked,  occa- 
sionally bearing  a  few  fertile  flowers ;  pistillate  spikes  3-4,  cylindrical,  densely 
flowered,  the  lowest  sometimes  very  remote,  or  near  the  root ;  perigynia  roundish- 
moid,  prominently  nerved,  with  a  minute  slightly  bent  point,  longer  than  the  acute 
scale  ;  bracts  long,  exceeding  the  culm.  —  Wet  meadows  ;  very  common. 

64.  C.  Torreyi,  Tuckerman.     Sterile  spike  short-stalked ;  fertile  spikes  2- 
3,  ovoid,  closely  approximate,  all  on  included  stalks ;  perigynia  roundish-obovoid, 
obtuse,  with  conspicuous  elevated  nerves,  and  a  distinct  abrupt  point,  longer  than  the 
ovate  pointed  scale;  culm,  leaves,  and  short  bracts  downy.     (C.  abbreviata,  Schw. 
msj.  Sf  Boott.) — Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania,  Schweinitz;  and  high  northward.— 
Probably  often  overlooked  from  its  close  external  resemblance  to  the  next,  but 
it  is  very  distinct. 

*  *  Staminate  spike  sessile,  or  short-stalked  (except  in  No.  66) :  pistillate  spikes 
2-5,  erect,  all  on  more  or  less  exserted  stalks  :  bracts  longer  than  the  culm  (ex- 
cept in  No.  66) :  perigynia  very  obtuse,  with  an  abrupt  ard  minute  (or  almost 
obsolete)  point,  green  and  somewhat  pellucid  at  maturity:  pistillate  scales  tawny, 
fading  to  white.  —  PALLESCENTES. 

65.  C.  paiLc'SCeilS,  L.     Fertile  spikes  2-3,  ovoid,  densely  flowered,  approx* 
iniate ;  perigynia  >bovoid-oblong,  obscurely  nerved,  about  the  length  of  the  scale.  — 
Var.  UNDurXiA  has  the  lower  bract  indented  at  the  ba?e  with  transverse  waved 


522  erpERACE^E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

lines.     (C.   undulita,  Kunze.)  —  Meadows,  New  England  to  l\nn.  and  north 
ward.  —  Plant  8'  -  18'  high,  with  slightly  pubescent  culm  and  leaves.     (Eu.) 

66.  C.  COIlOzdca,   Schk.      Stammate  spike  on  a  long   stalk ;  fertile  2-3, 
oblong,  dvsely  jlcwered,  the  lower  distant;  perigynia  oblong-conical,  with  impressed 
nerves,  slightly  oblique  at  the  summit,  rather  longer  (or  sometimes  shorter)  than 
the  sharply  pointed  or  a\vned  scale;  bracts  not  exceeding  the  culm.     (C.  tetanica. 
Schw.  4*  Torr.,  not  of  Schk.)  —  Moist  meadows;  rather  common. 

67.  C»  grlsesi,  Wahl.     Fertile  spikes  3  -  5,  oblong,  loosely  flowered,  remote, 
and  the  lowest  distant;  pf'igynia  ovoid-oblong,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  awned 
scale.     (C.  laxiflora,  Scftk.,  not  of  Lam.)  —  Var.  MUTICA  has  longer  cylindrical 
spikes,  short-awned  scales,  and  the  leaves  and  bracts  pale  green  and  glaucous. 
(C.  laxiflora?  var.  mutica,  Torr.  $•  Gr.    C.  Baccoapwma,  Dew.) —  Moist  woods 
and  meadows;  common,  especially  southward.    The  variety,  with  spikes  I'-l^ 
long,  occurs  in  New  Jersey  (Knieskern)  and  in  the  South. 

*  *  *  Uppermost  spike  more  or  less  pistillate  at  the  apex  (rarely  all  staminate'  ; 
pistillate  spikes  3-5,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  loosely  flowered,  distant,  on  exserisd 
filiform  and  mostly  drooping  stalks:  bracts  equalling  or  often  exceeding  the 
culm  :  perigynia  oblong,  with  a  short  and  abrupt  notched  point  (obsolete  in 
No.  70),  green  and  membranaccous  at  maturity :  pistillate  scales  tawny  or 
white.  —  GiiAcf  LLI  M^E. 

-•-  Fertile  spikes  nodding  or  pendulous. 

68.  C.  Davisii,    Schw.  &  Torr.      Fertile   spikes   oblong-cylindrical,   rat/ier 
thick ;  perigynia  somewhat  contracted  at  each  end,  scarcely  longer  than  the  conspio- 
uously  owned  scale.     (C.  aristata,  Dew.,  not  of  R.  Dr.     C.  Torreyana,  Dtw.)  — 
Wet  meadows,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward. — Larger  than  the 
next  (l^°-2°  high),  and  with  stouter  and  longer  spikes. 

69.  C.  fOB'lHOSa,  Dew.     Fertile  spikes  oblong,  short,  all  commonly  with  2- 
3  barren  flowers  or  empty  scales  at  the  base ;  perigynia  somewhat  contracted  at 
each  end,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  pointed  or  cuspidate  scale.  —  Wet  meadows  ; 
Massachusetts  to  W.  New  York. 

70.  C.  graCillima,   Schw.     Fertile.  spik<s  liiidir,  slender;  perigynia  obtuse 
and  slightly  oblique  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong  awned  scale.     (C.  digita- 
lis, Schic.  ,\-  Torr.,  not  of  Willd.)  —  Wet  meadows,  New  England  to  Kentucky, 
Wisconsin,   and  northward.  —  When   this  species  occurs  with   the  uppermost 
spike  altogether  staminate,  it  resembles  C.  arctata;  but  is  readily  distinguished 
by  the  obtuse,  beak  less,  and  sessile  pcrigynium. 

«-  *-  Ftrtilt-  sj tikes  nearly  erect,  all  but  the  lowest  short-peduncled  or  nearly  sessile. 

71.  C.  rcstivaliS,  M.  A.  Curtis.     Spikes  sk-niu-r,  loosely  flowered;  peri- 
Kynia  acutish  at  both  ends,  twice  the  length  of  the  ot-ate  obtuse  or  mucronate  scale, 
achcnium  somewhat  stipit:it<«;  sheaths  of  the  lower  leaves  pubescent:  otherwise 
nearly  as  the  last,  but  a  smaller  plant  (1°-U°  high).  —  Saddle  Mountain,  W. 
Massachusetts  (l)«r,-;i),  Pokono  Mountain,  Pcnn.  (/tarlimjioii  cj-  Townsend),  and 
along  the  Allcghanics  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

i  3.  Perigynia  without  a  bnik,  hairy  (in  No.  7.3  becoming  smooth  at  maturity), 
injlitcd,  bluntly  3-angled,  obtuse,  conspicuously  nerved,  with  a  miuute 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE     FAMI1  T.)  523 

abiupt  straight  point:  bracts  narrow,  with  very  short  or  obsolete  sheaths,  the 
lowest  exceeding  the  culm  :  pistillate  scales  tawny  or  white  :  spikes  2-4,  erect, 
the  uppermost  androgynous,  pistillate  at  the  apex  and  club-shaped;  the  rest  all  fer- 
tile.   Vl  RESCENTES. 

72.  C.  Vil'esceiis,  Muhl.     Spikes  oblong  or  cylindrical,  on  short  stalks;  peri- 
gynia ovoid,  nearly  entire  at  the  orifice,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  awned  scale ; 
leaves  and  sheaths  hairy.     (C.  costata,  Schw.)  — Hocky  woods  and  hill-sides,  New 
England  to  Michignri,  and  southward.  —  Culms  rough  and  slender,  l°-2°  high; 
fertile  spikes  \'  - 1 '  long. 

73.  C.  triceps,    Michx.     Spikes  ovoid,  nearly  sessile,  closely  approximate; 
ptrigynia  broadly  obovoid,  entire  at  the  orifice,  downy  when  young,  smooth  at  matu- 
rity, rather  longer  than  the  pointed  scale ;  sheaths  very  hairy,  leaves  more  or  less 
so.     (C.  hirsuta,  Willd.     C.  viridula,  Schw.  fr  Torr.,  not  of  Michx.)  —  Varies 
with  the  spikes  rather  longer  and  on  stalks,  and  the  leaves  nearly  smooth.     ( C. 
hirsuta,  var.  pedunculata,  Schw.  Sf  Torr.)  —  Woods  and  meadows;  rather  d.-ai- 
mon ;  the  smoother  form  southward.  —  Culm  12'  -  18'  high.    Spikes  %  -  §'  long. 

$  4.  Perigynia  without  a  beak,  smooth,  not  inflated,  3-anyfed,  regularly  striate,  termi- 
nating in  a  short  entire  rather  obliquely  bent  or  recurved  point,  remaining  green  at 
maturity:  pistillate  scales  membranaceous,  mostly  tipped  with  a  rough  point 
or  awn,  brown  or  spotted,  fading  to  white :  staminate  spike  solitary :  pistillate 
spikes  2-5,  few-flowered,  more  or  less  remote,  the  lowest  often  near  the  base 
of  the  culm. 

*  Sterile  spike  club-shaped  :  fertile  spikes  (erect,  the  uppermost  commonly  near 
the  base  of  the  sterile)  all  on  stalks  principally  included  ivithin  sheathing  bracts 
(except  sometimes  the  lowest),  shorter  than  the  spikes,  or  not  much  exceeding  them  : 
ver^gynia  ovoid-triquetrous,  narrowed  at  each  end  :  culms  numerous,  diffuse  and 
in  fruit  becoming  prostrate :  leaves  all  radical,  very  broad,  finely  and  closely 
nerved  throughout,  with  3  distinct  ribs.  —  PLANTAofxE^E. 

74.  C.  plailtaginea,  Lam.     Fertile  spikes  commonly  4,  oblong,  about  5  - 
S-fiowcred  ;  bracts  very  short,  dark  purple,  or  the  lowest  greenish  at  the  apex. 
(0.  latifolia,  Schk.)  —  Shady  woods,  mostly  on  hill-sides  in  rich  soil,  New  Eng- 
land to  Wisconsin,  and  northward ;  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies. 

75.  C.  Carey  ana,  Torr.     Fertile  spikes  2-3,  ovoid  or  oblong,  about  3-5- 
flowcred,  bracts  green,  the  upper  about  equal  to  the  spikes,  the  lower  somewhat 
exceeding  them;  perigynia  large  (2"-2£"  in  length);  leaves  dark  green.  —  la 
similar  situations  with  the  last,  N.  New  York  to  Penn.  and  Ohio :  rare. 

76.  C.  platyphylla,   Carey.     Fertile  spikes  3,  filiform,  loosely  3-4-Jloto- 
tred;  bi-acts  as  in  the  last;  perigynia  small ;  culms  slender;  leaves  pale  or  whitish- 
yreen.  —  In  similar  situations  with  No.  74,  and  with  the  same  range.  . 

*  *  Sterile  spike  short,  club-shaped,  pedunculate  :  fertile  [pikes  2-4,  all  on  JUi- 
form  exserted  stalks,  with  long  sheathing  bracts  resembling  the  leaves,  the  upper- 
most, as  well  as  the  leaves,  exceeding  the  slender  an  1  at  length  pi-ostrate 
culms  :  perigynia  as  in  the  last  subsection.  —  DIGIT\LES. 

77.  C.  retrocurva,  Dew.     Fertile  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  compactly  3-8- 
flowercd,  on  lorg  drooping  stalks:  leaves  glaucous,  3-4  lines  wide,  with  3  prominent 


524  CYPERACEJI.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

nerves.  —  Copses  and  hill-sides,  New  England  to  W.  New  York  and  PenLsyl 
vania.  —  Very  closely  approaching  the  next ;  perhaps  only  a  variety  of  it. 

78.  C.  digitalis,  Wilkl.     Fertile  spikes  linear-oblong,  loosely  6  -  ^-flowered, 
on  long  stalks,  the  lowest  sometimes  drooping ;  leaves  and  bracts  narrow,  dark 
green;  pcrigynia  smaller  than  in  the  last.     (C.  oligocarpa,  Schw.  fr  Torr.,  not  of 
Schk.     C.  Vanvlcckii,  Schiv.)  —  Copses  and  hill-sides,  New  England  to  Michi- 
gan, and  southward.  —  A  low  species,  6'  -  12'  high,  growing  in  tufts,  with  numer- 
ous culms  and  long  grassy  leaves. 

*  *  #  Sterile  spike  short,  linear;  fertile  spikes  2-4,  erect ;  the  1-2  uppermost 
commonly  near  the  base  of  the  sterile,  on  an  included  stalk ;  the  rest  on  ex- 
serted  stalks,  with  long  sheathing  bracts  resembling  the  leaves ;  the  uppermost 
exceeding  the  erect  culm :  perigynia  with  obtuse  angles,  about  the  length  of  the 
scale.  —  OLIGOCARP.E. 

79.  C.  l.ixifloi'cl,  Lam.     Fertile  spikes  slender,  loosely  flowered  on  a  zigzag 
rhachis;  perigynia  ovoid,  narrowed  at  each  end.     (C.  anceps,  Willd.  &  ed.  1.)  — 
Var.  STRIATULA  has  the  spikes  oblong,  more  densely  flowered,  and  the  perigynia 
dbovoid  with  a  shorter  point.     (C.  striatula,  Michx.     C.  conoidea,  Mu/d.,  not  of 
Schk.     C.  blanda,  Dew.)  —  Var.  PATULIF6LIA,  Dew.,  has  the  radical  leaves  very 
broad  ( 1 '  - 1  ^'),  many-nerved,  with  a  rather  longer  point.    ( C.  plantaginea,  ScJik.t 
not  of  Lam.)  —  Open  woods  and  copses;  common.  —  A  very  variable  sped*, 
as  to  the  breadth  of  the  leaves  and  length  of  the  spikes ;  the  culms  are  usually 
flattened  or  2-edged  above.     An  intermediate  form  occurs,  with  the  broad  leaves 
and  slender  spikes  of  var.  patulifolia,  but  having  the  obovoid  shortly  pointed 
fruit  of  var.  striatula,  differing  in  the  latter  respect  from  the  plant  figured  as  C. 
plantaginea  by  Schkuhr. 

80.  C.  OligOCdrpa,   Schk.     Fertile  spikes  small,  3  -  B-fowered  ;  the  point 
of  the  per  igy  nium  slightly  oblique,  not  recurved;  style  very  short,  thickened  towards 
the  base ;  leaves  rough  only  on  the  edge,  sheaths  smooth.    (C.  Sartwelliana,  Gay.) 
—  Woods,    Connecticut    to    Illinois  and  Kentucky.  —  Culm  slender,  8' -12 
long;  the  fertile  spikes  4'-£'  in  length. 

81.  C.  HitCtlCOCkiiina,  Dew.    Fertile  spikes  very  loosely  3-  ^-flowered; 
sheaths  and  upper  side  of  the  leaves  roughly  pubescent.  —  Woods,  New  England  to 
Illinois  and  Kentucky.  —  Culm  l°-2°  high,  stouter  than  the  last,  with  very 
scabrous  sheaths.     The  fruit  is  also  larger  (2£»  long) ;  but  in  other  respects  the 
plants  are  similar. 

i  5.  Perigynia  without  a  beak,  smooth  or  downy,  not  inflated,  obovoid-triqnctrous, 
with  a  minute  obliquely  bent  white  and  membranaceous  point,  reddish-brown 
or  olive-colored  at  maturity  :  bracts  rcdncefl  to  colored  sheaths,  or  with  a  short  green 
prolongation:  leaves  all  radical,  narrow  or  bristle-shaped.  —  DioixXx^E. 

82.  C.  c'1>  u  rn  ra,     Boott.     Sterile  spike  solitary;  the  fertile  3-4,  erect, 
about  5-Jlowercd,  approximated  and  elevated  on  long  stalks  above  the  staminate  spike  : 
the  lowest  sometimes  a  little  remote ;  perigynia  obscurely  nerved,  smooth  and 
shining,  rather  longer  than  the  broad  and  obtuse  im-mbramuTous  whitish  scale. 
(C.  alba,  var.  setifolia,  Dew.)  —Limestone  rocks,  N.  New  England  to  Kentucky, 
*nd  northward.  —  A  delicate  species,  4'  - 10'  high,  with  bristle-shaped  leaves, 


CTPERACE^:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  525 

forming  dense  tufts.     The  fertile  spikes  do  not  exceed  2"  -3"  in  length,  and  are 
about  1"  broad. 

83.  C.  pedkisicillfsta,  Muhl.     Spikes  3-5,  commonly  4,  the  uppermost 
slir  l&  with  2-3  fertile  flowers  at  the  base,  the  rest  fertile  with  aftw  stain  inate  flowers 
at  the  apex,  all  on  long  stalks,  remote,  1  -  2  of  the  lowest  near  the  base  of  the  culm ; 
sheatbs  with  green  tips  much  shorter  than  the  stalks ;  perigynia  with  a  long  atten- 
uated base  and  a  minute///  notched  orijice,  somewhat  downy,  especially  on  the  angles, 
about  tlie  length  of  the  broadly  obovate  abruptly  awned  or  pointed  dark-purple 
scale. — Dry  woods  and  rocky  hill-sides,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin, 
and  northward  — Culms  4' -10'  high,  prostrate  at  maturity,  growing  in  tufts 
partly  concealed  by  the  very  long  and  narrow  grassy  leaves. 

§  6.  Periayiua  icith  a  straight  or  slightly  bent  more  or  less  abrupt  beak,  hairy,  not  in~ 
flatcd,  terminating  in  a  membranaceous  notched  or  2-toothed  orifice  :  bracts 
short,  either  green  and  slightly  sheathing  or  auriculate  at  the  base,  or  small 
and  resembling  the  scales :  scales  dark  brown  or  purple  with  white  margins, 
fading  lighter  or  sometimes  turning  nearly  white  :  staminate  spike  solitary : 
the  fertile  2 -  3,  nearly  sessile  (except  in  No.  84),  erect.  (Culms  mostly  low 
and  slender :  leaves  all  radical,  long  and  narrow,)  —  MONTANA. 

84.  C.  llBllI>cEl<Ytcl,   Schk.     Culms  very  short ;  staminate  spike  sometimes 
with  a  few  pistillate  flowers ;  fertile  spikes  4-5,  ovoid,  few-flowered  ;  the  upper- 
most close  to  the  sterile  spike  and  sessile,  the  rest  on  stalks  arising  from  the  base  of  the 
vtem  and  of  about  ecus!  height,  appearing  somewhat  like  a  small  corymb,  nearly 

*conccaled  by  the  long  grassy  leaves ;  perigynia  ovoid,  3-angled,  with  a  rather 
long  abrupt  beak,  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed  scale.  —  Rocky  hill- 
sides, New  England  to  111.,  and  northward.  —  Growing  in  dense  grassy  tufts, 
with  culms  l'-3',  rarely  6'  high. 

85.  C.  Novse-Aiag-Iiae,  Schw.    Sterile  spike  on  a  short  stalk ;  the  fertile 
2-3,  ovoid,  nearly  sessile,  3  -  5-flowered,  more  or  less  distinct,  the  lowest  with  a 
green  and  bristle-shaped  or  colored  and  scale-like  awned  bract;  perigynia  obovoid, 
^-angled,  attenuated   at   the   base  into  a  short  stalk,  minutely  hairy  (principally 
above),  indistinctly  nerved,  with  a  somewhat  elongated  2-toothed  beak  deeply  deft  or, 
the  inner  side,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  pointed  scale.     (C.  collecta,  Dew. 
C.  varia,  var.  minor,  Boott  (including  var.  Emmonsii).     C.  lucorum,  Kunze,  not 
of  Willd.?)  —  Var.  EMMONSII  has  the  fertile  spikes  5-10-flowered,  aggregated, 
the  uppermost  close  to  the  base  of  the  staminate ;  or  varying  occasionally  with 
the  lowest  on  a  long  stalk  near  the  base  of  the  culm,  concealed  by  the  long  gras- 
sy leaves.     (C.  alpestris,  Schw.  $*  Torr.,  not  of  Alh'oni.    C.  Davisii,  Dew.,  not  of 
Schw.fr  Torr.     C.  Emmonsii,  Dew.)  —  Woody  hills  and  mountains,  N.  New 
England  to   Ohio,  and  northward;  also  southward  along  the  Alleghanies. — 
Grows  in  grassy  tufts,  with  numerous  very  slender,  often  prostrate  culms,  vary- 
ing from  4'- 15' in  length.     The  var.  is  the  prevailing  form,  but  intermediate 
ones  continually  occur,  differing  in  respect  to  the  contiguity  and  size  of  the  fer- 
tile spikes,  and  in  the  proximity  of  the  uppermost  to  the  base  of  the  sterile  one. 
The  form  of  the  perigynium  varies  with  age  ;  the  mature  ones  in  Kunze's  figure 
of  C.  lucorum  have  the  elongated  beak  of  C.  nigro-marginata,  tfchw.  (possibly 
the  C.  lucorum  of  Willd.),  whilst  the  plant  delineated  is  clearly  C  No\  se-Angliaj, 


326     '  CYrERACE^E.      '(SEDGE     PAMILT.J 

86.  C.  Peillisylv£inica,  Lam.     Sterile  spike  commonly  on  a  dort  stalk  ; 
fertile  1-3,  usually  2,  approximate,  nearly  sessile,  ovoid,  4-bfi  ttfered,  the  lowest 
commonly  with  a  colored  scale-like  lontj-awned  bract;  periy.itia  roi  nd!di-<icoid,  with 
a  short  and  abrupt  minutely-toothed  lnak  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed  ehcst- 
mtt-colortd  scale.     (C.  marginata,  Mn!J.) — Dry  woods  and  hill-sides,  New  Eng- 
l;md  to  Penn.,  Illinois,  and  northward. 

87.  C.  Vai'ia,  Muhl.     Sterile  spike  sessile ;  fertile  2-3,  mostly  3,  distinct,  on 
very  short  stalks,  ovoid,  6  -  1 Q-floicered ;  the  lowest,  and  sometimes  the  2  lower, 
with  green  leaf-like  bracts;  perigi/nia  obovoid,  with  an  abrupt  distinctly  toothed  beak, 
about  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed  light-brown  scale.     (C.  Pennsylvania,  var. 
Mulltenbergii,  ('>'ay,  Gram.  $~  Cyp.) —  Dry  wooded  hills;  common,  especially 
northward.     Closely  resembles  the  last ;  but  has  wider,  shorter,  and  more  rigid 
glaucous  leaves. 

88.  C.  PR.&COX,  Jacq.     Sterile  spike  clnb-sliapecl ;  fertile  2  - -3,   oblong-ovoid, 
ayyrega*<d  near  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  sometimes  on  a 
very  short  stalk,  with  a  leaf-like  bract  scarcely  exceeding  the  spike ;  perigynia 
ovoid-triangular,  attenuated  at  tlte  base,  with  a  short  beak  and  nearly  entire  orifice, 
about  equal  to  the  ovate  pointed  dark-brown  scale  ;  acheninm  obovoid  with  a 
prominent  ring  at  the  apex  surrounding  the  base  of  the  style;  culm  3' -6'  high; 
leaves  short,  rather  rigid.     (C.  verna,  Vi liars,  Dew.,  not  of  Schk.)  — Rocky  hills, 
Salem  and  Ipswich,  Massachusetts.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

89.  C.   KictiarclSdnii,  R.   Brown.     Sterile  spike  pedimclcd,  cylindrical; 
fertile  1  or  2,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  approximate,  oblong,  longer  than  the  scale* 
like  brownish  and  mostly  short-pointed  bracts ;  perigynia  obovoid-triangtdar,  with 
a  tetperiih/  base,  obtuse,  nearly  beakless,  tli£  short  point  with  an  almost  entire  orifice, 
rather  shorter  than  the  ovate  acutish  brown  or  chestnut-colored  scale;  culm 
(5' -9'  high)  and  rigid  leaves  rough.  —  Dry  ground,  near  Rochester,  New  York 
(Dewey) ;  prairies  of  Illinois  (Mead) ;  Wisconsin  (Sarticell),  and  northward.  —  A 
well-marked  species,  in  aspect  most  like  No.  86. 

90.  C.  put>csceiis,  Muhl.     Sterile  spike  usually  sessile  ;  fertile  3-4,  06- 
long  or  cylindrical,  loosely  flowered,  somewhat  approximated,  or  the  lowest  a  little 
remote,  on  a  short  stalk,  with  a  narrow  leaf-like  bract  about  the  height  of  the 
culm;  fruit   omid  and  sharply  triangular,  downi/,  attenuated  at  the  base,  with  an 
ubnijil  slender  beak  nearly  entire  at  the  orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  abrupt- 
ly-pointed white  scale  ;  en/in  nnd  leans  toft-dotting,  —  Moist  woods  and  mee.lows^ 
New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     Ditl'ers   from   the  other  species  of 

iion  in  its  greater  si/e  and  in  aspect,  and  especially  in  the  sharply  angled 
pengynium. 

§  7.  Periejtfnic  sUi/lithj  inflated,  irith  a  short  beak,  tertninatinff  in  ar  entire  or  sliglitly 
notcht (I  <>/•//('.?;  staminate  spike  solitary,  stalked  (in  No.  91  usually  pistillate 
at  the  summit)  :  culms  tall  and  leaf//.  —  ANOM \  L;E.# 

91.  C.  IlliliilCCa,   Muhl.     Staminate  spike  commonly  fertile  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  fertile  spikes  3,  cylindrical,  rather  slender,  loosely  llowcred  at  the  base,  on 


*  The  species  here  combined,  merely  to  avoid  the  multiplication  of  small  secMocs,  do  not 
oourtitutu  a  natural  group,  but  present  certain  points  of  affinity  with  several  others. 


CTPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  527 

filiform  nodding  stalks ;  bracts  exceeding  the  culm,  with  short  or  nearly  obsolete 
sheaths ;  perigynia  ovoid-triangular,  very  smooth  and  thin,  with  an  entire  or  very 
minutely  notched  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate  short-awned  white  scale.  (C. 
prasina,  Wahl.) —  Kills  and  wet  meadows  ;  rather  common.  —  In  aspect  some- 
what resembles  the  smaller  short-awned  forms  of  No.  51,  with  which  it  ha?  points 
of  affinity,  though  differing  materially  in  the  3  stigmas  and  triangular  fruit. 

92.  C.  scabrafa,  Schw.      Fertile  spikes  4-5,  cylindrical,  erect,  rather 
distant,  densely  flowered,  the  lower  on  long  stalks ;  bracts  without  sheaths,  exceed- 
ing the  culm ;  perigynia  ovoid,  contracted  at  the  base,  prominently  few-nerved, 
rough,  spreading  at  maturity,  with  an  obliquely  notched  beak,  longer  than  the 
ovate  slightly  ciliate  brown  scale ;  culm,  leaves,  and  bracts  very  roii(/h.  —  Wet 
meadows  and  swamps,  New  England  to  Perm.,  Michigan,  and  northward. 

93.  C.  Sllllivailtii,  Boott.     Fertile  spikes  3  -  5,  commonly  4,  narrowly  cy 
lindrical,  erect,  loosely  flowered,  the  upper  approximate,  the  lowest  often  remote, 
tapering  towards  the  base  and  slightly  compound,  all  on  rough  stalks ;  bracts 
sheathing,    not  exceeding  the  hairy   culm  ;   perigynia  elliptical,   hairy,    slightly 
stalked,  with  an  entire  or  notched  orifice,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  hairy- 
fringed  rough-aimed  white  scale.  —  Woods,  Columbus,  Ohio,  Sullivant.  —  About 
2°  high,  with  hairy  leaves  and  bracts,  and  slender  fertile  spikes  !'-!£'  long. 
Resembles  the  next,  but  is  at  once  distinguished  by  the  erect  spikes,  hairy  and 
nerveless  fruit,  and  hairy  leaves. 

<  8.  Pei'igynia  slightly  inflated,  3-angled,  smooth  and  shining,  green,  vith  a  straight 
tapering  beak  terminating  in  2  small  membranaceous  teeth  (marly  obsolete 
in  No.  96)  :  lower  bracts  green  and  sheathing :  pistillate  scales  nwny,  becom- 
ing white  :  staminate  spike  solitary,  stalked  :  pistillate  spikes  3-4,  loosely  Jhn- 
ered,  all  on  long  and  fllifonn  nodding  stalks. 

*•  Fertile  spikes  long  and  slender,  remote:  perigynia  few-nerved :  brac^A.  equalling  or 
exceeding  the  culm.  —  DEBILES. 

94.  C»  arrtfsta,  Boott.     Fertile  spikes  few-flowered  and  nar^^wed  to:varcn 
the  base;  perigynia  ovoid-elliptical,  triangular,  short-stalked,  rather  blir*  at  the  bast 
the  beak  very  short,  longer  than  the  pointed  scale.     (C.  sylvatica    (-*«w.,  not  C" 
Hudson.    C.  Knicskemii,  Dew.)  —  Woods  and  meadows,  New  Englr^  \  to  Pcur> 
sylvariia,  and  northward. 

95.  C«  dcbillS}  Michx.     Staminate  spike  occasionally  fertile  at 
fertile  spikes  with  loose  alternate  flowers,  on  a  somewhat  zigzag  rhachis ; 

long,  tapering  at  each  end,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  awned  scale.  ^. 
tenuis,  Radge.  C.  flexuosa,  Muhl.) — Moist  meadows,  N.  New  England  t» 
Pennsylvania,  and  southwestward. 

#  *  Fertile  spikes  short :  perigynia  nerveless,  or  very  obscurely  nerved  in  No.  97 
bracts  erect,  shorter  than  the  culm.  —  FLEXILES. 

96.  C.  capillfiris,  L.     Fertile  spikes  commonly  3,  minute,  icith  about  6  alter 
nate flowers;  perigynia  oblong-ovoid,  contracted  at  the  base,  tapering  into  a  long  slight 
ly  serrulate  beak,  with  an  oblique  nearly  entire  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate  scale. 
—  Point  cle  Tour,  Lake  Michigan  ;   alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains, 
New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.  —  An  extremely  delicate  specie?,  4'-tt 
high,  with  spikes  i'-%'  long,  and  a  line  or  less  in  width.     (Eu.) 


528  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

97.  C.  flexilis,  Rudge.    Sterile  spike  short  and  club-shaped ;  fertile  spikes  ob 
long,  Dr  sometimes  with  a  few  staminute  flowers  at  the  base  and  becoming  rlub- 
shapcd;  the  upper  bracts  short  and  scale-like,  the  lower  bristle-shaped,  very 
slightly  sheathing ;  pcrigynia  ovoid,  obscurely  nerved,  tapering  into  a  beak 
about  the  length  of  the  ovate  hairy-fringed  scale ;  leaves  pale  green  and  glaucous, 
and  with  the  bracts  fringed  with  delicate  hairs.     (C.  blepharophora,  Gray.)  — 
Moist,  shady  places,  W.  New  York,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 

\  9.  Pcrigynia  slightly  inflated,  obtusely  3-angled,  nerved,  smooth,  tapering  into  a  rath- 
er rongh  beak,  with  two  distinct  membranaceous  teeth  (obscure  in  No.  101 ), 
beaming  tawny  or  yeUoiv  at  maturity  (or  in  No.  98  more  or  less  spotted  with 
purple)  :  achenium  obovate-triquetrous,  contracted  at  the  base :  staaainato 
spike  solitary,  stalked  (sessile  in  No.  101).  —  FiAv^E. 

*  Parigyma  erect :  bracts  with  long  sheaths,  not  exceeding  the  culm. 

98.  C.  lae Vigata,   Smith.     Fertile  spikes  3,  cylindrical,  remote,  on  exserted 
nodding  stalks;  pcrigynia  ovoid,  tapering  into  a  2-cleft  beak,  rather  longer  than 
the  light-brown  pointed  and  awned  scale ;  culm  smooth.     (C.  Greeniana,  Dew.)~ 
Massachusetts  (Tewksbury  1  B.D.Greene).     Introduced?     (Eti.) 

99.  €.  fTfllva,   Good.     Fertile  spikes  2  -3,  oblong  or  oi-oid,  erect,  remote,  the 
lowest  on  an  exserted  stalk;  perigynia  ovoid,  not  much  exceeding  the  dark -brown 

i  scarce/ u  pointed  awnless  scale;  culm  rough.     (C.  binervis,  Dem:,  not  of  Smith.)  — 
Pond  at  Tewksbury,  Massachusetts,  D.  D.  Greene.     (Eu.) 
*  #  Pcrigynia  spreading  or  rrflexed,  longer  than  the  scale :  bracts  with  short  sheaths, 

much  exceeding  the  smooth  culm.     (Staminate  spike  often  pistillate  at  the  apex 

or  towards  the  centre;  fertile  spikes  erect.) 

100.  C.  flava,  L.     Fertile  spikes  2-4,  roundish-ovoid,  compactly  flowered, 
the   upper  approximated,  the  lowest  remote  on  a  short  exserted  staik ;  bractt 
Sfireadingor  reftexed ;  perigynia  tapering  from  an  ovoid  contracted  base  into  a  nar- 
row curved  beak,  widely  spreading  or  reflexed  at  maturity.  —  Wet  meadows,  es- 
pecially northward.  —  Whole  plant  of  a  yellowish  hue,  6' -15'  high,  with  spikes 
£'-§'  in  length.     (Specimens,  appearing  to  be  merely  small  forms  of  this  spe- 
cies, have  been  referred  by  Prof.  Dewey  to  C.  lepidocarpa,  Tausch;  but  they  by 
no  means  accord,  nor  does  his  character,  either  with  the  description,  or  with  au- 
thentic specimens  of  Kunzc.)     (Eu.) 

101.  C.    GEIdcri,    Ehrh.     Sterile,  spike  commonly  sessile. ;  fertile  2-4,  oblong- 
ovoid,  closely  aggregated,  or  the  lowest  rather  remote,  on  very  short  stalks,  densely 
flowered,  sometimes  staminate  at  the  apex;  leaves  and  bmcts  rigidly  met;  peii- 
yynfa  ovoid,  with  a  short  and  rather  abrupt  minutely  notrin-d  btak,  spreading  horizon- 
tally at  maturity.     (C.  viridula,  Michx.,  not  of  Schn\  <j-  7 on:     C.  irrcgularis, 
S<:hn:)  —  Wet  rocks,  especially  on  limestone,  New  England  to   111.,    Lake  Su- 
perior, and  northward.  —  Resembles  the  last;  but  the  fertile  spikes  and  pcrigy- 
nia are  much  smaller,  and.  the  beak  of  the  latter  is  more  abrupt,  shorter    and 
straight.     (Eu.) 

f  10.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  obtusely  3-angled,  nerved,  rough  or  woolly,  with 
an  abrupt  straight  beak  :  bracts  leaf-like,  with  short  sheaths :  scales  dark- 
purple  or  brown. 


CYTERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FA  UILY.)  529 

*  Perigynia  of  a  thick  or  somewhat  leathery  texture,  with  2  short  and  diverging  mem" 
branaceous  teeth  :  bracts  much  exceeding  the  nearly  smooth  culm  :  staminate.  spikes 
2-3,  the  uppermost  stalked,  the  lower  short  and  sessile:  fertile  spikes  1-2, 
usually  2,  erect,  remote,  sessile  or  on  very  short  stalks.  —  LANUGixdsje. 

102.  C.  filiforillis,   L.     Fertile   spikes   ovoid  or  oblong,    the   upper  often 
Btaminate  at  the  apex ;  perigynia  ovoid,  densely  woolly,  obscurely  nerved,  the  orifice 
tcarcely  prolonged  into  a  bmk  terminating  in  2  slightly  hairy  teeth  ;  leaves  and 
bracts  narrow  and  imiolute;  culm  very  slender.  —  Peat-bogs,  New  England  to 
Perm.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

103.  C.  lanilglBlOSa,  Michx.     Fertile  spikes  oblong  or  cylindrical ;  perigy- 
nia ovoid,  roughly  hairy,  conspicuously  nerved,  with  a  short  but  distinct  beak  termi- 
nating in  2  very  hairy  sharp  teeth  ;  leaves  and  bracts  flat,     (C.  pellita,  Muhl.)  — 
Swamps  and  wet  meadows,  New  England  to  Kentucky,  and  northward.  —  Ex- 
tremely like  the  last,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  commonly  longer  fertile  spikes, 
stouter  culm,  flat  leaves,  and  especially  in  the  distinct  flattish  and  hairy  beak 
of  the  perigynium,  with  longer  and  sharper  teeth.     This  species  has  often  the 
fruit  in  a  diseased  state,  when  it  becomes  more  inflated,  of  an  orange  color,  and 
has  an  abortive  achenium. 

*  *  Perigynia  thin,  downy,  or  roughly  dolled,  the  beak  terminating  in  a  thin  and 
icarious  oblique  orifice,  either  entire  or  slightly  notched:  bracts  rigidly  erect,  short- 
er than  the  sharply  triangular  rough  culm.  —  ScARi6s^E. 

104.  C.  vestita,  Willd.     Sterile  spikes  1-2,  the  uppermost  cylindrical, 
shortly  stalked;  fertile  1-2,  approximate,  sessile,  ovoid  or  oblong,  sometimes 
staminate  at  the  apex  ;  perigynia  ovoid,  downy,  with  a  slightly  oblique  beak  termi- 
nated by  a  thin  membra naceous  notched  orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  pointed 
scale  ;  leaves  fiat,  shorter  than  the  stout  and  rigid  culm.  —  Sandy  soils,  growing 
in  tufts,  New  England  to  Pcnn.  and  southward ;  rather  rare.  —  Resembling  the 
two  last  in  external  appearance,  but  readily  distinguished  by  the  membranaccous 
beak  of  the  fruit,  which  is  red  at  the  base  and  white  and  transparent  at  the  ori- 
fice ;  and  the  style  is  tAvistcd  within  the  perigynium. 

105.  C.  polymorptia,  Muhl.  (in  part.)     Sterile  spikes  1-4,  the  upper- 
most on  a  long  stalk ;  the  lower  short,  often  with  a  few  fertile  flowers  at  the 
base  ;  fertile  spike  solitary,  or  rarely  2,  remote,  oblong-cylindrical,   sometimes 
staminate  at  the  apex,  erect,  on  partly  exscrted  stalks ;  perigynia  oblong-ovoid, 
8  -  10-nen-ed,  very  minutdy  roughened  with  granular  dots,  the  slightly-bent  beak 
tapering  to  the  entire  (reddish)  orifice,  longer  than    the  ovate  scarcely-pointed 
purple  scale.     (C.  Halseyana,  Dew.  $•  ecL  1.     C.  striata,  Torr.  N.  Y.  FL,  not 
of  Michx.)  —  Varies,  with  the  fertile  spikes  filiform,  and  the  flowers  alternate 
and  very  distant  on  the  rhachis.  —  Upland  meadows,  E.  Mass,  to  Penn.  and  W. 
New  York.  —  Culm  rather  slender,  much  taller  (12'  - 18')  than  the  rigid  leaves. 
Though  a  somewhat  variable  plant,  it  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  next, 
with  which  it  has  been  confounded,  by  the  characters  here  given,  especially  by 
the  entire,  membranaceous  orifice  of  the  fruit. 

§11.  Perigynia  moderately  inflated,  conspicuously  many-nerved,  sn\wth  (except  in 
No.  109),  with  a  straight  beak  terminating  in  2  rigid  morz  or  less  spreading  teeth  t 


530  CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

bracts  long  and  leaf-like,  with  very  short  sheathing  bases,  much  exceeding  the 
culm  (about  equal  to  it  in  No.  106) :  staminate  spikes  1-5, 

*  Perigynia  with  a  very  short  and  thick  leak,  and  with  short  and  thick  slighfy 

spreading  teeth.  —  LACUSTRES. 

106.  C.  striata,  Michx.  (not  of  ed.  1.)     Sterile  spikes  2-3,  the  upper- 
most stalked  ;  fertile  spikes  1-2,  oblong,  erect,  remote,  on  very  short  stalks  ;  peri* 
gynia  ovoid,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slightly  serrulate  beak,  longer  than  the  point- 
ed purple  scale.     (C.  polymorpha,  ed.  1.)  —  Wet  places,  New  Jersey  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  southward. 

107.  C.  lacustris,  Willd.     Sterile  spikes  2-5,  the  uppermost  stalked; 
fertile  spikes  2-3,  oblong-cylindrical,  stout,  erect,  remote,  nearly  sessile,  or  the  low- 
est on  a  short  stalk;  perigynia  oblong,  but  little  exceeding  the  lanceolate  awned 
scale  ;  culm  sharply  triangular,  rough  ;  sheaths  very  short,  smooth.     ( C.  riparia, 
j*r>t/d.,  not  of  Curtis.)  —  Swamps  and  borders  of  lakes  and  rivers;  common. — 
A  robust  species,  3° -5°  high,  with  leaves  £'-$'  wide. 

#  *  Perigynia  with  an  elongated  tapering  beak,  and  long  widely  spreading  or  recuncd 

sharp  and  spine-like  teeth.  —  ARISTAT^E. 
i-  Staminate  spikes  2-5,  some  occasionally  bearing  a  feiv  fertile  /lowers. 

108.  C.  aristata,  R.  Brown.     Fertile  spikes  2-4,  cylwdrical,  erect,  re- 
mote, the  lower  on  partly  cxscrted  short  stalks  ;  perigynia  taperinq  from  an  ovoid 
base  into  a  deeply  2 -forked  beak,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  awned  scale 
culm  smooth;  sheaths  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves  pubescent.     (C.  athcrodes 
Spreng.) — Lake  shores  and  river-banks,  N.  New  York  to  Michigan,  and  north- 
westward. —  Culm  2°  -  3°  high  :  leaves  2"  -  3"  wide.     Fertile  spikes  2'  -  3'  long 
often  rather  loosely  flowered  towards  the  base. 

109.  C.  tricllOCarpa,  Muhl.     Fertile  spikes  2  -  3,  oblong-cylindrical,  erect, 
remote,  one  of  them  sometimes  staminate  at  the  apex,  the  lower  on  cxscrted 
stalks,  rather  loosely  flowered  towards  the  base;  perigynia  very  hairy,  shaped  as 
the  last,  longer  than  the  ovate  taper-pointed  light-brown  scale ;  culm  sharply 
triangular,  smooth  except  near  the  top,  sheaths  and  under  surface  of  the  kaoea 
smooth.     (C.  striata,  ed.  1,  not  of  Michx.) — Marshes  and  lakes;  common,  es- 
pecially northward. 

•«-•*-  Staminate  spike  solitary,  with  a  filiform  bract,  occasionally  bearing  a  few 
fertile  flowers  towards  the  apex  or  base :  fertile  spikes  3-5,  cylindrical,  dense- 
ly flowered,  on  long  cxsertcd  and  at  length  drooping  stalks  :  perigynia  widely 
spreading,  reflcxed  at  maturity. 

110.  C.  COindsa,  Boott.     Fertile  spikes  large  (l|'-2.f  long,  and  £'-§' 
wide),  the  lowest  sometimes  very  remote;  perigynia  tapering  from  a  stalked  ovoid* 
ti\:uii/nlar  'MISC.  into  a  long  deeply  2-forked  beak,  the  sharp  elongated  t«-th  iri<l;li/  .syj/wA 
ing  or  somewhat  recurved  ;  scales  lanceolate  with  a  long  bristle-shaped  awn 
shorter  than  the  mature  fruit ;  culm  rough  and  triquetrous.     (C.  furcata,  Ell., 
not  of  Lapeyr.     C.  Pscudo-Cyperus,  Schw.  Sf  Torr.,  Dew.,  frc.,  in  part,  not  of  L.) 
—  Wet  places  ;  rather  common.  —  A  robust  species  2°  -  3°  high,  formerly  con- 
founded with  the  next,  which  it  greatly  resembles;  but  it  differs  especially  in 
the  larger  fertile  spikes,  longer  beak  of  the  fruit,  and  the  longer,  smooth  ami 
widely-spreading  teeth,  giving  to  the  spikes  a  comose  or  bristly  appearance 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  531 

111.  C.  Pseuclo-Cj'perus,  L.    Fertile  spikes  (l^'-2^  long,  and  about 
|  wide)  sometimes  slightly  compound  at  the  base  ;  periyynia  shaped  as  the  last 
species,  but  with  a  shorter  beak,  and  shorter  less  spreadiny  teeth ;  scale  about  the 
length  of  the  mature  fruit.  —  Border  of  lakes  and  in  bogs,  New  England  to 
Pennsylvania,  and  northward.  —  Somewhat  smaller  than  the  last  species  in  all 
its  parts.     (Eu.) 

112.  C.  mirfita,  Dew.     Fertile  spikes  about  2,  long-cylindrical,  rather 
dense,  somewhat  erect ;  perigynia  ovate-conical,  with  a  long  2-forked  beak,  ribbed, 
glabrous,  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  bristle-pointed  or  long-awned  scale ; 
culm  (about  2°  high)  rough.  —  Shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  in  Monroe  County,  New 
York,  Dr.  Bradley.     (Having  no  specimen,  the  character  is  taken  from  Dewey'a 
description  in  Wood's  Bot.     The  Georgian  plant  referred  to  it  is  to  be  ex- 
cluded.) 

§  12.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  conspicuously  many -nerved,  smooth,  with  a  long  taper- 
ing %-toothed  beak:  bracts  leaf-like,  much  exceeding  the  culm  :  scales  tawny  or 
white  :  staminate  spike  stalked,  always  solitary.  —  LUPCLIN.&J. 
•%•  Bracts  with  very  short  or  obsolete  sheaths. 

113.  C.  liystricina,  Willd.      Sterile  spike  often  bearing  a  few  fertile 
flowers  at  the  base  or  apex ;  fertile,  spikes  2  —  4,  oblong-cylindrical,  densely  flow- 
ered, the  uppermost  on  a  very  short  stalk,  the  others  on  long  stalks  and  at  length 
nodding,  the  lowest  often  very  remote ;  perigynia  spreading,  tapering  from  an 
ovoid  base  into  a  long  slender  beak  with  sharp  smooth  teeth,  longer  than  the  awned 
scale.  —  A  variety  with  shorter  ovoid  spikes,  the  lowest  very  remote  on  a  filiform 
stalk,  4'  -  6'  long,  with  rather  smaller  perigynia  not  much  longer  than  the  awn, 
is  C.    Cooleyi,   Dew.  —  Wet    meadows ;  common.  —  Plant   pale   or  yellowish 
green,  with  fertile  spikes  f  to  1^'  long.     Distinguished  from  No.  Ill   by  the 
more  inflated,  less  diverging  fruit,  its  beak  longer  and  the  teeth  shorter;  and 
from  No.  114  by  the  smaller  nodding  spikes,  many-nerved  perigynium,  and  the 
longer  and  smooth  teeth  of  the  beak. 

114.  C.  tciitacillfstsi,  Muhl.     Fertile  spikes  2 -3,  ovoid,  oblong,  or  cylin- 
drical, densely  flowered,  approximate  and  diverging  horizontally,  the  uppermost 
sessile,  the  lower  on  short  exserted  stalks ;  perigynia  spreading,  tapering  from  an 
ovoid  few-  (about  10-)  nerved  base  into  a  long  slender  beak  with  short  minutely 
tcrrulate  teeth,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  awned  scale.    (C.  rostrata,  Muhl., 
not  of  Michx.)  —  Wet  meadows  ;  very  common. 

115.  C.  infllllieSCeilS,  Rudge.      Fertile  spikes   1-3,  ovoid,  loosely  ff  VD- 
(5-8-)  flowered,  closely   approximated,  sessile,  or   the  lower  on   a  very  shortly 
exserted   peduncle ;  perigynia  erect-spreading,  tapering  from    an   ovoid   15-20- 
nerved  base  into  a  long  beak,  slightly  rough  towards  the  apex.     (C.  folliculata, 
ScJik.,  Michx.,  not  of  L.)  —  Wet  meadows  and  swamps  ;  very  common.  —  Culm 
slender,  about  18'  high,  with  the  fertile  spikes  crowded  compactly  together: 
perigynia  6"- 7"  long. 

116.  C.  dirayii,  Carey.    Fertile  spikes  2  (sometimes  single),  globose,  densely 
(15-30-)  flowered,  separate  and  distinct,  on  short  exserted  peduncle* ;  periyynia. 
spreading  and  deflexed,  tapering  from  an  ovoid  25  -  30-nerved  base  into  a  long 
smooth  and  shining  beak. — Low  meadows  on  the  banks  of  the  Mohawk  and  of 


532  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

Wood  Creek,  New  York.     Also   in    Ohio    and    S.    Illinois.  -Culm  robust 

3°  high :  perigynia  |'  in  length.  —  Flowers  in  July,  a  month  later  than  the  last. 

*  *  Bracts  conspicuously  sheathing. 

117.  C.  follicillata,  L.     Staminate  spike  small,  short-stalked,  or  often 
sessile ;  fertile  spikes  3-4,  ovoid,  very  remote,  the  lower  on  exserted  peduncles; 
periyynia  erect-spreading,  tapering  from  an  oblong  base,  rather  exceeding  the  ovatr. 
white  I mg-awned  scale.     (C.  xanthophysa,  Wahl.) —  Teat-bogs,  New  England  to 
Penn.,  and  northward,  and  sparingly  southward.  —  A  robust  plant,  -2°  -4°  high, 
of  yellowish  appearance,  with  long  foliaceous  bracts,  and  leaves  $'  wide. 

118.  C.  rostrala,  Michx.     Staminate  spike  small,  nearly  sessile  ;  fertile 
tpikes  1-3,  commonly  2,  roundish-ovoid,  the  lower  rather  distant  on  a  short  ex- 
serted  peduncle;  perigynia  erect  or  somewhat  spreading,  tapering  from  an  oblong 
slightly  inflated  base  into  a  long  slender  beak  twice  the  length  of  the  blunt  light- 
brown  scale.     (C.  xanthophysa,  var.  nana  and  minor,  Dew.)  —  Cold  bogs,  moun- 
tains of  N.  New  York,  New  Hampshire,  and  northward.  —  Resembles  the  last; 
but  smaller  in  all  its  parts,  rigidly  erect,  and  with  narrow  leaves. 

119.  C.  Sllblllata,  Michx.     Fertile  spikes  3-5,  very  remote,  on  included 
peduncles  loosely  few-  (4  -  8-)  flowered,  commonly  with  a  few  staminate  flowers  at 
the  apex ;  periyynia  awl-shaped,  strongly  rejlexed  at  maturity ;  the  orifice  of  the 
long  slender  beak  furnished  with  2  sharp  and  rigidly  dtflexed  teeth.     (C.  Collinsii, 
Nutt.      C.  Michauxii,  Dew.)  —  Cedar   swamps,  New  Jersey  to  Rhode  Island 
(Olney)  near  the  coast,  and  far  northward  :  rare. 

120.  C.  Illpulilia,  Muhl.     Fertile  spikes  2  -  4,  d)long-ovoid,  erect,  the  up- 
per approximate,  the  lower  on  more  or  less  exserted  stalks ;  perigynia  erect,  ta]>sr~ 
ing  from  the  ovoid  very  inflated  base  into  a  conical  slightly  serrulate  beak,  much 
longer  than  the  lanceolate  awned  scale.  —  Var.  pOLYSxAciiYA,  Schw.  &  Torr. 
(C.  lupinilbrmis,  Sartwell),  has  4-5  longer  cylindrical  fertile  spikes,  the  lowest 
remote  on  a  long  peduncle ;  and  the  perigynia  more  distinctly  serrulate  on  the 
angles  of  the  beak.  —  Swamps  and  wet  meadows  ;  common.  —  A  coarse  robust 
species,  with  very  thick  spikes  2' -3'  in  length;  the  leaves  and  long  leafy  bracts 
3-4  lines  wide,  very  rough  on  the  margin. 

§  13.  Perigynia  much  injlated,  obovoid  or  obconic,  few-nerved,  smooth,  with  an  ex- 
tremely abrupt  and  very  long  slightly  roughened  beak,  terminated  by  2  distinct 
rather  short  membranaceous  teeth,  tawny-brown  or  straw-colored  at  maturity, 
spreading  horizontally,  or  the  lower  deflcxed :  bracts  leaf-like,  much  exceed 
ing  the  culm.  —  So.UAUR6s.3E. 

*  Spikes  1-3,  mostly  solitary,  very  rarely  4-5,  all  of  them  principally  pistillate, 
with  more  or  less  staminate  flowers  at  the  base :  sheaths  of  the  upper  bracts 
obsolete. 

121.  C.  SQliarrosa,  L.     Fertile  spikes  owid  or  oblong,  obtuse  and  very 
thick,  rigidly  erect,  on  short  stalks  ;  perigynia  longer  than  the  lanceolate  pointed 
scales,  which  ;irc  nearly*  concealed  by*  the  densely-crowded   liases  of  the  mature 
fruit.     (C  typhina,  J//r/*.r.) —  Low  meadows  and  copses,  S.  New  England  to 
Illinois    and    southward.  —  Remarkable  for  its  densely-flowered,  sbort  and  thick 
spikes,  about  1'  long,  to  which  the  spreading  beaks  of  the  perigynia  gi\e  a  bris- 
tly appearam  e. 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  533 

*  *  Spikea  4-7;  the  terminal  one  entirely  staminate,  small  and  linear,* or  with 
some  fertile  flowers  at  the  apex  :  the  rest  all  pistillate :  bracts  very  long, 
sheathing. 

122.  C.  Steil6IepiS,  Torr.     Fertile  spikes  cylindrical,   obtuse,  the  upper 
approximated,  nearly  sessile  on  the  zigzag  stem,  the  lower  remote  on  exserted 
stalks,  all  ei-ect,  very  densely  flowered  ;  perigynia  shorter  than  the  long  a\vn-like 
scales.     (C.  Frankii,  Kunth.     C.   Shortii,  Steitd.,  not  of  Torr.)  —  Marshes,  W. 
Penn.  ?  and  Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  southwcstward.  —  Somewhat  resembling 
the  last ;  but  the  spikes  are  narrower  and  more  numerous,  and  of  a  still  more 
bristly  appearance  from  the  projecting  points  of  the  scales :  occasionally  all  are 
fertile,  the  uppermost  having  no  staminate  flowers. 

{  14.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  nerved  (nerveless  in  No.  132)^  smooth  and  shining, 
becoming  straw-colored  at  maturity,  with  a  tapering  more  or  less  elongated  2-toothed 
beak:  bracts  leaf-like,  with  very  short  or  obsolete  sheaths  (conspicuously 
sheathing  in  No.  123),  much  exceeding  the  culm  (except  in  No.  132) :  scales 
brown  or  tawny  :  staminate  spikes  2-5  rarely  1,  stalked.  —  VESIC\RIJB. 

123.  C.  retrdrsa,  Schw.     Sterile  spikes  1-3,  the  uppermost  occasionally 
with  a  few  fertile  flower?,  the  rest  more  or  less  pistillate  at  the  base  ;  fertile  spikes 
4-5,  oblong-cylindrical,  erect,  the  upper  approximate  and  clustered  on  short  or  in- 
cluded stalks,  the  lowest  remote  on  a  long  exserted  stalk,  and  (with  one  or  more  of 
the  others)  often  bearing  1-2  short  branches  at  the  base;  perigynia  crowded, 
spreading  and  at  length  reflexed,  strongly  (few-)  nerved,  tapering  from  an  ovoid 
contracted  base  into  a  conspicuously  toothed  beak  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate 
scale.     (C.  reversa,  Spreng.) — Marshy  borders  of  streams,  New  England  to 
Penn.,  Wisconsin,   and   northwestward.  —  Culm   nearly  smooth  :    leaves  and 
bracts  3" -4"  wide,  much  exceeding  the  spikes,  which  are  !'-!£'  long. 

124.  C.  gigHlltca,  Rudge.     Sterile  spikes  several  (3-5);  perigynia  hori- 
zontally spreading  and  less  tumid  than  in  No.  120  :  otherwise  very  like  it,  but  a 
still  larger  plant.  —  Swamps,  along  rivers,  from  the  Ohio  (near  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, Short)  southward. 

125.  C.  Scliweinitzii,  Dew.      Sterile  spikes  commonly  2,  the  lower 
often  pistillate  at  the  base ;  fertile  spikes  3-4,  cylindrical,  somewhat  drooping, 
densely  Jlowered,  often  staminate  at  the  apex,  and  occasionally  the  lower  rather 
compound  at  the  base,  on  smooth  nearly  included  stalks  ;  perigynia  e/ect,  oblong- 
ovoid,  few-nerved,  tapering  into  a  long  and  smooth  short-toothed  beak,  a  little  longer 
than  the.  lanceolate  long-awned  scale.  —  Wet  swamps,  New  England,  New  Jersey, 
W.  New  York,  and  northward;  not  common.  —  Culm  10' -15'  high,  smooth: 
bracts  and  leaves  2" -3"  wide,  smooth  except  the  margins,  much  exceeding 
the  culm  :  fertile  spikes  (1^'  to  2^'  long,  rather  narrow)  and  the  whole  plant 
turning  straw-color. 

126.  C.  VCSlCaria,  L.     Sterile  spikes  2-3;  fertile  spikes  mostly  2,  rarely 
3  or  solitary,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  stout,  approximate,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower 
on  a  short  rough  stalk ;  perigynia  oMong-ovoid,  17 -nerved  at  base,  10-nerved  above, 
with  a  short  tapering  beak  longer  and  broader  than  the  pointed  or  long-tapering 
awnless  scale ;  culm  sharply  angled  and  rough  ;  leaves  and  bracts  green,  equal- 
ling or  rath»r  longer  than  the  culm. — N.  New  England  ^  and  northward.— 


534  CYPERACE^E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

Distinguished  from  the  next  by  the  shorter  fertile  spikes,  on  rough  stalks,  &  \d 
by  the  more  oblong  perigynium,  many-nerved  at  the  base.    (Eu.) 

127.  C.  moillle,  Tuckennan.     Sterile  spikes  3,  rarely  2  or  4 ;  fertile  spikes 
mostly  2,  rarely  3  or  solitary,  long-cylindrical,  remote,  on  smooth  stalks,  the  lowest 
often  nodding  and  loosely  flowered ;  perigynia  roundish-ovoid,  about   10-nerved, 
with  a  short  tapering  beak  terminating  in  an  oblique  orifice,  much  longei  and 
broader  than  the  taper-pointed  atvnless  scale ;  culm  slender,  sharply  angled  and 
rough  ;  leaves  and  bracts  green,  longer  than  the  culm.     (C.  bullata,  var.  cyiin- 
dracea,  &  C.  vesicaria,  var.  cylindracea,  Dew. )  —  Bogs,  New  England  to  Ken- 
tucky, and  northward.  —  Less  robust  than  the  last. 

128.  C.  aillpullacea,  Good.     Sterile  and  fertile  spikes  2-3,  most  fre- 
quently 2  of  each,  oblong  or  long-cylindrical,  remote,  sessile,  or  the  lower  on  short 
and  smooth  sometimes  nodding  stalks,  the  lowest  loosely  flowered  at  the  base ; 
perigynia  roundish-ovoid,  about  17-nervcd  at  the  base  and  10-nerved  at  the  apex., 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  cylindrical  beak ;  scales  lanceolate,  awnless,  or  the 
upper  with  a  rough  awn  shorter  than  the  perigynium ;  culm  slender,  obtusely  angled, 
smooth ;  leaves  and  bracts  glaucous,  often  involute,  longer  than  the  culm.  — 
Var.  UTRICULA.TA.     Staminate  spikes  3-4;  fertile  usually  3;  perigynia  oblong- 
elliptical,  tapering  ;  scales  lanceolate,  tapering,  terminated  (especially  the  lowest)  by  a 
long  rough  awn ;  culm  stout,  spongy  at  the  base,  smooth  or  rough  towards  the 
summit;  leaves  and  bracts  glaucous,  wide  and  much  longer  than  the  culm.    (C. 
utriculata,  Boott.)  —  In  swamps  ;  common  northward,  and  from  Arctic  Ameri- 
ca to  the  Pacific.  —  Differs  from  the  last  two  in  the  smooth  obtuse-angled  culm, 
glaucous  leaves,  and  particularly  by  the  awned  scale.    The  var.  is  the  prevailing 
form  in  the  United  Suites,  and  is  a  larger  and  stouter  plant ;  but  the  more  ellip- 
tical fruit,  and  awned  lower  scales,  do  not  appear  sufficiently  constant  to  sepa- 
rate it  specifically.     (Eu.) 

129.  C.  cylilldl'ica,  Schw.     Sterile  spikes  about  2;  fertile  spikes  2-3, 
commonly  3,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  stout,  somewhat  approximate,  on  rough  stalks, 
the   lowest  often  nodding;  perigynia  thin  and  transparent,  much  inflated,  oblong- 
ovoid,  obliquely  erect,  tapering  into  a  rather  abrupt  long-cylindrical  smooth  beak, 
much  longer  and  broader  than  the  ovate  pointed  or  rough-awned  scale  ;  bracts 
very  long  and,  like  the  narrow  leaves,  rough  and  exceeding  the  rough  culm. 
(C.  bullata,  Amer.  auth.,  not  of  Schk.    C.  Tuckermani,  Dew.,  Boott.)  —  Swamps, 
W.  New  York  to  Kentucky,  and  northward.  —  Differs  from  the  next  principally 
in  the  more  numerous  and  longer  fertile  spikes,  and  the  larger,  more  iridated 
and  membranaceous  ascending  fruit,  with  smooth  beaks. 

130.  C.  bullata,   Schk.     Sterile  spikes  2-3;  fertile  spikes  most  frequently 
only  one,  sometimes  2,  approximated,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  stout,  sessile  or  on  short 
smooth  stalks;  perigynia  spreading,  ovoid,  tapering  into  a  long-cylindrical  rough, 
beak,  much  wider  and  longer  than  the  obtusely-pointed  lanceolate  awnless  scale; 
bracts  and  leaves  narrow,  about  the  length  of  the  smootli  or  rouglwh  culm. 
(C.  cylindrica,  "J'nrktnimii,  Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.  (oxcl.   syn.),  not  of  Schic.) —  Wet 
meadows  ;  not  rare,  especially  southward.  —  Well  distinguished  from  the  last  by 
the  short  and  stout,  commonly  solitary  fertile  spike,  which  has  a  sqnarrosc  ap- 
pearance at  maturity  from   the  widely-spreading  fruit;  its  beak  minutely  (bit 
distinctly)  serrulate.  See  Addend. 


GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS     FAMIL1.)  535 

131.  C.  Oligosperma,    Michx.      Sterile   spikes    1-2,   slender;  fertile 
spikes  1-2,  short,  ovoid,  few-flowered,  the  lower  on  a  very  short  stalk;  perigynia 
ovoid,  tapering  into  a  short  minutely  toothed  beak,  not  much  longer  than  tho 
ovate  awnless  scale ;  culm  ver/  slender;  leaves  and  bracts  linear,  at  length  involute 
(C.  Oakesiana,  Dew.) — Borders  of  lakes  and  ponds,  especially  on  mountains, 
New  England,  N.  New  York,  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 

132.  C.  loiigil'OSlrf.-**,  Torr.     Sterile  spikes  usually  3,  at  the  summit  of 
a  long  slender  stalk ;  the  lower  often  bearing  some  fertile  flowers  ;  fertile  spike* 
2-3,  cylindrical,  more  or  less  distant,  on  long  Jilifonn  at  lenyth  drooping  stalks, 
loosely  flowered ;  perigynia  globose-ovoid,  smooth  and  shining,  abruptly  contracted 
into  a  very  long  and  narrow  beak,  which  is  rough  on  the  margin,  oblique  and  2- 
clcft  at  the  membranaceous  orlflce,  a  little  longer  than  the  lanceolate  light-colored 
or  white  scale.     (C.  Sprengelii,  Dew.}  —  Shady  rocks,  N.  New  England  to  Wis- 
consin, and  northward.  —  Though  agreeing  with  the  species  of  this  section  in  the 
numerous  staminate  spikes  and  the  long-beaked  fruit,  this  plant  is  perhaps  as 
nearly  allied  to  No.  97. 

ORDER  134.     GRAMINE^E.     (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

Grasses,  with  usually  hollow  stems  (culms)  closed  at  the  joints,  alternate  2- 
ranked  leaves,  their  sheaths  split,  or  open  on  the  side  opposite  the  blade;  the 
hypogynous  floicers  imbricated  with  ^-ranked  glumes  or  bracts :  the  outer  pair 
(glumes  proper,  calyx,  L.)  subtending  the  spikelet  of  one  or  several  flow- 
ers ;  the  inner  pair  (palece,  outer  perianth,  li.  Br.)  enclosing  each  partic- 
ular flower,  which  is  usually  furnished  with  2  or  3  minute  hypogynous 
scales  (squamulce,  Juss.,  corolla,  Micheli,  lodicuke,  Beauv.).  Stamens  1-6, 
commonly  3 :  anthers  versatile,  2-celled,  the  cells  distinct.  Styles  mostly 
2  or  2-parted :  stigmas  hairy  or  feathery.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  form- 
ing a  seed-like  grain  (can/apsis)  in  fruit.  Embryo  small,  on  the  outside 
and  at  the  base  of  the  floury  albumen.  —  Hoots  fibrous.  -Sheath  of  the 
leaves  usually  more  or  less  extended  above  the  base  of  the  blade  into  a 
scarious  appendage  (ligule).  Spikelets  panicled  or  spiked.  Inner  (upper) 
palea  usually  2-nerved  or  2-keeled,  therefore  probably  consisting  of  two 
united. — A  vast  and  most  important  family,  as  it  furnishes  the  cereal 
grains,  and  the  principal  food  of  cattle,  &c.  See  Plates  I.  to  YIII. 

Synopsis. 

Taas  I.  POACE^E,  R.  Brown.  Spikelets  1  -  many-flowered,  when  more  than  one- 
flowered  centripetal  in  development ;  the  lowest  flowers  first  developing,  the  uppermost, 
if  any,  imperfect  or  abortive,  the  rest  all  alike  in  the  spikelet  (perfect,  or  occasionally 
monoecious  or  dioecious) ;  only  in  a  few  exceptional  cases  with  the  lowest  of  the  several 
flowers  less  perfect  than  the  upper  (viz.  stammute  only  in  Arrhenatherum  and  Phrag- 
mites,  neutral  in  Uniola,  Ctenium,  &c.). 

flubtribe    1.      ORTZEJE.      Spikelets   1-flowered,  in  panicles,  the  flowers   often   monoecious. 

Glumes  abortive  or  wanting!     Inner  paleaj  3  -nerved !     Squamulse  2      Stamens  1-6 
1.  LEERSIA.     Flowers  perfect,  strongly  flattened  contrary  to  the  awnless  palese 
'4.  ZIZANIA.     Flowers  monoecious.     Paleae  convex ;  the  lower  one  awned  in  the  fertile  flower* 

28 


036  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

Sabtribe  2.  AGROSTIDEJE.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  perfect,  occasionally  with  the  rudiment  ct 
abortive  pedicel  of  a  second  flower  above,  panicled,  or  the  panicle  sometimes  contracted 
into  a  cylindrical  spike  or  head.  Stamens  1-3. 

•  PnLEOiDE.fi.    Glumes  equal,  strongly  keeled,  laterally  flattened,  boat-shaped,  somewhat  her- 

baceous, aa  well  as  the  palea;.     Squanmla;  2.     Grain  free.     Inflorescence  densely  spiked. 

3.  ALOPECURUS      Glumes  united  at  the  base.    Lowc-r  palea  awned,  the  upper  wanting. 

4.  PIILEUM.     Glumes  distinct.    Paleae  2,  the  lower  truncate  and  awnless. 

•  *  TRUE  AGROSTIDEJ3.     Glumes  equal,  or  often  unequal,  concave  or  keelr d,  uiembranaceoua 
Palea;  membranaccous  (except  in  part  of  No.  12).     Squamulae  2.    Grain  free     Inflorescence 
panicled,  open,  or  often  contracted  (glomerate),  but  not  strictly  spiked. 

*•  Glumes  and  palese  neither  awned,  bristle-bearing,  nor  mucronate,  naked.    Flower  sessile  it 
the  glumes,  naked  at  the  base  ;  the  lower  palea  1-nerved.     Fruit  deciduous. 

6.  VILFA.     S^ed  adherent  to  the  closely  investing  pericarp,  forming  a  caryopsis,  or  true  grain, 

as  in  most  Grasses.    Panicle  spiked  or  contracted. 

&   SPOKOBOLUS.     Seed  loose  in  the  pericarp  (utricle)      Panicle  spiked  or  diffuse. 
«-  ••-  Glumes  or  the  (3    5-nerved)  lower  palea  awned,  bristle-pointed,  or  mucronate  (except  in 
some  species  of  Agrostis)      Flower  raised  on  a  more  or  less  evident  stalk  (callus)  in  the 
glumes,  naked,  or  barely  hairy,  at  the  b:ise. 

7.  AGROSTTS.     Glumes  equal,  or  the  lower  one  rather  longer,  pointless,  exceeding  the  very 

thin  blunt  paleae.     Lower  palea  pointless,  commonly  awned  on  the  back  ;  the  upper 
sometimes  wanting.    Panicle  open. 

8.  POLYPOGON.     Glumes  nearly  equal  long-awned,  much  longer  than  the  paleae,  the  lowei 

of  wi.ich  is  often  short-awned  below  the  apex.     Stamens  3      Panicle  contracted. 

9.  CINNA.     Glumes  acute,  the  lower  about  equalling,  and  the  upper  slightly  exceeding,  the 

similar  paleae.     Stamen  1.     Palea?  raised  on  a  distinct  naked  stalk,  beardless,  the  lower 
one  short-awned  or  bristle-pointed  just  below  the  tip  ;  the  upper  1-nerved. 

10.  MUIILENBERGIA      Lower  glume  mostly  smaller.     Palea;  chiefly  hairy-bearded  at  the 

ba^e,  the  tip  of  the  lower  one  mucronate-pointed  or  awued.     Stamens  3. 

11.  BRACIIYELYTRUM      Lower  glume  nearly  obsolete,  and  the  upper  minute.     Lower  palene 

long-awned  from  the  tip  ;  the  upper  grooved  on  the  back  and  bearing  a  long  and  slen- 
der naked  pedicel  of  an  abortive  second  flower.     Stamens  2. 
+-  *-  «-  Glumes  and  palese  not  bristle-pointed.     Flower  hairy-tufted  at  the  base. 

12.  CALAMAGROSTIS      Lower  palea  mostly  awned  on  the  back,  shorter  than  the  glumes. 

«  *  *  STIPE.*;.  Palese  coriaceous,  or  indurated  in  fruit,  commonly  shorter  than  the  membra 
naceous  glumes,  on  a  rigid  callus  ;  the  lower  involute,  terete,  closely  enclosing  the  upper  and 
the  grain,  mostly  1-3-awned  at  the  apex  Squamulie  mostly  3.  Inflorescence  racemose  or 
panicled  :  npikclets  usually  large,  the  flower  deciduous  from  the  persistent  glumes. 

18.  OKY7X3PSIS.     Awu  simple,  straight,  deciduous  from  the  palea,  or  sometimes  wanting. 

14.  STIPA.     Awn  simple,  twisted  below.     Callus  pointed  at  the  base. 

15.  ARISTIDA.     Awn  triple.     Upper  palea  small.     Callus  pointed  at  the  base. 

»  #  *  *  Palea  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  awnless  Hore  the  following  would  be  sought  by  the 
student  who  overlooked  the  pair  of  rudimentary  flowers  in  No  55,  and  was  not  acquainted 
with  the  recondite  theoretical  structure  of  No  56  and  57. 

55.  PHALAKIS.     Spikelets  laterally  flattened.     A  rudiment  at  the  base  of  each  palea. 

66.  MILIL'M.     Ppikdets  dorsally  flatfish,  not  joinfo-d  with  the  pedicels  :  flowers  all  alike. 

67.  AM  I'll  1C  A  KIT  M.     PpikHi-ts  of  two  sorts,  the  fertile  subterranean,  those  of  the  panicle 

separating  by  a  joint  without  ripening  grain. 

Sabtribe  3  CHLORIDE.*.  Spikelets  (rarely  1-flowered,  usually)  2  -  several-flowered,  with  one 
or  more  of  the  upper  flowers  imperfect,  disposed  in  one-sided  spikes!  Glumes  persist- 
ent, the  upper  one  looking  outward,  llhachis  (axis)  jointless.  Spiked  usually  race-mod 
or  digitate.  Stamens  2  or  a 

*  Spikelets  strictly  l-flowered. 

68.  PASPALUM  might  be  looked  for  here,  having  to  all  appearance  merely  1-flowered  gpikokts. 
K5.  MPARTINA.    Spikelets  imbricated  2-ranked,  flat,  crowded  in  alternate  spikes. 


GBAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  537 

*  *  Sp  kelets  imperfectly  several-flowered,  but  only  one  perfect  flower,  and  this  internediate. 

the  one  or  two  below  it,  and  as  many  above,  neutral. 

17.  CTENIUM.     Spikelets  closely  imbricated  on  one  side  of  the  axis  of  a  single  curved  spike. 

*  *  *  Spikelets  with  one  perfect  flower  below  and  one  or  more  neutral  ones  or  rudiments  above. 

18.  BOUTELOUA.    Lower  palea  3-cleft  and  pointed  or  3-awned  at  the  apex.    Spikes  dense. 

19.  GYMNOPOGON.     Lower  palea  and  the  rudiment  1-awued.     Spikes  filiform,  racemed. 

20.  CYNODON.    Flower  and  the  rudiment  awnless.    Spikes  slender,  digitate. 

«  *  *  *  Spikelets  several-flowered  ;  more  than  one  of  the  lower  flowers  perfect  and  fertile. 
•t-  Spikes  digitate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  dense. 

21.  DACTYLOCTENIUM.     Glumes  compressed-keeled ;  outer  one  aw ned :  lower  palea  pointed 

22.  ELEUSINE.    Glumes  and  palea  both  awnless  and  blunt. 

•»-  «~  Spikes  racemed,  slender. 

23.  LEPTOCHLOA.     Spikelets  loosely  spiked.     Lower  palea  pointless  or  awned  at  the  tip. 
gubtribe  4.    FESTUCINE^:.     Spikelets  several-  (few -many-)  flowered,  panicled ;  the  upper- 
most flower  often  imperfect  or  abortive.    Palea?  pointless,  or  the  lower  sometimes  tipped 
with  a  straight  (not  twisted  nor  deeply  dorsal)  awn  or  bristle.    Stigmas  projecting  from 
the  side  of  the  flower.    Stamens  1-3. 

*  Culms  herbaceous.     Spikelets  with  the  lower  flowers  all  perfect. 

•»-  Grain  free  from  the  paleae.    (Also  free  in  one  or  two  species  of  No.  36.) 

*+  Joints  of  the  rhachis  of  the  spikelet  at  the  insertion  of  each  flower,  or  the  whole  rhacliis, 

bearded.     Palese  convex,  not  laterally  compressed      Glumes  and  paleae  membranaceous. 

24.  TKICUSPIS.     Spikelets  3  -  many -flowered.    Lower  palea  hairy -fringed  on  the  3  nerves,  one 

or  all  of  which  project  into  awns  or  mucronate  tips,  mostly  from  notches  or  clefts. 
26.  DUPONTIA.     Spikelets  2  -  3-flowered.     Lower  palea  scariou*,  entire  and  awnless. 

•H-  -H-  Rhachis  of  the  spikelet  and  base  of  the  flower  not  bearded. 
1T  Lower  palea  1-poiuted.  awned,  or  acute,  the  nerves  when  present  running  into  the  point. 

26.  DiARRHENA.     Glumes  (short)  and  the  rigid-pointed  lower  3-nerved  palea  coriaceous, 

convex-boat-shaped.     Stamens  2.    Pericarp  cartilaginous,  large.    Panicle  loosely  few- 
flowered. 

27.  DACTYLIS.     Glumes  (rather  long)  and  lower  palea  awn-pointed,  herbaceous,  compressed- 

keeled.     Panicle  contracted  in  one-sided  clusters. 

28.  KCELERIA.    Glumes  (nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet)  and  lower  palea  membranaceoufl 

keeled,  acute  or  mucronate,  or  rather  blunt.     Panicle  contracted,  spike-like. 

If  1f  Lower  palea  awnless  and  pointless,  blunt  (except  one  Glyceria),  the  nerves  parallel. 

a.  Glumes  extremely  dissimilar,  1J  -  3-flowered. 

29.  EATONIA.    Lower  glume  linear ;  the  upper  broadly  obovate  and  folded  round  the  flower* 

b.  Glumes  aUk0,  but  often  unequal  in  size. 

80.  MELICA.    Lower  palea  flattish-convex,  many-nerved,  membranaceous  at  the  top,  hard 

ening  on  the  loose  grain.    Fertile  'Sowers  1-3,  the  upper  enwrapping  some  deform» 
s*eril3  flowers. 

81.  GLYCERTA.    Lower  palea  convex  or  rounded  on  the  back,  5  -  7-nerved,  scarious  at  tb 

tip.    Spikelets  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  commonly  deciduous  at  maturity  by  th 
breaking  up  of  the  rhachis  into  joints. 

82.  BRIZOPYRUM.     Lower  palea  laterally  compressed  and  often  keeled,  acute,  rigid,  rathei 

coriaceou?  smooth,  faintly  many-nerved.     Spikelets  flat,  spiked-clustered. 
23.  POA.     Lower  palea  laterally  compressed  and  mostly  keeled,  5-nerved,  membranaceoua 

scarious-margined,  the  margins  or  nerves  below  often  cobwebby  or  pubescent :  th* 

upper  palea  not  remaining  after  the  lower  falls.     Spikelets  flattened. 

34.  ERAGROSTIS.     Lower  palea  3-nerved,  keeled,  deciduous,  leaving  the  upper  persistent  OK 
.     the  rhachis.     Spikelets  flat. 

•»-  +-  Grain  aSherent  to  the  upper  palea. 
85.  BRTZA.     Lower  palea  rounded  and  very  obtuse,  pointless,  many-nerved,  flattened  parallel 

to  the  glumes,  becoming  ventricose,  broadly  scarious-margiued.    Spikelets  compressed 

somewhat  heart-shaped. 
oG.  FESTUCA.     Lower  palea  convex  on  the  back,  acute,  pointed,  or  awned  at  the  tip,  few 

nerved.    Spikelets  terete  or  flattish.     Styles  terminal. 


538  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

37.   BROMUS.    Lower  palea  convex  or  keel?"  on  the  back,  mostly  awned  or  brittle-bearing  l:e» 

low  the  2-cleft  tip,  5  -  9-nerved.     Styles  subterniinal. 
*  *  Culms  herbaceous,  often  tall  and  reed-like.     Lowest  flower  sterile.    Grain  free. 

88.  UNIOLA.     Spikclets  very  flat ;  the  one  or  more  lowest  flowers  neutral,  of  a  single  empty 

palea      Flowers  strongly  compressed  keeled,  crowded,  coriaceous. 

89.  PHRAGMJTE3.     Spikelets  strongly  silky-bearded  on  the  rhachis,  loosely-flowered,  the  low- 

est flower  staminate  or  neutral.     Paleae  membranaceous. 

*  *  *  Culms  woody,  suffruticose  or  arborescent. 

40.  ARUNDJNARIA.    Spikelets  flattened,  loosely  6-  14-flowered  :  the  jointed  rhachis  naked. 

Bubtribe  5.     HORDEINE.S.     Spikelets  1-  several- flowered,  sessile  on  opposite  sides  of  a  zigzag 
jointed  rhachis  (which  is  excavated  or  channelled  on  one  side  of  each  joint),  forming 
spike .    Glumes  sometimes  abortive  or  wanting.  —  Otherwise  as  in  the  preceding  subtrib«» 
*  Spikelets  single  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis,  1-flowered.     Spikes  often  several. 

41.  LEPTURUS.     Spikelets  almost  immersed  in  the  excavations  of  the  slender  rhachis. 

»  *  Spikelets  single  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis,  several-flowered.    Spike  solitary. 

42.  LOLIUM.     Glume  1,  external :  spikelets  placed  edgewise  on  the  rhachis. 

48.  TRITICUM.    Glumes  2,  transverse  (right  and  left) ;  spikelets  placed  flatwise  on  the  rhach. 

*  *  *  Spikelets  2  or  more  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis.     Spike  solitary. 
•«-  Glumes  anterior,  forming  a  sort  of  involucre  for  the  cluster  of  spikelets. 

44.  HORDEUM.    Spikelets  1-flowered,  3  at  each  joint,  but  the  two  lateral  usually  sterile. 

45.  ELYMUS.     Spikelets  1  -  several-flowered,  all  perfect  and  similar. 

«-  t-  Glumes  none  or  1  -  2  awn-like  rudiments. 
4f,.  GYMNOSTICIIUM.    Spikelets  few-flowered,  somewhat  pedicelled,  1  -  3  at  each  joint. 

Suotribe  6.  AVEXES:.  Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered,  panicled  ;  the  rhachis  or  base  of  tbo 
flowers  often  villous-bearded.  Glumes  mostly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  flowers.  Low- 
er palea  bearing  a  twisted,  bent,  or  straight  awn  on  its  back  or  below  its  apex  (hi  J'o.  18 
between  the  teeth) ;  the  upper  2-neryed.  Stamens  3. 

*  Flowers  all  perfect,  or  the  uppermost  merely  rudimentary. 
•»-  Lower  palea  truncate  or  obtuse,  its  summit  mostly  denticulate  or  eroded. 
47    AIRA.     Awn  on  the  back  or  near  the  base  of  the  palea,  bent  or  straight. 

•i-  ••-  Lower  palea  cleft  at  the  apex  into  2  acute  or  sharp-pointed  teeth. 
**  Awn  borne  between  the  sharp  or  awn-pointed  teeth  ;  proceeding  from  3  middle  nerve*. 
48.  DANTIIONIA.     Lower  ^alea  rounded  on  the  back  ;  the  a\vn  flat,  spirally  twisted, 
•w-  ++  Awn  below  the  apex  or  dorsal,  proceeding  from  the  midncrve  only. 

43.  TRISETUM.     Lower  palea  compressed-keeled.     Awn  mostly  bent  or  flexuous. 
60.  AVENA.     Lower  palea  rounded  on  the  back.     Awn  mostly  twisted  or  bent. 

*  *  One  of  the  flowers  staminate  only. 
f>1.  AHKIIENATHERTJM.     Lower  flower  staminate  ;  the  perfect  one  commonly  awnless ;  tha 

uppermost  a  rudiment :  otherwise  as  No.  50. 
62.  IIOLCUS.    Lower  flower  perfect,  awnless ;   the  upper  staminate  and  awned :   rudiment 

none 

TRIBE  II.     PHAL-ARIDEjE,  Trin.  (not  of  Kunth).    Spikelets  3-flowered  ;  the  upper, 
most  or  middle  (terminal)  flower  perfect;  the  two  lower  (one  on  each  side)  imperfect, 
either  staminate,  neutral,  or  reduced  to  an  inconspicuous  rudiment. 
Subtribe  1.     ANTHOXA.NTIIE*.     Lateral  flowers  mostly  awned,  staminate  or  neutral,  of  1  or  2 

palene ;  the  perfect  one  awnless  and  diandrous.     Upper  palea  1-nerved. 
5".  II1EROCIILOA      Lateral  flowers  staminate  and  triandrous,  of  2  paleze. 
64.   ANTHOXANTHCM.     Lateral  flowers  neutral,  each  of  a  single  awned  palea. 

Subtribe  2.     PHALARIDE*  Proper.     Lateral  flowers  reduced  to  a  small  neutral  rudiment  on 

each  side  of  the  fertile  one  ;  which  is  awuless  and  triandrous. 

56.  PHALARIS.     Glumes  boat-shaped,  keeled,  enclosing  the  coriaceous  fertils  flower,  which  if 
somewhat  flattened  laterally. 


GRAM1NEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  53$ 

Taisa  III.  PA1VICEJE.  Spikelets  2-flowered ;  the  lower  flower  always  imperfect,  cither 
stwninate  or  neutral ;  in  the  latter  case  usually  reduced  to  a  single  empty  valYe  (placed 
next  the  lower  glume,  if  that  be  present) ;  the  upper  (terminal)  flower  (placed  next  tb« 
upper  or  inner  glume)  only  fertile.  Embryo  and  groove  (when  present)  on  the  outer 
side  of  the  grain !  (next  the  lower  valve  of  the  fertile  flower).  (Flowers  polygamous,  or 
hemigamous  (when  the  lower  flower  is  neutral),  or  sometimes  seemingly  simple  and  per- 
fect, from  the  suppression  both  of  the  lower  glume  and  of  the  upper  palea  of  the  neutral 
flower,  sometimes  monoecious,  or  rarely  dioecious.  Rai-ely  both  glumes  are  wanting.) 

Bubtribe  1.  PASPALE.S:,  Griseb.  Glumes  and  sterile  paleae  herbaceous  or  membranaceous : 
paleae  of  the  fertile  flower  of  firmer  texture,  coriaceous  or  chartaceous,  awuless,  not 
keeled,  more  or  less  flattened  parallel  with  the  glumes. 

*  Spikelets  appearing  as  if  simply  1-flowered  from  the  suppression  of  the  lower  glume  ;  the  sin- 

gle neutral  palea  of  the  sterile  flower  apparently  occupying  its  place.    (Awnless.) 

66.  MILIUM.     Spikelets  not  jointed  with  their  pedicels,  all  alike  in  a  terminal  open  panicle. 

67.  AMPHICARPUM.     Spikelets  jointed  with  their  pedicels,  of  2  sorts  ;  one  in  a  terminal  pan- 

icle ;  the  other  subterranean,  on  radical  peduncles. 

68.  PASPALUM.    Spikelets  jointed  with  their  short  pedicels,  all  alike,  plano-convex,  in  one 

Bided  spikes  or  spiked  racemes. 

*  *  Spikelets  manifestly  1^-2 -flowered  (polygamous,  the  lower  flower  staminate  or  often  neu- 

tral), the  lower  glume  being  present. 

69.  PANICUM.     Spikelets  not  involucrate,  nor  the  peduncles  bristle-bearing.    Lower  gluine 

small  or  minute.     Sterile  flower  either  staminate  or  neutral. 

60.  SET  ARIA.     Spikelets  spiked-panicled,  the  peduncles  continued  into  naked  solitary  bristles  • 

otherwise  as  in  Panicum. 

61.  CENCHRUS.     Spikelets  enclosed  1-5  together  in  a  hard  and  spiny  globular  bur-like  invo- 

lucre. 

Subtribe  2.  SACCHARE^E.  Fertile  paleae  membranaceous  or  scarious,  always  of  thinner  and 
more  delicate  texture  than  the  (often  indurated)  glumes,  frequently  awned  from  the  tip. 
Spikelets  usually  in  pairs  or  threes,  panicled  or  spiked,  some  of  them  entirely  sterile 
(heterogamous). 

*  Spikelets  monoecious,  imbedded  in  the  separable  joints  of  the  spike. 
63.  TRIPSACUM.     Staminate  spikelets  above,  in  pairs  at  each  joint :  pistillate  single  in  each 

joint :  glumes  indurated. 

»  *  Fertile  spikelets  with  one  perfect  and  one  sterile  (staminate  or  mostly  neutral)  flower:  low- 
er palea  of  the  perfect  flower  awned. 

63.  ERIANTIIUS.    Both  epikelets  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  alike  fertile,  invclucrate  with  a 

silky  tuft :  otherwise  as  No.  64. 

64.  ANDROPOGON.     Spikelets  2  at  each  joint  of  the  plumose-hairy  spikes,  one    €  them  sessifo 

and  fertile  ;  the  other  pedicelled  and  sterile  or  rudimentary. 

06.  SORGHUM.     Spikelets  in  open  panicles,  2-3  together,  the  lateral  ones  sterile  or  sometimes 
reduced  to  mere  pedicels. 

1.     L.EERSIA,    Solander.        FALSE  RICE.     WHITE.  GRASS. 

Sjxikelets  1-flowered,  perfect,  flat,  crowded  in  one-sided  panicled  spikes  or 
racemes,  more  or  less  imbricated  over  each  other,  jointed  with  the  short  pedicels. 
Glumes  wanting.  Paleae  chartaceous,  much  flattened  laterally,  boat-shaped, 
ftwnless,  bristly-ciliate  on  the  keels,  closed,  nearly  equal  in  length,  but  the  lower 
much  broader,  enclosing  the  flat  grain.  Stamens  1-6.  Stigmas  feathery,  the 
hairs  branching.  —  Perennial  marsh  grasses  :  the  flat  leavss,  sheaths,  &c.,  rough 
upwards  (especially  in  No.  1),  being  clothed  with  -very  minute  hooked 
(Named  after  Leers,  a  German  botanist..) 


540  GRAMINE.E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

*  Spikelets  narrowly  oblong,  rather  loosely  crowded. 

1.  L<.  oryzoide§,  Swartz.    (RiCE  CUT-GRASS.)    Panicle  diffusely  brai  cl.ed 
often  sheathed  at  the  base;  spikelets  fiat,  rather  spreading  in  flower   (2£" -3' 
long);  stamens  3  ;  paleae  strongly  bristly-ciliate  (whitish).  —  Wet  places;  com- 
mon.    (Eu.) 

2.  JL.  Virginica,  Willd.     (WHITE  GRASS.)     Panide  simple;  the  spike- 
lets  clssely  oppressed  on  the  slender  branches  around  which  they  are  partly  curved 
(H';  long) ;  stamens  2  (a  third  imperfect  or  wanting) ;  paleaa  sparingly  ciliate 
(greenish-white).  —  Wet  woods.     Aug.,  Sept. 

#  #  Spikelets  broadly  oval,  imbricately  covering  each  other  (2i"-3"  long). 

3.  Li.  leiiticuluris,  Michx.     (FLY-CATCH  GRASS.)     Smoothish ;  pan! 
cle  simple  ;  paleae  very  flat,  strongly  bristly  ciliate  (said  to  close  and  catch  flies)  t 
BtPtnens  2.  —  Low  grounds,  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

OKYZA  SATIVA,  the  RICE-PLANT,  is  allied  to  this  genus. 

2.     ZIZANIA,    Gronov.        WATER  or  INDIAN  RICE. 

Flowers  monoecious;  the  staminate  and  pistillate  both  in  1 -flowered  spikelets 
in  the  same  panicle.  Glumes  wanting,  or  rudimentary,  and  forming  a  little 
cup.  Paleae  herbaceo-membranaceous,  convex,  awnless  in  the  sterile  spikelets, 
the  lower  tipped  with  a  straight  awn  in  the  fertile  ones.  Stamens  6.  Stigmas 
pencil-form.  —  Large  and  often  reed-like  water-grasses.  Spikelets  jointed  with 
the  club-shaped  pedicels,  very  deciduous.  (Adopted  from  Zi£ui>ioi>,  the  ancient 
name  of  some  wild  grain.) 

1.  Z.  aqil£tica,  L.     (INDIAN  RICE.     WATER  OATS.)     Loiver  branches 
of  the  ample  pyramidal  panicle  staminate,  spreading ;  the,  upper  erect,  pistillate 
pedicels  stronglv  club-shaped;  lower  palece  long-awned,  rough  ;  styles  distinct; 
grain  linear,  slender.     ©  (Z.  clavulosa,  Michx.)  —  Swampy  borders  of  streams 
and  in  shallow  water;  common,  especially  northwestward.     Aug.  —  Culms  3°- 
9°  high.     Leaves  flat,  2° -3°  long,  linear-lanceolate.     Grain  £'  long  ;  gathered 
for  food  by  the  Northwestern  Indians. 

2.  Z.  milificca,  Michx.     Panicle  diffuse,  ample,  the  staminate  and  pis- 
tillate Jlcwers  intermixed;  awns  short ;  styles  united  ;  grain  ovate.      ]\. —  Pcnu  * 
Ohio,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Leaves  involute. 

3.     AL-OPECtJRUS,    L.        FOXTAIL  GRASS. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered.  Glumes  boat-shaped,  strongly  compressed  and  keeled, 
nearly  equal,- united  at  the  base,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  lower  palca,  which 
is  awned  on  the  back  below  the  middle:  upper  palea  wanting!  Stamens  3. 
Styles  mostly  united.  Stigmas  long  and  feathered.  —  Panicle  contracted  into  a 
cylindrical  and  soft  dense  spike.  (Name  from  aXa>7rr;£,  fox,  ar.d  oipa,  tail,  the 
popular  appellation,  from  the  shape  of  the  spike.) 

1.  A.  ritATENSis,  L.  (MEADOW  FOXTAIL.)  Culm  upright,  smooth  (2° 
high);  paled  equalling  the  acute  glumes;  awn  exserted  more  than  liti/f  its  length, 
tnnsttd ;  upper  leaf  much  shorter  than  its  inflated  sheath.  U — Meadows  and 
pastures  of  E.  New  England  and  New  York.  May.  (Nat.  frjiu  Eu.) 


GRAMINJLE.       (GRASS     FAMILY.)  541 

2.  A.  GENicuiAxus,  L.     (FLOATING  FOXTAIL.)      Culm  ascending,  beiit 
at  the  lower  joints  ;  palea  rather  shorter  than  the  obtuse  glumes,  the  awn  from  near 
ite  base  aid  projecting  half  its  length  beyond  it ;  anthers  linear;  upper  leaf  as  long 
as  its  sheath.      1J.  —  Moist  meadows:  rare.     July,  Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  A.  siriKtiairetus,    Michx.      (WILD    WATER-FOXTAIL.)       Glaucous; 
culm  decumbent  below,  at  length  bent  and  ascending ;  palea  rather  longer  than 
the  obtuse  glumes,  scarcely  exceeded  by  the  awn  which  rises  from  just  beiow  its  mid- 
dle; anthers  oblong.     1J.  (A.  subaristatus,  Pers.)  — In  water  and  wet  meadows; 
common,  especially  northward.     June  -  August.     Spike  more  slender  and  paler 
than  in  the  last.     (Eu.) 

4.     P II 1.  J2  U  HE ,    L.        CAT'S-TAIL  GRASS.  • 

Paleae  both  present,  shorter  than  the  rnucronate  or  awned  glumes  ;  the  lower 
one  truncate,  usually  awnless.  Styles  distinct.  Otherwise  much  as  in  Alope- 
curus.  —  Spike  very  dense,  harsh,  (An  ancient  Greek  name,  probably  of  the 
Cat-tail.) 

1.  P.  PRATENSE,  L.     (TIMOTHY.     HERD'S-GRASS  in   New  England  and 
New  York.)     Spike  cylindrical,  elongated  ;  glumes  eiliate  on  the  back,  tipped 
with  a  bristle  less  than  half  their  length.      ]\.  —  Meadows,  £c. ;  very  valuable  for 
hay.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  «ll|>i  Bill  III,  L.      Spike  ovate-oblong;  glumes  strongly  ciliate-fringed 
on  the  back,  tipped  with  a  rough  awn-like  bristle  about  their  own  length.     1J.  — 
Alpine  tops  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward. 
(Eu.)  See  Addend. 

5.     VIL.FA,    Aclans.,  Beauv.        RUSH-GRASS, 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  in  a  contracted  or  spiked  panicle.  Glumes  1-nerved  or 
nerveless,  not  awned  or  pointed,  the  lower  smaller.  Flower  nearly  sessile  in  the 
glumes.  Paleae  2,  much  alike,  of  the  same  texture  as  the  glumes  (membrana- 
ceo-chartaceous)  and  usually  longer  than  they,  naked,  neither  awned  nor  mu 
cronatc  ;  the  lower  1 -nerved  (rarely  somewhat  3-nerved).  Stamens  chiefly  3. 
Stigmas  simply  feathery.  Grain  (caryopsis)  oblong  or  cylindrical,  deciduous. 
—  Culms  wiry  or  rigid.  Leaves  involute,  usually  bearded  at  the  throat ;  their 
sheaths  often  enclosing  the  lateral  panicle.  (Name  unexplained.) 

1.  V.  asperil,  Beauv.     Root  perennial ;  culms  tufted  (2° -4°  high);  low- 
est leaves  very  long,  rigid,  rough  on  the  edges,  tapering  to  a  long  involute  and 
thread-like  point ;  the  upper  short,  involute ;  sheaths  partly  enclosing  the  con- 
tracted panicle ;  palece  much  longer  than  the  unequal  glumes  ;  grain  oval  or  oblong. 
(AgAr-stis  aspera,  Michx.     A    clandestina  &  A.  involuta,  Mnhl.     A.  longifolia, 
Torr.)  —  Sandy  fields  and  dry  hills  ;  not  rare,  especially  southward.     Sept. — 
Spikelets  2"  -  3"  long.     Paleae  rough  above,  smooth  or  hairy  below,  of  greatly 
varying  proportions  ;  the  upper  one  tapering  upwards,  acute,  and  one  half  to 
twice  longer  than  the  lower,  or  else  obtuse  and  equalled,  or  even  considerably 
exceeded,  by  the  lower  ! 

2.  V.  vagilliUtlora,  Torr.     Root  annual ;  culms  slender  (6  -12'  high) 
fiscending ;  leaves  involute-awl-shaped  (!'  -  4'  long) ;  panicles  simple  aiid  spiked. 


512  GRAMINE^E.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

the  lateral  and  often  the  terminal  concealed  in  the  sheaths  ; 
about  l/te  length  of  the  nearly  equal  glumes ;  only  one  third  longer  tLan  the  linear 
grain.  (Agrostis  Virginica,  Mahl.,  not  of  L.  Crypsis  Yirg.,  Nutt.) — Barren 
and  sandy  dry  fields,  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  common  southward.  Sept. 
3.  V.  Yirgillica,  Beauv.  Root  perennial ;  culms  tufted,  slender  (5'-  12f 
long),  often  procumbent,  branched ;  leaves  convolute  ;  palete  rather  shorter  than 
the  nearly  equal  acute  gluni?s.  (Agrostis  Virginica,/,.) —  Sandy  sea-shore, 
Virginia  (Clayton]  and  southward.  —  Spikelets  much  smaller  and  more  numer 
ous  than  in  the  last.  See  Addend. 

6.     SPOROBOJLUS,    R.  Brown.        DROP-SEED  GRASS. 

Spikelets  1-  (rarely  2-)  flowered,  in  a  contracted  or  open  panicle.     Flower* 
nearly  as  in  Vilfa;  the  paleae  longer  than  the  unequal  glumes.     Stamens  2-3 
Grain  a  globular  utricle  (hyaline  or  rarely  coriaceous),  containing  a  loose  seed, 
deciduous  (whence  the  name,  from  crrropa,  seed,  and  /3uXA&>,  to  cast  forth). 
#  Glumes  very  unequal :  panicle  pyramidal  t  open, 

1.  S.  j  S3  II CC11S,  Kunth.     Leaves  in  col  ute,  narrow,  rigid,  the  lowest  elongat- 
ed; culm  (l°-2°high)  naked  above,  bearing  a  narrow  loose  panicle;  glume* 
ovate,  rather  obtuse,  the  lower  one  half  as  long  as,  the  upper  equalling,  the  nearly 
equal  palete.      1J.    (Agrostis  juncea,   Michx.     Vilfa  juncca,   Trin.)  —  Dry  soil, 
Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and  (chiefly)  southward.     Aug.  —  Spikelets  l"-2 
long,  shining. 

2.  S.  Iicter61epis.     Leaves  involute-thrcad-form,  rigid,  the  lowest  as  long 
as  the  culm   (l°-2°),  which  is  naked  above;  panicle  very  loose;  glumes  very 
unequal;  the  lower  awl-shaped  (or  bristle-pointed  from  a  broad  base)  and  some- 
what shorter,  the  tipper  ovate-oblong  and  taper-minted  and  longer,  than  the  equal 
palece.     1J.  (Vilfa  heterolcpis,  Gray.)  —  Dry  soil,  Connecticut,  N.  New  York, 
Ohio,  and  Wisconsin.     Aug.  —  Plant  exhaling  an  unpleasant  scent  (Suuivant), 
stouter  than  the  last,  the  spikelets  thrice  larger.     Utricle  spherical  (!•'  in  diam- 
eter), shining,  thick  and  Coriaceous  ! 

3.  S.   crypH&lldrilS.     Leaves  flat,  pale  (2"  wide) ;  the  pyramidal  panicle 
bursting  from  the  upper  sheath  which  usually   encloses   its    base,   its    spreading 
branches  hairy  in  the  axils  ;  upper  glume  lattceoldte,  rather  acute,  twice  the  length  oj 
the  lower  one,  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  pnlcie;  sheaths  strongly  boarded  at  the 
throat,      U  1  (Agr.  &  Vilfa  cryptandra,  Torr.)  —  Sandy  soil,  Buffalo,  New  York, 
to  Illinois,  and  south  and  westward.     Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  Oakes.     Aug. — 
Culm  2° -3°  high.     Panicle  lead-color  :  spikelets  small. 

=H  *  Glumes  almost  equal,  shorter  than  the  broad.  pale(e :  panicle  racemnse-elongcJfd, 
open,  thr  p,'di'rf/fi  capillary:  sheaths  naked  at  the  throat :  spikelets  not  Wlfreqwmtlg 
2-Jlotcered.  (Colpodium  '<) 

4.  S.  COmpr<>SSUS,  Kunth.     Very  smooth,  leafy  to  the  top;  culms  tufted, 
stout,  very  Jltl  ;  sheaths  flattened,  much  longer  than  the  internoder  ;  leaves  erect, 
narrow,  conduplicate-ehannelled ;  glumes  acntish,  about  ono  third  shorter  than 
the  obtuse  ]i;ilea\      1J.    (Agrostis  comprcssa,  Torr.     Vilfa,  Trin.)  -    Bogs  in  the 
pine  burreiis  of  New  Jcrscv.     Sej)t.  —  Forming  strong  tussocks,   l°-2D  high. 
r;;uid>'  8'  -  12'  long:  spikelets  1''  long,  purplish. 


GKA:,I1N!:.E.        (GRASS     FAMILY.)  54£ 

5  S.  SCr6tilillS.  Smooth;  culms  very  slender,  fattii,  (8' -15'  high), 
few-leaved;  leaves  very  slender,  channelled;  panicle  so<m  much  txsertcd,  the  dif- 
fuse capillary  branches  scattered;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  about  half  the  length 
of  the  paleas.  (X  ?  (Agr.  &  Vilfa  serotina,  Torr.  V.  tcnera,  Trin.  Po.a  ?  uni- 
flora,  Muhl.  P.  raodesta,  Tuckerm.) —  Sandy  wet  places,  E.  New  England  to 
New  Jersey  and  Michigan.  Sept. — A  very  delicate  grass;  the  spikc'cts,  &c. 
«maller  than  in  the  last. 

71.     AGROSTIS,    L.        BENT-GRASS. 

Spikclets  1 -flowered,  in  an  open  panicle.  Glumes  somewhat  equal,  or  the 
lower  rather  longer,  usually  longer  than  the  palcaa,  pointless.  Paleoj  very  thin, 
pointless,  naked;  the  lower  3-5-nerved,  and  frequently  awned  on  the  hack,  the 
upper  often  minute  or  wanting.  Stamens  chiefly  3.  Grain  (caryopsis)  free. 
—  Culms  usually  tufted,  slender.  (Name  from  dypos,  a  field,  the  place  of 
growth.) 

$  1.  TRICII6DIUM,  Michx. —  Upper  paka  abortive,  minute,  or  none. 

1.  A.  data,  Trin.     (TALLER  THIN-GRASS.)     Culms  firm or  stout  (2°-3° 
high) ;  leaves  flat  (l"-2"  wide) ;  upper  ligules  elongated  (2"-3"  long) ;  spike- 
lets  crowded  on  tlte  branches  of  the  spreading  panicle  above  the  middle  (1^'long); 
lower  palca  awnless,  slightly  shorter  than  the  rather  unequal  glumes  ;  the  upper 
wanting.      1|.  (A.  Schweinitzii,  Trin.  ?     A.  altissima,  Tuckerm.,  excl.  var.  laxa. 
Tfich.  elatum,  Pursh.)  —  Swamps,  New  Jersey  and  southward.     October. 

2.  A.  pereimaiis,  Tuckerm.    (THIN-GRASS.)     Culms  slender,  erect  from 
a  decumbent  base   (l°-2°  high);  leaves  flat  (the  upper  4' -6'  long,  l"-2" 
wide) ;  panicle  at  length  diffusely  spreading,  pale  green,  th*  branches  short,  divided 
and  flower-bearing  from  or  below  the  middle ;   lower  palea  awnless  (rarely  short- 
awncd),  shorter  than  the  unequal  glumes  ;  the  upper  minute  or  obsolete.     1J. 
(Cornucopia?  perennans,  Walt.     Trich.  perennans,  Ell.     T.  decumbens,  Michx. 
T.  scabrum,  Haiti.,  not  Agr.  scabra,  Willd.     Agr.  anomala,    Willd.) — Damp 
shaded  places.     July,  Aug  —  Spikelets,  &c.  as  in  No.  3,  into  which  it  appear* 
Ho  vary. 

3.  A.  SCabra,  Willd.     (HAIR-GRASS.)     Culms  very  slender,  erect  (l°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  short  and  narrow,  the  lower  soon  involute  (the  upper  1'  -  3'  long, 
less  than  1"  wide) ;  panicle  very  loose  and  divergent,  purplish,  the  long  capillary 
benches  flower-bearing  at  and  near  the  apex ;  lower  palea  awnless  or  occasionally 
thort-awned  on  the  back,  shorter  than  the  rather  unequal  very  acute  glumes;  the 
upper  minute  or  obsolete.     1J.  (2.)  ?  (A.  laxiflora,  Richard.    A.  Michauxii,  Trin. 
partly.     Trich.  laxiflorum,  Michx.     T.  montanum,  Torr.) — Exsiccated  places, 
common.      June,  July.  —  Remarkable  for  the   long  and   divergent   capillary 
branches  of  the  extremely  loose  panicle ;  these  arc  whorled,  rough  with  very 
minute  bristles  (under  a  lens),  as  also  the  keel  of  the  glumes.     Spikelets  1' 
long.  —  A  variety  ?   from   about   the   White   Mountains,   &c.    ( var.   moutana, 
Tuckerm.),  has  a  more  or  less  exserted  awn,  thus  differing  from  the  T.  monta- 
nunr,  Torr.  (A.  oreophUa,  Trin.),  which  is  a.  dwarfed  form,  growing  in  tufi.s  in 
hollows  of  rocks,  &c. 


544  GKAMINL.E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

4.  A.  CAxL\A,  L.     (BROWN  BUNT-GRASS.)     Culms  slender  (1°- 2°  high)  • 
root-leaves  involute-bristle-form,   tliose  of  the  culm  flat  and   broader,  linear ; 
branches  of  the  short  and  loose  erect-spreading  panicle  slender,  branching  above 
the  middle ;  lower  paha  a  little  shorter  than  the  almost  equal  glumes,  bearing  a 
'•ong  (at  length  bent  or  somewhat  twisted)  awn  on  the  back  a  little  below  the  middle, 
the  upper  one  minute  and  inconspicuous  (only  half  the  length  of  the  ovary); 
spikelets  greenish,  turning  brown  or  purplish,  about  1"  long,      ty  — Meadows, 
&c.,  E.  New  England  :  scarce.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  alpliia,  Oakes  (var.  ?  tenella,  Ton:  ;  A.  rubra,  L.,  cd.  1. ;  A.  Picker- 
ingii  &  A.  concinna,  Tuckerin.),  is  a  lower,  often  contracted  mountain  form,  with 
spikelets  l£"  long.  Mountain-tops,  Maine  to  New  York.  July,  Aug.  (Eu.) 

9  2.  AGROSTIS  PROPER.  —  Upper  palea  manifest,  but  shorter  than  the  lower. 

5.  A.   Vlllgaris,    With.      (RED-TOP.      HERD'S-GRASS   of  Penn.,   &c.) 
Rootstocks  creeping;  culm  mostly  upright   (l°-2°high);  panicle  oblong,  with 
spreading  slightly  rough  short  branches  (purple)  ;  leaves  linear;  ligule  very  short, 
truncate;  lower  palea  nearly  equalling  the  glumes,  chiefly  awnless,  3-nerved ; 
the  upper  about  one  half  its  length.     1J.  (A.  polymorpha,  Huds.  partly.  —  Varies 
with  a  rougher  panicle  (A.  hispida,  Willd.),  and  rarely  with  the  flower  awned 
(A.  pumila,  L.}  — Low  meadows ;  naturalized  from  Eu.     Also  native  in  North- 
ern New  York  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

6.  A.  ALBA,  L.     (WHITE  BENT-GRASS.)     Culm  ascending,  rooting  at  the 
lower  joints  (l°-2°  high) ;  panicle  narrow,  contracted  after  flowering  (greenish- 
white  or  barely  tinged  with  purple),  the  branches  rough  ;  ligule  oblong  or  linear  ; 
lower  palea  rather  shorter  than  the  glumes,  5-nerved,  awnless,  or  rarely  short- 
awned  on  the  back ;  otherwise  as  in  the  last.     1J.  —  Varies  with  the  panicle 
more  contracted   (A.  stolon  ifera,  L.,  Fiorin  Grass) ;  and  var.  ARJSTATA,  with 
the  lower  palea  long-awned  from  near  its  base.     (A.  stricta,  \Yilld.) — Moist 
meadows  and  fields.     A  valuable  grass,  like  the  foregoing.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§.     POL.YPOGON,    Desf.        BEARD-GRASS. 

Spikelets  1-flowcred,  in  a  contracted  somewhat  spike-like  panicle.  Glumes 
nearly  equal,  long-awned,  much  longer  than  the  membranaceous  paleae,  the  lower 
of  which  is  commonly  short-awned  below  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Graia.  frse. 
(Name  composed  of  TroXv,  much,  and  Trcoycoi/,  br.ard;  from  the  awns.) 

1.  P.  MONSPELIENSIS,  Desf.  Panicle  interrupted  ;  glumes  oblong,  the  awn 
from  a  shallow  notch  at  the  summit ;  lower  palea  awned.  (j  — On  the  coast, 
Isle  of  Shoals,  New  Hampshire  (Oakes  $-  Robbins),  Virginia?  and  southward. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

9.     CINNA,    L.        WOOD  REED-GRASS. 

Spikelets  1-flowcred,  much  flattened,  crowded  in  an  open  flaccid  panicle. 
Glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  strongly  keeled,  hispid-serrulate  on  the  keel ;  the  lower 
rather  smaller,  the  upper  a  little  exceeding  the  paleae.  Flower  manifestly 
•talked  in  the  glumes,  smooth  and  naked  ;  the  paleae  much  like  the  glumes ; 
the  lower  longer  than  the  upper,  short-awned  or  bristle-pointed  on  the  back  be 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS     FAMILY.)  545 

low  the  pointless  apex.  Stamen  one,  opposite  the  1-uerved  upper  palea  !  Grain 
linear-oblong,  free.  —  A  perennial,  rather  sweet-scented  grass,  with  simple  and 
upright  somewhat  reed-like  culms  (2° -7°  high),  hearing  a  large  compound  ter- 
minal panicle,  its  branches  in  fours  or  fives,  broadly  linear-lanceolate  flat  leaves 
(£'-£' wide),  and  conspicuous  ligules.  Spikelets  green,  often  purplish-tinged. 
(Name  unexplained.) 

1.  C.  arimdiiiacea,  L.  —  Moist  woods  and  shaded  swamps;  rather 
common,  both  northward  and  southward.  July,  Aug.  —  Panicle  6' -15' long, 
rather  dense ;  the  branches  and  pedicels  spreading  in  flower,  afterwards  erect. 
Spikelets  2^"  -  3"  long.  Awn  of  the  palea  either  obsolete  or  exserted. 

Var.  pciiclula.  Panicle  loose  and  more  slender,  the  branches  nearly 
capillary  and  drooping  in  flower ;  pedicels  very  rough  ;  glumes  and  paleae  more 
membranaceous,  the  former  less  unequal;  spikelets  l£"-2"loug;  upper  palea 
obtuse.  (C.  pendula,  Trin.  C.  latifolia,  Griseb.  C.  expansa,  Link.  Blyttia 
suaveolens,  Fries.)  —  Deep  damp  woods,  N.  New  York  to  Lake  Superior  and 
northward,  and  on  mountains  southward. — A  northern,  more  delicate  state  of 
the  last,  as  is  shown  by  intermediate  specimens.  (Upper  palea  as  long  as  the 
lower,  but  shorter,  as  figured  in  Anders.  Gram.  Scand.,  only  not  with  3  stamens, 
but  monandrous,  both  in  American  specimens  and  in  Norwegian,  given  in  Fries, 
Herb.  Norm.)  (Eu.) 

10.    MUIILENBERGIA,    Schreber.        DROP-SEED  GRASS. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  in  contracted  or  rarely  open  panicles.  Glumes  mostly 
acute  or  bristle-pointed,  persistent ;  the  lower  rather  smaller  or  minute.  Flower 
very  short-stalked  or  sessile  in  the  glumes ;  the  palea?  usually  hairy-bearded  at 
the  base,  herbaceous,  deciduous  with  the  enclosed  grain,  often  equal ;  the  lowt  r 
3-nerved,  mucronate  or  awned  at  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  (Dedicated  to  the 
Kev.  Dr.  Muhlenberg,  a  distinguished  American  botanist.) 

§  1.  MUHLENBERGIA  PROPER.  —  Panicles  contracted  or  glomerate,  terminal 
and  axillary:  perennials  (in  our  species)  with  branching  rigid  culms,  from  scaly 
creeping  rootstocks :  leaves  short  and  narrow. 
#  Lower  palea  barely  mucronate  or  sharp-pointed.     (Sp.  of  Cinna,  Kunth,  Trin.) 

1.  M.  SOboIifera.     Culms  ascending  (l°-2°  high),  sparingly  branched ; 
the  simple  contracted  panicle  very  slender  or  filiform  ;  glumes  barely  pointed,  almost 
equal,  $   shorter   than  the  equal  palece ;  lower  palea   abruptly   short-mucronate. 
( Agrostis  sobolifera,  Muhl.)  —  Open  rocky  woods,  Vermont  to  Michigan,  Illi- 
nois, and  southward.     Aug.  —  Spikelets  less  than  1"  long. 

2.  M.    glomerata,    Trin.       Culms   upright    (l°-2°   high),   sparingly 
branched  or  simple  ;  panicle  oblong-linear,  contracted  into  an  interrupted  jlomerate 
spike,  long-peduncled,   the  branches  sessile  ;  glumes  awned,  nearly  equal,  and 
(with  the  bristle-like  awn)   about  twice  the  length  of  the  unequal  very  acute 
paleae.    (Agr.  racemosa,  Michx.    A.  setosa,  Muhl.    Polypogon  racemosus,iV;rtt.) 
—  Bogs,  &c. ;  common,  especially  northward.     Aug. — Panicle  2' -3'  long. 

3.  IH.  IWe.xicaiia,    Trin.      Culms   ascending,    much   branched   (2c-3a 
high)  ;  panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  often  included  at  the  base,  contracted,  the 


646  GRAUIXE.E.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

branches  densely  spiked-clustered,  linear  (green  antl  purplish) ;  glumes  awnlesi  tharp 
pointed,  unequal,  the  upper  ahout  the  length  of  the  very  acute  lower  palea 
(Agr,  Mexieana,  L.  A.  lateriflora,  Michx.)  —  Varies  with  more  slender  pani- 
cles (A.  filiformis,  <\fuhl.) —  Low  grounds;  common.  Aug. 

*  *  Lower  palea  bristle-aimed  from  the  tip  :  flowers  short-pcdicelled. 
4  M.  sylvatica,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Culms  ascending,  much  branched  and 
diffusely  spreading  (2° -4°  long);  contracted  panicles  d<-nsr-ly  many-flowered; 
glumes  almost  equal,  bristle-pointed,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lower  palea,  which  hears  an 
awn  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  spikelet.  (Agr.  diffusa,  MulJ.)  —  Low  01 
rocky  woods ;  rather  common.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Aspect  between  No.  3  and  No.  5. 

5.  HI.  Willdeiiovii,  Trin.     Culms  upright  (3°  high),  slender,  simple  or 
sparingly  branched;  contracted  panicle  slender,  loosely  flowered ;  glumes  slightly 
unequal,  short-pointed,  half  the  length  of  the  lower  palea,  which  bears  an  awn  3-4 
times  the  length  of  the  spikelet.     (Agr.  tenuiflora,  Wi/td.)  —  Rocky  woods; 
rather  common.     Aug. 

6.  M.  diflfiisa,  Schreber.     (DROP-SEED.     NIMBLE  WILL.)     Culms  dif- 
fusely much  branched  (8' -18'  high) ;  contracted  panicles  slender,  rather  loosely 
many-flowered,  terminal  and  lateral]  glumes  extremity  minute,  the  lower  obsolete, 
the  upper  truncate ;  awn  once  or  twice  longer  than  the  palea.     (Dilepyrum 
minutiflorum,  Michx.) — Dry  hills  and  woods,  from  S.  New  England  to  Michi- 
gan, Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Spikelets  much  smaller  than  in  the 
foregoing,  1"  long. 

$  2.  TR1CH6CHLOA,  DC.  —  Panicle  very  loose  and  open,  the  long  branches  and 
pedicels  capillary :  leaves  narrow,  often  convohite-brtslle-fonn. 

7.  M.  capillaris,  Kimth.     (HAIR-GRASS.)     Culm  simple,  upright  (2° 
high)  from  a  fibrous   (perennial?)   root;  panicle  capillary,  expanding  (G'-20; 
long,  purple) ;  glumes  unequal,  J  to  ^  the  length  of  the  long-awncd  palcae,  the 
lower  mostly  pointless,  the  upper  more  or  less  bristle-pointed.  —  Sandy  soil,  W. 
New  England  to  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     Aug. — Pedicels  V  - 
2'  long,  scarcely  thicker  than  the  awns,  which  arc  about  1'  long. 

11.     BRACHYEI.YTRUUI,    Beauv.        BRACHYELYIRUM. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  with  a  conspicuous  filiform  pedicel  of  an  abortive  second 
flower  about  half  its  length,  nearly  terete,  few,  in  a  simple  appressed  racemed 
panicle  Lower  glume  obsolete;  the  upper  minute,  pointless,  persistent,  shortei 
than  the  wi  Ith  of  the  thick  stalk  of  the  flower.  Palcae  chartacco-hcrbaceous,  in 
volute,  enclosing  the  linear-oblong  grain,  somewhat  equal,  rougli  with  scattered 
short  bristles ;  the  lower  fi-nerved,  contracted  at  the  apex  into  a  long  straight 
awn ;  the  upper  2-pointcd  ;  the  awn-like  sterile  pedicel  partly  lodged  in  the  groove 
on  its  back.  Stamens  '2  :  anthers  and  stigmas  very  long.  — A  perennial  grass,  with 
simple  culms  (l°-3°  high)  from  creeping  rootstocks,  downy  sheaths,  broad  and 
flat  lanceolate  pointed  leaves,  and  large  Spikelets  V  long  without  the  awn.  (Name 
Composed  of  fipaxvs,  short,  and  e'Xvrpoz/,  /tusk,  from  the  very  short  glumes.) 

1.  B.  aristiitlllll,  Beauv.  (Muhlenbcrgia  crecta,  Schrcb.  Dilepyrum 
arjfttosum,  Michx. \-Roeky  woods;  rather  common.  June. 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRAfcS    FAMILY.)  547 

12.     C  AL,AMAGRO§TI§,    Adaus.        REED  BENT-GKASS. 

Spikulets  1 -flowered,  and  often  with  a  pedicel  or  rudiment  of  a  second  abor- 
tive flower,  in  an  open  or  spiked  panicle.  Glumes  keeled  or  boat-shaped,  often 
acute,  commonly  nearly  equal,  and  exceeding  the  flower,  which  is  surrounded 
at  the  base  by  a  copious  tuft  of  white  bristly  hairs.  Paleae  membranaceous,  or 
in  the  second  and  third  sections  of  a  firmer  texture ;  the  lower  bearing  a  slender 
awn  on  the  back  or  below  the  tip,  rarely  awnless ;  the  upper  mostly  shorter. 
Stamens  3.  Grain  free.  —  Perennials,  with  running  rootstocks,  and  mostly  tall 
and  simple  rigid  culms.  (Name  compounded  of  KaAa/ios,  a  reed,  and  dypdo-ris, 
a  grass.) 

$  1.  CALAMAGROSTIS  PROPER.—  Flower,  frc.  much  as  in  Agrostis,  except 
the  hairy  tuft :  the  boat-shaped  glumes  and  the  palete  membranaceous ;  the  former 
equal  or  the  lower  one  rather  longer :  loioer  palea  3  -  5-nerved,  awned  on  the  back : 
panicle  open.  (All  the  following  have  a  rudimentary  plumose  pedicel  of  a  second 
Jlower.) 

*  Glumes  open  or  loose  after  flowering. 

1.  C.  CailcUlcnsiS,    Beauv.     (BLUE  JOINT-GRASS.)     Panicle   oblong, 
loose  (often  purplish) ;  lower  palea  nearly  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  acute  glumes, 
not  exceeding  the  very  fine  hairs,  bearing  an  extremely  delicate  awn  below  the  middle 
scarcely  equalling  or  exceeding  the  hairs ;  rudimentary  pedicel  minute.    ( Arun- 
do  Canadensis,  Michx.     C.  Mexicana,  Nutt.)  —  Wet  grounds;  common  north- 
ward, and  southward  along  the  Alleghanics.     July.  —  Rather  glaucous,  3°  -  5° 
high:  leaves  flat.     Glumes  rough,  1^"  long.  See  Addend 

*  *  Glumes  closed  in  f.uit. 

2.  C.  COllfiniS,    Nutt.      Panicle   elongated,   narrow   (5' -8'   long),   the 
branches  appressed  after  flowering,  pale ;  lower  palta  nearly  equalling  the  oblong- 
lanceolate  acute  glumes,  %  longer  than  the  hairs  (excepting  those  of  the  conspicuous 
rudiment),  bearing  between  the  middle  and  the  base  a  rather  stout  and  slightly  exserted 
awn.     (Ar.  confinis,  Willd.  I     C.  incxpansa,  Gray.}  —  Swamps,  N.  and  \V.  New 
York  (especially  Penn  Yan,  Sartwell)   and  Pennsylvania.      July.  —  Spikelets 
rather  larger  than  m  the  last;  upper  glume  more  or  less  shorter.' 

3.  C.  coarctata,  TOIT.     Panicle  contracted,  dense  (3' -6'  long);  lower 
palea  shorter  than  the  taper-pointed  tips  of  the  lanceolate  glumes,  almost  twice  the  length 
of  the  hairs  (excepting  the  strong  tuft  borne  by  the  conspicuous  rudiment),  bear- 
ing a  rigid  and  exserted  short  awn  above  the  middle.     (C.  Canadensis,  Nutt.)  — 
Wet  grounds,  Mass,  to  Wisconsin?  and  (chiefly)  southward.     Aug.  —  Culm 
3°  -  5°  high.     Glumes  4"  long.     Grain  hairy,  crowned  with  a  bearded  tuft. 

4.  C.  Pickei'iligii.     Panicle  dense  and  narrow  (3' -5' long,  purplish) ; 
palea;  nearly  equal,  rather  shorter  than  the  ovate-oblong  merely  acute  glumes ;  awn 
inserted  between  the  middle  and  the  base,  stout,  often  a  little  bent,  not  exceeding  the 
glumes  ;  hairs  very  short  and  scanty,  \  the  length  of  the  palea;,  half  as  long  as  the 
small  plumose  rudiment. — Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New 
Hampshire;  first  collected  by  Dr.  Pickering  and  Mr.  Oakes.     Sept.  —  Culml0 
high.     Spikelets  smaller  and  glumes  less  pointed  than  in  C.  sylvatica,  DC,  to 
which  belongs  C.  purpurasccns,  R.  Br.  ?     Leaves  short  and  flat 


548  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.; 

$  2.  CALAMOVlLFA.  —  Glumes  and  equal  palace  rattier  chartaceous,  compresscl- 
keeled ;  the  lower. glume  shorter  than  the  upper  and  shorter  than  the  palece,  of  which 
the  lower  is  \-ncrcei1  and  entirely  awnless ;  the  upper  strongly  2-keeled :  rudiment 
wanting  :  panicle  open  and  loose. 

5.  C.  brevipilis.     Branches  of  the  diffuse  pyramidal  panicle  capillary 
(purplish) ;  glumes  ovate.,  mucronate ;  the  upper  slightly,  the  lower  nearly  one  half, 
•hotter  than  the  palew,  which  arc  above  twice  the  length  of  the  hairs  and  bristly-beard- 
ed along  the  keels.     (Arundo  brevipilis,  Torr.)  —  Sandy  swamps,  pine  barrens  of 
New  Jersey ;  rare.      Sept.  —  Culm  slender,  3°  -  4°  high :  leaves  nearly  flat. 

6.  C.  loilgifolia,  Hook.     Culm  (l°-4°  high)  stout,  from  thick  running 
rootstocks ;  leaves  rigid,  elongated,  involute  above  and  tapering  into  a  long  thread- 
iik'e  point ;  branches  of  the  pyramidal  panicle  smooth  ;  glumes  lanceolate,  the 
upper  as  long  as  the  similar  palcse,  the  lower  |  shorter ;  the  copious  hairs  more 
than  half  the  length  of  the  naked  paleat.  —  Sands,     Illinois,   Michigan,  and  north- 
westward.     Spikelets  |'  long.     Sheaths  clothed  with  deciduous  wool. 

§  3.  AMM6PHILA,  Host.  —  Glumes  nearly  equal  and  rather  longer  than  the  equal 
similar  paleoe,  scarious-chartaceous,  lanceolate,  compressed-keeled:  lower  palea  5- 
nerved,  slightly  mucronate  or  obscurely  awned  near  the  tip ;  the  upper  2-kceled: 
rudiment  present  and  plumose  above :  squamulce  lanceolate,  much  longer  than  the 
ovary :  panicle  spiked-contracted:  spikekts  large  (^  long}. 

7.  C.  areiiaria,  Roth.     (SEA  SAND-REED.)     Culm  rigid  (2° -3°  high) 
from  stout  running  rootstocks ;  leaves  long,  soon  involute ;  panicle  contracted 
into  a  dense  cylindrical  spike  (5' -9  long) ;  hairs  only  J  the  length  of  the  pa- 
leae.     (Arundo,  L.     Psamma,  Deanv.}  —  Sandy  beaches,  New  Jersey  to  Maine, 
and  northward  ;  also  Lakes  Michigan  and  Superior.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

13.    ORYZOPSIS,    Michx.        MOUNTAIN  RICE. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered  nearly  terete.  Glumes  herbaceo-membranaceous,  sev- 
eral-nerved, ;  .early  equal,  commonly  rather  longer  than  the  oblong  flower,  which 
is  deciduour  at  maturity,  and  with  a  very  short  obtuse  callus.  Lower  palea  cori- 
BCCOUS,  at  'ength  involute  so  as  closely  to  enclose  the  upper  (of  the  same  length) 
and  the  oMong  grain ;  a  simple  untwisted  and  deciduous  awn  jointed  on  its 
apex.  S.amens  3.  Squamulae  2  or  3,  conspicuous.  Styles  sometimes  united: 
stigmas  'jlumose.' — Perennials,  with  rigid  leaves  and  a  narrow  raceme  or  panicle. 
Spikele.s  greenish,  rather  large.  (Name  composed  of  opv£a,  rice,  and  fyis, 
likeness,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  that  grain.) 

*  *  Styles  distinct,  short :  culm  leafy  to  the  summit :  callus  glabroua. 

1.  O.  mclauocarpa,  Muhl.  Leaves  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  flat; 
iheaths  bearded  in  the  throat ;  panicle  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  the  branches 
divergent;  spikelets  loosely  raeemed ;  awn  thrice  the  length  of  the  blackisJi  paleve 
(nearly  1'  long).  (Milium  racemosum,  Smith.  Piptatherum  nigrum,  Torr.)  — 
Rocky  woods  ;  not  rare.  Aug.  —  Culm  2°  -  3°  high. 

*  *  Styles  united  In  low,  slender  :  culms  tufted,  naked  above  :  callus  bearded. 

L>.  O.  :csjM'i  iJolia,  Michx.  Culms  (9'- 18'  high)  clothed  with  shoatlis 
bearing  a  mere  rudimentary  blade,  overtopped  by  the  long  and  rigid  linear  letif 


GI?  A  MIX  !•:.<£.     (GRASS  FAMILY.)  543 

from  the  base;  panicle  very  simple  and  raceme-like,  few-flowered;  awn  2-3 
times  the  length  of  the  rather  hairy  whitish  palece.  (Urachne,  Trin.) — Hill-sides, 
&c.,  in  rich  woods ;  common  northward.  May.  —  Leaves  concave,  keellcas, 
rough-edged,  pale  underneath,  lasting  through  the  winter.  Squamulae  lanceo- 
late, almost  as  long  as  the  inner  palea  ! 

3.  O.  Canadensis,  Torr.  Culms  slender  (6'- 15'  high),  the  lowest 
sheaths  leaf-bearing;  leaves  involute-thread-shaped;  panicle  contracted  (l'-2' 
long),  the  branches  usually  in  pairs  ;  palcae  pubescent,  whitish ;  awn  short  and 
very  deciduous,  or  wanting.  (O.  parviflora,  Nutt.  Stipa  juncea,  Michx.  S.  Can- 
adensis,  Poir.  Milium  p ungens,  Torr.  Urachne  breAacaudata,  Trin.} — Rocky 
hills  an  1  dry  plains,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward ;  rare. 
May.  —  Glumes  l"-2''  long,  sometimes  purplish.  —  Through  the  species,  *or 
perhaps  variety,  Urachne  micrantha,  Trin.,  this  genus  is  strictly  connected  with 
Stipa. 

14.     STIPA,    L.        FEATHER-GRASS. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  terete  :  the  flower  falling  away  at  maturity,  with  the  con- 
spicuous obconical  bearded  and  often  sharp-poiuted  stalk  (callus),  from  the  mem- 
branaceous  glumes.  Lower  palea  coriaceous,  cylindrical-involute,  closely  em- 
bracing the  smaller  upper  one  and  the  cylindrical  grain,  having  a  long  and 
twisted  or  tortuous  simple  awn  jointed  with  its  apex  (naked  in  our  species). 
Stamens  mostly  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  —  Perennials,  with  narrow  involute  leaves 
and  a  loose  panicle.  (Name  from  OTimr),  toiv,  in  allusion  to  the  flaxen  appear- 
ance of  the  feathery  awns  of  the  original  species.) 

*  Callus  or  base  of  the  floiver  short  and  blunt ;  glumes  pointless. 

1.  S.  Richard SOilii,  Link.     Culm  (1^°- 2°  high)  and  leaves  slender  ; 
panicle  loose  (4' -5'  long),  with  slender  few-flowered  branches;  glumes  nearly 
equal,  oblong,  acutish  (2^"  long),  about  equalling  the  pubescent  linear.oblong 
lower  palea,  which  hears  a  tortuous  or  geniculate  awn  6"  -  8"  long.  —  Pleasant 
Mountain,   near  Sebago  Lake,   Maine,    C.   J.  Sprague  ;   and   northwestward. 
(Flowers  rather  smaller  than  in  Richardson's  plant,  as  described  by  Trinius 
and  Ruprecht.) 

*  *  Callus  or  base  of  the  flower  pungently  pointed :  at  maturity  villous-bearded :  louver 
palea  slender  and  minutely  bearded  at  the  tip  :  glumes  taper-pointed. 

2.  S.  avenacea>  L.      (BLACK  OAT-GRASS.)      Culm    slender    (l°-t* 
high) ;  leaves  almost  brist.^-form  ;  panicle  open;  palece  blackish,  near/y  as  long  at 
the  almost  equal  glumes  (about  4"  long),  the  awri  bent  above,  twisted  below  (2'- 
3'  long).  —  Dry  or  sandy  woods,  S.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  (chiefly) 
southward.     July. 

3.  S.  spa rtea,  Trin.,  not  of  Hook.     (PORCUPINE  GRASS.)     Culrn  rather 
stout  (l£°-3°  high) ;  panicle  contracted;  palece  linear,  f'-l'  long  (including  the 
long  callus),  pubescent  below,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  slender  subulate-pointed 
greenish  glumes ;  the  twisted  strong  awn  3^' -7'  long,  pubescent  below,  rough 
above.     (S.  juncea,  Fursh?) — Plains  and  pr?iries,  from  Illinois  ani  N  Mk-bi 
gan  northwestward 


550  GRAMINK.E.     (GRASS  FAMILT.) 

15.     A  It  1ST  I  DA,    L.         TRIPIE-  IWNED  GRASS. 

Glumes  unequal,  often  bristle-pointed.  Lower  palea  tipped  with  three  awns  *, 
the  upper  palea  much  smaller.  Otherwise  much  as  in  Stipa.  —  Culms  branch- 
ing :  leaves  narrow,  often  involute.  Spikclcts  in  simple  or  panicled  racemes 
or  spikes.  (Name  from  arista,  a  beard  or  awn.)  All  grow  in  sterile,  dry 
Boil,  and  all  ours  have  the  awns  naked  and  persistent,  and  flower  towards  tho 
end  of  summer. 

*  Awns  separate  to  the  base,  not  jointed  icith  the  palea. 

•»-  Awn  very  unequal;  the  2  -lateral  merely  short  erect  bristles,  scarcely  \  or  \  the 
length  of  the  horizontal  at  length  recurved  middle  one :  root  annual :  culms  tufted, 
much  branched  throughout,  low  (5'-  18'  high}  :  racemes  short  and  spike-like. 

1.  A.  <licli6tOBlia,  Michx.     (POVERTY  GRASS.)     Culms  erect  or  ascend- 
ing; spikelets  small,  mostly  crowded  and  panicled;  glumes  \-nerred,  ^'-J  long, 
exceeding  the  flower,  which  bears  a  middle  awn  of  about  its  own  length.  —  Com- 
mon in  old  fields,  &c.,  especially  southward. 

2.  A»  ramosissima,  Engelm.  mss.     Culms  diffuse ;  spiked  raceme  sim- 
ple and  loosely  flowered;  glumes  $'-$'  long,  3 - 5-nerved,  aboat  equalling  the 
flower,  the  soon  recurved  middle  awn  1'  long.  —  Dry  prairies  of  Illinois  (Engel- 
mann),  and  Kentucky  (herb.  Michaux).  —  Glumes  short-awned ;  the  lower  4 -5- 
nerved;  the  inner  and  longer  one  3-nerved,  2-cleft  at  the  tip.     Lateral  awns  of 
the  palea  only  l£"  -  2"  long.     Ligule  truncate,  bearded. 

•»-  •»-  Awns  unequal  but  similar  ;  the  2  lateral  about  half  the  length  of  the  horizontally 
bent  middle  one :  root  annual:  culms  branched  only  towards  the  base,  naked  above, 
bearing  a  long  and  slender  spiked  raceme  or  virgate  panicle. 

3.  A.  griicilis,  Ell.     Culms  slender,  erect  (6' -18'  high);  flower  as  long 
as  the  glumes  (2£"  -3"  long) ;  lateral  awns  as  long  as  the  palea,  the  middle  one 
£'-§'  long.  —  Sand,  E.  Massachusetts  and  New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  south- 
ward.   • 

•»-•»-•»-  Awns  nearly  equal,  divergently  spreading :  root  perennial. 

++  Culms  simple  or  nearly  so  (l°-2°  high),  terminated  by  a  long  and  strict  virgate 

many-flowered  spiked  panicle  from  6'  to  18'  in  length. 

4.  A.  Stricta,  Michx.     Leaves  soon  involute-filiform,  rigid,  dou-ny  or  gla- 
brous;  lower  palea  smooth,  3" -4"  long,  the  equally  spreading  awns  £  long,  or 
«.he  lateral  rather  shorter.  —  Virginia  and  southward. 

5.  A.  purpliraSCCns,  Poir.      Lcnrcs  glabrous,   less  rigid  ;   lower  palea 
rough  or  minutely  serrulate-hispid  on  the  keel  and   'he  slender  lateral  nerves, 
4"- 5"  long;  the  divaricate  middle  awn  1'  long,  the  lateral  a  little  shorter  and 
at  first  erect.     (A.  racemosa,  Muhl.     A.  Geyeriana,  Staid.)  —  Massachusetts  to 
Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward  ;  common. 

«-*  **  Culms  branching  bcloir  (1°-  H°  high),  the  branch*'*  naked  above  an  1  r.icemosdy 
or panicitlately  several-  (4  -  12-)  flowered* 

6.  A.  oligrtiitlia,  Michx.    Spikelets  large,  very  short-pcdicolled ;  glumes 
equalling  the  flower,  8"-  10"  long,  the  lower  3-5-nerved  and  2-cleft  at  the  lip, 
the  upper  1 -nerved  and  more  awned  at  the  tip  ;  awns  of  the  palea  !£'  -3'  long, 


GR AMINES     (GRASS    FAMILY.)  551 

divaricate,  the  lateral  a  little  shorter  than  the  mkldle  one.  —  Virginia  to  Illinois, 
and  south  westward.  —  Resembles  small  forms  of  the  next. 

*  *  Aivns  unittd  below  into  one,  jointed  with  the  apex  of  the  palea:  root  annual. 

7.  A.  tiibercilldsa,  Nutt.  Culm  branched  below  (6' -18'  high),  tumid 
at  the  joints ;  panicles  rigid,  loose  ;  the  branches  in  pairs,  one  of  them  shori  and 
about  2-flowered,  the  other  elongated  and  several-flowered;  glumes  (!'  long,  in- 
cluding their  slender-awned  tips)  longer  than  the  palea ;  which  is  tipped  with 
the  common  stalk  (about  its  own  length)  of  the  3  equal  divergently-bent  awns 
(1|'  -2'  long)  twisting  together  at  the  base.  —  Sandy  soil,  E.  Massachusetts  to 
New  Jersey ;  also  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

16.     SPAR  TIN  A,    Schrebcr.         CORD  or  MARSH  GRASS. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  without  a  rudiment,  very  much  flattened  laterally,  spiked 
in  2  ranks  on  the  outer  side  of  a  triangular  rhachis.  Glumes  strongly  com- 
pressed-keeled, acute,  or  bristle-pointed,  mostly  rough-bristly  on  the  keel ;  the 
upper  one  much  larger  and  exceeding  the  pointless  and  awnless  paleas,  of  which 
the  upper  is  longest.  Squamulce  none.  Stamens  3.  Styles  long,  more  or  less 
united. — Perennials,  with  simple  and  rigid  reed-like  culms,  from  extensively 
creeping  scaly  rootstocks,  racemed  spikes,  very  smooth  sheaths,  and  long  and 
tough  leaves  (whence  the  name,  from  (TTrapTivrj,  a  cord,  such  as  was  made  from 
the  bark  of  the  Spartium,  or  Broom). 

.*-  Spikelets  compactly  imbricated,  rough-hispid  on  the  keels:  spikes  more  or  less  pedurtr- 
cled:  culm  and  leaves  rigid. 

1.  S.  cynosuroides,   Willd.     (FRESH-WATER   CORD-GRASS.)      Culm 
rather  slender  (2° -6°  high) ;  leaves  narrow  (2° -4°  long,  ^'  or  less  wide  below), 
tapering  to  a  very  slender  point,  keeled,  flat,  but  quickly  involute  in  drying, 
smooth  except  the  margins ;  spikes  5-14,  scattered,  spreading ;  rhachis  rough  on 
the  margins  ;  glumes  awn-pointed,  especially  the  upper,  the  lower  equalling  the  lower 
palea,  whose  strong  rough-hispid  midrib  abruptly  terminates  below  the  membra- 
nous apex.     (Trachynotia  cynosuroides,  Michx.     Limnetis,  Pers.) — Banks  of 
rivers  and  lakes  through  the  interior,  chiefly  northward.     Aug.  —  Spikes  2' -3' 
long,  straw-color.     Glumes  strongly  serrulate-hispid  on  the  keel ;  the  awn  of  the 
upper  one  about  \'  long.     Paleae  somewhat  unequal.  —  Certainly  distinct  from 
the  next,  to  which,  in  strictness,  the  Linnaean  name  belongs. 

2.  S.  polystacliya,  Willd.,   Muhl.     (SALT  EEED-GRASS.)     Culm  taH 
and  stout  (4°  -  9°  high,  often  1'  in  diameter  near  the  base) ;  leaves  broad  (Q  to  I'), 
roughish  underneath,  as  well  as  the  margins  ;  spikes  20-50,  forming  a  dense  obfang 
raceme  (purplish) ;  glumes  barely  mucronate,  the  lower  half  the  length  of  t/ie  equal 
paleie,  of  which  the  rough-hispid  midrib  of  the  lower  one  reaches  to  the  apex. 
(Trachynotia  polystacliya,  Michx.     Dactylis  cynosuroides,  L.I  in  part,  excl, 
var.)  —  Salt  or  brackish  marshes,  within  tide -water,  especially  southward. 

3.  S.  jtiaicea,  Willd.     (llusn  SALT-GRASS.)     Culms  low  (1°~2°  high; 
and  slender;  leaves  nairoiv  and  rush-like,  strongly  involute,  very  smooth  ;  spikes  1-5, 
on  vety  short  peduncles;  the  rhachis  smooth  ;  glumes  acute,  the  lower  scarcely  J 
the  length  of  the  upper,  not  half  the  length  of  the  lower  palea.     (Dactylxs  pa- 


552  GBAMINILE.     (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

tens,  Ait. )-- Salt  marshes,  and  sancy  sea-beaches,  common.     Auguit.     (Also 
in  otic  locality  in  S.  of  Eu.) 

*  *  Spiktkts  loosely  imbricated,  or  somewhat  remote  and  alternate,  the  keels  sligfitly 
hairy  or  ronyhisli  under  a  lens:  spikes  sessile  and  erect,  soft;  leaves,  rhachis,  frc. 
very  smooth :  culm,  $-c.  rather  succulent. 

4.  S.  strict;!,  Roth.  (SALT  MARSH-GRASS.)  Culm  l°-3°  high,  leafy 
to  the  top;  leaves  convolute,  narrow;  spikes  few  (2-4),  the  rhachis  slightly 
projecting  at  the  summit  beyond  the  crowded  or  imbricated  spikelets  ;  glumes 
acute,  very  unequal,  the  larger  1 -nerved,  a  little  longer  than  the  palese.  — Salt 
marshes,  Pennsylvania,  &c.  (Muhl.)  (Eu.) 

Var.  glabra,  Muhl.  (S.  glabra,  Muhl.,  partly.)  Culm  and  leaves  mostly 
longer;  spikes  5-12  (2' -3'  long),  the  spikelets  imbricate-crowded.  —  Common 
on  the  coast. 

Var.  alterui  flora.  (S.  alterniflora,  Loist/.  Dactylis  cynosuroidcs,  var, 
L.)  Spikes  more  slender  (3' -5'  long),  and  the  spikelets  rcmotish,  barely  over- 
lapping, the  rhachis  continued  into  a  more  conspicuous  bract-like  appendage ; 
larger  glume  indistinctly  5-nerved  (not  so  evidently  as  in  the  Eu.  and  Trop. 
Amer.  plant) :  otherwise  as  in  the  preceding  form,  into  which  it  passes.  —  Com- 
mon with  the  last.  —  Odor  strong  and  rancid. 

17.     CTENIUM,    Panzer.         TOOTHACHE-GRASS. 

Spikelets  densely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flat  arcuate-curved 
rhachis,  forming  a  solitary  terminal  spike.  Glumes  persistent ;  the  lower  one 
(interior)  much  smaller ;  the  other  concave  below,  bearing  a  stout  recurved  awn, 
like  a  horn,  on  the  middle  of  the  back.  Flowers  4-6,  all  but  one  neutral ;  the 
one  or  two  lower  consisting  of  empty  awned  palese,  the  one  or  two  uppermost 
of  empty  awnlcss  paleae  :  the  perfect  flower  intermediate  in  position  ;  its  paleaa 
membranaceous,  the  lower  awned  or  mucronate  below  the  apex  and  densely 
ciliate  towards  the  base,  3-nerved.  Squamula3  2.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose. (Name  Krei/ioi/,  a  small  comb,  from  the  pectinate  appearance  of  the  spike. ) 

1.  C.  American!!!!!,  Spreng.  Culm  (3° -4°  high)  simple,  pubescent 
or  rough ish  ;  larger  glume  warty-glandular  outside  and  conspicuously  awned. 
1|.  (Monocera  aromatica,  EU.)  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  S.  Virginia  and  southward. 

-  Taste  very  pungent. 

18.    BOUTEL.OIIA,    Lagasca  (1805).        MUSKET-GRASS. 

Spikelets  crowded  and  closely  sessile  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flattened 
rhachis,  comprising  one  perfect  flower  below  and  one  or  more  sterile  (mostly 
neutral)  or  rudimentary  flowers.  Glumes  concave-keeled,  the  lower  one  shorter. 
Perfect  flower  with  the  3-ncrvcd  lower  palea  3-toothed  or  cleft  at  the  apex,  the 
2-uerved  upper  palea  2-toothcd,  the  teeth,  at  least  of  the  former,  pointed  or  subu- 
late-nwnc.  I.  Stamens  .'3  :  anthers  orange-colored  or  red.  Rudimentary  flowers 
mostly  1  -3-awned.  Spikes  solitary,  raeenied,  or  spiked  ;  the  rhachis  somewhat 
extended  bryond  the  spikelets.  (Named  for  Claudius  Boutdou,  a  Spanish  writer 
upon  floriculture  and  agriculture  ) 


GRAMINKJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  553 

t  1.  CHONDR6SIUM,  Desv.  —  Spikes  pectinate,  of  very  many  spikelets,  oblong 
or  linear,  very  dense,  solitary  and  terminal  or  few  in  a  raceme  :  sterile  flowers  1—3 
on  the  summit  of  a  short  pedicel,  neutral,  consisting  of  I  -3  scales  and  awns. 

1.  B.  oiigOStadiya,  Torr.     Glabrous,  perennial  (6' -12' high) ;  leaves 
very  narrow;  spikes  1-5,  the  rhachis  glabrous;  glumes  and  lower  fertile  palea 
sparingly  soft-hairy  ;  the  lobes  awl-pointed  ;  sterile  flower  copiously  villous-tufted  at 
the  summit   of  the  naked    pedicel,  the   3  awns  equalling  the   larger  glume. 
(Atheropogon,  Nutt.)  —  W.   Wisconsin?    and   westward.  —  Glumes    obscurely 
if  at  all  papillose  along  the  keel.     Middle  lobe  of  the  lower  palea  2-cleft  at  the 
tip.     Sterile  flowers  often  2,  the  second  mostly  a  large  awnless  scale,  becoming 
hood-like  and  coriaceous.     (Near  B.  gracilis  :  perhaps  B.  juncifolia,  Lag.) 

2.  B.  llii'SUta,  Lagasca.     Tufted  from  an  annual?  root  (8' -20'  high); 
leaves  flat,  lance-linear,  papillose-hairy  or  glabrous  ;    spikes   1  -  4 ;  upper  glume 
hispid  with  strong  bristles  from  dark  warty  glands ;  lower  palea  pubescent,  3-cleft 
into  awl-pointed  lobes  ;  sterile  flower  and  its  pedicel  glabrous,  the  3  awns  longer  than 
the  glumes  and  fertile  flower.     (Atheropogon  papillosus,  Engelm.     Chondrosium. 
hirtum,  H.  B.  K.)  —  Sandy  plains,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  south  westward. 

{  2.  ATHEROPOGON,  Muhl.  —  Spikes  short,  numerous  in  a  long  and  virgate 
one-sided  spike  or  raceme,  spreading  or  rejlexed,  each  of  few  (4-12)  spikelets: 
sterile  flowers  neutral,  rudimentary. 

3.  B.  curtipendula.     Culms  tufted  from  perennial  rootstalks  (l°-3° 
high) ;  sheaths  often  hairy ;  leaves  narrow ;  spikes  £'  or  less  in  length,  nearly 
sessile,  30  to  60  in  number  in  a  loose  general  spike   ( 8'- 15' long) ;  flowers 
scabrous  ;  the  lower  palea  of  the  fertile  with  3  short  awl-pointed  teeth ;  sterile 
flower  reduced  to  a  single  small  awn,  or  mostly  to  3  awns  shorter  than  the  fertile 
flower,  and  1  or  2  small  or  minute  scales.     (B.  racemosa,  Lagasca.     Chloris 
curtipendula,  M'ichx.     Atheropogon  apludioides,  Muhl.     Eutriana  curtipendula, 
Trin.)  —  Calcareous  dry  hills  and  plains,  S.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  south- 
ward.   July -Sept.  —  Passes  by  transitions  into 

Var.  JiB'isl  osa.  Spikes  mostly  shorter ;  sterile  flower  of  a  large  saccate 
lower  palea,  awned  at  the  2-cleft  tip  and  from  the  lateral  nerves,  the  stout  mid- 
dle awn  often  exserted,  and  sometimes  with  a  rudiment  of  an  inner  palea, 
(Eutriana  affinis,  J.  D.  Hook.) — Illinois  (Geyer),  Penn. ?  and  southward. 

19.     GYUINOPOGON,    Beauv.        NAKED-BEARD  GRASS. 

Spikelets  of  one  perfect  flower,  and  the  rudiment  of  a  second  (consisting  of 
an  awn-like  pedicel  mostly  bearing  a  naked  bristle),  sessile  and  remotely  alter- 
nate on  long  and  filiform  rays  or  spikes,  which  form  a  crowded  naked  raceme. 
Glumes  lance-awl-shaped,  keeled,  almost  equal,  rather  longer  than  the  somewhat 
equal  mcmbranaceous  palcae  ;  of  which  the  lower  is  cylindrical-involute,  witi« 
the  midrib  produced  from  just  below  the  2-cleft  apex  into  a  straight  and  slender 
bristle-like  awn  !  the  upper  with  the  abortive  rudiment  at  its  base.  Stamens  3. 
Stigmas  pencil-form^  purple. — Leaves  short  and  flat,  thickish,  l'-3'  long. 
(Name  composed  of  -yu/iros,  naked,  and  7rd>yo>v,  a  beard,  alluding  to  ths  reduc- 
tion of  the  abortive  flower  to  a  bare  awn.) 


554  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

1.  Cr.  raceiiiOSUS,  Bcauv.     Culms  cl  istered  from  a  short  rootstock  (1* 
high),  wiry,   leafy;    leaves  oblong-lanceolate;  spikes  Jlower-l>eariny  to  the  bos* 
(5' -8'  long),  soon  divergent;  awn  of  the  abortive  flower  shorter  than  its  stalk, 
equalling  the  pointed  ylumcs,  not  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  £wn  of  the  fer- 
tile flower.      Ij.    (Anthopogon  lepturoides,  Nutt.)  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  New 
Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  O.  brevifolillS,  Trin.     Filiform  spikes  long-pedunded,  i.  e.  flov;er-bear- 
iiKj  only  above  the  middle;  lower  palca  ciliate  near  the  base,  short-awned ;  awn 
o/'  the  a'onrtiri'  j!v/c<  r  obsolete  or  minute  ;  yhunes  acute.      1J.  (Anthopogon  brevifo- 
lius  &  liliformis,  Nutt.)  —  Sussex  County,  Delaware,  and  southward. 

2O.     CVNODON,    Richard.        BERMUDA  GRASS.     SCUTCH-GRASS. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  with  a  mere  naked  short-pedicelled  rudiment  of  a  second 
flower,  imbricate-spiked  on  one  side  of  a  flatfish  rhachis ;  the  spikes  usually 
digitate  at  the  naked  summit  of  the  flowering  culms.  Glumes  keeled,  pointless, 
rather  unequal.  Paleae  pointless  and  awnless ;  the  lower  larger,  boat-shaped. 
Stamens  3.  —  Low  diffusely-branched  and  extensively  creeping  perennials,  with 
short  flattish  leaves.  (Name  composed  of  KVCOI/,  a  tloy,  and  oSovs,  a  tooth.) 

1.  C.  DACTYLON,  Pers.  Spikes  3-5;  paleae  smooth,  longer  than  the  blunt 
rudiment. — Penn.  and  southward;  troublesome  in  light  soil.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

21.     DACTYL.OCTEJVIUM,    Willd.        EGYPTIAN  GRASS. 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  with  the  uppermost  flower  imperfect,  crowded  on 
one  side  of  a  flattened  rhachis,  forming  dense  pectinate  spikes,  2-5  in  number, 
digitate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm.  Glumes  compressed  laterally  and  keeled, 
membranaceous,  the  upper  (exterior)  one  awn-pointed.  Lower  palea  strongly 
keeled  and  boat-shaped,  pointed.  Stamens  3.  Pericarp  a  thin  utricle,  contain- 
ing a  loose  globular  and  rough-wrinkled  seed.  —  Culms  diffuse,  often  creeping 
at  the  base.  (Name  compounded  of  fiuKrvAos.  Jinyer,  and  KTCVLOV,  a  little  contbt 
alluding  to  the  digitate  and  peetinate  spikes.) 

1.  I>.  ^GYPT!ACUM,  Willd.  Spikes  4- 5;  leaves  ciliate  at  the  base.  (J) 
(Chloris  mucronata,  Michx.)  — r  Cultivated  fields  and  yards,  Virginia,  Illinois, 
and  southward.  (Adv.  from  Afr.  ?) 

22.    EL.EUSINE,    Grcrtn.     CRAB-GRASS.    YARD-GRASS. 

Spikelets  2  -  G-flowcrcd,  with  a  terminal  naked  rudiment,  closely  imbricate- 
gpikcd  on  one  side  of  a  flattish  rhachis  ;  the  spikes  digitate.     Glumes  memblU- 
naccous,  pointless,  shorter  than  the  flowers.     Paleaj  awnless  and  pointless  ;  the 
lower  ovat:',  keeled,  larger  than  the  upper.     Stamens  3.     Pericarp  (utricle)  con- 
taining a  loose  oval  and  wrinkled  seed.  —  Low  annuals,  with  flat  leaves,  and 
tnn.'h  ••'-  in  I>("i-     (Name  from  'EXfumV,  the  town  where  Ceres,  the  god- 
harvests,  was  worshipped.) 

1.  E.  INDICA,  Gu?rfn.  (DO<;'S-TAIL  or  WIRK  GRASS.:  Culms  ascend« 
ing,  flattened  ;  spikes  2-5  (2f  long,  greenish).  —  Yards,  &c.,  .'.hiefiy  southward 
(Nat.  from  Ind.  ?) 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  555 

23.    J.EPTOCHL.OA,    Beauv.        (OXYDEMA,  Nutt.) 

Spikelets  3  -  many-flowered  (the  uppermost  flower  imperfect),  loosely  spiked 
on  one  side  of  a  long  filiform  rhachis  :  the  spikes  racemed.  Glumes  membra- 
naceous,  keeled,  often  awl-pointed,  the  upper  one  somewhat  larger.  Lower  pa- 
lea  3-nerved,  with  the  lateral  nerves  next  the  ciliate  or  hairy  margins  awnless,  or 
bristlc-awncd  at  the  entire  or  2-toothcd  tip,  larger  than  the  upper.  Stamens  2  or 
3.  Seed  sometimes  loose  in  the  pericarp.  —  Leaves  flat.  (Name  composed  of 
XeTTTos,  slender,  and  x^oai  grass,  from  the  long  attenuated  spikes.) 

§  1.  LEPTOCHLOA  PROPER. —  Lower  palea  awnless  or  simply  awned, 

1.  JL.  mucroiiata,  Kunth.     Sheaths  hairy;  spikes  numerous  (20-40, 
2' -4' in  length),  in  a  long  panicle-like  raceme;  spikelets  small ;  glumes  more 
or  less  mucronate,  nearly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  3-4  awnless  flowers.     © 
—  Fields,  Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     August. 

$2.  DIPLACHNE,  Beauv. — Lower  palea  bristle-aivned  from  the  2-toothed  apex  ; 
the  marginal  nerves  often  excurrent  into  lateral  teeth  or  points. 

2.  L.  fasciculi! ris.     Smooth;  leaves  longer  than  the  geniculate-decum- 
bent  branching  culms  ;  the  upper  sheathing  the  base  of  the  crowded  panicle-like 
raceme,  which  is  composed  of  many  strict  spikes  (3' -5'  long) ;  spikelets  slightly 
pedicelled,   7  - 11 -flowered,  much  longer  than   the   lanceolate   glumes;   pale* 
hairy-margined  towards  the  base ;  the  lower  one  with  2  small  lateral  teeth  and  a 
short  awn  in  the  cleft  of  the  apex,    (j     (Festuca  fascicularis,  Lam.    F.  polysta- 
chya,  Michx.      Diplachne   fascicularis,   Beauv.,    Torr. )  —  Brackish   meadows, 
from  Rhode  Island  southward  along  the  coast,  and  from  Illinois  southward  on 
the  Mississippi.     Aug.  —  Makes  a  direct  transition  to  the  next  genus. 

24.     TRIC1ISPJS,    Beauv.        (URALEPIS  &  WINDSORIA,  Nutt.) 

Spikelets  3-12-flowered,  somewhat  terete;  the  terminal  flower  abortive. 
Glumes  unequal.  Rhachis  of  the  spikclet  bearded  below  each  flower.  Pales 
membranaceous  or  somewhat  chartaccous ;  the  lower  much  larger  than  the  2- 
toothed  upper  one,  convex,  2-3-toothed  or  cleft  at  the  apex,  conspicuously 
hairy-bearded  or  villous  on  the  3  strong  nerves,  of  which  the  lateral  are  mar- 
ginal or  nearly  so  and  usually  excurrent,  as  is  the  mid-nerve  especially,  into  a 
short  cusp  or  awn.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  dark  purple,  plumose.  Grain  ob- 
long, mostly  gibbous. — Leaves  taper-pointed:  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat. 
Panicle  simple  or  compound ;  the  spikelets  often  racemose,  purplish.  (Name 
from  the  Latin  tricnspis,  three-pointed,  alluding  to  the  lower  palea.) 

t  1.    TRICUSPIS    PROPER.      (Windsoria,   Nutt.)  —  Glumes  shorter  than  the 
crowded  flowers :  lower  paka  ^-cuspidate  by  the  projection  of  the  nerves,  and  usu- 
ally with  2  intermediate  membranaceous  teeth ;  the  upper  palea  naked. 
1.  T.  seslerioicles,  Torr.     (TALL  RED-TOP.)     Culm  upright   (3° -5° 
high),  very  smooth,  as  are  the  flat  leaves  ;  panicle  large  and  compound,  the  rigid 
capillary  branches  spreading,  naked  below;  spikelets  very  numerous,  5  -  7-flow- 
ered,  shining,   purple    (£'long);  the   flowers  hairy  toward  the  base.     1J.  (Poa 
flava,  L. !     P.  seslerioides,  Michx.     P.  quinquetida,  Pursh.     Windsoria,  pose- 


556  GRAMINE.E.       (GRASS    FAMII.f.) 

formis,  Nutt.  Uralcpis  cuprea,  Kunth.)  — Dry  or  sandy  fields,  S.  New  York  to 
Illinois,  and  southward.  Aug. — A  showy  grass,  with  the  spreading  panicle 
sometimes  1°  wide.  Points  of  the  lower  palea  almost  equal,  scarcely  exceeding 
the  intermediate  tenth,  thus  appearing  5-toothed. 

§2.  TRIPLASIS,  Beauv.  (Diplocea,  Ruf.  Uraiepis,  Null.)—  Glumes  much 
shorter  than  the  somewhat  remote  Jiowers :  both  palae  strongly  fringe-bearded ;  the 
lower  2-cleft  at  the  sujnmit,  its  mid-nerve  produced  into  an  awn  between  Hie  truncate 
or  awn-pointed  divisions. 

2.  T.  purplirca.  (SAND-GRASS.)  Culms  many  in  a  tuft  from  the 
same  root,  ascending  (6'- 12'  high),  with  numerous  bearded  joints  ;  leaves  invo- 
lute-awl-shaped,  mostly  short ;  panicles  very  simple,  hearing  few  2  -  5-flowered 
spikelets,  the  terminal  one  usually  exserted,  the  axillary  ones  included  in  the 
commonly  hairy  sheaths ;  awn  much  shorter  than  the  palea,  frequently  not  exceeding 
its  eroded-truncate  or  olttuse  lateral  lubes.  (5)  ?  (Aira  purpurea,  Walt.  Diplocea 
barbata,  Raf.  Uralcpis  purpurea  and  U.  aristulata,  Nutt.) — In  sand,  Massa- 
chusetts to  Virginia  along  the  coast,  and  southward.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Plant  acid 
to  the  taste. 

T.  CQRNtiTA  (Uraiepis  cornuta,  Ell.  and  Triplasis  Americana,  Beauv.  !)  may 
perhaps  extend  north  to  the  borders  of  Virginia. 

25.    DUPONTIA,    R.  Brown.       See  Addend. 

Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  rather  terete.  Glumes  membranaccous,  nearly  equal- 
ling the  remote  flowers.  A  cluster  of  villous  hairs  at  the  base  of  each  flower. 
Paleae  thin  and  membranaceous  or  scarious ;  the  lower  one  convex,  scarcely 
keeled,  faintly  nerved,  entire,  mostly  acutish,  pointless.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Ovary  glabrous.  —  Perennial  and  chiefly  Arctic  grasses,  with  linear 
flat  leaves,  their  sheaths  closed  at  the  base,  the  spikelets  in  a  loose  panicle. 
(Named  for  M.  Dupont,  a  writer  on  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves  of  Grasses.) 

(A  genus,  according  to  its  author,  most  allied  to  Deschampsia  (Aira),  from 
which  it  differs  in  its  entire  and  awnless  palere, —  an  alliance  strengthened  by 
the  following  remarkable  new  species  which  I  venture  to  place  in  it ;  —  leaving 
the  genus  among  the  Festucincae  on  account  of  the  technical  character,  as  it 
wants  the  awn,  and  because  it  may  include  Arctophila  of  Ruprecht,  which  verges 
very  close  on  Colpodium  and  Glyceria.  Fluminia,  Fries,  or  Scolochloa,  Link, 
(which  may  occur  within  our  northwestern  borders,)  is  intermediate  in  character 
between  Dupontia  and  Tricuspis,  but  might  perhaps  be  ranged  with  Arctophila 
in  spite  of  its  teeth,  of  which  there  are  traces  in  some  genuine  Glyceriaj.) 

1.  D.  Coolcyi.  Tall  (2°  or  more  high) ;  leaves  roughish,  sparsely  hairy 
above ;  panicle  ample,  compound  ;  glumes  very  unequal,  the  upper  (3"  long) 
scarcely  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  their  midrib  and  the  pedicels  rough,  the  slen- 
der rhachis  conspicuously  and  unilaterally  bearded  for  its  whole  length.  —  Bor- 
ders of  a  swamp,  Washington,  Macomb  County,  Michigan.  —  Flowers  in  the 
spike  mostly  2  or  3  and  a  sterile  pedicel,  whitish,  the  palea  longer  and  of  a 
firmer  texture  than  those  of  Aira  ca'spitosa  and  A.  Bothnica,  perfectly  entire, 
aeutish,  and  with  a  somewhat  keel-like  roughish  midrib  :  no  trace  of  an  awn. 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  567 

26.     DIAKRIIENA,    Eaf.        DIARRHZXA. 

Spikelets  several- flowered,  smooth  and  shining,  one  or  two  of  the  uppermost 
flowers  sterile.  Glumes  ovate,  much  shorter  than  tlie  flowers,  coriaceous ;  the 
lower  one  much  smaller.  Lower  palea  ovate,  convex  on  the  back,  rigidly  cori- 
aceous, its  3  nerves  terminating  in  a  strong  and  abrupt  cuspidate  or  awl-shaped 
tip.  Squamulse  ovate,  ciliate.  Stamens  2.  Grain  very  large,  obliquely  ovoid, 
obtusely  pointed,  rather  longer  than  the  palese,  the  cartilaginous  shining  peri- 
carp not  adherent  to  the  seed.  —  A  nearly  smooth  perennial,  with  running  root- 
stocks,  producing  simple  culms  (2° -3°  high)  with  long  linear-lanceolate  flat 
leaves  towards  the  base,  naked  above,  bearing  a  few  short-pedicelled  spikelets  (!' 
long)  in  a  very  simple  panicle.  (Name  composed  of  Si's,  two,  and  apprjv,  man, 
from  the  two  stamens.) 

1.  D.  Americana,  Bcauv.  (Festuca  diandra,  Michx.)  —  Shaded  river- 
banks  and  woods,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward.  August. 

27.    DACTYL.IS,    L.        COCK'S-FOOT  or  ORCHARD  GRASS. 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  crowded  in  one-sided  clusters,  forming  a  branching 
dense  panicle.  Glumes  and  lower  palea  herbaceous,  keeled,  awn-pointed,  rough- 
ciliate  on  the  keel ;  the  5  nerves  of  the  latter  converging  into  the  awn-like  point ; 
the  upper  glume  commonly  smaller  and  thinner.  Stamens  3.  Grain  lance- 
oblong,  acute,  free.  —  Perennials:  leaves  keeled.  (Name  SoKrvAi's,  a  finger's 
breadth,  apparently  in  allusion  to  the  size  of  the  clusters.) 

1.  D.  GLOMERATA,  L.  Rough,  rather  glaucous  (3°  high) ;  leaves  broadly 
linear;  branches  of  tbe  panicle  naked  at  the  base;  spikelets  3-4-flowered. — 
Fields  and  yards,  especially  in  shade.  June.  —  Good  for  hay.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

28.     K<ELERIA,    Pers.        KOJLERIA. 

Spikelets  3-7-flowered,  crowded  in  a  dense  and  narrow  spike-like  panicle. 
Glumes  and  lower  palea  membranaceous,  compressed-keeled,  obscurely  3-nerved, 
barely  acute,  or  the  latter  often  mucronate  or  bristle-pointed  :  the  former  moder- 
ately unequal,  nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free.  —  Tufted 
Grasses  (allied  to  Dactylis  and  Poa),  with  simple  upright  culms ;  the  sheaths 
often  downy.  (Named  for  Prof.  Kohler,  an  early  writer  on  Grasses.) 

1.  K.  cristiitsi,  Pers.  Panicle  narrowly  spiked,  interrupted  or  lobed  at 
the  base  ;  spikelets  2- 4-flowcred  ;  lower  palea  acute  or  mucronate;  leaves  flat, 
the  lower  sparingly  hairy  or  ciliate.  —  Var.  GRAciLis,  with  a  long  and  narrow 
spike,  the  flowers  usually  barely  acute.  (K.  nitida,  Nutt.)  — Dry  hills,  Penn.  to 
Illinois,  thence  northward  and  westward.  (Eu.) 

29.     E  A  T  6  W  I A ,    Raf.         (JlEBOt^E  A,  Kunth,  not  of  Eaddi. ) 

Spikelets  usually  2-flowered,  and  with  ah  abortive  rucument  or  pedicel,  nu- 
merous in  a  contracted  or  slender  panicle,  very  smooth.  Glumes  somewhat 
equal  in  length,  but  very  dissimilar,  a  little  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  the  lower 
narrowly  linear,  keeled,  1-nerved;  the  upper  broadly  obovate,  folded  round  the 


558  GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

flowers,  3-nervcd  on  the  back,  not  keeled,  spurious-margined.  Lower  palea  ob 
lon^,  obtuse,  comprcssed-boat-shapccl,  naked,  cbartaceous ;  tbe  upper  very  thin 
and  hyaline.  Stamens  3.  Grain  linear-oblong,  not  grooved.  —  Perennial,  slen- 
der grasses,  with  simple  and  tufted  culms,  and  often  sparsely  downy  sheaths, 
flat  lower  leaves,  and  small  greenish  (or  rarely  purplish-tinged)  spikclcts. 
(Named  for  Amos  Katon,  author  of  a  popular  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the 
United  States,  which  was  for  a  long  time  the  only  general  work  commonly 
available  for  students  in  this  country,  and  of  several  other  popular  treatises.) 

1.  E.  Obtaisflta.      Panicle  dense  and  contracted,  somewhat  interrupted,  the 
spikelets  much  crowded  on  the  short  erect  branches  ;  upper  glume  roundcd-obovate, 
trunaite-obtusp,  rough  on  the  back ;  the  flowers  lance-oblong.     (Aira  obtusata, 
Micltx.     A.  truneata,  MM.    Koelcria  truncata,  Ton:    K.  panictilata,  Nutt.    lie- 
boulca  gracilis,  Kunth,   in  part.     R.  obtusata,  ed,  1.     Eatonia  purpurascens, 
Raf.f)  —  Dry  soil,  N.  Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     June,  July. 

2.  E.  Pcillisylviillica.     Panicle  long  and  slender,  loose,  the   racemose 
branches  somewhat  elongated ;  upper  glume  obtuse  or  bluntly  somewhat  pointed 
the  2  (rarely  3)  flowers  lanceolate.     (Kceleria  Pennsylvania,  DC.    Aira  mollis, 
MM.     Reboulea  Penusylvanica,  ed.  1.)  —  Varies,  with  a  fuller  panicle,  6' -8 
long,  with  the  aspect  of  China  (var.  MAJOU,  Torr.) ;  and,  rarely,  with  the  lower 
palea  minutely  mucronatc-pointed  !  —  Moist  woods  and  meadows ;  common. 

3O.     UIEL.ICA,    L.        MELIC-GRASS. 

Spikelets  2-5-flowered  ;  the  1  -3  upper  flowers  imperfect  and  dissimilar,  con- 
volute around  each  other,  and  enwrapped  by  the  upper  fertile  flower.  Glumes 
usually  large,  scarious-margined,  convex,  obtuse  ;  the  upper  7  -  9-nerved.  Falese 
papery-membranaccous,  dry  and  sometimes  indurating  with  age ;  the  lower 
rounded  or  tlattish  on  the  back,  7  -  many-nerved,  scarious  at  the  entire  blunt 
summit.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  branchcd-plumose.  —  Leaves  flat  and  soft.  Pani- 
cle simple  or  sparingly  branched  ;  the  rather  large  spikelets  racemose-one-sided. 
(An  old  name,  from  /xc'Xt,  honey.) 

1.  JTI.  in  illicit,  Walt.  Panicle  simple  or  branched ;  glumes  unequal,  the 
larger  almost  equalling  the  spikclct ;  fertile  flowers  2;  lower  palea  naked,  gla- 
brous but  minutely  scabrous  on  the  nerves.  1J.  (M.  glabra,  Mic/t.r.  M.  speciosa, 
A/u/tl.)  —  Var.  GL\HRA  (M.  glabra,  Pursh.)  has  the  panicle  often  few-flowered 
and  rather  simple,  the  lower  palea  very  blunt.  —  Var.  i>  IFF  {ISA  (M.  diffusa, 
Pursh)  is  taller,  2£° -4°  high,  with  a  more  compound  and  many-flowered  pani- 
cle; the  lower  palea  commonly  more  scabrous  and  its  tip  narrower.  —  Rich 
soil,  W.  Penu.  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  June. 

31.     GL.YCERIA,    R.  Brown,  Trin.        MANNA-GRASS. 

Spikelets  terete  or  flattish,  several-  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  mostly  early 
deciduous  bv  the  breaking  up  of  the  rhachis  into  joints,  leaving  the  short  and 
unequal  1  -3-nerved  membranaceoua  glumes  behind.  Paleiv.  na'\ed,  of  a  rather 
firm  texture,  nearly  equal ;  the  lower  rounded  on  the  back,  scariour-  (and  some- 
times obscurely  toothed)  at  the  blunt  or  rarely  acute  .summit,  glabrous.  5-7- 


(GRASS  FAMILY.)  559 

I 

nerved,  the  nerves  parallel  and  separate.  Stamens  3  or  2.  Stigmas  plumose, 
mostly  compound.  Ovary  smooth.  Grain  oblong,  free. — Perennial,  smooth 
marsh-grasses,  mostly  with  creeping  bases  or  rootstocks  ;  the  spikelets  in  a  race- 
mose panicle.  (Name  from  yXv^epos-,  sweet,  in  allusion  to  the  taste  of  the  grain.) 

$  !•  GLYCERIA  PROPER. — Lower  palea  conspicuously  nerved:  styles  present: 
plumes  of  the  stigma  branched  or  toothed:  grain  grooved  on  the  inner  side:  leaves 
flat,  the  sheaths  nearly  entire. 

*  Spikelets  in  a  crowded  panicle,  ovate,  turgid,  more  or  less  compressed;  the  flowers 
crowded :  lower  palea  ovate,  entire,  not  very  strongly  nerved,  of  a  flrm  texture,  in 
No.  I.  becoming  ventricose  after  flowering  (almost  as  in  Briza) :  upper  palea  very 
obtuse  and  entire  :  stamens  2. 

1.  O.    Canadeiisis,    Trin.     (RATTLESNAKE-GRASS.)     Panicle    oblong- 
pyramidal,  at  length  spreading,  and  the  tumid  6  -  8-flowered  spikelets  drooping ; 
lower  palea  acutish,  longer  than  the  notched  upper  one ;  leaves  long,  roughish. 
(Briza  Canadensis,  Michx.     Poa  Canadensis,   Beauv.)  —  Boggy  places,  New 
England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  common  northward.    July.  —  A  handsome, 
stout  grass,  2°  — 3°  high.     Spikelets  2"  long,  becoming  very  broad:  glumes  purplish. 

2.  Cc.  ol>tiisa,  Trin.      Panicle  narrowly  oblong,  dense;   the  6 -7-flowered 
spikelets  erect,  sJiort-pedicelled ;  lower  palea  obtuse,  the  upper  as  long  when  old. 
(Poa  obtusa,  Muhl.) — Bogs,  E.  New  England  to  Penn.,  near  the  coast ;  rare. 
Aug.  —  Culm  stout,  l°-2°  high,  very  leafy:  leaves  long,  smooth.     Spikelets 
3"  long,  pale. 

3.  O.  elongata,  Trin.     Panicle  narrowly  racemose,  elongated  (1°  long), 
recurving;  the  branches  appressed,  bearing  the  3-4-flowered  erect  short-pedi- 
celled  spikelets  nearly  to  the  base ;  lower  palea  obtuse,  rather  longer  than  the 
upper;  leaves  very  long  (1°  or  more),  rough.     (Poa  elongata,  Torr.)  —  Wet 
woods,  New  England  to  Michigan,  and  northward.     July.  —  Spikelets  pale,  1"- 
l£»  long. 

*  *  Spikelets  oblong,  diffusely  panicled,  nearly  terete :  lower  palea  oblong  or  oval,  trun- 

cate-obtuse, prominently  1 -nerved;  the  upper  one  ^-toothed:  stamens  3  or  2. 

4.  O.  nei'Vata,  Trin.     Branches  of  the  broad  and  open  panicle  capillary, 
fit  length  drooping,  the  very  numerous  small  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  3  -  7-flowered  ; 
leaves  rather  long.     (Poa  nervata,  Willd.     P.  striata,  Michx.    P.  parviflora, 
Pursh.) — Moist  meadows;  very  common.     June.  —  Culm  erect,  l°-3°  high. 
Spikelets  seldom  2"  long,  commonly  purplish. 

5.  O»  |»saSIi«l«l,  Trin.     Branches  of  the  rather  simple  panicle  capillary,  erect- 
spreading,  rough  ;  the  spikelets  usually  few,  somewhat  appressed,  oblong-linear,  5-9- 
flowered  (pale,  ^  long) ;  lower  palea  oblong,  minutely  6-toothed,  the  upper  lancer 
late,  conspicuously  2-toothed;  leaves  short,  sharp-pointed,  pale.     (Windsoria 
pallida  &  Poa  dentata,  Torr.)  —  Shallow  water  ;  common,  especially  northward. 
juiv.  —  Culms  slender,  l°-3°  long,  ascending  fiom  a  creeping  Inse. 

6.  O.  aqiultica,    Smith.       (REED    MEADOW-GRASS.)       Panicle    much 
branched,  ample  (8'  -  15'  long)  ;  the  numerous  branches  ascending,  spreading  with  age; 
spikelets  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  5-9-flowered    (usually  purplish.   2''  -  3'  long)j 

29 


560  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

% 

lower  palea  entire;  leaves  large  (l°-2°  long,  J'  to  £'  wide  . —  Wet  meadows, 
&c. ;  common  northward.     July.  —  Culm  stout,  upright,  3°  -  5°  high.     (Eu.) 

*  #  *  Spikelets  linear  (£'-!'  long),  terete,  pale,  oppressed  on  the  branches  of  the 
long  and  narrow  racemose  panicle :  palece  minutely  roughish  ;  the  upper  2-toothed : 
stamens  3:  squamuUe  unilateral  or  united:  ligule  long:  culm  flattened,  ascending 
from  a  rooting  ba.se.  (Glycerin,  Zt.  Brou.~n.) 

7.  G.  (1  flit  a  sis,  R.  Brown.     Spikelets  7- 13-flowcred ;  lower  palea  oblortg, 
obtuse,  or  the  scuriuus  tip   acutLsh,  entire  or  obscurely  3-lobed,  usually  rather 
longer  than  the  blunt  upper  one.     (G.  plicata,  Fries.) —  Shallow  water;  com- 
mon, especially  northward.    June  -  Aug.  —  Culm  thiekish,  1  °  -  5°  long.    Leave* 
short  and  rather  broad,  very  smooth.     Panicle  l°long:  the  simple  branches 
appressed,  finally  spreading  below.     (Eu.) 

8.  G.  acutiflora,  Torr.      Spikelets  5  -  12-flowered,  few  and  scattered; 
lower  palea  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  long  tapering  point  of  the  upper 
one.  —  Wet  places,  Penn.  to  New  England ;  rather  rare.     June.  —  Resembles 
the  last ;  but  the  erect  leaves  smaller,  the  separate  flowers  twice  the  length  ($' 
long)  and  less  nerved. 

$  2.  HELEOCHLOA,  Fries.  ( Sclerochloa,  ed.  1.)  — Lower  palea  inconspicuously 
or  obsoletely  5-nerved :  stigmas  nearly  sessile  and  simply  plumose :  grain  hardly 
grooved :  saline  species :  panicle  contracted  with  age. 

9.  G.  maritima,  Wahl.     (SEA  SPEAR-GRASS.)     Sterile  shoots  procum- 
bent runner-like;  flowering  culms  erect  (l°-lj°  high);  branches  of  the  panicle 
solitary  or  in  pairs ;  spikclets  oblong  or  linear,  4  -  8-flowcrcd  ;  lower  palea  round- 
ed at  the  summit,  slightly  pubescent  towards  the  base  ;  leaves  somewhat  invo- 
lute; ligule  elongated.     (Poa  maritima,  Huds.)  —  Sea-coast;  not  rare.     (Eu.) 

10.  G.  distailS,   Wahl.     Culms  gcniculate  at  the  base,  ascending,  des- 
titute of  running  shoots ;  branches  of  the  panicle  3-5  in  a  half  whorl,  spreading  ; 
spikelets  3  -  6-flowered  ;  lower  palea  truncate-obtuse ;  leaves  mostly  flat ;  ligule 
short.     (P.  fasciculata,  Torr.    P.  distans,  L,     P.  arenaria,  Retz  )  —  Salt  marsh- 
es along  the  coast.  —  Probably  only  a  form  of  the  last.     (Eu.) 

32.     BRIZOPYRUUI,    Link.        SPIKE-GRASS. 

Spikelets  and  numerous  flowers  compressed,  crowded  in  a  densely  spiked  or 
capitate  panicle.  Glumes  herbaceous  or  mcmbranaeeous ;  the  lower  faintly 
many-nerved.  Lower  palea  rather  coriaceous,  flattcned-boat-shaped,  indistint  Jy 
many-nerve-.!,  acute.  Ovary  stalked.  —  Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  pretty  large. 
Leaves  crowded  on  the  culms,  involute,  commonly  rigid.  (Name  compounded 
of  Briza  (No.  35),  and  irvpos,  u-heat.) 

1.  B.  spicatiim,  Hook.  Culms  tufted,  from  creeping  rootstocks  (9;- 
18' high);  spike  oblong,  flattened  (I'  long);  spikelets  ovate  or  oblong,  5-10- 
flowered  ;  flowers  smooth  and  nuked  ;  grain  pointed.  (Uniola  spicata,  L.  Poa 
Michauxii,  Knnlh.)  —  Salt  marshes  and  shores.  Aug.  —  Pistillate  flowers  more 
rigid  and  almost  keeled,  with  very  long  plumose  stigmas;  the  sterile  smaller 
and  somewhat  rounded  on  the  back. 


GJRAMIXEyE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  56t 

$3.     POA,    L.        MEADOW-GRASS.     SPEAR-GRASS. 

Spikclets  ovate,  or  lance-ovate,  compressed,  several-  (2 -10-)  flowered,  iu  an 
open  panicle.  Glumes  mostly  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  the  lower  smaller.  Low- 
er palea  membranaceo-herbaceous,  with  a  delicate  scarious  margin,  compressed- 
keeled,  pointless,  5-nerved  (the  intermediate  nerves  more  obscure  or  obsolete), 
the  principal  nerves  commonly  clothed  at  and  towards  the  base  with  soft  haini 
or  long  and  crisped  cobweb-like  wool ;  upper  palca  membranaceous,  2-toothed. 
Stamens  2  or  3.  Stigmas  simply  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free.  —  Culms  tufted. 
Leaves  smooth,  usually  flat  and  soft.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  Grass.) 
*  Root  annual :  branches  of  the  short  panicle  single  or  in  pairs. 

1.  P.  aiiBiiut,  L.     (Low  SPEAR-GRASS.)     Culms  spreading  or  deeum- 
Dent  (3' -8'  long),  flattened;  panicle  often  1-sided;  spikelets  crowded,  very 
short-pedicelled,  3  -  7-flowercd  ;  lower  palea  delicately  more  or  less  hairy  on  the 
nerves  below.  —  Cultivated  and  waste  grounds,  everywhere :  but  doubtful  if  real- 
ly indigenous  here.     April -Oct.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Root  perennial :  culms  tufted,  ofien  stoloniferous  at  the  base. 

+-  Branches  of  the  simple  panicle  mostly  solitary  or  in  pairs,  short  but  slender,  smooth^ 

bearing  single  or  few  purplish  spikelets.     (Alpine.) 

2.  P.  I:V\a,  Hasnke.     Culms  upright  (4' -9' high) ;  panicle  nodding,  often 
racemose-contracted  ;    spikelets  ovate,  3  -  5-flowered  ;    lower  palea  obscurely 
nerved,  villous  on  the  midrib  and   marginal  nerves  below ;    leaves   narrow  ; 
ligules  elongated. — Alpine  mountain-tops  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  1*. 
New  York,  and  high  northward.     (The  nearly  related  P.  alpiua  is  found  iu 
Canada,  and  may  occur  within  our  borders.)     (Eu.) 

•4-  -i—  Branches  of  the  very  loose  panicle  long  and  capillary,  mostly  in  pairs  or  in 
threes,  naked  below  (more  01-  less  scabrous)  :  spikelets  few  or  widely  scattered,  pretty 
large  (3" -4"  long,  pale-green,  sometimes  purple-tinged),  loosely  3  -  5-flowered : 
culm  fiattish  (l°-2°  high),  plant  soft  and  smooth,  flowering  in  spring. 

•«•«•  Flowers  (oblong)  obtuse,  as  also  the  larger  glume :  panicle  diffuse :  lower  palea 
rather  cons])icuously  scarious  at  the  apex,  villous  below  the  middle  on  the  keel  and 
marginal  nerves. 

3.  P.  brevifolia,  Muhl.     Culm  stoloniferous  from  tLtj  base,  2  - 3-leaved, 
the  upper  leaves  very  short   (^'-2'  long),   lanceolate,  all  abruptly  cuspidate-tipped} 
branches  of  the  short  panicle  mostly  in  pairs  ;  lower  palea  rather  obscurely  nervedt 
cobwebby  at  the  base.     (P.  pungens,  Nutt.,  excl.  syn.  Ell.     P.  cuspidata,  Barton. 
The  older  and  also  more  appropriate  name  is  here  restored.)  — Rocky  or  hilly 
woodlands.  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  sparingly  westward.     April,  May.  — 
Culm  scarcely  surpassing  the  long  root-leaves. 

4.  P.  flcxuosa,  Muhl.      Culm  slender   (not  stoloniferous?);    its  leave* 
all  linear  (2' -5'  long)  and  gradually  taper-pointed  ;  panicle  very  effuse  (its  branches 
2' -4'  long  to  the  spikelets  or  first  ramification) ;  lower  palea  prominently  nerved, 
no  web  at  the  base.     (P.  autumnalis,  Muhl.  in  Ell.     P.  campyle,  Schult.)  —  Dry 
woods,   Virginia,   Kentucky,  and   southward.      Feb. -May. —  Wrongly   con- 
founded with  the  last,  though  near  it.     P.  autumnalis  is  an  inappropriate  name, 
and  there  is  now  no  obstacle  to  restoring  the  earlier  published  and  unobjection- 
able (but  not  descriptive)  name  of  P.  flexuosa. 


562  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMI1 T.) 

•*•«•  •*-+  Floivers  (oltlong -lanceolate)  and  both  glumes  acute:  panicle  nan.no. 

5.  P.  alsodes.     Leaves   rather  narrowly   linear,   acute,   the   uppei  nosi 
(2^'-4'  long)  often  sheathing  the  base  of  the  panicle,  the  capillary  branches  of 
which  are  appresscd  when  young,  and  mostly  in  threes  or  fours ;  spikclets  3- 
flowercd  (pale  green,  soft) ;  lower  palea  very  obscurely  nerved,  villous  on  the 
keel  below,  and  with  a  narrow  cobwebby  tuft  at  its  base,  otherwise  glabrous. 
(P.  nemoralis,  Torr.  §•  ed  1  :  but  wholly  different  from  the  European  species  cf 
that  name.)  —  Woods,  on  hill-sides,  New  England  to  Wisconsin.     May,  June. 
•*-•«-•*-  Branches  of  the  rather  narrow  but  loose  long-peduncled  panicle  in  threes  or 

fives,  or  rarely  in  pairs,  short  or  shortish,  above  bearing  scattered  and  rather  few 
8}>ikelets;  these  barely  2"  long,  pale  green,  rather  loosely  2  -  ^-flowered :  flower* 
(oblong)  and  glumes  obtuse ;  lotuer  jjalea  scarcely  scar  ions-tipped:  plant  very  smooth, 
slender  (l£°-3°  hiyh) :  culm-leaves  lance-linear,  acute,  l£'-3'  long,  sofl. 

6.  P.  debilis,  Torr.     Culm  terete,  weak  ;  branches  of  the  small  panicle 
slender  (the  lower  l^'-2'  long  to  the  few  spikelcts),  in  pairs  and  threes ;  flowers 
very  obtuse,  smooth  and  glabrous,  except  a  sparing  web  at  their  base.  —  Rocky 
woodlands,  Rhode  Island  and  N.  New  York  to  Wisconsin.     May. 

7.  P.  sylvestris.     Cnlmflattish,  erect;  branches  of  the  oblong-pyramidal 
panicle  short,  in  fives  or  more ;  lower  palea  villous  on  the  keel  for  its  whole  lengtht 
and  on  the  margins  below  the  middle,  sparingly  webbed  at  the  base.  —  Rocky  woods 
and  meadows,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     June. 

•+-  *-  •«-•«-  Branches  of  the  narrow  or  oblong  panicle  mostly  short,  in  Jives  or  some- 
times in  twos  and  threes,  rough,  mostly  compound  and  bearing  very  numerous  closely- 
fioicered  spikelets :  flowers  acute  or  acutish,  more  or  less  webbed  at  the  base. 

**  Panicle  open,  its  branches  in  Jives :  the  3  -  5-flowered  spikelets  all  distinctly  pedicelled, 
acute,  slightly  flattened ;  lower  palea  villous  or  pubescent  on  the  keel  and  marginal 
nerves,  the  Intel-mediate  nerves  obsolete:  culms  erect  (2° -  3°  high),  terete,  growing 
in  tufts,  not  at  all  stolon  iferous  at  the  base. 

8.  P.  serotiiia,  Ehrhart.     (FALSE  RED-TOP.    FOWL  MEADOW-GRASS.) 
Leaves  narrowly  linear;  li yules  elongated ;  spikelets  2-4-  (rarely  5-)  flowered  (!"- 
2"  long) ;  flowers  acutish,  green,  often  tinged  with  dull  purple.     (P.  nemoralis, 
Pursh.     P.  crocata,  Michx.  belongs  to  this  or  the  next.)  —  Wet  meadows  and 
low  banks  of  streams  ;  common  everywhere  northward.     July,  Aug.  —  A  good 
grass  for  moist  meadows.     (Eu.) 

9.  P»  IiemorilliS,  L.     Leaves  linear;  I ig ides  obsolete  or  very  short;  spiks* 
lets  4-5-flou-ered,  rather  larger,  and  the  flowers  and  glumes  more  sharply  aci^e  and 
narrower ;  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  preceding,  which  is  too  nearly  related  to 
it.  —  Wisconsin  ( Lapham),  and  northward.     ( Eu. ) 

•«-*•  •»-*•  Panicle  with  the  flattened  spikelets  crowded  on  the  branches,  mostly  shori-pedi- 
cellcd,  sometimes  almost  sessile:  culms  stoloniferous  at  the  base,  except  in  No.  10. 

10.  P.  TKIVIAI.IS,   L.     (ROUGH  MEADOW-GRASS.)     Culms  (l°-3°  high) 
and  sheaf/is  iimutllij  rntln-r  rom/h  ;  branches  of  the  pyramidal  diffuse  panicle  mostly 
in  fives  ;  spikrk'ts  3  — 5-Aowered  ;  /foirem  e&vte, promitteiitly  5-wrm/  a  little  hairy 
on  the  keel,  otherwise  glabrous;   ligule.  unite,  oblong. —  Moist  meadows;  less 
common  and  less  valuable  than  the  next.    July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


GRAMINE^E.    IGRASS  FAMILY.;  563 


11.  P.  i>rnteii§is,  L.     (GREEN  or  COMMON  MEADOW-GRASS.) 

(1°  -3°  high,  from  a  creeping  base)  and  sheaths  suooth:  branches  of  the  py- 
ramidal panicle  commonly  in  fives,  spreading  ;  spike)ets  3  -  5-flowered  ;  flowers 
^-nerved,  lance-ovate,  acute,  hairy  on  the  marginal  nerves  and  keel  ;  ligule  blunt, 
short.  —  Common  in  dry  soil  :  imported  for  pastures  and  meadows.  Indigenous 
at  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  and  northward.  May-  July.  (Eu.) 

12.  P.  conipressa,   L.     (BLUE-GRASS.     WIRE-GRASS.)     Culms  much 
flattened,  obliquely  ascending  (9'  -18'  high)  from  a  creeping  base,  the  uppermost 
joint  near  the  middle  ;  leaves  short,  bluish-green  ;  panicle  dense  and  contracted 
(expanding  just  at  flowering),  partly  one-sided;  the  short  branches  often  in 
pairs,  covered  to  near  the  base  with  the  4-9-flowered  flat  spikelets;  flowers 
linear-elliptical,  rather  obtuse,  hairy  below  on  the  lateral  nerves  and  keel  ;  ligule 
short  and  blunt.  —  Dry  fields  and  banks,  probably  introduced  with  other  and 
more  valuable  grasses  ;  rarely  in  woods  :   apparently  truly  indigenous  north- 
ward.    (Eu.) 

34.     ERAGROSTIS,    Beauv.        ERAGROSTIS. 

Spikelets  2  -  70-flowered,  nearly  as  in  Poa,  except  that  the  lower  palea  is  but 
3-  (rarely  1-)  nerved,  not  webby-haired  at  the  base,  and  deciduous;  the  upper 
persistent  on  the  entire  rhachis  after  the  rest  of  the  flower  has  fallen.  —  Culms 
often  branching.  Leaves  linear,  frequently  involute,  and  the  ligule  or  throat  of 
the  sheath  bearded  with  long  villous  hairs.  Panicle  various.  (An  early  name, 
probably  from  tpa,  earth,  and  Agrostis,  in  allusion  to  the  procumbent  habit  of 
the  original  species.)  . 

#  Prostrate  and  creeping,  mueh-brttoched  :  root   annual  :  spikelets  flat,   imperfectly 

dioecious,  clustered,  almost  sessile,  in  the  more  fertile  plant  almost  capitate. 

1.  E.  re  plans,  Nees.     Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  10-  SO-flo'wered,  almost 
sessile  ;  flowers  lance-ovate,  acute  ;  leaves  short,  almost  awl-shaped,  smoothish. 
(Poa  reptans,  Michx.)  —  Gravelly  river-borders;  common.     August.  —  Flower- 
branches  2'  -  5'  high. 

#  *  Diffusely  spreading,  or  the  flowering  culms  ascending,  low  (6'  -15'  high)  :  spiles 
lets  large  (i'-f  long],  densely  -flowered,  flat,  forming  a  narrow  crowded  panicle. 

2.  E.  POJEOIDES,  Beauv.     Lower  sheaths  often  hairy;  leaves  flat,  smooth, 
spikelets   short-pedicelled,  lance-linear  or  oblong-linear,  8  -  20-fiowered,   lead- 
colored  (2"  -5"  long)  ;  flowers  ovate,  obtuse,  the  lateral  nerves  evident.     (Pea 
Eragrostis,  L.)  —  Sandy  waste  places,  eastward  ;  scarce.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  MEGASTACHYA.  Sheaths  mostly  glabrous  ;  spikelets  larger  (^'-|'  long), 
becoming  linear,  whitish  when  old,  10-50-flowered.  (E.  megastachya,  Link 
Bri/a  Eragrostis,  L.)  —  Similar  situations,  and  more  common.  Aug.-—  Emits 
a  sharp,  unpleasant  odor.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

#  *  *  Erect,  or  in  No.  3-5  diffusely  spreading  and  ascending  :  panicle  open,  its 
branches  capillary  ;  the  spikelets  proportionally  small,  sometimes  minute.     (Number 
of  flowers  in  the  spilcelet  very  variable,  according  to  age,  $-c.) 

»-  Culms  slender,  branching  and  decumbent  or  spreading  at  the  base,  from  an  annual 
root  :  leaves  narroiv,  flat,  soft  :  branches  of  the  narrow  panicle  rather  short  and 
thickly-flowered,  no':  b&irded  in  the  axils,  except  sometimes  the  lowest  spaiingly. 


564  GRAMINE.E.       (GUASS    FAMILY.) 

3.  E.  ML6SA,  Bcauv.     Panicle  elongated-oblong,  with  rather  ercc;  branches 
(except  at  flowering-time) ;  spikelets  5  - 1 2-flowered  (2" -4"  long,  purplish-lead- 
color),  becoming  linear,  about  equalling  their  pedicels ;  glumes  (small)  and  lower 
valea  obtuse,  the  latter  broadly  ovate,  \-nerved  (lateral  nerves  obsolete).    (P.  pilo- 
sa,  L.     P.  Linkii,  Kunth.)  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  waste  places,  S.  New  England 
to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug.  — Plant  6'  - 12'  high.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  E.  Frailkii,  Meyer.     Much  branched,  diffuse   (3' -8'  high);  panicle 
ovate-oblong,  rather  dense,  spreading;  spikdets  2 - 5-flowered  (1"-!^"  long)  on 
slender  pedicels;  glumes  very  acute;  lower  palea  ovate,  acute,  rather  obscurely  3- 
nerved.     (E.  erythrogona,  Nees,  from  the  joints  of  the  culm  being  mostly  red- 
dish.)—Low  or  sandy  ground,  Ohio  to  Illinois  (opposite  St.  Louis,  Drummanet, 
Engelmann),  and  southwestward.     Aug. 

5.  E.  Pursllii,   (Bernh.?)   Schrad.     Sparingly  branched  at  the  decum- 
bent base,  then  erect  (|°-2°,high);  panicle  elongated,  the  branches  widely 
spreading,   very   loose;   sjnkelets    5-lS-flowered,   oblong-lanceolate,   becoming 
linear  (2"  -4^"  long),  mostly  much  shorter  than  their  capillary  pedicels ;  glumes  and 
lower  palea  ovate  and  acute,  or  the  latter  acutish,  3-nerved.     (Poa  tenella1?  Pursh. 
P.  Caroliniana,  Spreny.     P.  pectinacea  of  authors,  not  of  Michx.)  —  Sandy  or 
sterile  open  grounds,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

•»-  -»-  Culms  simple  or  branching  only  at  the  very  base,  firm,  erect,  from  an  annual  or 
perennial  root,  mostly  forming  thick  tufts :  leaves  very  long ;  panicle  very  large,  com' 
pound,  often  longer  than  the  culm,  with  elongated  and  loosely  flowered  branches  ;  their 
axils  often  bearded. 

6.  E.  tennis.     Panicle  virgately  elongated  (1°-2|°  long),  very  loose,  the 
spreading  branches  bearded  in  some  of  the  lower  axils,  their  remote  divisions 
wad  long  diverging  pedicels  capillary;  spikeletS'2-6-  (sometimes  7 -12-)  flow- 
ered, pale  or  greenish  ;  glumes  lanceolate  or  awl-shaped,  very  acute  (l£"-  2"  long), 
membranaceous,  as  are  the  oblong-lanceolate  acute  flowers  ;  lower  palea  distinctly  3- 
nerved;  the  upper  ciliate-scabrous.      ty?  (Poa  tenuis,  Ell.     P.  capillaris,  Michx. 
P.  trichodes,  Nutt.  ^E.  Geyeri,  Steud.)  —  Sandy  soil,  Illinois,   Virginia?  and 
southward.     Aug. -Oct.  —  Leaves  rather  rigid,  l£°-2°  long,  glabrous  or  spar- 
ingly hairy  :  the  sheaths  hairy  or  glabrous ;  the  throat  strongly  bearded.     Flow- 
ers much  larger  than  in  the  next,  fully  l£"  long. 

7.  E.  capillaris,  Nees.     Panicle  widely  exj'xmdiny,  usually  much  longer 
than  the  culm,  its   spreading  brandies  (mostly  naked  in  the"  axils)   and  long 
diverging  pedicels   capillary;    spikelets   rather  terete,    very   small,   2  -  4-flowered, 
greenish  or  purplish  ;  glumes  and  flowers  ovate,  acute  (less  than  l''long);  lower 
palea  oltscurely  3-nerved,  scarcely  keeled,  the  upper  rough-ciliate.     r-    (Poa  capil- 
laris, L.     P.  hirsuta,  Afichx.) —  Sandy  dry  soil  and  fields;  common,  especially 
southward.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Leaves  and  sheaths  cither  very  hairy  or  nearly  gla- 
brous, the  former  about  1°  long,  not  rigid.     Panicle  l°-2°  long,  becoming  very 
wide  and  diffuse. 

8.  E.    pectinacea.      Panicle   widely   dijfuse,   its    rigid   divergent   main 
brunches  bearded  in  the  axils ;  the  capillary  pedicels  more  or  le&i  oppressed  on  the 
Becondary  branches;  spikelets  flat,  5- 15-flowcred,  becoming  linear,  purple  or 
purplish-tinged  ;  glumes  and  flowers  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acutish ;  lower  paled 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  565 

ttronyly  3-n^t  vea ,  the  upper  hirsute-ciliate.  1J.  ?  (Poa  pectinacea,  Miclx.,  ex  char. 
P.  Virginica,  Ziu  c.  ?  P.  hirsuta,  Amer.  auth.,  not  of  Michx.  E.  Unionis  & 
cognata,  Steud.  ?)  — Leaves  long,  rigid,  mostly  hairy,  the  sheaths  especially  so. 
—  Var.  SPECTABILIS.  Leaves  and  sheaths  mostly  glabrous;  branches  of  the 
panicle  (the  lower  reflexed  with  age)  and  pedicels  mostly  shorter;  spikelets 
rather  larger.  (E.  spectabilis,  ed.  1.  Poa  spectabilis,  Pursh.)  —  Sandy  dry 
ground,  from  E.  Massachusetts  southward  near  the  coast,  and  from  Ohio  and 
Illinois  southward.  Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Plant  1  °  -  3°  high.  Spikelets  1  £"  -  3"  lon£, 
about  1"  wide,  closely  flowered. 

35.     BItiZA,    L.        QUAKING  GRASS. 

Spikelets  many-flowered,  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  flattish-tumid ;  the  flowers 
closely  imbricated.  Glumes  roundish,  unequal  (purple).  Lower  palea  round- 
ish and  entire,  flattened  parallel  with  the  glumes,  ventricose  on  the  back,  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base,  papery-membranaceous  and  becoming  dry,  scarious-mar- 
gined,  obscurely  many-nerved;  the  upper  palea  very  much  smaller,  ovate,  flat. 
Stamens  3.  Stigmas  branched-plumose.  Grain  flattened  parallel  with  the  palese, 
adhering  to  the  upper  one.  —  Leaves  flat.  Panicle  loose,  diffuse,  with  the  largo 
and  showy  spikelets  often  drooping  on  delicate  pedicels  (whence  the  name,  an 
ancient  Greek  appellation  for  some  kind  of  grain,  from  /3pt£<o,  to  slumber  (Linn.), 
or  ftpida,  to  bend  downwards}. 

1.  JS.  MEDIA,  L.  Panicle  erect,  the  branche^  spreading;  spikelets  5-9- 
flowered  (3"  long);  glumes  shorter  than  the  lower  flowers.  1J. — Pastures; 
sparingly  in  E.  Massachusetts  and  in  Pcnn.  June.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

B.  MAXIMA,  L.,  an  annual  with  much  larger  and  many  flowered  spikes,  'a 
occasionally  cultivated  for  ornament. 

36.    FESTIJCA,    L         FESCUE-GRASS. 

Spikelets  3  -  many-flowered,  panicled  or  racemose;  the  flowers  not  webby  at 
the  base.  Glumes  unequal,  mostly  keeled.  Paleas  chartaceous  or  almost  coria- 
ceous, roundish  (not  keeled)  on  the  back,  more  or  less  3-5-nerved,  acute, 
pointed,  or  often  bristle-awned,  rarely  blunt;  the  upper  mostly  adhering  at 
maturity  to  the  enclosed  grain.  Stamens  mostly  3.  —  Flowers,  and  often  the 
leaves,  rather  dry  and  harsh.  (An  ancient  Latin  name.) 

#  Flowers  bristle-pointed  or  awned  from  the  tip :  panicle  racemose-contracted. 

1.  F.  teiiella,  Willd.      Panicle   spike-like,   somewnat  one-sided    (2' -3' 
long);  spikelets  7  -  3 -flower ed  ;  awn  of  the  involute-awl-shaped  palea  slender ;  leaves 
bristle-form,      (i)  —  Dry  sterile  soil ;  not  rare.     July.  —  Culms  very  slender, 
6' -12' high. 

2.  F.  ovina.     (SHEEP'S  FESCUE-GRASS.)     Panicle  narrow ;  spikelets  2- 
B-Jlowered ;  awn  much  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  palea,  or  almost  wanting ;  leaves 
convolute-filiform;  culms  6' -15'  high,  forming  dense-rooted  tufts.      It — N.  E. 
New  England,  Lake  Superior,  ard  northward.  —  Var.  vivfpARA  (which  with  as 
has  running  rootstocks),  with  the  spikelets  partially  converted  into  leafy  shoots, 
is  found  on  the  alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  and 
high  northward.     (Eu.) 


GRAMINEJE.       (dlASS     FAMILY.) 

Var.  clill'iAsciila.     Taller;   {.anicle   more   open   or   compound;   leaves 
flat,  becoming  convolute;  spikelets  4 - 8-flowered.     (F.   duriuscula,   L.) — N. 
New  England  and  northward.     Also  sparingly  naturalized  from  Europe  in  dry 
pastures  eastward.     June. 
*  #  Flowers  awnkss  and  mostly  almost  pointless :  panicle  open:  grain  often  free! 

3.  F.  EiATion,  L.  (in  part).     Panicle  contracted  before  and  after  flowering, 
erect,  with  short  branches;  spikelets  crowded,  5 - 1 0-flowered  (about  £  long) ;  the 
flowers  rather  remote,  oblong-lanceolate;  leaves  flat;  culms  l°-4°  high  from  a 
short  creeping  rootstock.      1J.    (F.  pratcnsis,  lluds.) —  Moist  meadows  and  near 
dwellings.     June.  —  A  pretty  good  meadow-grass.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  F.  llllfclllS)  Willd.     Panicle  of  several  long  and  slender  spreading  branch- 
*e»,  mostly  in  pairs,  droopiny  when  old,  rough,  bearing  near  their  extremity  a  few 

ovate  3-5-flowercd  spikelets  (%'  long)  on  pretty  long  pedicels  ;  jlotvers  ovaie- 
oblong,  rather  obtuse,  close  tot/ether,  coriaceous,  smooth,  very  obscurely  5-nerved. 
1J.  —  llocky  woods  and  copses.  July.  —  Culm  2° -4°  high,  naked  above: 
leaves  broadly  linear,  taper-pointed,  dark  green,  often  rather  hairy. 

37.     BROMUS,    L.      ,BROME-GKASS. 

Spikelets  5 -many-flowered,  panicled.  Glumes  unequal,  membranaceous , 
the  lower  1  -  5-,  the  upper  3  -  9-nerved.  Lower  palca  either  convex  on  the  back 
or  compressed-keeled,  5 -9-nerved,  awned  or  bristle-pointed  from  below  the 
mostly  2-cleft  tip  :  upper  palea  at  length  adhering  to  the  groove  of  the  oblong 
or  linear  grain.  Stamens  3.  Styles  attached  below  the  apex  of  the  ovary.  — 
Coarse  grasses,  with  large  spikelets,  at  length  drooping,  on  pedicels  thickened 
at  the  apex.  (An  ancient  name  for  the  Oat,  from  0p<V°*»  food.) 

$  1.  EtlBROMUS.  —  Lower  palea  convex  on  the  Ixick;  the  flowers  inicr^cated  over 

one  another  before  exjiansion  :  lower  glume  3  -  5-,  the  upper  5  -  3-nerved. 

#  Annuals  or  biennials  :   introduced. 

1.  15.  SECAL.INUS,  L.     (CHEAT  or  CHESS.)     Panicle  spreading,  even  in  fruit, 
the  drooping  peduncles  but  little  branched  ;  spilcclds  oblong-ovate,  turgid,  smooth,  of 
8  -10  rather  distant  flowers  ;  lower  palea  rather  longer  than  the  upper,  its  awn  short, 
sometimes  very  short  or  none ;  sheaths  nearly  glabrous.  —  Grain-fields,  too  com- 
mon: also  escaped  into  barren  or  waste  grounds.    June,  July.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  B.  RACEM6SD8,  L.     (UPRIGHT  CHESS.)     Panicle  erect,  simple,  rather 
narrow,  contracted  in  fruit ;  flowers  closer,  more  imbricated;  lower  palea  decided- 
ly exceeding  the  upper,  bearing  an  awn  of  its  own  length ;  culm  more  slender  ; 
sheaths  sometimes  hairy :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  last,  for  which  it  is  often 
mistaken  in  this  country.  —  Grain-fields  ;  not  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  15.  MOLLIS,  L.     (SOFT  CHESS.)     Panicle  erect,  closely  contracted  in  fruit ; 
spikelets  conical -ovate,  somewhat  flattened  ;  the  flowers  closely  imbricated,  downy 
(as  also  the   leaves,  ^ce.)  ;  loir,  r  palea  ttcutc.,   long-awned.  —  Wheat-fields,   New 
York  and  Pen n. ;  scarce.     June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Perennial:  indigenous.     (Loiccr  glume  strongly  3-,  the  upper  5-nernd.) 

4.  B.   Kfilmii.     (WiLD  CHESS  )     Panicle  simple,  small   (3'-4'  long), 
the  spikelets  drooping  on  capillary  peduncles,  closely  7  -  12-flowered, 


GRAMINEJ2.       (GRASS     FAMILY.)  567 

silky  all  over ;  awn  only  one  third  the  length  of  the  lance-oblong  flower  ;  lower 
palea  7 -9-nerved,  much  longer  and  larger  than  the  upper;  culm  slender  (l£°- 
3°  high) ;  leaves  and  sheaths  conspicuously  or  sparingly  hairy.  (B.  ciliatus, 
Maid.  B.  purgaus,  Torr.  FL  N.  Y.) — Dry  woodlands  and  open  places;  com- 
mon northward.  June,  July.  —  This  is  preserved  in  the  herbarium  of  Linuasua 
under  the  name  of  B.  ciliatus,  though  it  is  not  the  plant  he  has  described ;  thence 
has  arisen  much  confusion. 

§2.  SCHEDONOEUS,  Beauv.,  Fries.  —  Lower  palea  somewhat  convex,  but 
keeled  on  the  back^  laterally  more  or  less  compressed,  at  least  above :  jlowers  soon 
separating  from  each  other- :  lower  glume  1-  the  upper  3-nvrved. 

5.  K.  Ciliatus,  L.     Panicle  compound,  very  loose,  the  elongated  branches  at 
length  divergent,  drooping;  spikelets  7-  12-flowered;  flowers  lanceolate,  tipped 
with  an  aivn  half  to  three  fourtlis  their  length ;  lower  palea  silky  with  appressed 
hairs  near  the  margins,  at  least  below  (or  rarely  naked),  smooth  or  smoothish 
on  the  back  (B.  Canadensis,  Michx.     B.  pubescens,  MM.) ; —  or,  in  var.  PUR- 
GANS (B.  purgans,  L. !),  clothed  all  over  with  very  short  and  fine  appressed 
hairs.     }|  —  River-bunks  and  moist  woodlands ;  rather  common.     July,  Aug. 

—  Culm  3° -4°  high,  with  the  large  leaves  (4'-^'  widej  smooth  or  somewhat 
hairy ;  the  sheaths  in  the  larger  forms  often  hairy  or  densely  downy  near  the  top. 

—  Variable  as  to  the  pubescence,  &c.,  and  comprising  several  forms,  including 
both  the  Linnasan  species  ;  for  which  the  present  name  is  preferable  to  the  inap- 
plicable purgans,  which  was  taken  from  Feuille's  South  American  species.  —  la 
a  large- flowered  form,  two  obscure  additional  nerves  appear  in  the  upper  glume. 

6.  IS.  STERILIS,  L.    Panicle  very  loose,  the  slender  and  nearly  simple  branches 
drooping ;  spikelets  of  about  6  rather  distant  and  7-nerved  rcugJiisk  linear-awl- 
shaped  long-awned  Jlowers ;  leaves  rather  hairy.     ©  —  Penn  Yan,  New  York, 
SarttvcU.    July.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3§.    UJ\iOL,A,    L.        SPIKE-GRASS. 

Spikelets  closely  many-floAvered,  very  flat  and  2-edged ;  one  or  more  of  the 
lowest  flowers  sterile  (neutral)  and  consisting  of  a  single  palea.  Glumes  lance- 
olate, compressed-keeled.  Lower  palea  coriaceo-membranaccous,  strongly  later- 
ally compressed  and  keeled,  striatc-ncrved,  usually  acute  or  pointed,  entire,  en- 
closing the  much  smaller  compressed  2-kceled  upper  one  and  the  free  laterally 
flattened  smooth  grain.  Stamen  1  (or  in  U.  paniculata  3).  —  Upright  smooth 
perennials,  growing  in  tufts  from  strong  creeping  rootstocks,  with  broad  leaves 
and  large  spikelets  in  an  open  or  spiked  panicle.  (Ancient  name  of  some  plant, 
a  diminutive  of  unio,  unity.) 

#  Spikelets  large  (£'  -  2'  long),  ovate  or  oblong,  9  -  30-Jlowered:  panicle  open. 

1.  U.  pailicillftta,  L.      leaves  narrow  when  dry,  convolute;    spikelets 
ovate,  short-pedi celled ;  flowers  glabrous,  bluntish,  several  of  the  lower  sterile ;  the 
fertile  with  3  stamens  ;  culm  and  panicle  elongated  (4° -8°  high).  —  Sand-hilla 
on  the  sea-shore,  S.  Virginia  and  southward. 

2.  U.  Isitifdlsa,  Michx.     Leaves  broad  and  flat  ($'-!'  wide);  spikelets  at 
length  oblong,  hanging  m  lon$  pedicels ;  flowers  acute,  ciliate  on  the  keel,  all  but 


5C8  GRAMINEJS.       ^GKASS    FAMILY.) 

the  lowest  perfect  and  monandrous.  —  Shaded  rich  hill-sides,  S.  Fenn.  to  Illinois 
and  southward.     Aug. —  Culm  2° -4°  high  :  panicle  loose. 
#  #  Spikelets  small:  panicle  contracted  and  wand-like:  perfect  flowers  long-pointed. 
3.  U.  Krarilis  Michx.     Spiktltts  sltoft-jtediceUtil  (2" -3"   long),  broadly 
wedge-shaped,  acute  at  the  base,  4-  8-Jlowered:  the  flowers  ovute  and  divergent- 
ly beaked,  long,  the  lowest  one  neutral.  —  Sandy  soil,  from  Long  Island  to  Vir- 
ginia, near  the  coast,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Culm  3°  high,  slender. 

39.    PIIRAGU1ITES,    Trin.        REED. 

Spikelets  3  -  7 -flowered ;  the  flowers  rather  distant,  silky-villous  at  their  base, 
and  with  a  conspicuous  silky-bearded  rhachis,  all  perfect  and  3-androus,  except 
the  lowest,  which  is  either  neutral  or  with  1-3  stamens,  and  naked.  Glumes 
mcmbranaceous,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  lanceolate,  keeled,  sharp-pointed,  very 
unequal.  Paleae  membranaceous,  slender;  the  lower  narrowly  awl-shaped, 
thrice  the  length  of  the  upper.  Squamulaj  2,  large.  Styles  long.  Grain  free. 
—  Tall  and  stout  perennials,  with  numerous  broad  leaves,  and  a  large  terminal 
panicle.  (^pay/iiT^ff, growing  in  liedyes,  which  this  aquatic  Grass  does  not.) 

1.  P.  COllllllUlliS,  Trin.  Panicle  loose,  nodding;  spikelets  3-5-flow- 
ered  ;  flowers  equalling  the  wool.  (Arundo,  L.)  —  Edges  of  ponds  and  swamps  ; 
common  northward.  Sept.  —  Looks  like  Broom-corn  at  a  distance,  5° -12° 
high  :  leaves  2'  wide.  (Eu.) 

4O.    ARUNDINARIA,    Michx.        CASK 

Spikelets  flattened,  5  —  1 4-flowered ;  the  flowers  somewhat  separated  on  the 
jointed  rhachis.  Glumes  very  small,  membranaccous,  the  upper  one  larger. 
Palete  herbaceous  or  somewhat  membranaceous ;  the  lower  convex  on  the  back, 
not  keeled,  many-nerved,  tapering  into  a  mucronate  point  or  bristle.  Squamulce 
3,  longer  than  the  ovary.  Stamens  3.  Grain  oblong,  free.  —  Arborescent  or 
shrubby  Grasses,  simple  or  with  fascicled  branches,  and  with  large  spikelets  in 
panicles  or  racemes  ;  the  flowers  polygamous,  vi/..  perfect  and  staminate.  (Name 
formed  from  arundo,  a  reed.) 

1.  A.  lliacrosperillU,  Michx.  Spikelets  (!£'- 3'  long)  rather  few  in  a 
simple  panicle,  sometimes  solitary  on  a  slender  peduncle  ;  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, pubescent  beneath  :  —  in  the  SMALL  CANE  §'-!'  wide,  in  the  TALL  CANH 
]'-2'  wide.  Culm  of  the  latter  sometimes  20° -35°,  in  cane-brakes  ;  but  it  very 
rarely  blossoms.  —  In  rich  soil,  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward.  April. 

41.     L.EPTIJRUS,    R.  Brown.        LEPTIJRUS. 

Spikelets  solitary  on  each  joint  of  the  filiform  rhachis,  and  partly  immersed 
in  the  excavation,  1 -2-llowcrcd.  Glumes  1 -2,  including  the  2  thin  pointless 
palcse.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free,  oblong-linear,  cylindrical.  — Low  and  branch- 
ing, often  procumbent  Grasses,  chiefly  annuals,  with  narrow  leaves  and  slender 
spikes  (whence  the  name,  from  XeTrroy,  sl'ndt-r,  and  oupa,  tail). 

1.  L«.  !  paniculfitllS,  Nutt.  Stem  slender  (6' -20'  long),  naked  and 
curved  above,  bearing  3-9  racemoscly  disposed  thread-like  and  triangular 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  569 

ppikes;  glumes  2,  transverse.  —  Open  grounds  and  salt  licks,  Illinois  (Mead), 
and  westward.    Aug. 

42.     L,6L,IUUI,    L.        DARNEL. 

Spikelets  many-flowered,  solitary  on  each  joint  of  the  continuous  rhachis, 
placed  edgewise ;  the  glume,  except  in  the  terminal  spikelet,  only  one  and  exter- 
nal: —  otherwise  chiefly  as  in  Triticum.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  JL.  PERENNE,  L.     (COMMON  DARNEL.     RAY-  or  RYE-GRASS.)     Gluma 
much  shorter  than  the  spikelet ;  flowers  6-9,  awnless,  rarely  awn-pointed.     1|.  — 
Meadows  and  lots ;  eastward.     June.  —  A  pretty  good  pasture-grass.     (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

2.  Li.  TEMULENTUM,  L.     (BEARDED  DARNEL.)     Glume  fidlij  equalling  the 
5  -  7-flowered  spikelet;  awn  longer  tlwn  the  flower  (^'  long).     (J)  —  Grain-fields, 
Massachusetts  to  Illinois  :  rare. — Grain  noxious  ;  almost  the  only  such  instance 
among  Grasses.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

43.     TRITICinil,    L.        WHEAT. 

Spikelets  3  -  several-flowered,  single  at  each  joint,  and  placed  with  the  side 
against  the  rhachis.  Glumes  transverse  (i.  e.  right  and  left),  nearly  equal  and 
opposite,  herbaceous,  nerved.  Lower  palea  very  like  the  glumes,  convex  on  th-3 
back,  pointed  or  awned  from  the  tip  :  the  upper  flattened,  bristly-ciliate  on  tht 
nerves,  free,  or  adherent  to  the  groove  of  the  grain.  Stamens  3.  (The  classical 
name,  probably  from  tritus,  beaten,  because  the  grain  is  threshed  out  of  the 
spikes.)  —  The  true  species  are  annuals,  with  the  glumes  ovate-oblong  and  ven- 
tricose-boat-shaped,  as  in  common  Wheat  (T.  VULG\RE).  Others  are  perennial, 
with  nearlv  lanceolate  acute  or  pointed  glumes,  and  2-ranked  spikes,  never  fur- 
nishing bread-corn  (§  AGROPYRON,  Gcertn  )  ;  to  which  the  following  belong. 

1.  T.  repeit§,  L.     (COUCH-GRASS.     QUITCH-GRASS.     QUICK-GRASS.) 
Rootstocks  creeping  extensively ;  spikelets  4  -  8-flowered ;   glumes  5  -  7-nerved ; 
rhachis  glabrous,  but  rough  on  the  angles  ;  awn  none,  or  not  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  flower ;  leaves  flat,  roughish  or  hairy  above.  —  Var.  NEMOR\LE,  An- 
derson.     Brighter  green;    paleoe   pretty   long-awned ;    spike   slender.  —  Open 

^grounds,  northward :  principally  in  meadows  and  cultivated  grounds,  where  it  is 
naturalized  (from  Europe)  and  very  troublesome,  multiplying  rapidly  and  widclj 
by  its  creeping  slender  rootstocks.  June -Aug.  (Eu.) 

2.  T.  caiiiiium,  L.     (AWNED  WHEAT-GRASS.)     No  creeping  rootsttxk  ; 
spikelets  4-5-flowered;  glumes  3-5-nerved;  rhachis  very  rough;  awn  longer 
than  the  smooth  flower ;  leaves  flat,  roughish.  —  Woods  and  banks,  W.  New  York 
to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     Also  sparingly  naturalized  in  fields.     (Eu.) 

3.  T.  Clasystacliyum.     Culm  (/°-3°  high,  from  a  strong  creeping  root- 
stock)  and  narrow  mostly  involute  leaves  very  smooth  and  glaucous;  spikelets  downy- 
hairy  all  over,  whitish,  5  -  9-flowercd  ;  glumes  5  -  7 -nerved ;  rhachis  rough  on  the 
edges ;  uwn  sometimes  about  half  the  length  of  the  flower,  sometimes  nearly 
wanting.     (T.  repens,  var.  dasystachyum,  Hook.)  —  Sandy  shores  of  Lakes  Ha 
ron  and  Superior,  and  northward.     Aug. 


570  GRAMINF^E.       '3RA3S  FAMILY.) 

44.    HORDEUM,    L.        BARLEY. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered  with  an  awl-shaped  rudiment  on  the  inner  bide  3  at  each 
joint  of  the  rhachis ;  but  the  lateral  ones  usually  imperfect  or  abortive,  and 
short-stalked.  Glumes  side  by  side  in  front  of  the  spikelets,  6  in  number,  form- 
ing a  kind  of  involucre,  slender  and  awn-pointed  or  bristle-form.  Paleae  herba- 
ceous, the  lower  (anterior)  convex,  long-awned  from  the  apex.  Stamens  3. 
Grain  oblong,  commonly  adhering  to  the  palcae.  Khachis  of  the  dense  spike 
often  separating  into  joints.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  II.  jlibatum,  L.     (SQUIRREL-TAIL  GRASS.)     Low,   lateral   flowcn 
abortive,  neutral,  on  a  short  pedicel,  short-awned ;  the  perfect  flower  bearing  an 
extremely  long  awn  (2'  long)  about  the  length  of  the  similar  capillary  glumes,  all 
spreading.     (j2)  —  Marshes  and  moist  sand  of  the  sea-shore  and  the  Northern 
lakes.     June. 

2.  II.  piisilliiiii,  Nutt.     Lateral  flowers  imperfect  and  neutral,  awnlcss 
but  pointed,  the  perfect  flower  bearing  an  awn  nearly  twice  the  length  of  Us  palea, 
equalling  the  short  awns  of  the  rigid  glumes,  which  rise,  the  central  from  an  awl- 
shaped,  the  middle  ones  from  an  oblong  base ;  spike  linear,     (j  —  Saline  soil, 
Ohio,  Illinois,  and  westward.  —  Too  near  H.  maritiinum  of  Europe.     Culm 
4' -10'  high. 

H.  DfsxiCHUM,  L.,  is  the  cultivated  TWO-ROWED  BARLEY.  II.  VULG\RE, 
L.,  is  the  common  FOUR-  (or  Six-)  ROWED  BARLEY  ;  the  lateral  spikelets  being 
also  fertile,  probably  as  a  consequence  of  long-continued  cultivation. 

SEC\LE  CERE\LE,  L.,  the  RYE,  is  a  well-known  cultivated  grain  of  this 
grc  up,  nearly  allied  to  the  Wheat  in  botanical  character. 

45.     EL.YJJIUS,    L.        LYME-GRASS.     WILD  RYE. 

Spikclcts  2-4  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis,  all  fertile  and  alike,  sessile,  each 

1  -  7-flowered.     Glumes  conspicuous,  nearly  side  by  side  in  front  of  the  spikelets, 

2  for  each  spikelet,  forming  an  involucre  to  the  cluster.     Paleae  coriaceous  ;  the 
lower  rounded  on  the  back,  acute  or  awned  at  the  apex.  Grain  adherent  to  the 
involving  paleae  (whence  the  name,  an  ancient  one  for  some  grain,  from  «Xuo:, 
to  roll  up). 

*  Glumes  and  lower  palcw  rigid,  both  or  only  the  latter   awnrd :    spih-lfts   1-5- 
fou-ered :  perennials,  mth  slender  culms  and  ratitr  harsh  fo/iagi: 

1.  E.   Virgin  hits,  L.     Spike  rigidly  upright,  dtnst  and  thick  (3'  long),  on 
a  short  peduncle  usually  included  in  the  sheath  ;  spikelets  2-3  together,  2  -3-flow- 
en  (1,  smooth,  rather  short-awned,  about  the  length  of  the  rough  and  thickened 
strongly-nerved  and   bristle-pointed  lanceolate  glumes.  —  River-banks;  not  rare. 
Aug.  —  Culm  stout,  2° -3°  high:  leaves  broadly  linear,  rough. 

2.  E.  <  :m:i<l<  nsis,  L.     Spike  rather  loose,  curving  (5' -9'  long),  on  an 
exserted  peduncle;  spikelets  mostly  in  pairs,  of  3  -  5  long-awncd  rough  or  rough- 
hairy  flowers;  the  l<inre-<iirl-s/«i/>f</  <//u»us  tij>/in!  irith  short  t-r  aims.     (E.  Philadel- 
phicus,  L. !)  —  Var.  GLAUCIFOLIUS  (E.  glaucifVilius,  Miihl.)  is  pale  or  glaucoui 

throughout,  the  flowers  with  more  spreading  awns  (!£'  long).  —  River-banks, 
_  * 

ate. ;  common. 


(GRASS   FAMILY.)  571 

3.  E.  StriatUS,  Willd.     Spike  dense  but  slender,  upright  oi  slightlj  nod- 
ding  (3' -4'  long) ;  spikelets  mostly  in  pairs,  1  -2-  (or  rarely  3-)  flowered,  mi- 
nutely bristly-hairy ;  glumes  linear-awl-shaped  or  truly  awl-shaped,  bristle-awned, 
about  thrice  the  length  of  the  flowers,  not  counting  their  capillary  awn  (which  is  1 
long);  leaves  (rather  narrow)  and  sheaths  smooth  or  hairy,  or  downy.  —  Var. 
VILLOSUS   (E.  villosus,  Muhl. !)  has  a  somewhat  stouter  spike  and  very  hairy 
glumes  — Rocky  woods  and  banks;  rather  rare.     July.  —  The  most  slender 
and  smallest-flowered  species. 

*  *  Glumes  and  palece  both  awnless  and  soft  in  texture:  reed-like  perennials. 

4.  E.  mollis,  Trin.  (not  of  11.  Br.)     Stout  (3°  high)  ;  spike  thick,  erect 
(8  long);  spikelets  2  or  3  at  each  joint,  5  -  8-flowered ;  the  lanceolate  pointed 
5-  7-nerved  glumes  (!'  long)  with  the  pointed  paleae  soft-villous,  the  apex  of  the 
culm  velvety ;  rhachis  of  the  spikelets  separating  into  joints.  —  Shore  of  Lakes 
Huron,  Superior,  Maine  ( Tuckerman ;)  and  northward.     (Near  E.  arenarius.) 

46.     OYMN^STICHUPtt,    Schreb.        BOTTLE-BRUSH  GRASS. 

Spikelets  2-3  (or  sometimes  solitary)  on  each  joint  of  the  rhachis,  raised  on 
a  very  short  callous  pedicel,  loosely  2-4-flowered  (when  solitary  placed  flatwise 
on  the  rhachis).  Glumes  none !  or  small  awn-like  deciduous  rudiments  (whence 
the  name  of  this  genus  [otherwise  nearly  as  in  Elyinus],  from  yv^vos,  naked,  and 
OTI'^OS,  a  rank). 

1.  G.  Ilystrix,  Schreb.  Spike  upright,  loose  (3' -6'  long);  the  spread- 
ing spikelets  2-3  together,  early  deciduous;  flowers  smoothish,  or  often  rough 
hairy,  tipped  with  an  awn  thrice  their  length  (!'  long);  leaves  and  sheaths 
smoothish.  1J.  (Elyinus  Hystrix,  L.)  —  Moist  woodlands;  rather  common 
July. 

47.    AIR  A,    L.  (in  part).    HAIR-GRASS. 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  in  an  open  diffuse  panicle;  the  (small)  flowers  both  per- 
fect (sometimes  with  a  third  imperfect),  usually  shorter  than  the  membranaceous 
keeled  glumes,  hairy  at  the  base ;  the  upper  remotish.  Lower  palea  truncate 
or  mostly  denticulate  or  eroded  at  the  summit,  bearing  a  slender  bent  or  straight 
awn  on  its  back.  Stamens  3.  Styles  plumose  to  the  base.  Ovary  glabrous. 
Grain  oblong.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  Darnel.) 

i  1.  DESCIlAMPSIA,  Beauv.,  Trin.  —  Lower  palea  thin  and  scaric^s  or  mem- 
branaceous, delicately  3  -  5-nerved,  eroded  or  toothed  at  the  truncate  summit ;  the 
tnvn  attached  mostly  a  little  above  the  base :  grain  not  gi-ooved,  mostly  free :  glumes 
al)out  equalling  the  flowers. 

1.  A.  flexuosa,  L.     (COMMON  HAIR-GRASS.)      Culms  slender,  nearly 
naked  (1°- 2°  high),  from  the  small  tufts  of  involute-bristle-form  leaves  (l'-6f 
long) ;  branches  of  the  small  spreading  panicle  capillary ;  awn  about  twice  th* 
length  of  the  palea.     1J. — Dry  places ;  common.     June.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  csespitosa,  L.     Culms  in  close   tufts    (2° -4°  high);  leaves  flat, 
linear;  panicle  pyramidal  or  oblong   (6' long) ;  awn  l>arely  equalling  the  palea. 
U.  —  Shores  of  lakes  and  streams ;  not  rare  northward.    June,  July.     (Eu. ) 


672  GRAMINEvE.       (GRASS     FAMILY.) 

|  2.  VAHLODEA,  Fries.  —  Glumes  more  boat-shaped,  lonaer  than  the  flouers 
lower  palea  of  a  Jirin  or  coriaceous  texture,  nerveless,  the  truncate-obtuse,  tij)  mostly 
entire;  the  awn  borne  at  or  alwve  the  middle  :  grain  grooved,  flatfish,  fiee. 

3.  A.  atropurpurca,  Wahl.  Culms  8' -15'  high,  weak;  leaves  flat  or 
rather  wide ;  panicle  of  few  spreading  branches ;  awn  stont,  twice  the  length  of 
the  paleae.  1|. — Alpine  tops  of  the  White  Mountains,  and  those  of  N.  New 
York.  August.  (Eu.) 

48.    D  ANT  HO  N I  A,    DC.        WILD  OAT-GRASS. 

Lower  palca  (oblong  or  ovate,  rounded-cylindraccous,  7 -9-nerved)  bearing 
between  the  sharp-pointed  or  awn-like  teeth  of  the  tip  an  awn  composed  of  the 
3  middle  nerves,  which  is  flattish  and  spirally  twisting  at  the  base :  otherwise 
nearly  as  in  A  vena.  Glumes  longer  than  the  imbricated  flowers.  (Named  for 
Danthoine,  a  French  botanist.) 

1.  D.  Spicftta,  Beauv.  Culms  tufted  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  short,  nai 
row  and  soon  involute  ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat ;  panicle  simple,  racemo 
like  (2'  long) ;  the  few  spikelcts  apprcssed,  7-ilowered ;  lower  palca  broadlj 
ovate,  loosely  hairy  on  the  back,  much  longer  than  its  lance-awl-shaped  teeth 
1J.  —  Dry  and  sterile  or  rocky  soil.  July. 

49.     TRISETUlfl,    Persoon.        TRISETUM. 

Spikclets  2  -  several-flowered,  often  in  a  contracted  panicle;  the  lower  palea 
compressed-keeled,  of  about  the  same  merabranaceous  texture  as  the  glumes 
bearing  a  bent  or  flexuous  (rarely  twisted)  awn  below  the  sharply  2-toothed  or 
2-pointcd  apex  (whence  the  name,  from  tris,  three,  and  seta,  a  bristle) :  other- 
wise nearly  as  in  Avena. 

1.  T.  Sllbspicatlim,  Beauv.,  var.  mo  He.    Minutely  so  ft -downy  ;  pani- 
cle dense,  much  contracted,  oblong  or  linear  (2;-3'  long) ;  glumes  about  the  length 
of  the  2 -3  smooth  flowers;  awn  diverging,  much  cxserted.     (Avcna  mollis, 
Michx.)     1|. —  Mountains  and  rocky  river-banks,  N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin, 
and  northward;  rare.     July. — About  1°  high:  leaves  flat,  short.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  pa  lustre,  Torr.     Smooth;  panicle  rather  long  and  narrow  (5'  long), 
loose,  the  brandies  cafiillary ;  sptkdets  flat  (3"  long) ;  glumes  shorter  than  the  2 
smooth  lanceolate  flowers,  of  which  the  upper  is  on  a  slightly  naked  joint  of  the 
rhaehis,  and  hears  a  slender  spreading  or  bent  awn  next  the  short  2-pointed  tip, 
while  the  louxr  one  is  commonly  awnless  or  only  mucronate-pointed.      1|.  (Avena 
palustris,  Miclix.    Aira  pal  lens,  Mulil.)  —  Low  grounds,  S.  New  York  to  Illinois, 
and  southward.    June.  —  Culm  slender,  2° -3°  high  :  leaves  flat,  short.     Spike- 
lets  yellowish-white,  tinged  with  green. 

50.    AVENA,    L.        OAT. 

Spikelcts  2 -many-flowered,  panic-led;  the  flowers  hcrbaceo-chartaccous,  or 
becoming  harder,  of  firmer  texture  than  the  large  and  mostly  unequal  glumes ; 
the  uppermost  imperfect.  Lower  palca  rounded  on  the  back,  mostly  5-11- 
nerved,  bearing  a  long  usually  bent  or  twisted  awn  on  the  back  or  below  th« 


(GRASS  FAMIL*  )  573 

acutely  2-c'eft  tip  proeeeiing  from  the  mid-nerve  only.     Stamens  3.     Grain 
oblong-linear,  grooved  on  one  side,  usually  hairy,  free,  but  invested  by  the  upper 
pnlea.     (The  classical  Latin  name.) 
§  1.  AVENASTRUM,      Koch.  —  Spikelets    rather  small,   several-flowered ;  the 

flowers   rentotish  ;  glumes    1-  and  3-nerved ;   lower  palea  about    7 -nerved :    root 

perennial. 

1.  A.  Stl'iikta,  Miehx.     Culms  tufted,  slender  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  nar- 
row; panicle  simple,  loose,  drooping  with  age;  the  few  3 - 5-flowcred  spikelets 
on  rough  capillary  pedicels,  much  longer  than  the  very  unequal  purple  glumes; 
lower  palea  with  a  short  bearded  tuft  at  the  base,  much  longer  than  the  ciliate- 
fringed  upper  one  (J'  long),  bearing  a  long  straightish  awn  just  below  the  taper- 
ing very  sharply  cuspidate  2-cleft  tip.    (Trisctum  purpurascens,  Ton.)  —  Rocky, 
shaded  hills,  N.  New  England,  New  York,  and  northward.     June. 

4  2.  AIR6PSIS,  Desv.,  Fries.  —  Spikelets  very  small,  of  2  closdy  approximate 
flowers,  and  with  no  rudiment  of  a  third:  glumes  l-nerved:  lower  palea  obscurdy 
3-5-nerved:  root  annual.  (Forms  a  genus  intermediate  between  Aira  and 
Avena,  here  appended  to  the  latter  for  convenience.) 

2.  A.  PR.ECOX,  Beauv.      Dwarf  (3' -4'  high),  tufted;  leaves  short,  bristle- 
shaped  ;  branches  of  the  small  oblong  panicle  appressed ;  awn  from  below  the 
middle  of  the  flower.     (Aira  prsecox,  L.) —  Sandy  fields,  New  Jersey  to  Vir- 
ginia:  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)  See  Addend. 

A.  SATIVA,  L.,  the  COMMON  OAT,  belongs  to  the  section  with  annual  roots, 
and  long,  7  -  9-nerved  glumes. 

51.    ARI1HE1VATIIERUM,    Beauv.        OAT-GRASS. 

Spikelets  open-panicled,  2-flowercd,  with  the  rudiment  of  a  third  flower ;  the 
middle  flower  perfect,  with  its  lower  palea  barely  bristle-pointed  from  near  the 
tip ;  the  lowest  flower  staminate  only,  bearing  a  long  bent  awn  below  the  mid- 
dle of  the  back  (whence  the  name,  from  apprjp^  masculine,  and  dtir/p,  awn) :  — 
otherwise  as  in  Avena,  of  which  it  is  only  a  peculiar  modification. 

1.  A.  AVENACEUM,  Beauv.  Leaves  broad,  flat ;  panicle  elongated  (8'- 10' 
long);  glumes  scarious,  very  unequal.  1J.  (Avena  elatior,  L.} —  Meadows  and 
lots  scarce:  absurdly  called  Grass  of  the  Andes.  May -July.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

52.     HOL.CUS,    L.  (partly).        MEADOW  SOFT-GRASS. 

Spikelets  crowded  in  an  open  panicle,  2-flowered,  jointed  with  the  pedicels  ; 
the  boat-shaped  membranaccous  glumes  enclosing  and  much  exceeding  the  re- 
motish  flowers.  Lower  flower  peifect,  but  its  papery  or  thin-coriaceou*  lower 
palea  awnless  and  pointless ;  the  upper  flower  s>mia ate  only,  otherwise  similar, 
but  bearing  a  stout  bent  awn  below  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Styles  plumose  to 
the  base.  Grain  free,  scarcely  grooved.  (An  ancient  name,  from  O\KOS,  draught, 
of  obscure  application.) 

1.  If.  LAN\TUS,  L.  (VELVET-GRASS.)  Soft-downy,  pale ;  panicle  oblong 
(l'-4'  long) ;  upper  glume  mucronate-awned  under  the  apex  ;  awn  of  the  stam- 
inate flower  recurved.  i|. — Moist  meadows ;  scarce.  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


574  GRAMINKJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

53.    II I  £  It  6  €111,0  A,    Gmclin.        HOLY-GRASS. 

Spikelets  plainly  3-flowered,  open-panicled ;  the  flowers  all  with  2  paleae  the 
two  lower  (lateral)  flowers  staminate  only,  3-androus,  sessile,  often  awned  on  the 
middle  of  the  back  or  near  the  tip ;  the  uppermost  (middle)  one  perfect,  short- 
pcdicellcd,  scarcely  as  long  us  the  others,  2-androus,  awnless*  Glumes  equalling 
or  exceeding  the  spikelet,  scarious ;  paleae  chartaceous. —  Leaves  linear  or  lan- 
ceolate, flat.  (Name  composed  of  tfpos,  sacred,  and  x\6a,  grass;  these  sweet- 
scented  Grasses  being  strewn  before  the  church-doors  on  saints'  days,  in  the  North 
of  Europe.) 

1.  II..  borealis,  Roem.   &   Schultes.     (VANILLA   or   SENECA   GRASS.) 
Panicle   somewhat  one-sided,   pyramidal    (2' -5'   long);    peduncles    smooth; 
Btaminate  flowers  with  the  lower  palea  imicronate  or  bristle-pointed  at  or  near 
the  tip ;  rootstock  creeping.     1J.  (Holcus  odoratus,  L.)  —  Moist  meadows,  Mass. 
to  Wisconsin,  and  northward,  chiefly  near  the  coast  and  along  the  Lakes.    May. 
—  Culm  l°-2°  high,  with  short  lanceolate  leaves.     Spikelets  chestnut-color; 
the  sterile  flowers  strongly  hairy  -fringed  on  the  margins,  and  the  fertile  one  at 
the  tip.     (Eu.) 

2.  II.  alpilia.  Roem.  &  Schultes.     Panicle  contracted  (l'-2'  long);  one 
of  the  staniinate  flowers  barely  pointed  or  short-awned  near  the  tip,  the  other 
long-awned  from  below  the  middle;  lowest  leaves  very  narrow.     1J.  —  Alpine 
mountain-tops,  New  England,  New  York,  and  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

54.  A  N  T II O  X  A  W  T  H  U  I»I ,  L.     SWEET-SCENTED  VERNAL-GRABS. 

Spikelets  spiked-panicled,  3-flowcred  ;  but  the  lateral  flowers  neutral,  consist- 
ing merely  of  one  palea  which  is  hairy  on  the  outside  and  awned  on  the  back : 
the  central  (terminal)  flower  perfect,  of  2  awnlcss  chartaceous  palea;,  2-androus. 
(Jinnies  very  thin,  acute,  keeled;  the  upper  about  as  long  as  the  flowers,  twice 
the  length  of  the  lower.  Squamulac  none.  Grain  ovate,  adherent  to  the  enclos- 
ing paleae.  (Name  compounded  of  (Iv0os,  flower,  and  av&u>v,  of  flowers.  L.) 

1.  A.  ODOR\TUM,  L.  Spikelets  spreading  (brownish  or  tinged  with  green); 
one  of  the  neutral  flowers  bearing  a  bent  awn  from  near  its  base,  the  other  short- 
awncd  below  the  tip.  ty  —  Meadows,  pastures,  &e.  ;  very  sweet-scented  in  dry- 
ing. May -July.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

55.     PIIALARIS,    L.        CANARY-GRASS. 

Spikelets  crowded  in  a  dense  or  spiked  panicle,  with  2  neutral  mere  rudiments 
of  a  flower,  one  on  each  side,  at  the  base  of  the  perfect  one,  which  is  ilattish, 
awnlcss,  of  2  shining  paleae,  shorter  than  the  equal  boat-shaped  and  often  winged- 
keeled  glumes,  finally  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  and  closely  enclosing  the 
flattened  free  and  smooth  grain.  Stamens  3.  —  Leaves  broad,  flat.  ( 'The  an- 
cient name,  from  <£u\oy,  sliinin;/,  alluding  either  to  the  palea;  or  the  <_«rain.) 

1.  P.  ariindiiiacca,  L.  (KKED  CANARY-GRASS.)  Panicle  more  or 
less  branched,  clustered,  a  little  spreading  when  old;  (/lames  wingless,  with  flat- 
tened pointed  tips ;  rudimentary  flowers  hairy,  ]  the  length  of  the  fertile  one.  ty 


GRAAIINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  575 

<P.  Americana  Terr.,  not  of  Ell.  Digraphis  arundinacea,  Trin. )  —  "Wet  grounds ; 
very  common  northward.  July.  —  Culm  2°  -  4°  high.  Leaves  3"  -  5"  wide.  — 
The  RIBBON-GRASS  of  the  gardens  is  a  state  of  this  species,  with  variegated 
leaves.  (Eu.) 

2.  P.  CANARI£NSIS,  L.  (CANARY-GRASS.)  Panicle  spiked,  oval ;  glumes 
wi.ng-keeled ;  rudimentary  flowers  smooth,  half  the  length  of  the  perfect  one.  Q)  — 
Waste  places, New  York  and  New  England :  sparingly  cultivated.  July-  Sept. 
—  It  yields  the  Canary-seed.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

56.     MILIUM,    MILLET-GRASS. 

Spikelets  diffusely  panicled,  not  jointed  with  their  pedicels,  apparently  con- 
sisting of  2  equal  memhranaccous  convex  and  awnlcss  glumes,  including  a  sin- 
gle coriaceous  awnless  flower :  but  theoretically  the  lower  glume  is  wanting, 
while  an  empty  single  palea  of  the  lower  (neutral)  flower,  resembling  the  upper 
glume,  fulfils  its  office,  and  stands  opposite  the  narrow  upper  palea  of  the  terete 
fertile  flower.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  branched-plumose.  Grain  not  grooved, 
enclosed  in  the  palea;,  all  deciduous  together.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the 
Millet  (which  however  belongs  to  a  different  genus),  probably  from  mille,  a  thou- 
sand, because  of  its  fertility.) 

1.  M.  eflfusiliBi,  L.  Smooth  (3° -6°  high) ;  leaves  broad  and  flat,  thin, 
panicle  spreading  (6'  -  9'  long) ;  flower  ovoid-oblong.  1|.  —  Cold  woods ;  com- 
mon northward.  June.  (Eu.) 

57.    AMPHICAKPUM,    Kunth.        (MILIOM,  Pursh.) 

Spikelets  jointed  with  the  apex  of  the  pedicels,  apparently  1 -flowered,  of  two 
kinds  ;  one  kind  in  a  strict  terminal  panicle,  like  those  of  Milium,  except  that 
the  rudiment  of  the  lower  glume  is  ordinarily  discernible,  quite  deciduous  from 
the  joint,  commonly  without  ripening  fruit,  although  the  flower  is  perfect:  tho 
other  kind  solitary  at  the  extremity  of  slender  runner-like  radical  peduncles 
(which  are  more  or  less  sheathed  towards  the  base),  much  larger  than  the 
others,  perfect  and  fertile,  subterranean  ;  the  enwrapping  glume,  and  similar 
empty  palea  many-nerved.  Flower  oblong  or  ovoid,  pointed.  Stamens  3  (small 
in  the  radical  flowers).  Stigmas  plumose,  deep  .purple.  Grain  ovoid,  terete, 
not  grooved,  in  the  radical  flowers  very  large  (2" -3"  long),  the  embryo  next 
the  lower  palea.  Neutral  palea  somewhat  exceeding  the  glume  and  the  fertile 
flower.  —  Leaves  lanceolate,  flat,  copious  on  the  lower  part  of  the  culm,  clothed 
like  the  sheaths  with  spreading  bristly  hairs  (Name  from  d^iKapnosj  doubly 
fruit-bearing. ) 

1.  A.  Piirsliii,  Kunth.  (Milium  amphicarpon,  Pursh.)  —  Moist  sandy 
nine  barrens,  New  Jersey.  Sept. 

58.     P  ASP  ALUM,    L.        PASPALUM. 

Spikelets  spiked  or  somewhat  racemed  in  2-4  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flattened 
or  filiform  continuous  rhachis,  jointed  with  their  very  short  pedicels,  plano- 
convex, awnless,  apparently  only  one-flowered,  as  in  Milium ;  but,  on  the  other 


576  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

hand,  differing  from  Panicum  merely  in  the  want  of  the  lower  glume ;  which, 
however,  is  occasionally  present  in  some  species,  as  a  small  scale.  Glume  and 
empty  palea  few-nerved.  Flower  coriaceous,  mostly  orbicular  or  ovate,  flat  on 
the  inner  side,  convex  on  the  outer.  Stamens  3.  —  (Said  to  have  been  a  Greek 
name  for  Millet.) 

#  Spikes  very  numerous  in  a  spiked  raceme  ;  their  thin  and  membranaceous  or  folia- 
ceous  rhachis  broader  than  the  spikelets,  and  keeled  or  boat-shaped. 

1.  P.  flllitaiis,  Kunth.     Glabrous;  stems  procumbent  below  and  rooting 
In  the  mud  or  floating;  leaves  lanceolate;  rhachis  (1"  wide)  projecting  beyond 
(he  small  slightly  pubescent  spikelets  into  a  tapering  point,  scabrous  on  the 

-back.  (D  (Ceresia  fluitans,  Ell.)  —  River-swamps,  Virginia,  S.Ohio,  Illinois, 
and  southward.  Oct.  See  Addend. 

*  *  Sj)ikes  one  or  few ;  the  rhachis  narrower  than  the  spikelets. 
•«-  Spikelets  very  ol)tuse,  orbicular :  spikes  one  terminal,  and  oftert'l  -5  lateral. 

2.  I*,  sctaceum,  Michx.     Culm  ascending  or  decumbent  (1°- 2°  long), 
slender;  leaves   (2"  wide,  flat)  and  sheaths  clothed  with  soft  spreading  hairs; 
spikes  very  slender  (2' -4'  long),  smooth,  mostly  solitary  on  a  long  peduncle,  and 
usually  one  from  the  sheaths  of  each  of  the  upper  leaves  on  short  peduncles  or  included  ; 
spikelets  (£"  wide)  nairouiy  2-rowed.     1J.    (Also  P.  debile  and  P.  ciliatifolium, 
Michx.)  —  Sandy  fields,  Massachusetts,  near  the  coast,  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 
August. 

3.  P.  lifcve,  Michx.     Culm  upright,  rather  stout  (l°-3°  high) ;  the  pretty 
large  and  long  leaves  with  the  flattened  sheaths  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy ; 
strikes  2-6,  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  approximated  near  the  summit  of  an  elon- 
gated naked  peduncle,  spreading  (2' -4' long),  smooth,  except  a  bearded  tuft  at 
their  base;  spikelets  broadly  Z-rowed  (over  1"  wide).      ]\.  1  —  Moist  soil,  S.  New 
England  to  Kentucky,  and  southward.    August.  —  Either  glabrous  or  sometimes 
the  lower  sheaths,  &c.  very  hairy. 

•»-  •»-  Spikelets  acute:  spikes  always  a  pair  at  the  summit  of  the  naked  peduncle. 

1.  P.  disticlllini,  L.  (JOINT-GRASS.)  Nearly  glabrous,  rather  glau- 
cous; culms.ascending  (about  1°  high)  from  a  long  creeping  base ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  (2' -3'  long)  ;  spikes  short  and  closely-flowered  ($'-2'  long),  one  short- 
[nilnnclfd,  the.  other  sessile;  rhachis  flat  on  the  back  ;  spikelds  orate,  slightly  pointed 
(hardy  l£"  long).  U  (**•  notatum,  Flwyge,  frc.}  —  Wet  fields,  Virginia  and 
southward.  July  -  Sept. 

5.  P.  HM^itfjria,  Poir.  Culms  ascending  (l°-2£°  high)  from  a  creeping 
base;  leaves  lanceolate  (3' -6'  long,  $'-£  wide);  spikes  slender  and  rather 
sparsely  flowered  (l'-4'  long),  conjugate,  both  sessile  at  the  apex  of  the  slender 
peduncle  ;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolutc  (2''  long).  (Milium  paspalodes,  £11.)  —  Vir- 
ginia (Pursh),  and  southward. 

59.     PANICUM,    L.        PANIC-GRASS. 

Spikelets  panic-led,  racemed,  or  sometimes  spiked,  not  involucratc,  1^-3- 
flowcrcd.  Glumes  2,  but  the  lower  one  usually  short  or  minute  (rarely  want- 
ing), niembranaceo-horbaceous ;  the  upper  as  long  as  the  fertile  flower.  Lowei 


GRAMINEJS.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  577 

flower  cither  neutral  or  staminate,  of  one  palea  which  closely  resembles  the  up- 
per glume,  and  sometimes  with  a  second  thin  one.  Upper  flower  perfect,  closed, 
coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  usually  flattish  parallel  with  the  glumes,  awnlcss, 
enclosing  the  free  and  grooveless  grain.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose,  usually 
purple.  (An  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Italian  Millet,  P.  Italicum  (now  Seta- 
ria  Italica),  thought  to  come  from  panis,  bread  ;  some  species  furnishing  a  kind 
of  bread -corn.) 

$  1.  DIGITAllIA,  Scop.  —  Spikelets  crowded  2  - 3  tor/ether  in  simple  anu  mostly 
l-stded  clustered  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes,  wholly  aivnless  and  pointless  lower 
flower  neutral,  of  a  single  palea:  lower  glume  minute,  sometimes\'>bsoltte  or  want- 
ing: root  annual :  plant  often  purplish. 

*  Spikes  erect;  the  rhachis filiform,  nearly  terete. 

1.  P.  filifdrme,  L.     Culms  very  slender  (1°- 2°  high),  upright;  lower 
sheaths  hairy;  spikes  2  -  8,  alternate  and  approximated,  filiform  ;  spikelets  ob- 
long, acute   (I"  long) ;  upper  glume  equalling  the  flower,  the  lower  almost 
wanting.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey  along  the  coast,  Illi- 
nois, and  southward.     Aug. 

*  *  Spikes  spreading ;  the  rhachisjlat  and  thin. 

2.  P.  GLA.BRUM,  Gaudin.     Culms  spreading,  prostrate,  or  sometimes  erect 
(5'-12'  long),  glabrous;  spikes  2-6,  widely  diverging,  nearly  digitate;  spikelets 
ovoid  (about  1"  long) ;  upper  glume  equalling  the  flower,  the  lower  one  almost  want- 
ing. —  Cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places ;  common  southward,  and  not  rare 
northward  :  in  some  places  appearing  as  if  indigenous,  but  probablv  an  intro- 
duced plant.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  P.    SANGUINA.LE,  L.      ( COMMON  CRAB-GRASS.     FlNGER-GRASS.)      GullDS 

erect  or  spreading  (l°- 2°  high) ;  leaves  and  sheaths  glabrous  or  hairy;  spikes 
4-15,  spreading,  digitate  ;  spikelets  oblong  (1  j"  long) ;  upper  glume  half  the  length 
of  the  flower,  the  lower  one  small.  —  Cultivated  and  waste  grounds,  and  yards  ; 
common.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  PANICUM  PROPER.  —  Spikelets  scattered,  in  panicles,  awnless. 
*  Panicle  elongated  and  racemose,  wand-like  or  pyramidal;  the  numerous  and  usually 

pointed  spikelets  short-pedicelled,  excepting  No.  7. 
«-  Sterile  flower  neutral,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  lower  glume :  spikelets  small 

(not  more  than  1"  or  1^"  long). 
+-*•  Neutral  flower  consisting  of  2  palece, 

4.  P.  ailCCpS,  Michx.     Culms  flat,  upright   (2° -4°  high);  leaves  rather 
broadly  linear  (l°-2°  long,  4"- 5"  wide),  smooth;  panicle  contracted-pyram- 
idal ;   spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  a  little  curved  ;   upper  glume  7 -nerved', 
neutral  flower  £  longer  than  the  perfect  one.     1J. —  Wet  soil,  pine  barrens  of 
New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Allied  to  the  next :  spikelets 
and  branches  of  the  panicle  longer. 

5.  P.  agTOStoides,  Spreng.     Culms  flattened,  upright  (2°  high) ;  leaves, 
long,  and  with  the  sheaths  smooth ;  panicles  terminal  and  often  lateral,  pyram- 
idal (4' -8'  long);  the  spikelets  racemose,  crowded  and  one-sided  on  the  spread- 
ing branches,  ovate-oblong,  acute  (purplish) ;  upper  glume  b-nerved,  longer  than  the 


578  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

neutral  flower,  which  exceeds  the  perfect  one.  (P.  agrostidiforme,  Lam.  f  P. 
multiflorum,  Pair.)  —  Wet  meadows,  E.  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  Illinois, 
and  southward.  Aug. 

•»-«•  *+  Neutral  flower  consisting  of  a  single  palea. 

6.  P.  prolifemin,  Lam.     Smooth  throughout ;  culms  thickened,  succulent, 
Iranched  and  geniculate,  ascending  from  a  procumbent  base ;  sheaths  flattened  ; 
ligule  ciliate;  panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  compound,  pyramidal,  the  slender 
primary  branches  at  length  spreading;  spikelets  oppressed,  lance-oval,  acute  (pale 
green),  lower  glume  broad,  i  to  ^  the  length  of  the  upper;  neutral  flower  little 
longer  than  the  perfect  one.     (i)  — Brackish  marshes   and   meadows;  common 
along  the  coast  from  Massachusetts  southward :  also  along  the  Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi.    Aug. 

7.  P.  capillarc,  L.     Culm  upright,  often  branched  at  the  base  and  form 
ing  a  tuft;  leaves  (large)  and  especially  the  flattened  sheaths  very  hirsute;  panicle 
pt/ramiilal,  capillary,  compound  and  very  loose  (6' -12'  long),  the  slender  straight 
brunches  somewhat  reflexed  when  old;  spikelets  scattered  on  long  pedicels,  oblong- 
ovoid  and  pointed;  lower  glume  half  the  length  of  the  neutral  palca,  which  is 
longer  than  the  ovoid-oblong  obtuse  perfect  Jlower.     (1,  —  Sandy  soil  and  cultivated 
Ik-Ids  everywhere.    Aug.,  Sept. 

8.  P.  ailtlimnalc,  Bosc !     Culm  ascending,  very  slender  (1°  high),  branch 
ing  below ;  leaves  small  (!'  —  2'  long,  linear-lanceolate)  and  upper  sheaths  glabrous ; 
panicle  as  in  depauperate  states  of  the  last,  but  glabrous,  except  the  strongly 
\!,,n-(l.<-d  main  axils,  its  capillary  much  elongated  divisions  mostly  simple  and 
bearing  solitary  spindle-shaped  spikelets;  lower  glume  minute  ;  perfect  Jlower  nar- 
rowly oblong  or  lance-oblong,  acute,  nearly  equalling  the  lance-oblong  obtusish  up- 
per glume  and  the  neutral  palea.     1J.  1  (P.  dichotomiflornm,  Michx.  ?)  —  Sand- 
lulls,  Mason  County,  Illinois  (Mead),  and  southward.  —  This  well-marked  spe- 
cies is  either  rare,  or  has  been  generally  overlooked. 

•»-  •*-  Sterile  Jlower  staminate,  of  2  palece;  lower  glume  little  or  %  shorter :  spikelets 
large  (W-2$>'  long). 

0.  P.  vir^atiitii,  L.  Very  smooth  ;  culms  upright  (3° -5°  high) ;  leaves 
iv/;//  long,  fiat;  branches  of  the  compound  loose  and  large  panicle  (9' -2°  long)  at 
Miglh  spreading  or  drooping;  spikelets  scattered,  oval,  pointed;  glumes  aud 
sterile  paleae  pointed,  usually  purplish.  1J. —  Moist  sandy  soil;  common,  espe- 
cially southward.  Aug. 

10.  P.  am  a  I'll  111,  Ell.  Nearly  smooth,  rigid ;  culms  (l£°  high)  sheathed 
to  the  top  ;  leaves  involute,  glaucous,  coriaceous,  the  uppermost  exceeding  the  contract&i 
panicle,  the  simple  racemose  brandies  of  which  are  appressed,  very  smooth  ; 
spikelets  ovate,  pointed  (pale) ;  lower  glume  little  shorter  than  the  sterile  flow- 
er. 1J. —  Sandy  shores,  Connecticut  (Barratt,  Robbing),  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward. Aug.,  Sept. 

#  #  Panicle  loosely  spreading  or  diffuse,  short. 
«-  Lower  (sterile)  flower  formed  of  2  paletc  (the  upper  one  scarious  and  sometime* 

small  and  inconspicuous),  neutral,  except  in  No.  11,  and  OCCttnifmaliy  in  No.  11. 

where  it  is  staminate. 


GRAMINE./E.       (GRASS    FAMILY  )  679 

•»•*  Calm-leaves  broadly  lanceolate  or  wider,  with  9-15  principal  nerves. 

11.  P.  latifolilim,   L.   (excl.  syn.  Sloane,  &c.)     Culm  (l°-2°  high), 
•mooth ;  the  joints  and  the  orifice  of  the  throat  or  margins  of  the  otherwise 
smooth  sheaths  often  bearded  with  soft  woolly  hairs ;  leaves  broadly  oblong-lanceolate 
from  a  heart-clasping  base  (often  1'  wide),  taper-pointed,  11  -  15-nerved,  smooth, 
or  sparingly  downy-hairy ;  panicle  more  or  less  exserted  (2' -3'  long),  usually 
long-peduncled,  the  branches  spreading;  spikelets  obovate,  \^"  long,  downy;  low- 
er glume  ovate,  not  half  the  length  of  the  many-nerved  upper  one ;  sterile  flower 
often  (but  not  always)  with  3  stamens.     1|.   (P.  Waited,  Poir.)  —  Moist  thick- 
ets ;  common.     June  -  Aug. 

12.  P.  eland estlilU in,  L.     Culm  rigid  (l°-3°  high),  very  leafy  to  the 
top,  at  length  producing  appressed  branches,  the  joints  naked;  sheaths  rough  with 
•papillae,  bearing  very  stiff  and  spreading  bristly  hairs ;   leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
from  a  heart-clasping  base,  very  taper-pointed ;  lateral  panicles  and  usually  also 
the  terminal  panicle  more  or  less  enclosed  in  the  sheaths,  or,  in  var.  pEDUNCUiA- 
TUM  (P.  pedunculatum,  Torr.),  with  the  terminal  one  at  length  long-pedunclcd : 

—  otherwise  resembling  No.  1 1 ;  but  the  spikelets  more  ovoid,  often  smooth ;  the 
lower  flower  (always?)  neutral.  —  Low  thickets  and  river-banks;  rather  com- 
mon. July  -  Sept. 

13.  P.  microcarpon,    Muhl.     Culm  and  sheaths  as  in  No.   11;  the 
broadly  lanceolate  leaves  nearly  similar,  but  longer  in  proportion  and  less  point- 
ed, not  dilated  at  the  rounded  bristly-ciliate  base,  very  rough-margined,  the  up- 
per surface  roughish ;  panicle  soon  exserted  on  a  slender  peduncle,  very  many- 
flowered,  narrowly  oblong  (3' -7'  long) ;  spikelets  about  £"  long,  ovoid,  smooth 
or  srnoothish ;  lower  glume  orbicular  and  very  small.     1J.  (P.  multiflorum,  Ett.  1 
not  of  Poir.) — Dry  or  moist  thickets,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan  to  Illinois, 
and  southward.     July -Sept. 

14.  P.  xailtliopliysilin,  Gray.     Culm  simple,  or  at  length  branched 
near  the  base  (9' -15'  high);  sheaths  hairy;  leaves  lanceolate,  very  acute  (4' -6' 
long  by  I'  wide),  not  dilated  at  the  ciliate-bearded  clasping  base,  smooth  except  the 
margins,  strongly  9-  1 1 -nerved ;  panicle  long-pedunclcd,  simple,  contracted,  the  ap- 
pressed branches  bearing  few  roundish-obovate  spikelets  (about  l£"  lony)  ;  lower 
glume  ovate,  acutish,  one  third  or  half  the  length  of  the  9-ntrved  upper  one.     1J. 
—  Dry  and  sandy  soil,  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward;   rare.     June. — 
Plant  yellowish-green :   spikelets   minutely   downy :   sterile   flower  sometimes 
staminate. 

15.  P.  viscid  Hill,  Ell.     Culms  upright  or  ascending,  at  length  much 
branched,  leafy  to  the  top,  densely  velvety-downy  all  over,  as  also  the  sheaths,  with 
reflexcd  soft  and  often  clammy  hairs,  except  a  ring  below  each  joint ;  leaves  likewise 
velvety  all  over,  lanceolate  (£'  wide),  11  -13-nerved;  panicles  spreading,  the  lateral 
ones  included ;   spikelets  obovate,  1"  or  l£"  long,  downy;   the  roundish  lower 
glume  scarcely  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  7-nerved  upper  one.  —  Damp  soil, 
S.  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug. 

16.  P.  paiicifloruin,  Ell.?     Culms  upright,  at  length  much  branched 
and  reclining  (l°-2°  long),  roughish;  leaves  lanceolate  (3'  -5'  long  by  £'-  \'  wide), 
rather  faintly  3-ncrved,  hairy  or  s  mooth,  fringed  on  the  whole  margin  or  next  the 


680  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

base  witii  long  and  stiff  spreading  hairs,  the  sheat/is  bristly  throughout  with  similar 
hairs  ;  panicle  open,  nearly  sinijile,  bearing  few  tumid-obovate  hairy  or  smoothish 
spiki-lets  about  \^"  long ;  lower  glume  roundish,  about  half  or  a  quarter  of  the 
length  of  the  upper  one.  (P.  leucoblcpliaris,  Trin.  ?)  —  Wet  meadows  and 
copses,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  soutlnvard.  June,  July.  —  Distin- 
guished hy  its  much  larger  spikelets,  more  nerved  leaveS,  and  coarser  aspect, 
from  any  form  of  the  next.  It  has  probably  been  described  under  several 
names,  some  of  them  earlier  than  Elliott's. 

•*-*•  *+  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  with  few  or  indistinct  primary  nerves. 

17.  P.  clicliotonilini,  L. !     Culms  (8'-20  high)  at  first  mostly  simple, 
bearing  a  more  or  less  exsertcd  spreading  compound  panicle  (l'-3'  long),  and 
lanceolate  flat  leaves  (those  tufted  at  the  root  usually  ovate-lanceolate  and  very 
short,  thickish) ;  but  commonly  branching  later  in  the  season,  the  branches  often 
clustered,  and  bearing  nearly  simple  and  included  small  panicles;  spikelets  £"  to 
about  I"  long;  oblong-obovate,  downy  or  smooth;  lower  glume  roundish,  one  third 
or  a  quarter  the  length  of  tlie  5  -  1-nerved  upper  one.  —  Founded  on  an  autumnal 
state  of  the  species,  much  forked  and  with  densely  clustered  lateral  branch  lets 
and  panicles.     (P.  nodifiorum,  Lam.)  —  Exhibits  an  interminable  diversity  of 
forms ;  of  which  a  shaggy-hairy  and  larger-flowered  variety  is  P.  pubcscens, 
Lam.;  and  one  with  smaller  spikelets  is  P.  laxiflorum,  Lam. ;  while  the  varied 
smooth  or  smoothish  states  with  shining  leaves  are  P.  nitidum,  Lam.,  and  (the 
more  slender  forms)  P.  barbulatum,  Michx.,  P.  ramulosum,  Michx.,  Sf-c.  —  Dry 
or  low  grounds;  everywhere  common,  especially  soutlnvard.    June -Aug. — 
Some  of  these  species  arc  likely  to  be  revived ;   but  if  distinct,  I  am  wholly 
unable  to  limit  them. 

18.  P.  depaupcratllin,  Muhl.     Culms  simple  or  branched  from  the 
base,  forming  close  tufts  (6' -12' high),  terminated  by  a  simple  and  few-flowered 
contracted  panicle,  often  much  overtopped  by  the  narrowly  linear  and  elongated  (4'  -  7') 
upper  leaves ;  s]>ikelets  |"  -  1|"  long,  oval-obovate,  commonly  pointed  when  young ; 
the  ovate  lower  glume  %tlie  length  of  the  *J-3-nerved  upper  one.     1J.   (P.  strictum, 
Pursh.     P.  rectum,  Rozm.  $•  Schult.)  — Varie  ,  with  the  leaves  involute,  at  leas/ 
when  dry  (P.  involutum,  Torr.),  and  Wicn  the  sheaths  either  beset  with  long 
hairs  or  nearly  smooth  :  the  panicle  cither  partly  included,  or  oftener  on  a  long 
and  slender  peduncle.  —  Dry  woods  and  hills;  rather  common,  especially  north- 
ward.   June. 

•*-  •*-  Lower  Jtoiver  destitute  of  an  upper  palea,  and  neutral. 

19.  P.  vcrrucosuiil,  Muhl.     Smooth;  culms  branching  and  spreading, 
rery  slender  ( 1  °  -  2°  long),  naked  above  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  (2"  -  3    wide), 
shining;  branches  of  the  diffuse  panicle  capillary,  few-flowered;  spikt lets  oral, 
acute,  3"  long,  warty-roughened  (dark  green) ;  the  lower  glume  one  fourth  the 
length  of  the  obscurely  nerved  upper  one.     (5)  ?  —  Sandy  swamps,  New  Eng- 
land to  Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.     Aug. 

13.  ECIIIN6CHLOA,  Beauv.  —  Spikelets  imbricatcd-spiked  on  the  branches  of 
the  simple  or  compound  raceme  or  panicle,  rough  with  oppressed  stijff  hairs  :  louvt 
palea  of  the  sterile  flower  awl-pointed  or  awned. 

20.  P.  CRUS-GALLI,  L.      (BARNYARD-GRASS.)      Culms  stout    blanching 


GRAMINF^E.       f GRASS    FAMILY.)  581 

frcm  the  base  (l°-4°  high);  leaves  lanceolate  (£'  or  more  wide),  rough-mar 
gined,  otherwise  with  the  sheaths  smooth;  spikes  alternate  (I' -3'  long),  crowd 
ed  in  a  dense  par  icle ;  glumes  ovate,  abruptly  pointed  ,*  lower  palca  of  the  neu- 
tral flower  bearing  a  rough  awn  of  variable  length.  ®  —  Varies  greatly ; 
sometimes  awnless  or  nearly  so ;  sometimes  long-awned,  especially  so  in  var. 
HfspiDUM  (P.  hispidum,  MuhL,  P.  longisetum,  Torr.),  a  very  large  and  coarse 
form  of  the  species,  which  has  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves  very  bristly.  —  Moist 
and  chiefly  manured  soil :  the  variety  in  ditches,  usually  near  salt  water ;  possi- 
bly indigenous.  Aug. -Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.  ?) 

60.  SETAKIA,    Beauv.        BRISTLY  FOXTAIL-GRASS. 

Spikclcts  altogether  as  in  Panicum  proper,  and  awnless,  but  with  the  short 
peduncles  produced  beyond  them  into  solitary  or  clustered  bristles  resembling 
awns  (not  forming  a  real  involucre).  Inflorescence  a  dense  spiked  panicle,  or 
apparently  a  cylindrical  spike.  —  Annuals,  in  cultivated  grounds,  with  linear  or 
lanceolate  flat  leaves :  properly  to  be  regarded  as  a  subgenus  of  Punieum. 
(Name  from  seta,  a  bristle.) 

*  Bristles  single  or  in  pairs,  roughened  or  barbed  downwards. 

1.  S.  VERTICILL\TA,  Beauv.     Spike  cylindrical  (2' -3'  long,  pale  green), 
somewhat  interrupted,  composed  of  apparently  whorled  short  clusters ;  bristles 
short,  adhesive.     (Panicum  verticillatum,  L.)  —  Near  dwellings:   rare  north- 
ward.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

#  *  Bristles  in  clusters,  roughened  or  barbed  upwards. 

2.  S.  GLAtiCA,  Beauv.    (FOXTAIL.)    Spike  cylindrical,  very  dense,  tawny  yd- 
fow  (2' -4'  long) ;  bristles  6-11  in  a  cluster,  much  longer  than  the  spikelcts  ;  per- 
fect flower  transversely  winkled.  —  Very  common   in   stubble,  barn-yards,  &c. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  S.  vfRiDis,  Beauv.    (GREEN  FOXTAIL.    BOTTLE-GRASS.)   Spike  nearly 
cylindrical,  more  or  less  compound,  green ;  bristles  few  in  a  cluster,  longer  than  tho 
Bpikclets ;  perfect  flower  strlate  lengthwise  and  dotted.  —  Common  in   cultivated 
grounds.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  S.  ITALICA,  Kunth.     Spike  compound,  interrupted  at  the  base,  thick,  nod- 
ding (6' -9'  long,  yellowish  or  purplish) ;  bristles  2  or  3  in  a  cluster,  either  much 
longer  or  else  shorter  than  the  spikelcts.  —  S.  Gcrmanica,  Beauv.  is  a  variety 
Sometimes  cultivated  under  the  name  of  MILLET,  or  BENGAL  GRASS:  rarel? 
•pontaneous.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

61.  CEN"CHRUS,L.        HEDGEHOG- or  BUR-GRASS. 

Spikelets  as  in  Panicum,  awnless,  but  enclosed  1  to  5  together  in  a  globular 
and  bristly  or  spiny  involucre,  which  becomes  coriaceous  and  forms  a  deoid- 
uous  hard  and  rigid  bur :  the  involucres  sessile  in  a  terminal  spike.  Styles 
united  below.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  of  Setaria  Italica,  transferred,  for  no 
evident  reason,  to  this  genus.) 

1.  C.  tribllloides,  L.  Culms  branched  at  the  base,  ascending  (l°-2° 
long) ;  leaves  flat;  spike  oblong,  composed  of  8-20  spherical  heads;  involucre 
prickly  all  over  with  spreading  and  downwardly  barbed  short  spines,  more  or 


682  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY) 

less  downy,  enclosing  2  or  3  spikelets.  (I)  —  Sandy  soil,  on  the  coast,  and  along 
the  Great  Lakes;  ascending  the  larger  rivers  for  some  distance.  Aug.  —  A 
vile  weed. 

62.     TRIPSACUM,    L.        GAMA-GRASS.  '  SESAME-GRASS. 

Spikelets  monoecious,  in  jointed  spikes,  which  are  starninate  above  and  fertile 
below.  Staminate  spikelets  2,  sessile  at  each  triangular  joint  of  the  narrow 
rliachis,  forming  a  1-sided  and  2-rankcd  spike  longer  than  the  joints,  both  alike, 
*2-flowered :  glumes  coriaceous,  the  lower  one  (outer)  nerved,  the  inner  one  boat- 
shaped  :  paleae  very  thin  and  mcmbranaceous,  awnless  :  anthers  (turning  orange 
or  reddish-brown)  opening  by  2  pores  at  the  apex.  Pistillate  spikelets  single 
and  deeply  imbedded  in  each  oblong  joint  of  the  cartilaginous  thickened  rhachis, 
occupying  a  boat-shaped  recess  which  is  closed  by  the  polished  and  cartilagi- 
nous ovate  outer  glume ;  the  inner  glume  much  thinner,  pointed,  2-flowered ; 
the  lower  flower  neutral ;  the  paleae  very  thin  and  scarious,  crowded  together, 
pointless.  Styles  united :  stigmas  very  long  (purple),  hispid.  Grain  ovoid, 
free.  Culms  stout  laid  tall,  solid,  from  very  thick  creeping  rootstocks.  Leaves 
broad  and  flat.  Spikes  axillary  and  terminal,  separating  spontaneously  into 
joints  at  maturity.  (Name  from  Tpi/3&>,  to  rub,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the 
polished  fertile  spike.) 

1.  T.  dactyloides,  L.     Spikes  (4' -8' long)  2-3  together  at  the  sum- 
mit (when  their  contiguous  sides  are  more  or  less  flattened),  and  also  solitary 
from  some  of  the  upper  sheaths   (when  the  fertile  part  is  cylindrical);  some- 
times, var.  McmosTXciiYOM,  the  terminal  spike  also  solitary.  —  Moist  soil,  Con- 
necticut to  Pennsylvania,  near  the  coast,  thence  west  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 
Aug.  —  Culm  4°  -  7°  high  :  the  leaves  like  those  of  Indian  Corn.  —  This  is  one 
of  our  largest  and  most  remarkable  Grasses.    It  is  sonjetimes  used  for  fodder  at 
the  South,  where  better  is  not  to  be  had. 

63.    ERIANTIIUS,    MSchx.        WOOLLY   BEARD-GRASS. 

Spikelets  spiked  in  pairs  upon  each  joint  of  the  slender  rhachis ;  one  of  them 
•essile,  the  other  pedicelled ;  otherwise  both  aiike ;  with  the  lower  flower  neu- 
tral, of  one  membranaceous  palea;  the  upper  perfect,  of  2  hyaline  puleae,  which 
are  thinner  and  shorter  than  the  nearly  equal  membrannceous  glumes,  the  lower 
nwned  from  the  tip.  Stamens  1-3.  Grain  free.  —  Tall  and  stout  reed-like 
Grasses,  with  the  spikes  crowded  in  a  panicle,  and  clothed  with  long  silky  hairs, 
especially  in  a  tuft  around  the  base  of  each  spikelet  (whence  the  name,  from 
fpiov,  wool,  and  av6os,  flower). 

\.  E.  alopccuroides,  Ell.  Culm  (4°-6°  high)  woolly-bcankd  at  the 
joints;  panicle  contracted;  the  silky  hairs  longer  than  the  spikelets,  shorter  than  the 
straight  awn  ;  or  at  length  contorted  ;  stamens  2.  1[ — Wet  pine  barrens,  New 
Jersey,  Illinois,  and  southward  :  rare.  Sept.,  Oct. 

2.  E.  bretfibarbis,  Michx.     Culm  (2°  -5°  high),  somewhat  bearded  at 
the  upper  joints ;  panicle,  rather  open  ;  silky  hairs  shorter  than  the  spikelets.     1| 

-Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward. 


GRAMIXF.JE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  583 

64.     ANDROPOGON,    L.        BEARD-GRASS. 

Spikclets  in  pairs  upon  each  joint  of  the  slender  rhachis,  spiked  or  raccmed ; 
one  of  them  pcdicelled  and  sterile,  often  a  mere  vestige :  the  other  sessile,  with 
the  lower  flower  neutral  and  of  a  single  palea ;  the  upper  perfect  and  fertile,  of 
2  thin  and  hyaline  palese  shorter  than  the  herbaceous  or  chartaceous  glumes,  the 
lower  awned  from  the  tip.  Stamens  1 -3.  Grain  free.  —  Coarse  and  mostly 
rigid  perennial  Grasses,  with  lateral  or  terminal  spikes  commonly  clustered  or 
digitate ;  the  rhachis  hairy  or  plumose-beai'ded,  and  often  the  sterile  or  stami- 
nate  flowers  also  (whence  the  name,  composed  of  dvfjp,  av&pos,  man,  and  Trcoya)?, 
beard). 

#  Ststrile  spikelet  staminate  (stamens  3),  awnless:  spikes  digitate. 

1.  A.  f  lire  situs,   Muhl.      Culms   (4°  high)   and  leaves  nearly  smooth, 
bearing  3-5  straight  and  rather  rigid  hairy  spikes  together  at  the  naked  summit 
(or  fewer  on  lateral  branches) ;  spikelets  approximated,  rouglush-downy ;  awn 
bent.  —  Sterile  soil ;  common,     Sept. 

*  *  Sterile  spikelet  neutral,  reduced  to  a  small  pointed  glume  raised  on  a  long  bearded 
pedicel ;  the  fertile  2  -  3-androus,  bearing  a  slender  mostly  bent  or  twisted  awn :  culms 
paniculate-branched. 

2.  A.  sco  parius,  Michx.    Culms  slender  (2°  -  4°  high),  with  many  pa- 
niculate branches ;  the  lower  sheaths  and  the  narrow  leaves  hairy ;  spikes  mostly 
tingle,  terminating  the  short  branches,  peduncled,  very  loose,  slender  (2'  long,  often 
purple),  sparsely  silky  with  dull  white  hairs;  the  zigzag  rhachis  hairy  along  the 
edges ;  pairs  of  spikelets  rather  distant.  —  Sterile  or  open  sandy  soil ;  common. 
July  -  Sept. 

3.  A.  argcnteilS,  Ell.     Culms  rather  slender  (about  3°  high) ;  spikes  in 
pairs,  on  a  peduncle  exceeding  the  sheaths,  dense,  very  silky  with  long  white  hairs 
(l£'-2;  long) ;  rudimentary  flower  much  shorter  than  the  hairs  of  its  pedicel. — 
Sterile  soil,  Virginia,  Illinois?   and  southward.     Sept.,  Oct.  —  Spikes   much 
denser,  and  the  flowers  larger  and  more  silky,  than  in  the  next ;  which  it  con- 
siderably resembles. 

*  *  *  Sterile  spikelet  abortive,  reduced  to  a  mere  aum-like  plumose  pedicel,  or  bearing 
distinct  rudiment  of  a  Jlower ;  the  fertile  \-androus,  and  bearing  a  straight  slender 
awn :  spikes  clustered,  lateral  and  terminal,  partly  enclosed  in  the  flattened  bract" 
like  sheatlis ;  the  slender  rhachis,  $*c.  clothed  ivith  copioui    very   long  and  silky 
(white)  hairs. 

4.  A.   VirglltlCUS,    L.      Culm    flattish   below,    slender,   sparingly   short- 
branched  above  (3°  high) ;  sheaths  smooth ;  spikes  2  or  3  together  in  distant  oppressed 
clusters,  weak  and  soft  (!'  long).  —  Sandy  soil ;  Massachusetts    to    Illinois,    and 
southward.     Sept. 

5.  A.  msicroftrilS,  Michx.     Culm  stout  (W-  3°  high),  bushy-branched  ax 
the  summit,   loaded  with  numerous  spikes  forming  dense  leafy  clusters;  sheaths 
rough,  the  upper  hairy.  —  Low  grounds,  New  York  to  Virginia,  near  the  coast, 
and  southward.     Sept.,  Oct. 

30 


684  GRAMiNE.fi.     (GRASS  FAMILY) 

65.     SORGZIURI,    Pcrs.        BROOM  CORN. 

Spikclets  2-3  together  on  the  ramifications  of  an  open  panicle,  the  lateral 
ones  sterile  or  often  reduced  merely  to  their  pedicels ;  only  the  middle  or  ter- 
minal one  fertile,  its  glumes  coriaceous  or  indurated,  sometimes  awnlcss  :  other- 
wise nearly  as  in  Andropogon.  Stamens  3.  (The  Asiatic  name  of  a  cultivated 
species.) 

1.  S.  niitsuis.  (INDIAN  GRASS.  WOOD-GRASS.)  Culm  simple  (3°- 
5°  high),  terete ;  leaves  linear-lanceohite,  glaucous ;  sheaths  smooth  ;  panicle 
narrowly  oblong,  rather  crowded  (6' -12'  long);  the  perfect  spikclets  at  length 
drooping  (light  russet-brown  and  shining),  clothed,  especially  towards  the  base, 
with  fawn-colored  hairs,  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  twisted  awn ;  the  sterile 
spikelets  small  and  imperfect,  deciduous,  or  reduced  to  a  mere  plumose-hairy 
pedicel.  1J.  (Andropogon  nutans,  L.)  —  Dry  soil ;  common,  especially  south- 
ward, where  it  exhibits  several  more  or  less  marked  varieties.  Aug. 

S.  VULG\RE,  Pei-s.,  the  INDIAN  MILLET,  has  several  cultivated  varieties  or 
races,  such  as  the  GUINEA-CORN  and  BROOM-COIJN. 

ZEA  MAYS,  the  INDIAN  CORN,  is  a  well-known  Paniceous  Grass. 
SACCHARUM   OFFICINARDM,   L.,   the   SUGAR-CASE,   is  a  tropical  Grass, 
closely  allied  to  Erianthus,  p.  582. 


EQUISETACE^E.      (HORSETAIL    FAMILY.)  685 


SERIES   II. 

CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 

VEGETABLES  destitute  of  proper  flowers  (stamens  and 
pistils),  and  producing,  in  place  of  seeds,  minute  bodies  of 
homogeneous  structure  (called  spores),  in  which  there  is 
no  embryo,  or  plantlet  anterior  to  germination. 

CLASS    III.     ACROGENS. 

Cryptogamous  plants  with  a  distinct  axis  (stem  and 
branches),  growing  from  the  apex  only,  containing  woody 
fibre  and  vessels  (especially  ducts),  and  usually  with  dis 
tinct  foliage. 

ORDER  135.     EQUISETACE^E.     (HORSETAIL  FAMILY.) 

Leafless  plants,  with  rush-like  hollow  and  jointed  stems,  arising  from  run- 
ning rootstocks,  terminated  by  the  fructification  in  the  form  of  a  cone  or 
spike,  u'hich  is  composed  of  shield-shaped  stalked  scales  bearing  the  spore- 
cases  underneath.  —  Comprises  solely  the  genus 

1.    E<£UISETUM,L.      HORSETAIL.    SCOURING  EUSH.    (Tab.  14.) 

Spore-cases  (sporangia,  thecce)  6  or  7,  adhering  to  the  under  side  of  the  angled 
shield-shaped  scales  of  the  spike,  1 -celled,  opening  down  the  inner  side  and  dis- 
charging the  numerous  loose  spores.  To  the  base  of  each  spore  are  attached  4 
thread-like  and  club-shaped  elastic  filaments  (elaters),  which  roll  up  closely 
around  them  when  moist,  and  uncoil  when  dry.  —  Stems  striate-groovcd,  rigid, 
the  hard  cuticle  abounding  in  silex,  hollow,  and  also  with  an  outer  circle  of 
smaller  air-cavities  corresponding  with  the  grooves ;  the  joints  closed  and  solid, 
each  bearing  instead  of  leaves  a  sheath,  which  surrounds  the  base  of  the  inter- 
node  above,  and  is  split  into  teeth  corresponding  in  number  and  position  with 
the  principal  ridges  of  the  stem  :  the  stomata  always  occupying  the  principal 
grooves.  Brandies,  when  present,  in  whorls  from  the  base  of  the  sheath,  like 
the  stem,  but  without  the  central  air-cavity.  (The  ancient  name,  from  cquus 
horse,  and  seta,  bristle.  \ 


566  EQUISETACE^E.       (HOKSETAIl,    FAMILT.) 

*  Stems  annual  (not  surviving  the  winter] :  fructification  in  spring  (April  and  May). 

(Stomata  irregularly  scattered  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  grooves.) 

•t-  Fertile  stems  different  from  the  sterile  ones,  earlier,  brownish. 

**  Fertile  stems  never  branching,  decaying  early  after  fructification  :  the  sterile  stenit 

bearing  simple  branches. 

1.  E.  arvense,  L.     Sterile  stems  smoothish,  12-1 4-f arrowed,  and  produc- 
ing ascending  sharply  4-  (or  3  -  5-)  Angled  long  branches,  with  4  herbaceous  lanceoiate 
pointed  teeth;  sheaths  of  the  fertile  sterns  (8'- 15'  high)  remote,  large  and  loose. — 
Dump  places  ;  common.     (Eu.) 

2.  E.  cburiiciiin,  Schreber.      Sterile  stems  very  smooth,  ivory-white, 
about  3Q-furrowcd,  the  rough  usually  4-angled  branches  again  grooved  on  the  angles, 
and  with  awl-shaped  fragile  teeth ;  sheaths  of  the  fertile  stems  crowded,  deeply 
toothed.     (E.  fluviatile,  Smith.)  —  Shore  of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  northward.  — 
Fertile  stems  1°  or  more  high,  stout;  the  sterile  2° -5°.     (Eu.) 

•»-*•  •*•«•  Fertile  stems  remaining  and  producing  herbaceous  branches  after  fructification. 

3.  E.  pratciise,  Ehrh.     Sterile  and  finally  also  the  fertile  stems  bearing 
whorls  of  simple  straight  branches ;  sheaths  of  the  stem  split  into  separate  ovate- 
lanceolate  short  teeth,  those  of  the  branches  3-toothed  :  otherwise  much  like  the 
next;  in  its  simple  branches  resembling  No.  1,  but  narrower  in  general  outline, 
and  blunt.    (E.  umbrosum,  Willd.    E.  Drummondii,  Hook.)  — Michigan  ( Cooley, 
$-c.)  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

4.  E.  sylvaticum,  L.      Sterile  and  fertile  stems  about   12-furrowed, 
bearing  whorls  of  compound  racemed  branches;  sheaths  loose,  with  8-14  rather 
blunt  membranous  more  or  less  united  teeth ;  those  of  the  branches  bearing  4  or  5, 
of  the  branchlets  3,  lance-pointed  divergent  teeth.  —  Wet  shady  places ;  common 
northward.     (Eu.) 

•»-  •«-  Fertile  and  sterile  stems  similar  and  contemporaneous,  both  herbaceous,  or  all  the 
stems  fertile,  fruiting  in  summer,  producing  mostly  simple  branches  from  the  upper 
or  middle  joints,  or  sometimes  quite  naked. 

5.  E.  limosiilll,  L.     Stems  tall   (2° -3°  high),  smooth,  slightly  many- 
furrowed,  usually  producing  upright  simple  branches  after  fructification ;  sheaths 
appressed,  with  10-22  (commonly  about  18)  dark-brown  and  acute  rigid  short 
teeth.      (E.  uliginosum,  Muhl.) — In  shallow  water;  rather  common.  —  Air- 
cavities  none  under  the  grooves,  but  small  ones  under  the  ridges.     (Near  this  is 
the  European  E.  PALT^STRE,  with  a  strongly  grooved  roughish  stem,  large  air- 
cavities  under  the  grooves,  and  pale  6  -  9-toothed  sheaths ;  also  attributed  to 
this  country  by  Pursh,  probably  incorrectly.)     (Eu.) 

*  #  Stems  perennial,  bearing  fructification  in  summer,  lasting  over  the  next  winter 
and  longer,  mostly  rough  (the  cuticle  abounding  in  silex),  simple  or  rarely  branclied. 
(Stomata  in  regular  rows,  in  our  species  \~roiced  on  each  side  of  the  groove.) 

-t-  Stems  large,  mostly  single:  *h«itlts  nppressed.     (Probably  all  forms  of  No.  8.) 

6.  E.  li£  vigil  til  III,  Braun.     Stems  l£°-4°  high;  the  ridges  convex,  ob- 
Imc,  smooth  or  minutely  rough  with   minute   tulxTrU's  ;  sheaths  elongated,  with  a 
narrow  black  limb  and  about  22  linear-aivl-sfiapcd  caducous  teeth,  \-keclcd  ia/ou?.— 
I)ryi.-h  clay  soil,  Illinois  and  southward. 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  587 

7.  E.  rolmstlim,  Braun.     Stems  3° -6°  high;  the  ridges  narrow, rough 
with  oiie  line  of  tubercles ;  sheaths  short,  with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base,  rarely 
with  a  black  limb,  and  about  40  deciduous  3-keeled  teeth  with  ovate-awl-shaped  points. 
—  lliver-banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Too  near  the  last ;  and  passes 
by  var.  AFFINE,  Engelm.  (a  smaller  plant,  with  20-25  awl-pointed  more  per- 
sistent teeth)  into  the  next. 

8.  E.  liyeiiiale,  L.     (SCOURING  RUSH.    SHAVE-GRASS.)     Stems  l£°- 
3°  high,  the  ridyes  roughened  by  2  more  or  less  distinct  lines  of  tubercles ;  sheaths 
elongated,  with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base,  and  a  black  limb,  consisting  of 
about  20  (17-26)  narrowly  linear  teeth,  l-keeled  at  the  base  and  with  awl-shaped 
deciduous  points.  —  Wet  banks  ;  common,  especially  northward.    Used  for  scour- 
ing.    (Eu.) 

+-  •*-  Steins  low  and  slender,  growing  in  tufts :  sheaths  loose  or  enlarging  upwards  ; 
the  summits  of  their  4-keeled  ovate  membranaceous  and  persistent  teeth  tipped  with 
a  fragile  awn  or  cusp. 

9.  E.  varicgatum,  Schleicher.     Stems  ascending  (6' -12' long),  simple, 
from  a  branched  base,  5  -  ^-grooved ;  the  ridges  rough  with  2  rows  of  tubercles 
which  are  separated  by  a  secondary  furrow ;  sheaths  gi-een  variegated  with  black 
above ;  the  5-9  teeth  tipped  with  a  deciduous  bristle.  —  Shores  or  river-banks, 
New  Hampshire  (Bellows  Falls,  Carey)  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward ;  rare. 
(Eu.) 

10.  E.  SCirpoicles,  Michx.    Stems  thread-like  (4' -8'  high),  bent  01  curved, 
rough,  3  -  4-grooved  alternately  with  as  many  bristle-pointed  teeth,  and  with  the 
same  number  of  intermediate  furrows  of  equal  width ;  sheaths   variegated  with 
black  ;  central  air-cavity  wanting.  —  Wooded  hill-sides,  New  England  to  Penn- 
sylvania, Michigan,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

ORDER  136.     FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

Leafy  plants,  with  the  leaves  (fronds)  usually  raised  on  a  stalk  or  petiole 
(called  the  stipe},  rising  from  a  root  or  mostly  from  prostrate  or  subterranean 
rootstocks.  separately  rolled  up  (circinate)  in  the  bud  (except  in  Suborder 
III.),  and  bearing,  on  the  veins  of  their  loiver  surface  or  along  the  margins,  the 
simple  fructification,  which  consists  of  \-celled  spore-cases  (sporangia),  open- 
ing in  various  ways,  and  discharging  the  numerous  minute  spores.  (An- 
theridia  and  pistillidia  formed  on  the  seedling  plantlet !)  —  Comprises  three 
very  distinct  Suborders,  which  now  are  by  many  received  as  separate 
families :  — 

SUBORDER  I.    POLYPODINE^E.     THE  TRUE  FERNS. 

Sporangia  collected  in  dots,  lines,  or  variously  shaped  clusters  (sori  or 
fruit-dots}  on  the  back  or  margins  of  the  frond  or  its  divisions,  stalked, 
cellular-reticulated,  the  stalk  running  into  a  vertical  incomplete  ring,  which 
by  straightening  at  maturity  ruptures  tLe  sporangium  transversely  on  tho 
inner  side,  discharging  the  spores.  Fruit-dots  often  covered  (at  least  when 


588  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

young)  by  a  membrane  called  the  indusium,  growing  either  from  the  back 
or  the  margin  of  the  frond.     (Tab.  9-12.) 

TaiBB  I.  POI.YPODIE.flE.  Fructification  dorsal,  naked,  entirely  destitute  of  any  in- 
dusiuin,  iu  roundish  separate  fruit-dots. 

1.  POLYPODIUM.    Fertile  fronds  like  the  sterile  ones,  wholly  leaf  like,  not  rolled  up.    Fruit- 

dots  scattered  on  the  back,  borne  each  on  the  end  of  a  veinlet. 

2.  8TKUTIIIOPTEKIS.    Fertile  frond  very  different  from  the  sterile,  contracted  and  rigid,  its 

pinnate  divisions  rolled  up  from  each  margin  into  a  closed  necklace-like  body,  conceal- 
ing the  fruit-dots  within,  which  are  borne  on  the  middle  of  a  vein. 

TRIBE  II.  PTERIDE^E.  Fructification  marginal  or  intrauiarginal,  provided  with  a 
general  iudusium  formed  of  the  (either  altered  or  unchanged)  margin  of  the  frond,  and 
which  is  therefore  free  and  opens  on  the  inner  side,  towards  the  midrib,  transverse  oa 
respects  the  veins.  Venation  in  our  genera  free. 

•  Indusiuui  continuous,  consisting  of  the  entire  reflexed  and  altered  (scarious-menibranaceoufl) 

margin  of  the  fertile  frond  or  of  its  pinnae  or  pinnules. 
8.  ALLOSORUS     Sporangia  borne  on  the  free  and  separate  extremity  of  the  veins  01  veinlets, 

becoming  confluent  laterally.     Indusiuui  broad. 
4.  PTEKIS.     Sporangia  borne  on  a  continuous  receptacle,  in  the  form  cf  a  slender  marginal 

line,  which  connects  the  tips  of  the  v  inlets. 

•  *  Indusium  the  summit  or  margin  of  a  separate  lobe  or  tooth  of  a  fertile  frond  or  of  its 

divisions  turned  over.     Sporangia  borne  on  the  free  end.s  of  the  veins  or  veinlets. 

6.  AD1ANTUM.     Sporangia  borne  on  the  under  side  of  the  strictly  reflexed  indusium.     Mid 

rib  of  the  pinnules  marginal  or  none. 

<J.  CHEILANTIIES.  Sporangia  borne  on  the  frond,  the  unaltered  herbaceous  summit  ot 
margins  of  the  lobes  of  which  are  recurved  to  form  an  imperfect  involucre.  Midrib 
central. 

TRIBE  III.  BL.ECII1VE.3E.  Fructification  dorsal  ;  the  oblong  or  linear  fruit-dots  borne 
on  cross  veinlets  parallel  to  the  midrib,  transverse  as  to  the  principal  veins,  covered  with 
a  special  indusium  (entirely  separate  from  the  margin  of  the  frond),  which  is  flici  by 
the  edge  that  looks  towards  the  margin,  but  free  and  opening  towards  the  midrib. 

7.  WOODWARDIA.'  Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  distinct  or  contiguous  :  veins  more  or  leaa 

reticulated. 

TMBB  IV.  ASPLENIE^E.  Fructification  dorsal;  the  more  or  less  elongated  fruit- 
dots  borne  on  the  back  of  the  frond,  on  direct  veins  oblique  or  at  right  angles  to  the  mid- 
rib and  margins,  each  with  a  special  iudusium  fixed  to  the  fruitful  veiu  by  one  margin, 
and  free  and  opening  at  the  other. 

8.  CAMPTOSOKUS.     Vtins  reticulated  except  near  the  margin.     Fruit-dots  irregularly  scat- 

tered over  the  frond,  inclined  to  approach  in  pairs. 

9.  SCOI-Ol'ENDllIUM.     Veins  simply  forked,  straight  and  free.     Fruit-dots  linear,  confluent 

in  i>airs,  which  appear  like  a  single  one  with  a  double  iudu.Mum,  opening  down  the 
middle 

10.  ASPLEXiUM.  Veins  forked  and  free.  Fruit-dots  oblique,  separate,  each  on  the  upper 
(inner)  side  of  a  vein,  rarely  some  of  them  double,  when  the  two  indusia  ar«  on  tho 
same  vein,  back  to  back. 


TUBE  V.     DICIiSOariEjE.     Fructification  marginal:   fruit-dots   roundish,  borne  on 

the  apex  of  a  free  veiu,  furnished  with  an  iudusium  in  the  form  of  a  cup,  open  at  the 

top,  formed  iu  part  of  (or  confluent  with)  a  toothlet  or  portion  of  the  margin  of  the  frond. 

11.  DICKSONIA   §  SITOLOB1UM.    Indusium  hemispheru-al-cup-fliaped  or  almost  globular. 

niembrau:iceous. 

TEIBK  VI  "WOODSIE^E.  Fructification  dorsal  :  the  globular  fruit-dots  borne  on  th» 
back  of  a  free  vein,  furnished  with  a  special  (soinetiries  evanescent)  iiidu-ium  ia  tlio  toi  m 
Of  a  membrane  attact-ed  underneath  all  round,  and  bursting  open  at  the  tup. 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  589 

13.  WOODSIA.    Indusium  very  thin  or  obscure  and  evanescent,  bursting  into  irreguLir  lobe* 
9r  cleft  into  a  fringe  of  hairs. 

TKIBK  VII.  ASPIDIE^E.  Fructification  dorsal:  the  fruit-dots  borne  on  the  back 
(rarely  on  the  apex)  of  a  vein,  orbicular  or  roundish,  rarely  oblong  and  then  placed 
across  the  vein,  furnished  each  with  a  special  indusium  which  covers  the  sporangia  when 
young,  and  is  fixed  by  the  centre  or  by  one  side,  opening  at  the  other  side  or  all  around 
the  margin.  No  general  or  accessory  indusium  formed  of  the  margin  of  the  frond. 
*  Veins  all  free  (none  anastomosing) :  fertile  fronds  not  very  different  from  the  sterile 

13.  CYSTOPTERI3.     Indusium  hood-like,  broadly  fixed  by  the  inner  side  partly  under  the 

fruit-dot,  free  and  early  opening  on  the  outer. 

14.  ASPIDIUM.    Indusium  flat,  orbicular  or  kidney-shaped,  opening  all  round  the  margin. 

*  *  Veins  of  the  sterile  frond  reticulated :  fertile  frond  very  unlike  the  sterile. 
16.  ONOCLEA.    Fertile  frond  contracted,  the  divisions  rolled  up  into  globular  bodies  enclosing 
the  fruit-dots. 

SUBORDER  II.    O  S M UN D I N E ^E .    THE  FLOWERING  FERN  FAMILY. 

Sporangia  variously  collected  (large),  destitute  of  any  proper  ring,  cel- 
lular-reticulated, opening  lengthwise  by  a  regular  slit.  (Tab.  13.) 

TRIBE  VIII.     SCHIZE^E.     Sporangia  oblong  or  oval,  sessile,  with  a  circular  striate-rayed 
portion  at  the  apex,  opening  down  the  outer  side. 

16.  SCH1ZJSA.     Indusium  none  :  sporangia  covering  one  side  of  the  linear  pinnse  of  the  naked 

and  stalk-like  fertile  frond. 

17.  LYGODIUM.    Indusia  in  the  form  of  scales  imbricated  in  2  ranks  on  one  side  of  the  fer- 

tile lobes  of  the  leafy  climbing  frond. 

TRIBE  IX.    OSMUNDI3.9S*    Sporangia  globose,  peuicelled,  opening  down  the  outer  side 
BO  as  to  be  two-valved. 

18.  OSMUNDA.    Sporangia  naked,  covering  contracted  fronds  or  parts  of  the  frond. 

SUBORDER  III.    OPHIOGLOSSE^E.    THE  ADDER'S-TONGUE  FAM. 

Sporangia  spiked,  closely  sessile,  naked,  coriaceous  and  opaque,  not  re- 
ticulated or  veiny,  destitute  of  a  ring,  opening  by  a  transverse  slit  into  2 
valves,  discharging  very  copious  powdery  spores.  —  Fronds  straight,  never 
rolled  up  in  the  bud !  (Tab.  13.) 

19.  BOTKYCIIIUM.    Sporangia  distinct,  crowded  in  compound  or  pinnate  spikes.      Sterila 

frond  divided. 

20.  OPIIIOGLOSSUM.    Sporangia  cohering  in  a  2-ranked  simple  spike.     Sterile  frond  entire. 

SUBORDER  I.     FOL.YPODINEJE.     THE  TRUE  FERN  FAMILY. 

1.     POLYPODIUUI,    L.        POLYPODY.     (Tab.  9.1 

Fruit-dots  round,  naked,  variously  or  irregularly  scattered  over  the  back  of 
the  flat  and  expanded  leaf-like  frond,  each  borne  on  the  end  of  a  vcinlct.  - ' 
Rootstocks  creeping,  often  covered  with  wool-like  chaff,  and  with  tufted  branches 
(whence  the  name,  from  TroXu,  many,  and  TTOUS,  foot). 

4  1.  POLYPODIUM  PKOPER. — Veins  free  (not  connected  by  cross  veinlets). 
*  Fronds  simply  and  deeply  pinnatifid,  evergreen,  glabrous :  frail-dots  large. 


590  F/LICES.     (FERNS.) 

1.  P.  Vlllgare,  L.     Fronds  oblong  in  outline,  green  both  sides  (6'-10 
high);  the  divisions  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  minutely  and  obscurely  toothed. — 
Rocks;  common.    July.     (Eu.) 

*  #  Fronds  twice  pinnatijid,  triangular,  membranaceous,  annual :  fruit-dot?  minute. 

2.  P.  PllCg6pt<i>ris,  L.     Sialk  somew/iat  chaffy  and  downy ;  frond  nar- 
rowly  triangular  in  outline,  longer  than  broad  (3' -6' long),  hairy  on  the  veins; 
pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  closely  approximated,  the  lowest  pair  deflexed  and 
standing  forwards ;  their  divisions  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  each  bearing 
about  4  fruit-dots  towards  the  base  and  near  the  margin.    (P.  connectile,  Michx.) 
—  Damp  woods ;  common  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

3.  P.  llCXag-01l6ptcriim,  Michx.     Stalk  smooth  ;  frond  broadly  trian- 
gular, the  base  (I1  - 12'  broad)  usually  exceeding  the  length  ;  pinn*  rather  distant, 
the  lower  of  the  lanceolate  obtuse  divisions  toothed,  decurrent  and  forming  a 
conspicuous  wing  to  the  rhachis.  —  Rather  open  woods;  common,  especially 
southward. —  Smoother  and  larger  than  the  last. 

*  #  #  Fronds  membranaceous,  ternate,  the  primary  divisions  mostly  twice  pinnate. 

4.  P.  Dry6pteriS,  L.     Stalk  slender  and  brittle,  smooth  ;  frond  smooth 
(pale  light-green,  4' -6'  wide) ;  the  3  principal  divisions  widely  spreading;  lobes 
oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  entire;  fruit-dots  marginal,  finally  contiguous.  —  Var. 
CALC\REUM  (P.  calcareum,  Smith)  is  more  rigid,  and  minutely  glandular-mealy 
on  the  rhachis  and  midribs.  —  Rocky  woods;  common  northward.    July.    (Eu.) 

{  2.  MARGINARIA,  Bory.  —  Veins  reticulated,  forming  mostly  6-sidtd  meshet 
around  the  free  veinlets  which  bear  the  fruit-dots :  stalks  and  back  of  the  thick  or 
coriaceous  frond  beset  with  firm  scurfy  chaffy  scales.  (This  is  probably  a  distinct 
genus  ;  but  in  our  species  the  veins  are  so  hidden  in  the  coriaceous  frond,  that 
they  can  seldom  be  seen  at  all.) 

5.  P.  incfillUin,  Willd.     Fronds  oblong,  2' -6'  long  from  extensively 
creeping  firm  rootstocks,  grayish  and  very  scurfy  underneath  with  thick  peltate 
scurfy  scales,  almost  concealing  the  fruit-dots,  which  are  borne  on  the  margins 
of  the  broadly  linear  entire  lobes.  —  Rocks  and  trunks  of  trees,  Virginia  and 
Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

2.     STRUTHIOPTERIS,  Willd.      OSTRICH-FERN.    (Tab.  9.; 

Fruit-'lots  round,  on  the  pinnae  of  a  separate  contracted  and  rigid  frond,  the 
margirs  sf  which  are  rolled  backward  so  as  to  form  a  somewhat  necklace-shaped 
body  enclosing  the  fruit :  there  are  3-5  pinnate  free  veinlets  from  each  primary 
Tein,  each  bearing  a  fruit-dot  on  its  middle :  the  fruit-dots  arc  so  numerous  and 
crowded  that  they  appear  to  cover  the  whole  inside.  —  Sterile  fronds  large 
(2° -3°  high),  very  much  exceeding  the  fertile,  pinnate,  the  many  pinnae  deeply 
ninnatifid,  all  growing  in  a  close  circular  tuft  from  thick  and  scaly  matted 
rootstocks.  Stalks  stout,  angular.  Pinnate  veins  free  and  simple.  (Name 
compounded  of  <rrpov06s,  an  ostrich,  and  irrfpis.  a  fern,  from  the  plume-like 
arrangement  of  the  divisions  of  the  fertile  frond.) 

1.  S.  Germailica,  Willd.  (S.  IVnnsylvanica,  Willd.)—  Alluvial  soil  ; 
not  rare  northward  Aug.  —  Fronds  of  this  in  a  curious  abnormal  state,  inter- 


FILICES.       (FERNS.)  59J 

mediate  between  the  sterile  and  fertile  condition,  (bearing  a  few  fruit-dots  on  coil- 
tructed  but  still  herbaceous  and  open  pinnae,)  were  gathered  at  Brattleborough, 
Vermont,  by  Mr.  D.  C.  Eaton.  (Eu.) 

3.     ALL.OSORUS,    Bernhardi.        ROCK  BRAKE.     (Tab.  9.) 

Fruit-dots  a  small  collection  of  sporangia  borne  on  the  ends  of  (or  extending 
down  on)  the  forked,  or  rarely  simple,  free  veins,  which  terminate  just  within 
the  margin  of  the  frond,  soon  becoming  confluent  laterally,  so  as  to  imitate  the 
marginal  continuous  line  of  fructification  of  Ptcris,  covered  when  young  by  a 
continuous  (rarely  interrupted)  rather  broad  scarious-membranaceous  indusium 
consisting  of  the  reflexed  and  altered  margin  of  the  fruit-bearing  pinnule  or 
division.  Fronds  once  to  thrice  pinnate ;  the  fertile  ones  or  fertile  divisions  nar- 
rower than  the  sterile.  (Name  from  aXXos,  various,  and  <ro)pos,  sorus,  a  heap, 
used  for  fruit-dot.) 

1.  A.  gr&cilis,  Presl.     Smooth,  low  (3' -6'  high,  and  delicate)  ;  fronds 
mcmlranaceous,  of  few  pinnae,  which  are  pinnately  parted  into  3-5  divisions, 
those  of  the  fertile  frond  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  of  the  sterile  ovate  or  obovate, 
crenate  or  incised ;  veins  of  the  fertile  fronds  mostly  only  once  forked.     (Pteris 
gracilis,  Michx.}  —  Shaded  calcareous  rocks,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  north- 
ward; rare.     July. 

2.  A.  atropurpftreilS.     Smooth,  except  some  bristly-chaffy  hairs  on 
the  midribs  and  especially  on  tbe  dark-purple  and  polished  stalk  and  rhachis,  6'- 
15'  high ;  frond  coriaceous,  pale,  once  or  below  twice  pinnate;   the  divisions 
Broadly  linear  or  oblong,  or  the  sterile  sometimes  oval,  chiefly  entire,  somewhat 
heart-shaped  or  else  truncate  at  the  stalked  base;  veins  about  twice  forked. 
(Pteris  atropurpurea,  L.     Platyloma  atropurpurea,  J.  Smith.)  —  Calcareous  dry 
rocks,  in  shade,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward  :  not* common. 

A.  (CRYPTOGRAMMA,  R.  Br.)  ACROSTICHOIDES,  remarkable  for  its  sporan- 
gia extending  far  down  on  the  oblique  veins,  so  as  to  form  linear  lines  of  fruit, 
may  occur  within  our  northwestern  borders,  having  been  found  as  near  as  Isle 
Royale,  Lake  Superior. 

4.     PTERIS,    L.        BRAKE.     BRACKEN.     (Tab.  10.) 

Fruit-dots  a  continuous  slender  line  of  fructification,  occupying  the  entire 
margins  of  the  fertile  frond,  and  covered  by  its  reflexed  narrow  edge  which 
forms  a  continuous  membranaceous  indusium :  the  sporangia  attached  to  an 
uninterrupted  transverse  vein-like  receptacle  which  connects  the  tips  of  the 
forked  and  free  veins.  —  Fronds  1  -  3-pinnate  or  decompound.  (The  ancient 
Greek  name  of  Ferns,  from  Trrepov,  a  winyt  on  account  of  the  prevalent  pinnate 
or  feathery  fronds.) 

1.  P.  aquilina,  L.      (COMMON  BRAKE.)      Frond  dull  green   (2° -3° 
wide),  ternate  at  the  summit  of  an  erect  stout  stalk   (l°-2°high),  the  widely  < 
spreading  branches  2-pinnate ;  pinnules  oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper  undivided, 
the  lower  more  or  less  pinnatifid,  with  oblong  obtuse  lobes,  margined  all  round 
with  the  indusium.  —  Thickets  and  hills  ;  common  northward.     Aug.     (EuJ 


592  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

Var.  caildata.  Frond  somewhat  more  coriaceous;  the  pinnules  wiili 
narrower  and  less  crowded  lobes,  the  terminal  one  linear  and  prolonged  (l'-2' 
in  length),  entire,  forming  a  tail-like  termination,  or  the  whole  of  many  of  the 
pinnules  sometimes  linear  and  entire.  (P.  cauclata,  L.)  —  Common  southward, 
and  at  the  north  varying  into  the  typical  form. 

5.    ADlAttTUOT,    L.        MAIDENIIAIR.     (Tab.  10.) 

Fruit-dots  marginal,  short;  borne  on  the  under  side  of  a  transversely  oblong, 
crescent-shaped  or  roundish,  more  or  less  altered  margin  or  summit  of  a  lobe  or 
tooth  of  the  frond  reflexed  to  form  an  indusium  :  the  sporangia  attached  to  the 
approximated  tips  of  the  free  forking  veins.  —  Main  rib  (costa)  of  the  pinnules 
none,  or  at  one  margin.  Stalks  black  and  polished.  (The  ancient  name,  from 
a  privative  and  oWi/to,  meaning  unwetted,  the  smooth  foliage  repelling  rain-drops.) 

1.  A.  pcdifitiiiii,  L.  Frond  forked  at  the  summit  of  the  upright  slender 
stalk  (9' -15' high),  the  forks  pedately  branching  from  one  side  into  several 
slender  spreading  divisions,  which  bear  numerous  triangular-oblong  and  oblique 
short-stalked  pinnules ;  these  are  as  if  halved,  being  entire  on  the  lower  margin, 
from  which  the  veins  all  proceed,  and  cleft  and  fruit-bearing  on  the  other.  — 
Rich,  moist  woods.  July.  — A  delicate  and  most  graceful  Fern. 

0.     CIIEIL.ANTI1I2S,    Swartz.        LIP-FERN.     (Tab.  10.) 

Fruit-dots  small  and  roundish,  solitary  or  contiguous  next  the  margins  or  tips 
of  the  lobes,  which  are  recurved  over  them  to  form  a  hood-like  (herbaceous  or 
membranaceous)  indusium;  the  sporangia  bome  on  the  tips  of  free  forking 
veins.  —  Fronds  1-3-pinnate,  the  sterile  and  fertile  nearly  alike;  the  divisions 
not  halved,  the  main  rib  central.  (When  the  indusium  becomes  continuous,  the 
genus  passes  into  Allosorus.)  (Name  composed  of  ^elXos,  a  lip,  and  av6ost 
fencer,  from  the  shape  of  the  indusium.)  See  Addeud. 

1.  C.  VCSlita,  Willd.  (not  of  Hook.?)     Fronds  2-pinnate  (slender,  4' -7 
high),  and  stalks  hirsute  with  loose  and  rather  scattered  rusty  hairs;  pinnules  ob- 
long, pinnatifid  (2" -4"  long),  their  lobes  oval  or  oblong,  the  recurved  portion 
forming  the  indusium  herbaceous.  —  Shaded  rocks,  S.  Penn.,  Virginia,  Ken- 
tucky, and  southward. — Fronds  soon  nearly  glabrous  above. 

2.  C.  tOltlClltosa,  Link.     Fronds  (1°-1^°  high)  with  the  rather  stout 
stalk,  &c.  densely  woolly  and  villous  throughout  (the  upper  surface  becoming  smooth- 
Lsli  with  age),  thrice  pinnate;  pinnules  obovate  or  roundish,  nearly  entire,  sometimes 
confluent,  the  recurved  narrow  margin*  forming  an  almost  continuous  involucre. 
(Nephrodium  lanosum,  Michx.  in  part?)  —  Mountains  of  Virginia?  Kentucky; 
thence  westward  and  southward. 

•7.    WOODWARDIA,    Smith.        WOODWARDIA.     (Tab.  10.) 

Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  approximate  or  contiguous,  parallel  to  and  near 
the  midrib,  on  transverse  anastomosing  veinlets,  in  one  or  rarely  two  rows ;  the 
veins  reticulated  towards  the  midrib,  mostly  forking,  free  towards  the  margin  of 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  593 

the  frond.  Indusium  fixed  to  the  outer  margin  of  the  iruitful  veinlet,  free  and 
opening  on  the  side  next  the  midrib.  —  Fronds  pinnatifid  or  pinnate.  (Named 
for  Dr.  Woodward,  an  English  naturalist  of  the  last  century.) 

§1.  WOODWARDIA  PROPER. — Indusium  strongly  vaulted :  veins  (at  hast  of 
the  sterile  frond)  with  several  rows  of  reticulations. 

1.  W.  angustifolia,  Smith.    Sterile  fronds  (1°  high,  thin,  bright  green) 
leeply  pinnatifid,  with  lanceolate  serrulate  divisions ;  the  fertile  simply  pinnate, 
arith  contracted  linear  pinnae  (2" -4"  wide),  its  single  row  of  cross  veins  bearing 
(he  fruit-dots  (5'  long)  as  near  the  margins  as  the  midrib.     (W.  onocleoides, 
Willd.) — Bogs,  Massachusetts,  near  the  coast,  to  Virginia,  and  southward: 
rare.    Aug. 

i  2.  D06DIA,  R.  Brown.  —  Indusium  Jlattish:  cross  veins  only  one  or  two  rows. 

2.  W.  Virginica,  Willd.     Fertile  and  sterile  fronds  similar  (2°  high), 
pinnate ;  the  pinnie  lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  with  numerous  oblong  lobes ;  fruit- 
dots  contiguous  or  soon  confluent,  forming  a  line  on  each  side  of  the  midrib, 
both  of  the  pinnae  and  of  the  lobes.  —  Swamps,  Vermont  and  New  York  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  southward.     July. 

8.     CAMPTOSORUS,   Link.        WALKING-LEAF.     (Tab.  11.) 

Fruit-dots  linear  or  oval-oblong,  irregularly  scattered  on  the  reticulated  veins 
of  the  simple  frond,  variously  diverging,  inclined  (especially  those  of  the  second- 
ary reticulations)  to  approximate  in  pairs  by  the  side  at  which  the  indusium 
opens,  or  to  become  confluent  at  their  ends,  forming  crooked  lines  or  singles 
(whence  the  name,  from  fca/iTrro?,  bent,  and  o-topos,  for  fruit-dot). 

1.  C.  rhizophyllus,  Link.  (Asplenium  rhizophyllum,  L.  Antigram- 
ma,  J.  Smith,  Torr.  Also  C.  rumicifolius,  Link.)  —  Shaded  rocks,  W.  New  Eng- 
land to  Wisconsin,  and  southward ;  rare.  July.  —  Fronds  evergreen,  growing 
in  tufts,  spreading  or  procumbent  (4'  -9'  long),  lanceolate  from  an  auricled-heart- 
shaped  base,  tapering  above  into  a  slender  prolongation  like  a  runner,  which 
often  roots  at  the  apex  and  gives  rise  to  new  fronds,  and  these  in  turn  to  others ; 
hence  the  popular  name.  —  A  singular  form  is  found  at  Mount  Joy,  Penn.,  by 
Mr.  Stauffer,  having  roundish  fruit-dots  and  inconspicuous  veins. 

9.    SCOL,OPENDRIUUI,    L.        HART'S-TONGUE.      (Tab.  11.) 

Fruit-dots  linear,  elongated,  almost  at  right  angles  with  the  midrib  of  the  sim- 
ple frond,  borne  in  pairs  on  the  contiguous  sides  of  the  two  parallel  forks  of  the 
straight  free  veins,  one  on  each,  but  so  confluent  side  by  side  as  to  appear  like 
one,  opening  by  an  apparently  double  indusium  down  the  middle.  (The  ancient 
Greek  name,  so  called  because  the  numerous  parallel  lines  of  fruit  resemble  the 
feet  of  the  centipede,  or  Scolopendra.) 

1.  S.  Officinartim,  Swartz.  Frond  oblong-lanceolate  from  an  auricled- 
heart-shaped  base,  entire  or  wavy-margined  (7' -18'  long,  1'-  2'  wide),  bright 
green.  —  Limestone  rocks,  in  a  deep  ravine  at  Chittenango  Creek,  below  the 
Falls,  where  it  abounds,  and  also,  perhaps,  in  some  other  places  in  W.  New 
York  ("near  Canandaigua,"  Nuttall).  (Eu.) 


594  FILICES.     (PERNS.) 


1O.    ASPI/lVIUUI,    L.        SPLEENW»RT.     (Tab.  11.) 

Fruit-dots  linear  or  oblong,  oblique,  separate  ;  the  indusium  attached  length- 
wise by  one  edge  to  the  upper  (inner)  side  of  the  simple,  forked.  or  pinnate,  free 
veins,  and  opening  along  the  other:  —  rarely  some  of  the  fruit-dots  are  double 
(DIPLAZIUM),  two  indusia  being  then  borne  on  the  same  vein,  back  to  back 
(Named,  from  a  privative  and  OTrXqi/,  the  spleen,  for  supposed  remedial  prop- 


$  1.  ASPLENIUM  PROPER.  —  Indusium  narrow,  fixed  by  its  whole  length. 
*  Indusium  flat  or  flattish,  thin.     (Fronds  evergreen.) 

1.  A.  pinnatifidum,  Nutt.     Fronds  (3' -6' long)  diffusely  spreading, 
lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  sometimes  pinnately  parted  near  the  base,  tapering  above  into 
a  slender  prolongation,  the  apex  sometimes  rooting ;  lobes  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  cut- 
toothed  or  nearly  entire;  the  midrib  evanescent  by  forking  below  the  apex.  - 
Cliffs  on  the  Schtiylkill  and  Wissahickon,  near  Philadelphia,  and  southward 
along  the  Alleghanies  ;  also  sparingly  westward :  rare.      July.  —  Resembling 
the  Walking-Leaf  (Camptosorus),  but  the  venation  is  that  of  Asplenium  :  fruit- 
dots  irregular,  numerous,  even  the  slender  prolongation  fertile. 

2.  A.  moiltaillllll,  Willd.     Fronds  (3f-5'  high,  bright  green)  lanceolate 
or  triangular-oblong  in  outline,  pinnate ;  the  ovate  pinnce  3-7 '-parted  (or  the  upper 
barely  cleft)  and  cut-toothed ;  the  veins  forking  from  a  midrib.  —  Cliffs,  in  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  from  Pennsylvania  (Mr.  Lea)  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 
July.  —  Rhachis  green:  stalk  brownish.  —  Much  smaller  than  the  European  A. 
Adiantum-nigrum. 

3.  A.  Ituta-Illliraria,  L.     Fronds  (2'-4'lohg)  b-pinnate  below,  rimply 
pinnate  above,  ovate  in  outline,  the  few  divisions  narrowly  rhombic-wedge-shaped, 
toothed  at  the  apex,  without  a  midrib,  the  veins  all  rising  from  the  base.  —  Lime- 
stone cliffs,  Vermont  to  Michigan,  Virginia,  and  southward  along  the  moun- 
tains; scarce.     July.     (Eu.) 

4.  A.  Triclltimanes,  L.    Fronds  (3'-  8'  long)  in  dense  spreading  tufts, 
linear  in  outline,  pinnate:  pinnce  numerous,  roundish-oblong  or  oval  (3" -4"  long), 
unequal-sided,  obliquely  wedge-truncate  at  the  base,  attached  by  a  narrow  point,  the 
midrib  evanescent ;  the  thread-like  stalk  and  rhachis  purple-brown  and  shining. 
(A.  melanocaulon,  Willd.) — Shaded  cliffs  ;  common.     July.     (Eu.) 

5.  A.  ebencuill,  Ait.    Fronds  upright  (8'-  16'  high),  pinnate,  lance-linear 
in  outline ;  piimr,   (£'-!' long)  many,  lanceolate,  or  the  lower  oblong,  slightly 
scythe-shaped,  finely  serrate,  sessile,  the  dilated  base  auriclcd  on  the  upper  or 
both  sides ;  fruit-dots  numerous  on  both  sides  of  the  elongated  midrib ;  stalk 
and  rhachis  blackish-purple  and  shining.  —  llocky,  open  wood.-; ;  rather  common. 

*  *  Indusium  strongly  convex  or  vaulted,  thickish  :  fruit-dots  numerous  and  crowded 
on  both  sides  of  the  midrib,  parallel,  some  of  them  occasionally  double,  especially  in 
No.  7.  (Fronds  thin,  smooth,  decaying  in  autumn,  H°-.'3°  high.) 

6.  A.  ailgUSti folium,  Michx.      Fronds  simpy  pinnate;  pinnae  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  mill  itely  wavy-toothed   (3' -4'  long   ;  fertile  frond*  more  con- 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  5V5 

traded;  fruit-dots  linear,  often  curved.  —  Rich  woods,  W.  New  England  to  Michi. 
gan,   Illinois,    and   southward  along  the  mountains.    Oct. 

7.  A.  thelypteroides,  Michx.     Fronds  pinnate ;  pinnae  deeply  piimat(fid9 
linear-lanceolate  (3'  -  5'  long),  pale ;  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  minutely  toothed, 
crowded,  each  bearing  3-6  pairs  of  oblong  fndt-dots.  —  Rich  woods ;  not  rare. 
July.-Sept. 

$  2.  ATHYRIUM,  Roth.  —  Indusium  of  tfie  shorter  (barely  oblong)  fruit-dots  some- 
times free  at  the  ends,  turgid  or  vaulted,  but  thin,  often  becoming  curved  or  crescent 
shaped. 

8.  A.    Filix-fcemina,    R.    Brown.      Frond   2-pinnate   (l°-3°  high, 
smooth),  oblong  or  lanceolate  in  outline;  pinna  lanceolate,  numerous;  the  nar- 
rowly oblong  pinnules  confluent  on  the  rhachis  by  a  narrow  margin,  sharply  pin- 
natifid-toothed  ;  fruit-dots  4-8  pairs  on  each  pinnule.    ( Aspidium  Filix-foemina 
&  A.  asplenioides,  Swartz.)  —  A  narrow  form  is  Aspidium  angustum,  Wittd.  — 
Moist  woods;  common.    July.     (Eu.) 

11.    DICKSONIA,  L'Her.   §  SITOLOBIUM,  Desv.     (Tab  11.) 

Fruit-dots  globular  (small),  marginal,  each  placed  on  the  apex  of  a  free  vein 
or  fork,  enclosed  in  a  membranaceous  cup-shaped  special  indusium  open  at  the 
top,  and  on  the  outer  side  partly  covered  by  the  thin  apex  of  the  fruit-bearing 
toothlet  of  the  frond,  forming  a  sort  of  accessory  indusium.  Sporangia  borne 
on  a  somewhat  elevated  globular  receptacle.  (Character  from  our  species, 
which  is  perhaps  to  be  separated.)  (Named  for  J.  Dickson,  an  English  Cryp- 
togamous  botanist.) 

1.  D.  pliuctiltibllla,  Hook.  Minutely  glandular  and  hairy  (2°  high) } 
fronds  ovate-lanceolate  and  pointed  in  outline,  pale  green  and  very  thin,  with 
strong  stalks  rising  from  slender  extensively  creeping  rootstalks,  pinnate,  the 
lanceolate  pinnae  twice  pinnatifid  and  cut-toothed,  the  lobes  oblong ;  fruit-dota 
minute,  on  a  recurved  toothlet,  usually  one  at  the  upper  margin  of  each  lobe. 
(D.  pilosiuscula,  Willd.  Nephrodium  punctilobulum,  Michx.  Patania,  Presl.) 
—  Moist,  rather  shady  places,  very  common :  odorous.  July. 

12.     WO  6 1>  SI  A,    R.  Brown.        WOODSIA.     (Tab.  12.) 

Fruit-dots  globular,  borne  on  the  back  of  simply-forked  free  veins  ;  the  very 
thin  and  often  evanescent  indusium  attached  by  its  base  all  around  the  recepta- 
cle, tinder  the  sporangia,  either  small  and  open,  or  else  early  bursting  at  the  top 
into  irregular  pieces  or  lobes.  —  Small  and  tufted  pinnatcly-divided  Ferns. 
(Dedicated  to  Joseph  Woods,  an  English  botanist.) 

§  1.  HYPOPELTIS,  Torr.  —  Indusium  conspicuous,  at  first  perfectly  enclosing  the 
sporangia,  but  early  opening  at  the  top,  soon  splitting  into  several  spreading  jagged 
lobes. 

1.  W.  obtilsa,  Torr.  Frond  broadly-lanceolate,  minutely  glandular- 
hairy  (6' -12'  high),  pinnate;  the  pinnae  rather  remote,  triangular-ovate  or  ob- 
long (I'  or  more  long),  bluntish,  pinnately  parted  ;  pinnules  oblong,  very 


596  FILICES.     (FERNS;) 

obtuse,  crenately  pinnatifid-toothed,  with  a  single  smooth  fruit-dot  just 
the  sinus  between  each  rounded  minutely-toothed  lobe.  (W.  Perriniana.  Hook. 
fr  Grev.  Aspidium  obtusum,  Willd.) —  Rocky  banks  and  cliffs;  common,  es- 
pecially westward.  July. 

$2.  V^OODSIA  PROPER.  —  Indusium  minute  or  evanescent,  open  and  flattened 
froid  an  early  staye  and  concealed  under  the  fruit-dot,  except  the  fringe  of  bristly- 
chaffy  hairs  into  which  its  margin  is  dissected. 

2.  W.  HveilSiS,  R.  Brown.     Frond  oblong-lanceolate   (2' -4'  long  by  1' 
wide),  smoothish  and  green  above,  thickly  clothed  underneath  as  well  as  the  stalk 
with  rusty  bristle-like  chaff,  pinnate ;  the  pinnae  crowded,  oblong,  obtuse,  sessile, 
pinnately  parted,  the  numerous  crowded  pinnules  oblong,  obtuse,  obscurely  crcnate, 
almost  coriaceous,  the  fruit-dots  near  the  margin,  somewhat  confluent  when  old. 
(Nephrodium  rufidulum,  Michx.) — Exposed  rocks,  common,  especially  north- 
ward, and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.     June.     (Eu.) 

3.  W.  glabella,  R.  Brown.     Smooth  and  naked  throughout ;  frond  linear 
(2'  -5'  high),  pinnate  ;  pinnce  rather  remote  towards  the  short  stalk,  rhombic-ovate, 
very  obtuse  (2"  -  4"  long),  cut  into  3-7  rounded  or  somewhat  wedge-shaped  lobes.  — 
Rocks,  Little  Falls,  New  York  (  Vasey) ;  Willoughby  Mountain, Vermont  (  Wood, 
C.  C.  Frost) ;  and  high  northward. 

13.  CYST6PTERIS,  Bcrnhardi.      BLADDER-FERN.    (Tab.  12.) 

Fruit-dots  roundish,  borne  on  the  back  of  a  straight  fork  of  the  free  veins ; 
the  delicate  indusium  hood-like  or  arched,  attached  by  a  broad  base  on  the  inner 
side  (towards  the  midrib)  partly  under  the  fruit-dot,  early  opening  free  at  the 
other  side,  which  looks  toward  the  apex  of  the  lobe,  and  is  somewhat  jagged, 
soon  thrown  back  or  withering  away.  —  Tufted  Ferns  with  slender  and  deli- 
cate 2-3-pinnate  fronds;  the  lobes  cut-toothed.  (Name  composed  of  KVOTIS, 
a  bladder,  and  Trrcpis,  Fern,  from  the  inflated  indusium.) 

1.  C.  blllbifcra,    Bcrnh.     Frond  lanceolate,  elongated  (l°-2°  long),  2- 
pinnate;  the  pinnae  lance-oblong,  pointed,  horizontal  (!'- 2' long) ;  the  rhachis 
and  pinnce  often  bearing  bulblets  underneath,  wingless;  pinnules  crowded,  oblong, 
obtuse,  toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  indusium  short,  truncate  on  the  free  side.     (As- 
pidium bulbiferum,  Swartz.     A.  atomarium,  Muld.I)  —  Shaded,  moist  rocks  J 
common.    July. 

2.  C.  frazil  is,  Bernh.     Frond  oblong-lanceolate  (4' -8'  long,  besides  the 
stalk  which  is  fully  as  long),  2-3-pinnate ;  the  pinnae  and  pinnules  ovate  or  lan- 
ceolate in  outline,  irregularly  pinnatifid  or  cut-toothed,  mostly  acute,  dccurrcnt 
on  the  margined  or  winged  rhachis ;  indusium  tapering  or  acute  at  the  free  end.  — 
Var.  DENT\TA,  Hook,  is  narrower  and  less  divided,  barely  twice  pinnate,  with 
ovate  obtuse  and  bluntly-toothed  pinnuleu.    (Aspidium  tcnuc,  Swartz.)  —  Shaded 
cliffs ;  common :  very  variable.    July.     (Eu.) 

14.  ASPIDIUM,  Swartz.     SHIELD-FERN.    WOOD-FERN.    (Tab.12.) 

Fruit-dots  round  or  roundish,  borne  on  the  back  or  sometimes  on  the  ex- 
tremity of  (in  our  species)  pinnate  and  free  veins,  scattered,  vf  sometimes 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  597 

crowded.  Indusium  flat,  scarious,  orbicular  or  round-kidney-shaped,  covering 
the  sporangia,  attached  to  the  receptacle  at  the  centre  or  at  the  sinus,  opening 
all  round  the  margin.  —  Fronds  mostly  1  -3-pinnate.  {Name  tzo-TrtSiof,  a  small 
shield,  from  the  shape  of  the  indusium. ) 

}  1.  DRY6PTERIS,  Adans.,  Schott.  (Nephrodium,  Rick,  in  part,  Lastrea, 
Bory. )  —  Indusium  round-kidney-shaped,  or  orbicular  with  a  narrow  sinus,  fixed  at 
Uie  sinus :  fronds  membranaceous  or  thinnish. 

*•  Veins  simple  or  simply  forked  and  straight :  fronds  annual,  decaying  in  autumn, 
the  stalks  and  creeping  rootstocks  nearly  naked.  (Thelypteris,  Schott.) 

1.  A.  TlielypteriS,  Swartz.     Frond  pinnate,  lanceolate  in  outline;  the 
•lightly  rcflexed  or  horizontal  pinnce  gradually  diminishing  in  length  from  near  the 
tase  to  the  apex,  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  oblong  nearly 
entire  obtuse  lobes,  or  appearing  acute  from  the  strongly  revolute  margins  in  fruit; 
veins  mostly  forked,  bearing  the  crowded  fruit-dots  (soon  confluent)  near  their  mid- 
dre.     (Polypodium  Thelypteris,  L.) — Marshes;   common.     Aug.  —  Stalk  1° 
long  or  more,  usually  longer  than  the  frond,  which  is  of  thicker  texture  than  in 
the  next,  slightly  downy ;  the  fruit-dots  soon  confluent  and  covering  the  whole 
contracted  lower  surface  of  the  pinnae.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  NoveboraceilSC,  Willd.     Frond  pinnate,  oblong-lanceolate  in  out- 
line, tapering  below,  from  the  lower  pinna;  (2 -several  pairs)  being  gradually  shoiier 
and  dcjiexed ;  the  lobes  flat,  broadly  oblong;  their  veins  all  simple  except  in  the 
lowest  pairs,  bearing  scattered  fruit-dots  (never  confluent)  near  the  margin.    (Poly- 
podium  Noveboracensc,  L.     A.  thelypteroidcs,  Swartz.) —  Swamps  and  moist 
thickets;  common.     July.  —  Frond  pale  green,  delicate  and  membranaceous, 
nearly  as  the  last,  except  in  the  points  mentioned. 

*  *  Veins,  at  least  the  lowermost,  more  than  once  forked  or  somewhat  pinnately  branch' 
ing  ;  the  fruit-bearing  veinlets  often  obscure  or  vanishing  above  the  fruit-dot .»  fronds, 
at  least  the  sterile  ones,  often  remaining  green  through  the  winter :  stalks  and  apex 
of  the  scaly  thickened  rootstocks  chaffy,  and  often  the  main  rhachis  also  when  young. 

+  Frond  twice  pinnate  and  with  the  pinnules  pinnatifid  or  deeply  incised :  indu- 
sium deciduous. 

3.  A.  SpinilloSlllll,  Swartz.     Frond  oblong  or  ovate-oblong  in  outline 
(1°  -2°  long),  lively  green,  smooth;  pinnules  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  mostly 
obtuse,  horizontal,  crowded,  the  lower  deeply  pinnatifid  into  linear-oblong  obtuse 
lobes  which  are  sharply  cut-toothed,  the  upper  cut-pinnatifid  or  incised,  with  the 
shorter  lobes  few-toothed  at  the  apex ;  margin  of  the  indusium  denticulate  or 
beset  with  minute  stalked  glands.     (A.  intermedium,  Muhl?    Dryopteris  inter- 
media, ed.  1.)  —  Woods,  everywhere  common.     July.  —  Exhibits  a  variety  of 
forms,  some  of  them  clearly  the  same  as  the  European  plant,  mote  commonly- 
intermediate  in  appearance  between  it  and 

Var.  di  I  citatum*  Frond  broader,  ovate  or  triangular-ovate  in  outline ; 
pinnules  lance-oblong,  the  lower  sometimes  pinnately  divided ;  indusium  smooth 
and  naked.  (A.  dilatatum,  Willd.) — A  dwarf  state,  fruiting  when  only  5' -8' 
high,  answers  to  var.  (of  Lastraea  dilatata)  duinetorum.  A  peculiar  form  (A 
campy lopterum,  Kunze?  and  Dryopteris  dilatata,  chiefly,  ed.  1)  has  the  pinna), 
pinnules,  and  their  divisions  remarkably  crowded,  and  directed  o'  'iqucly  forwards 


598  FILICES.       (FERNS.) 

or  rather  scythe-shaped.  —  N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  clacfly  in  mountain 
woods,  and  northward.     (Ea.) 

Var.  I£o6t tie.  Frond  elongated-oblong  or  elongated-lanceolate  in  outline ; 
pinnules  broadly  oblong,  very  obtuse,  the  lower  pinnatifid,  the  upper  and  smaller 
merely  serrate ;  indusium  minutely  glandular.  (A.  Boottii,  Tuckerm.  Dryop- 
teris  rigida,  ed.  1  ;  not  Aspidium  rigid um,  Swartz.) — E.  Massachusetts,  Boolt, 
&e.  Connecticut,  D.  C.  Eaton,  and  northward.  —  The  least  dissected  fonn,  in- 
termediate in  appearance  between  A.  spinulosum  and  A.  cristatum,  but  passing 
into  the  former. 

•*-  •*-  Frond  once  pinnate,  and  the  pinnce  deeply  pinnatifid,  or  at  the  base  nearly  twice 
pinnate :  fruit-dots  within  the  margin,  large ;  the  indusium  thinnish  and  Jlat. 

4.  A.  cristfitum,   Swartz.      Frond  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  in  outline 
(1  J°  to  2J°  long  and  very  long-stalked) ;  pinnce  short  (2' -3'),  triangular-oblong, 
or  the  lowest  nearly  triangular-ovate,  from  a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base,  acute, 
deeply  pinnatifid;  the  divisions  (8-13  pairs)  oblong,  very  obtuse,  finely  serrate  or 
cut-toothed,  the  lowest  pinnatifid-lobed  ;  fruit-dots  as  near  the  midrib  as  the  margin, 
often  confluent.     (A.  Lancastriense,  Su-artz.)  —  Swamps,  &c. ;  common.     July. 
—  Stalk  bearing  broad  and  deciduous  chaffy  scales.     (Eu.) 

5.  A.  Ooldiiinum,  Hook.      Frond  broadly  ovate,  or  the  fertile  ovate- 
oblong  in  outline  (2° -3°  long),  short-stalked;  pinnae  (6' -9'  long)  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, pinnately  parted ;  the  divisions  (about  20  pairs)   oblong-linear,  slightly 
scythe-shaped,  obtuse  (!'  long),  serrate  with  appressed  teeth,  bearing  the  distinct 
fruit-dots  nearer  the  midrib  than  the  margin  (these  smaller  than  in  No.  4).  —  Rich 

and   moist  woods,  from  Connecticut  to  Kentucky,  and  northward.     July- 
Sept. — A  stately  species,  often  4°  high ;  the  fronds  decaying  in  autumn.     In- 
dusium often  orbicular  without  a  distinct  sinus,  as  in  Polystichum. 
••-  •*-  *•  Fronds  (thickish  and  mostly  persistent  through   the  winter,  as   in  Foly- 

stiehum),  twice  pinnate,  but  the  nearly  entire  upper  pinnules  confluent,  some  of 

the,  lotcer  pinnated-toothed :  fruit-dots  close  to  the  margin ;  the  indusium   tumid, 

and  its  edges  turned  under. 

C.  A.  Niarginnle,  Swart?;.  Frond  ovate-oblong  in  outline  (1°-  2°  long), 
pale  green ;  pinnae  lanceolate  from  a  broad  almost  sessile  base ;  pinnules  ob- 
long, obtuse,  crowded.  —  Rocky  hill-sides  in  rich  woods ;  common,  especially 
northward.  July. 

§  2  POLYST1CIIUM,  Roth.  — Indusium  orbicular  and  entire,  peltate,  (or  rarely 
round-kidney -shaped  in  the  same  species,  as  in  No.  7,)>m/  by  the  depressed  centre: 
fronds  rigid  and  coriaceous,  evergreen,  very  chaffy  on  the  rhachis,  frc. :  the  pinna 
or  ]>innules  auriclcd  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  crowded,  the  teeth  or  lobes  bristle- 
tipped. 

#  Fronds  twice  pinnate  or  nearly  so. 

7.  A.  fra grans,  Swartz.  Fronds  (4' -9'  high)  glandular  and  aromatic, 
pinnate,  with  the  linear-oblong  pinna;  pinnately  parted;  their  crowded  division 
(2"  long)  oblong,  obtuse,  covered  with  the  fruit-dots,  the  rusty-brown  great  in- 
dusia  nearly  equalling  them  in  breadth;  rhachis,  &c.  chaffy  with  very  large 
scales.  —  Shaded  trap-rocks,  Falls  of  the  St.  Croix,  Wisconsin.  Dr.  Pany,  and 
high  northward. 


FTLICES.     (FERNS.)  599 

8.  4.  acilleatum,  Swartz,   var.  Braimii,  Koch.     Frond  spreading, 
2  pinnate  (l^°-2°  long),  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  with  a  tapering  base,  the 
lower  of  the  many  pairs  of  oblong-lanceolate  pinnae  gradually  reduced  in  size 
and  obtuse ;  pinnules  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  ti-uncate  and  almost  rectangular 
at  the  base,  short-stalked,  or  the  upper  confluent,  sharply  toothed,  beset  with 
long  and  soft  as  well  as  chaffy  hairs.     (A.  Braunii,  Spenner.) — Deep  woods, 
mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  N.  New  York,  and  northward.     (Eu. ) 

*  *  Fronds  simply  pinnate,  mostly  upright. 

9.  A.    acrosticlioides,    Swartz.      Frond   lanceolate    (l°-2^°  high), 
stalked ;  pinnce  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  scythe-shaped,  haJf-halberd-shaped  at 
the  slightly  stalked  base,  serrulate  with  appressed  bristly  teeth ;  the  fertile  (upper) 
ones  contracted  and  smaller,  bearing  contiguous  fruit-dots  near  the  midrib,  which 
are  confluent  with  age,  and  cover  the  surface.     (Nephrodium  acrosticlioides, 
Michx.) —  Var.   INCISUM    (A.    Schweinitzii,  Beck)   is  a  state  with  cut-lobed 
pinnae,  a  not  unfrequent  case  in  the  sterile  fronds ;  sometimes  the  tips  of  almost 
all  of  them  fertile  more  or  less.  —  Hill-sides  and  ravines  in  woods ;  common 
northward,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.     July. 

10.  A.  LoncllitiS,  Swartz?    Frond  linear-lanceolate  (9' -20' high),  scarce- 
ly  stalked,  very  riyid ;  pinnae,  broadly  lanceolate-scythe-shaped,  or  the  lowest  triangular, 
strongly  auricled  on  the  upper  side  and  wedge-truncate  on  the  lower,  densely 
spiny-toothed  (!' or  less  in  length),  copiously  fruit-bearing;  fruit-dots  contigu- 
ous and  near  the  margins.  —  Woods,  southern   shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and 

northwestward.     (Eu.) 

* 

15.     ONOCL.EA,    L.         SENSITIVE  FERN.     (Tab.  12.) 

Fertile  frond  twice  pinnate,  much  contracted  ;  the  pinnules  short  and  revolute, 
usually  so  rolled  up  as  to  be  converted  into  berry-shaped  closed  involucres  filled 
with  sporangia,  and  forming  a  one-sided  spike  or  raceme.  Fruit-dots  one  on 
the  middle  of  each  strong  and  simple  primary  vein  (with  or  without  sterile  cross- 
veins),  round,  soon  all  confluent.  Indusium  very  thin,  hood-like,  lateral,  fixed 
by  its  lower  side,  free  on  the  upper  (towards  the  apex  of  the  pinnule).  —  Sterile 
fronds  rising  separately  from  the  naked  extensively  creeping  rootstock,  long- 
stalked,  broadly  triangular  in  outline,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  lance-oblong  pinnae, 
which  are  entire  or  wavy-toothed,  or  the  lowest  pair  sinuate-pinnatifid  (decaying 
IP  autumn) ;  veins  reticulated  with  fine  meshes.  (Name  apparently  from  ovos, 
a  vessel,  and  /eAeuo,  to  close,  from  the  singularly  rolled  up  fructification.) 

1.  O.  seiisi  bills,  L. — Moist  or  wet  places,  along  streams;  common. 
July. — A  rare  abnormal  state,  in  which  the  pinnae  of  some  of  the  sterile  fronds, 
becoming  again  pinnatifid  and  more  or  less  contracted,  bear  some  fruit-dots 
without  being  much  revolute  or  losing  their  foliaccous  character,  is  the  var. 
OBTUSILOB\TA,  Torr.  N.  Y.  State  Fl.  (Yates  County,  New  York,  Sartwell, 
and  Washington  County,  Dr.  Smith.  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  D.  C.  Eaton.) 
This  explains  the  long-lost  O.  obtusilobata,  Schkuhr  (from  Pennsylvania),  which, 
as  figured,  has  the  sterile  fronds  thus  2-pinnately  divided.  (Ragiopteris,  Presl. 
is  founded  on  a  young  fertile  f-ond  of  this  species  and  the  sterile  frond  of  some 
different  Fern.) 


600  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

SUBORDER  II.     OSMUNDINE^E.     FLOWERING-FERN  FAMILY. 

16.     SCIIIZvEA,    Smith.        SCHIZJSA.     (Tab.  13.) 

Fertile  fronds  of  several  contracted  linear  pinnae,  which  are  approximated  in 
pairs  at  the  apex  of  a  slender  stalk ;  the  under  (inner)  side  covered  with  the 
fructification,  consisting  of  two  rows  of  sessile  naked  sporangia,  which  are  oval, 
vertical,  furnished  with  a  striate-rayed  crest  at  the  apex,  and  opening  by  a  lon- 
gitudinal cleft  down  the  outer  side.  Sterile  fronds  linear  or  thread-like,  some- 
times forked  and  cleft  (whence  the  name,  from  <r;(i£a>,  to  slit). 

1.  §•  pusilla,  Pursh.  Sterile  fronds  linear-thread-form,  simple,  tortuous, 
much  shorter  than  the  fertile,  which  bears  about  5  pairs  of  short  crowded  pinna 
at  the  apex  of  a  slender  stalk  (3;  -4'  high).  —  Low  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey;  rare. 

17.     LYGODIUITI,    Swartz.        CLIMBING  FERN.     (Tab.  13.) 

Fronds  twining  or  climbing,  bearing  stalked  and  variously  lobed  divisions  in 
pairs,  with  free  veins  ;  the  fructification  on  separate  contracted  divisions  or  spike- 
like  lobes,  one  side  of  which  is  covered  with  hooded  scales  for  indusia,  imbri- 
cated in  two  ranks,  fixed  by  a  broad  base,  each  enclosing  a  single  sporangium,  or 
rarely  a  pair.  Sporangia  much  as  in  Schizrea,  but  oblique,  fixed  to  the  vein  by 
the  inner  side  next  the  base.  (Name  from  \vy<a8r)s,  flexile.) 

1.  !-••  pa  I  111  a  turn,  Swartz.  Very  smooth;  stalks  slender,  flexile.and 
twining  (l°-3°long),  from  slender  running  rootstocks;  the  short  alternate 
branches  or  petioles  deeply  2-forked,  each  fork  bearing  a  rounded  heart-si laped 
palmatcly  4-7-lobed  sterile  frondlet;  fertile  frondlets  above,  contracted  and 
several  times  forked,  forming  a  terminal  panicle.  (Hydroglossum,  WiUd.)  — 
Shaded  or  moist  grassy  places,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  spar- 
ingly southward  ;  rare.  July.  * 

18.     OSUH'JNDA,    L.        FLOWERING  FERN.     (Tab.  13.) 

Sporangia  globular,  short-pedicellcd,  naked,  entirely  covering  the  fertile  frond* 
or  certain  pinna;  (which  arc  contracted  to  the  mere  rhachis),  thin  and  reticulated, 
not  striatc-rayed  at  the  apex,  opening  opposite  the  pedicel  into  two  valves. 
Spores  green.  — Fronds  tall  and  upright,  from  thickened  rootstocks,  1  -  2-f  innate  \ 
reins  forking  and  free.  (Osmunder,  a  Saxon  name  of  the  Celtic  divinity  Thor.^ 
#  Fronds  twice  pinnate,  fertile  at  the  top. 

1.  O.  rcgalis,  L.  (FLOWERING  FERN.)  Very  smooth,  pale  green 
(2° -5°  high);  sterile  pinnules  13-25,  lance-oblong,  more  or  less  serrulate, 
otherwise  mostly  entire,  oblique  (or  often  auricled  on  the  lower  siJe)  at  the 
nearly  sessile  base  (1-2'  long) ;  the  fertile  racemose-panicled  at  the  summit  of 
the  frond.  (Eu.) 

Var.  spcctribilis.  Pinnules  ordinarily  narrower  and  less  auricled,  or  ob- 
liquely truncate  at  the  slightly  stalked  base.  (0.  spectabilis,  Wittd  )  —  Swamps 
and  wet  woods  ;  common.  June,  July. 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  601 

#  #  Sterile  fronds  once  pinnate ;  the  pinnce  deeply  pinnatifid ;  the  lobes  entire, 

2.  O.  Cliiytoiiiana,  L.     Clothed  with  loose  wool  when  unfolding,  soon 
perfectly  smooth   (2° -3°  high)  ;   pinnce  oblony -lanceolate,  with  oblong   obtuse 
divisions;  some  (2-5  pairs)  of  the  middle  pinnce  fertile,  these  entirely  pinnate ; 
sporangia  greenish  turning  brown.    (0.  interrupta,  Michx.,  frc.)  —  Low  grounds ; 
common.     May:  fruiting  as  it  unfolds.  —  This,  being  Clayton's  plant  (as  I  as- 
certained in  1839,  both  from  the  Clay  Ionian  and  Linnaean  herbaria),  must  bear 
the  original  Linnajan  name,  though  wrongly  described,  from  young  specimens  in 
which  the  fructification  was  thought  to  be  terminal. 

3.  O.  ciiiBiamoiBifa,    L.      (CINNAMON-FERN.)      Clothed  with  rusty 
wool  when  young ;  sterile  fronds  smooth  when  full  grown,  the  lanceolate  pinnae 
pinnatifid  into  broadly  oblong  obtuse  divisions;  fertile  fronds  separate,  from  the 
same  rootstock,  contracted,  2-pinnate,  covered  with  the  cinnamon-colored  spo- 
rangia.—  Var.  FROND^SA  is  a  rare  occasional  state,  in  which  some  of  the  fronds 
are  sterile  below  and  more  sparsely  fertile  at  their  summit.     (O.  Claytoniana, 
Conrad,  not  of  L.) — Rarely  such  fronds  are  fertile  in  the  middle,  otherwise 
sterile.  —  Swamps  and   low  copses  ;    everywhere.     May.  —  Growing  in  large 
bunches;  the  fertile  fronds  in  the  centre,  perfecting  fruit  as  they  unfold,  l°-2° 
long,  decaying  long  before  the  sterile  fronds  (at  length  4° -5°  high)  get  their 
growth. 

SUBORDER  III.     OPHIOGLOSSE^E.    THE  ADDER-TONGUE  FAM. 

19.    rf  O  T  R Y  C II I U  UI ,    Swartz.        MOONWORT.     (Tab.  13.) 

Frond  ternately  or  pinnately  divided  or  compound,  rising  straight  from  the 
roots  (of  strong  clustered  and  thickened  fibres) ;  the  lateral  division  sterile,  with 
forking  free  veins,  the  terminal  one  wholly  fertile :  spike  contracted,  the  spikes 
pinnately  panided.  Sporangia  sessile,  clustered  but  distinct,  rather  coriaceous, 
veinless,  transversely  2-valved,  shedding  the  copious  powdery  sulphur-colored 
spores.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  /Sorpus,  a  cluster  of  grapes,  from  the  appearance 
of  the  fruitful  fronds.) 

1.  15.  immrioillcs,  Swartz.  Sterile  frond  petioled,  from  near  the  base, 
2  -  3- tern  ate,  or  the  ultimate  divisions  often  pinnate  or  pinnately  parted,  broadly 
triangular  in  general  outline  ;  the  lobes  or  divisions  obovatc,  somewhat  kidney- 
shaped,  roundish,  or  oblong,  somewhat  crenate  ;  fcrti'e  stalk  3' -6'  high;  fruc- 
tification mostly  2-pinnate.  (Botrypus  lunarioides,  Michx.  Botrychium  fuma- 
rioides  &  matricarioides,  WiUd.} — Dry,  rich  wcods,  mostly  southward.  July. 
—  A  state,  from  Hingham,  Mass.  (C.  J.  Spragm],  has  the  t\vo  lateral  primary 
divisions  of  the  sterile  frond  changed  into  long-stalked  fertile  fronds.  (Eu.) 

Var.  oblaqilltlll  (B.  obliquum,  M uhl.)  is  mostly  larger  (6'- 17' high) ; 
the  fertile  frond  more  compound  ;  the  sterile  with  oblong  or  lanceolate  divisions, 
either  obtuse  or  oblique  at  the  base,  nearly  entire,  toothed,  or  irregularly  pin- 
natifid.—  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward;  rather  scarce. 

Var.  diSSectuni  (B.  dissectum,  MM.).  Divisions  of  the  sterile  frond 
ccmpoundly  and  laciniatcly  cut  into  narrow  small  lobes  and  ietth  :  otherwise  as 
the  lost,  into  which  it  passes,  and  with  which  it  grows. 


602  LYCOPODIACK^K.       (CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.) 

2.  B.  Tii-giilicum,  Swartz.  Sterile  frond  sessile  above  the  middle  of  the 
Btalk  of  the  fertile  one,  ternate ;  the  short-stalked  primary  divisions  once  or  twice 
pinnate,  and  then  once  or  twice  pinnatitid,  thin,  the  lobes  cat-toothed  towards 
the  apex,  oblong;  fructification  mostly  2-pinnate :  plant  1°-2C  high,  or  often 
reduced  to  5' -10',  when  it  is  B.  gracile,  Pursh. —  Rich  woods;  common. 
July,  Aug.  (Eu.) 

Var.  ?  Simplex  (B.  simplex,  Hitchcock]  appears  to  be  a  remarkably  de- 
pauperate state  of  this,  only  2' -  5' high ;  the  sterile  frond  reduced  to  a  single 
short-stalked  division,  and  simply  or  doubly  pinnatifid,  the  kbes  obovate  or 
oblong,  thinner,  and  the  veins  more  perceptible  than  in  the  European  B.  Luna- 
ria.  —  W.  New  England,  New  York,  and  northward. 

2O.     OPIIIOGL-OSSUITI,    L.        ADDER'S-TONGUE.     (Tab.  13.) 

Frond  a  naked  stalk  rising  straight,  bearing  a  lateral  sterile  portion  resembling 
in  form  an  entire  leaf  with  finely  reticulated  immersed  veins,  and  a  simple 
terminal  spike,  on  the  edges  of  which  the  opaque  and  coriaceous  sessile  veinless 
sporangia  are  closely  packed,  in  2  ranks,  all  more  or  less  coherent  together,  so 
as  to  appear  necklace-jointed,  transversely  2-valvcd.  Spores  copious,  sulphur- 
color.  (Name  compounded  of  6'<£iy,  a  serpent,  and  -yXooao-a,  tongue.) 

1.  O.  VuDgatum,  L.  Sterile  frond  (in  the  N.  American  form)  obovate 
or  ovate  with  a  tapering  sessile  base  (l'-3'  long),  and  mostly  home  below  the 
middle  of  the  stalk  of  the  fertile  spike.  —  Bogs  and  meadows :  not  common, 
June.  (Eu.) 


ORDER  137.     LYCOPODIACE^E.     (CLUB-Moss  FAMILY.) 

Low  plants,  usually  of  Moss-like  aspect,  with  their  solid  and  often  woolly 
tttems  tiiickly  clothed  with  sessile  aid-shaped  or  lanceolate  persistent  and  .si'w- 
ple  leaves ,  bearing  the  2  -  4-valved  spore-cases  sessile  in  their  axils ;  repre- 
sented by  only  two  genera. 

1.     1.Y  CO  PODIUM,    L.,  Spring.         CLUB-MOSS.     (Tab.  U.) 

Spore-cases  of  one  kind  (sporangia,  much  like  those  of  Ophioglossum,  only 
larger),  coriaceous,  flattened,  usually  kidney-shaped,  1 -celled,  opening  by  a  trans- 
verse line  round  the  margin,  thus  2-valvcd,  discharging  the  subtile  spores  in  the 
form  of  a  copious  sulphur-colored  inflammable  powder.  —  Perennials,  with  ever- 
green 1-nerved  leaves,  imbricated  or  crowded  in  4-16  ranks.  (Name  compound- 
ed of  Xu/cof,  a  wolf,  and  TTOVS,  foot,  from  no  obvious  resemblance.) 

4  1.  Sporangia  scattered  in  the  axils  of  the  ordir.ari/  and  uniform   (dark-green  and 

shining,  rigid,  about  8-ranked)  leaves. 

1.  L..  lucid  Ilium,  Michx.  Stems  thick,  2  or  3  times  forked,  the  branches 
nscemling  (6'-12'  high);  leaven  widely  spreading  or  rrfcrcd,  linear-lanceolate,1 
acute,  minutely  toothed. — Cold,  damp  woods  ;  common  northward.  Axigust. — 
Little  bulblets  form  in  the  axils  of  the  loaves  of  young  shoots,  Austin,  Roth- 


LYCOPODJACE^E.       (CLUB-MOSS    FAJIILT.)  €08 

2.  L,.  SclTigfO,  L.     Stems  thick  and  rigid,  erect,  fork-branched,  forming  a 
level  topped  cluster  (3' -6'  high) ;  leaves  spreading,  lanceolate,  pointed,  entire. — 
Tops  of  high  mountains,  Maine  to  New  York,  on  the  Alleghanies  southward ; 
also  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward ;  rare :  both  the  variety  with  more 
erect,  and  that  with  widely  spreading,  leaves.     (Eu.) 

§  2.   Sporangia  borne  only  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  (bracteal)  leaves,  thus  forming 
terminal  spikes  or  catkins. 

*  Leaves  of  the  creeping  sterile  and  the  upright  fertile  stems  or  branches,  and  those  of 

the  simple  spike  all  alike,  many-ranked  (sporangia  opening  near  the  base). 

3.  li.  inundatum,  L.     Dwarf;  creeping  sterile  stems  forking,  flaccid ; 
the  fertile  solitary  (l'-4'  high),  bearing  a  short  thick  spike;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
lance-awl-shaped,  acute,  soft,  spreading,  naked,  or  sometimes  bearing  a  few  minute 
spiny  teeth.  —  Leaves  (curving  upwards  on  the  prostrate  shoots)  narrower  in  the 
American  than  in  the  European  plant  (perhaps  a  distinct  species),  and  passing 
into  the  var.  BiGEL,6vn,  Tuckerm. :  with  fertile  stems  5'-  7'  high,  its  leaves 
more  awl-shaped  and  pointed,  sparser  and  more  upright,  often  somewhat  teeth- 
bearing.     (L.  Carolinianum,  Bigel.,  not  of  L.)  —  Sandy  bogs,  northward,  rare: 
the  var.  from  New  England  to  New  Jersey  and  southward,  near  the  coast. 
Aug.     (Eu.) 

4.  L<.  alopecuroides,  L.     Stems  stout,  very  densely  leafy  throughout; 
the  sterile  branches  recurved-procumbent  and  creeping ;  the  fertile  of  the  same 
thickness,  6' -20'  high  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear-awl-shaped,  spinulose-pointed,  spread- 
ing, conspicuously  bristle-toothed  below  the  middle ;  those  of  the  cylindrical  spike  with 
long  sotaceous  tips.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Stems,  with  the  dense  leaves,  £'  thick ;  the  comose  spike, 
with  its  longer  spreading  leaves,  |'  to  1 '  thick. 

*  *  Leaves  (bracts)  of  the  catkin-like  spike  scale-like,  imbricated,  yellowish,  ovate  ot 

heart-shaped,  very  different  from  those  of  the  sterile  stems  and  branches. 

•»—  Spikes  sessile  (branches  equally  leafy  to  the  top),  single. 

b.  li»  atllltitillllllB,  L.  Much  branched;  stems  prostrate  and  creep  ny 
(l°-4°  long) ;  the  ascending  branches  similar  (5' -8'  high),  sparingly  forked,  the 
sterile  ones  making  yearly  growths  from  the  summit;  leaves  equal,  spread!  ny,  in 
about  5  ranks,  rigid,  lanceolate,  pointed,  minutely  serrulate  (pale  green)  ;  spike 
solitary,  oblong-cylindrical,  thick.  —  Var.  PUNGENS,  Spring,  is  a  reduced  sub- 
alpine  or  mountain  form,  with  shorter  and  more  rigid-pointed  erectish  leaves. 
(Var.  montanum,  Tuckerm.)  —  Woods;  common  northward:  the  var.  on  tho 
White  Mountains,  with  intermediate  forms  around  the  base.  July.  (Eu.) 

6.  Li.  dendroideiini,  Michx.  (GROUND-PINE.)  Stems  upright  (6'- 
9'  high)  from  a  subterranean  creeping  rootstock,  simple  below,  and  clothed  with 
homogeneous  lanceolate-linear  acute  entire  leaves  appressed-erect  in  4  -  6  rows, 
bushy -branched  at  the  summit ;  the  crowded  branches  spreading,  fan-like,  with  the 
lower  row  of  leaves  shorter  and  the  lateral  spreading,  —  in  var.  OBSctiRUM 
appearing  flaj;,  from  the  leaves  of  the  upper  side  being  also  shorter  and  ap- 
pressed.  (L.  obscurum,  L.)  —  Moist  woods.  Aug.  —  Kemarkabh  for  its  tree 
like  growth.  Spikes  cylindrical,  4-10  on  each  plant. 


604  LYCoroDiACE,«.     (CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY.) 

•*-  •«-  Spikes  pedunded :  viz.  the  leaves  minute  on  the  fertile  branches. 

**  Leaves  homogeneous  and  equal,  many-ranked :  stems  terete. 
1.  JL.  Clavatliiu,  L.  (COMMON  CLUB-MOSS.)  Stems  creeping  exten 
sively,  with  similar  ascending  short  and  very  leafy  branches  ;  the  fertile  termi- 
nated by  a  slender  peduncle  (4' -6'  long),  bearing  about  2-3  (rarely  1  or  4) 
linear-cylindrical  spikes  ;  leaves  linear-awl-shaped,  incurvcd-spreading  (light 
green),  tipped,  as  also  the  bracts,  with  a  fine  bristle.  —  Dry  woods;  common 
northward.  July.  (Eu.) 

**  •*-*•  Leaves  of  two  forms,  few-ranked:  stems  or  branches  flattened. 

8.  L..  Caroliiiiaiilllll,  L.     Sterile  stems  and  their  few  short  branches 
entirely  creeping  (leafless  and  rooting  on  the  under  side),  thickly  clothed  with 
broadly  lanceolate  acute  and  somewhat  oblique  1 -nerved  lateral  leaves  widely 
spreading  in  2  ranks,  and  a  shorter  intermediate  row  appressed  on  the  upper 
side;  also  sending  up  a  slender  simple  peduncle  (2' -4' high,  clothed  merely 
with  small  bract-like  and  appressed  awl-shaped  leaves),  bearing  a  single  cylindri- 
cal spike.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     July. 

9.  L.  CO  HI  plan  a  til  ill,  L      Stems  extensively  creeping  (often  subter- 
ranean), the  erect  or  ascending  branches  several  times  forked  above;  bushy  branch- 
lets  crowded.,  flattened,  all  clothed  with  minute  imbricated-appressed  awl-shaped  leaves 
in  4  ranks,  with  dccurrent-unitcd  bases,  the  lateral  rows  with  somewhat  spread- 
ing tooth-like  tips,  those  of  the  upper  and  under  rows  smaller,  narrower,  wholly 
appressed;    peduncle  slender,  bearing  2-4  cylindrical  spikes.  —  Woods    and 
thickets ;  common :  the  typical  form  with  spreading  fan-like  branches  abundant 
southward ;  while  northward,  especially  far  northward,  it  passes  gradually  into 
var.  SABiN.*F6LiDM   (L.  sabinaefolium,  Willd.,  L.  Chamaecyparissus,  Draun), 
with  more  erect  and  fascicled  branches.     (Eu.) 

2.     SEL.AGINELL.A,    Bcauv.,  Spring.         (Tab.  14.) 

Fructification  of  two' kinds,  namely,  of  spore-cases  like  those  of  Lycopodium, 
but  very  minute  and  oblong  or  globular,  containing  reddish  or  orange-colored 
powdery  spores ;  and  of  3-4-valvcd  tumid  oophoridia,  filled  by  3  or  4  (rarely  1- 
6)  much  larger  globose-angular  spores;  the  latter  either  intermixed  with  the 
former  in  the  same  axils,  or  solitary  (and  larger)  in  the  lower  axils  of  the  leafy 
4-ranked  sessile  spike.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Selago,  an  ancient  name  of  a 
Lycopodium,  from  which  this  genus  is  separated.) 

*  Leaves  all  alike,  egualli/  imbricated ;  those  of  the  spike  similar. 

1.  S.  Kdagiiioldes.     Sterile  stems  prostrate  or  creeping,  small  and  slen- 
der; the  fertile  thicker,  aacending,  simple   (l'-3'  high);  leaves   lanceolate,  acute, 
spreading,  sparseli/  spinuloae-ciliate.     (S.  spinosa,  Beauv.     S.  spinulosa,  Braun.) 
—  Wet  places,  New  Hampshire  (Pursh)  and  Michigan,  Lake    Superior  and 
northward;  pretty  rare. — Leaves  larger  on  the  fertile  stems,  thin, 

green.     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  1  llprsllis.  Spring.     Much  branched  inclose  tuft';  (l'-3^high)  ;  leaves 
densely  appressed-imbricated,  linear-lanceolate,  convex  and  with  a  grooved  keel, 
minutely  ciliate,  bristle-tipptd ;  those  of  the  strongly  4-angular  spike  rather  broad 


: 


HTDROPTERIDES.       (MARSILEACE2E.)  605 

er-f  the  two  sorts  of  fructification  in  the  same  axils.  (Lycopodium  rupestre,  L.) 
—  Dry  and  exposed  rocks;  common.  —  Grayish-green  in  aspect,  resembling  a 
rigid  Moss. 

*  #  Leaven  of  2  sorts,  the  shorter  above  and  below,  resembling  stipules,  the  larger 

lateral,  2-ranked. 

3.  S.  apllS,  Spring.  Stems  tufted  and  prostrate,  creeping,  much  branched, 
flaccid  ;  leaves  pcllucid-membranaceous,  the  larger  spreading  horizontally,  ovate, 
oblique,  mostly  obtuse ;  the  others  smaller,  appressed,  taper-pointed ;  those  of 
the  short  spikes  nearly  similar;  oophoridia  copious  at  the  lower  part  of  the 
Bpike.  (Lycopodium  apodum,  L.) — Low,  shady  places,  N.  New  England, 
near  the  coast,  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  A  delicate  little  plant,  resembling 
a.  Moss  or  Jun<rermannia. 


ORDER  138.    HYDROPTERIDES.     (MARSILEACE^,  R.  Br.) 

Aquatic  cryptogamous  plants,  of  diverse  habit,  with  the  fructification  borne 
at  the  bases  of  the  leaves,  or  on  submerged  brandies,  consisting  of  two  sorts 
of  organs,  contained  in  indeJiiscent  or  irregularly  bursting  involucres  (sporo- 
carps):  —  here  represented  by  only  two  genera;  one  of  them,  Isoetes, 
nearly  related  to  Club-Mosses  in  structure ;  the  other,  Azolla,  much  like  a 
floating  Liverwort. 

1.    ISOETES,    L.        QUILLWORT.     (Tab.  14.) 

Stem  a  mere  succulent  base  or  crown,  rooting  from  underneath,  and  covered 
above  with  the  dilated  imbricated  bases  of  the  elongated  terete  awl-shaped  or 
stalk-like  cellular  leaves.  Sporocarps  ovoid  and  plano-convex,  pretty  large, 
sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  united  with  or  enveloped  by  their  excavated 
dilated  base,  very  thin,  traversed  internally  by  transverse  threads,  forming  a 
kind  of  partitions ;  those  of  the  central  leaves  filled  with  very  minute  powdery 
grains  (analogous  to  the  spores  of  Lycopodium) ;  the  exterior  filled  with  largei 
spherical-quadrangular  spores  (oophoridia),  at  first  cohering  in  fours,  their  crus- 
taceous  integument  marked  by  3  radiant  lines.  (Name  composed  of  io~os,  equal, 
and  eroy,  year ;  perhaps  intended  to  indicate  that  these  aquatic  plants  are  un- 
changed by  the  season,  i.  e.  alike  the  year  through.) 

1.  I.  lacfistl'is,  L.    Crown  or  rootstock  broad  and  depressed ;  leaves  whol- 
ly submersed,  dark  green,  rigid  and  fragile,  awl-shaped  (2' -6'  long),  the  dilated 
base  as  broad  as  long ;  spores  (oophoridia)  roughish-granulated,  scarcely  reticu- 
lated.—  Bottom  of  ponds  and  slow  streams  ;  not  rare  northward.  —  New  Eng- 
land specimens  agree  well  with  the  European  plant,  and  also  seem  too  nearly 
like  the  next.     The  following  species  are  admitted  in  deference  to  authority : 
but  probably  all  are  forms  of  one.     (Eu.) 

2.  I.  riparia,  Engelm.     Crown  small ;  leaves  slender,  soft,  yellowish 
green  (4/-(/  long),  the  base  broader  than  long ;  spores  minutely  farinaceous 
and    reticulated.  —  Gravelly  borders    of  lakes  and    streams,  Delaware   to 


606  HYDROPTERIDES. 

New  Hampshire,  often   partly   emersed  :  probably  throughout  the  Middle 
States. 

3.  I.  Eilgcliliuillii,  Braun.  Leaves  long  and  slender  (9'  -12'  long), 
entirely  emcrsed  in  summer,  soft  and  flaccid,  light  yellowish-green,  the  dilated 
base  longer  than  broad;  spores  coarsely  farinaceous  and  reticulated.  —  Shallow 
ponds  of  the  Western  States,  and  southward. 

2.     AZOLL.A,    Lam.        AZOLLA.     (Tab.  14.) 

Plant  floating  free,  pinnately  branched,  clothed  with  minute  imbricated  leases 
appearing  like  a  small  Jungermannia  :  fructification  sessile  on  the  under  side  of 
the  branches,  of  2  sorts.  Sporocarps  covered  at  first  with  an  iudusium  of  a 
single  diaphanous  membrane,  ovoid  ;  the  smaller  kind  opening  transversely  all 
round,  containing  several  roundish-angular  antheridia  ?  peltately  borne  on  the 
sides  of  a  central  erect  column  :  the  large  or  fertile  kind  bursting  irregularly, 
filled  with  numerous  spherical  sporangia  rising  from  the  base  on  slender  stalks, 
each  containing  a  few  globular  spores.  (Name  said  to  come  from  a£o>,  to  dry, 
and  oXXw,  to  kill,  being  destroyed  by  dry  ness.) 

1.  A.  Carolinian*!,  Willd.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  spreading, 
reddish  underneath,  beset  with  a  few  bristles.  —  Pools  and  lakes,  New  York  to 
Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Plant  £'  to  1'  broad.  —  Probably  the  same  as  A. 
Magellanica  of  all  South  America. 


MUCRONATA  and  perhaps  M.  VKST!TA  may  occur  in  the  western 
parts  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin.  See  Addend. 

SALvfNiA  NXxANS,  L.,  said  by  Pursh  to  grow  floating  on  the  surface  of 
small  lakes  in  W.  New  York,  has  not  been  found  by  any  other  person,  and  prob- 
ably does  not  occur  in  this  country.  It  is  therefore  omitted. 


INDEX. 


*T  tne  Classes,  Subdl&sses,  and  the  Latin  names  of  Orders,  are  In  full  capi- 
tals ;  of  the  Su*-r«vi«,  Vnbt*,  \.c.,  in  6moL  capitals ;  of  the  Genera,  &c.,  as  well  as  popular 

and  sy  noiiyw,^,  U  *«ii^\^c*  type. 


Page 

Pago 

Abele, 

419 

Agave, 

4M 

Abelmoschus, 

69 

Agropyron, 

.%9 

Abies, 

422 

Agrostenima, 

57 

ABIETINE.E, 

420,  421 

AGROSTJI>BA, 

h.S6 

Abutilon, 

67 

Agrostis, 

f»43 

Acacia, 

109 

Ailanthus, 

75 

Acalypha, 

389 

Aira, 

571 

ACANTHACEjE  (  Acanthus  Yam- 

Airopsis, 

573 

Hy), 

296 

Ajuga, 

.302 

Acaulon, 

£15 

AJUGOIDE.S5, 

3UO 

Acer, 

84 

Alchemilla, 

115 

Acerates, 

354,  704 

Alder, 

H2 

ACERINE^E, 

82,  84 

Mctris, 

tva 

Achillca, 

225 

Alisma, 

»37 

ACHVRANTHE.E, 

367 

ALISMACE^S, 

t.% 

Acnida, 

369,  370 

ALISME^B, 

436,  4^7 

Aconite, 

13 

Alkanet, 

329 

Aconitum, 

13 

Alligator  Pear, 

37  * 

Aconis, 

429 

All  him, 

46*) 

ACROCARPI, 

608,  614 

Allosorus, 

591 

ACROGENS, 

585 

Allspice,  Wild, 

379 

Actaea, 

14 

Almond  Familj, 

110,  111 

Actinomeris, 

219 

Alnaster, 

412 

Adam-and-Eve, 

453 

Alnus, 

ft  a 

Adam's  Needle, 

472 

Alopecurus, 

540 

AdderVMouth, 

451 

Alsine, 

57 

Adder's-tongue, 

471,  602 

ALSINE^E. 

53,  57 

Adder's-tongue  Family, 

589,  601 

Althaja, 

66 

Adclia, 

358 

Alum-root, 

144 

Adenocaulon, 

189 

ALVSSINE^J, 

2* 

Adiantum, 

592 

Alvssum, 

40 

Adlumia, 

27 

AMARANTACE^E 

(Amaranth 

Adonis, 

15 

Family), 

36? 

,/Eschynomene, 

98 

Amaranth, 

367,  369 

^Esculus, 

83 

Amarantus, 

367 

jEthusa, 

154 

AMARYLLIDACE^E   (Amaryl- 

Agathophyton, 

365 

lis  Family), 

455 

Agriniouia  (Agrimony), 

114 

Amaiyllis, 

455 

31 

INDEX. 


Ambrina, 

364 

Apple  of  Ft  ru, 

34-  [ 

Ambrosia, 

211 

Apricot, 

11  J 

Amelanchier, 

125 

AQUI  FOLIAGES, 

263 

American  Aloe, 

456 

Aquifolium, 

263 

American  Columbo, 

344 

Aquilegia, 

12 

Aiuianthium, 

477 

ARABIDE^K, 

28 

Ammannia, 

128 

Arabis, 

33 

Ammophila, 

548 

A  RACEME, 

426 

Amorpha, 

95 

Aralia, 

159 

Ampelopsis, 

78 

ARALIACEJ2, 

159 

Ainpbicarpsea, 

106 

Arbor-Vitae, 

424 

Amphicarpum, 

575 

ARBUTE^E, 

C45 

Anisonia, 

349 

Arbutus, 

250   ?51 

AjfTODALEJB, 

110,  111 

Arcliangelica, 

163 

Anacamptodon, 

662 

Archemora, 

153 

ANACARDIACE^E, 

76 

Archidium, 

614 

Anacharis, 

441 

Arctium, 

235 

ANAGALLIDE^J, 

271 

Arctoa, 

619 

Anagallis, 

274 

Arctophila, 

556 

Andrea, 

613 

Arctostaphylos, 

250 

ANDR^ACE-E, 

613 

Arcnaria, 

58 

Andromeda, 

253 

Aretbusa, 

449 

ANDROMEDE.E, 

245 

ARETHUSE^E, 

443 

Andropogon, 

583 

A  rm  'in  one, 

25 

Androsace, 

271 

Ariel  in  um, 

455 

Anemone, 

4 

Arisaima, 

426 

ANEMONES, 

2 

Aristida, 

550 

Aneura, 

689 

Aristolocliia, 

360 

Ancthum, 

159 

AR1STOLOCIIIACEJE. 

359 

Angelica, 

153 

Armeria, 

270 

Angelica-tree, 

159 

Arnica, 

231 

Angelico, 

155 

Arrhenatherum, 

573 

ANGI08PERMEJE, 

1 

Arrow-grass, 

437 

Anise  llvssop, 

311 

Arrow-grass  Family, 

426,  437 

ANONACEJE, 

17 

Arrow-head, 

438 

Anomodon, 

658 

Arrow-  wood, 

IG  7 

ANOPHYTES, 

607 

Artemisia, 

227 

Antennaria, 

.229 

AltTOCAKPEJE, 

394,  397 

Anthemis, 

225 

Arum. 

427 

A&thopogon, 

554 

Arum  Family, 

426 

Anthoceros, 

685 

Aruncus, 

114 

ANTHOCEROTE^E, 

684 

Arundinaria, 

568 

AN  THOXANTHEyE, 

538 

Arundo, 

547,  568 

Antlioxanthum, 

574 

Asarabacca, 

359 

Anticlea, 

476 

Asarum, 

359 

Antigramma, 

593 

A  SCLEPIAD/.  £EJR, 

350 

AM  IRRHINE.«, 

282 

Aselcpias, 

351,  704 

AM  IRRHINIDE^:, 

282 

Ascyrum, 

49 

Antirrliinum, 

284 

Ash, 

357 

Antitrichia, 

667 

Asimina, 

17 

Anycliia, 

62 

.ASPAKAGEA, 

465 

Apalanthe, 

441 

Asparagus, 

466 

Apetalous  Exogenous  riants; 

359 

Aspen, 

418 

Aphanorhegma, 

652 

Asi'HODELEJB. 

465 

"  Aphyllou, 

281 

Asi'lDIE^E, 

589 

Apios, 

105 

Aspiditim, 

596 

Apium, 

159 

ASI-LENIE^E, 

588 

Aplectrum, 

453 

Asplenium, 

594 

APOCYNACE^E 

349    Aster,                                    18S, 

190,  199 

Apocynum, 

350  1  Asteranthcmum, 

467 

Apple, 

124  1  ASTEROIDEJC, 

17V 

END  EX 


Astilbe, 

142 

Beech, 

4P* 

Astomuw, 

616 

Beech-drops, 

262.  280 

ASTRAOALE^!, 

89 

Beet, 

3t>7 

Astragalus, 

97 

Beggar's  Lice, 

325 

Atamasco  Lily, 

456 

Beggar-ticks, 

221 

Atheropogon, 

553 

Bellflower, 

243 

Athyrium, 

595 

Beilis, 

200 

Atragene, 

3 

Bell  wort, 

473 

Atrichum, 

640 

Bellwort  Family, 

472,  473 

Atriplex, 

365 

Bengal  Grass, 

581 

Aulacomnion, 

643 

Benjamin-bush, 

379 

Avena, 

572 

Bent-Grass, 

543 

Avenastrum, 

573 

Benzoin, 

379 

AVENE^E, 

538 

BERBERIDACE^, 

19 

Avens, 

116,117 

BEUBERIDE^E, 

19 

Awlwort, 

39 

Berberis, 

19 

Azalea, 

256,  258 

Berchemia, 

79 

Azolla, 

606 

Bergamot, 

310 

Bermuda  Grass, 

554 

Baccharis, 

208 

Berula, 

157 

Bald-Rush, 

503 

Beta, 

367 

Baldwinia, 

224 

Betonica, 

317 

Ballota, 

318 

Betony, 

317 

Bairn, 

308 

Betula, 

410 

Balm  of  Gilead, 

419 

BBTtJLACEJE, 

410 

Balmony, 

285 

Bidens, 

221 

Balsam, 

73 

Bigelovia, 

207 

Balsam  Family, 

73 

Bignonia, 

278 

BALSAMINACE^E, 

147 

73 

BIGNONIACE^E  (Bignonia  lam- 
ily),                                                  277 

Baneberry, 

14 

BlGNONIE^E, 

278 

Baptisia, 

107 

Bilberry, 

247 

Barbarea, 

35 

Bind-  weed, 

334 

Barberry  Box-thorn, 

341 

Biotia, 

190 

Barberry, 

19 

Birch, 

410 

Barberry  Family, 

19 

Birch  Family, 

410 

Barbula, 

626,  680 

Birthroot, 

464 

Barley, 

570 

Birth  wort, 

360 

Barnyard-Grass, 

v   580 

Birth  wort  Family, 

359 

Barren  Strawberry, 

117 

Bishop's  Cap, 

145 

Bartonia, 

347  (135) 

Bishop-weed, 

156 

Bartramia, 

649 

Bistort, 

371 

Bartsia, 

294 

Bitter  Cress, 

32 

Basil, 

304,  308,  318 

Bitter-nut, 

403 

Basil-Thyme, 

307 

Bitter-sweet, 

81.  339 

Bass  wood, 

69 

Bitter-weed, 

212 

Bastard  Toad-flax, 

381 

Bladder  Fern, 

596 

Batatas, 

334 

Bladder  Ketmia, 

69 

Batodendron, 

248 

Bladder-nut, 

82 

Batrachium, 

7 

Bladder-nut  Family, 

82 

Batschia, 

322 

Bladder-pod, 

37 

Bayberry, 

409 

Bladderwort, 

275 

Beach  Pea, 
Beak-Rush, 

103 
504 

Bladderwort  Family, 
Black  Alder, 

275 
264 

Bean, 

104 

Blackberry, 

121,  122 

Bearberry, 

250 

Blackberry  Lily, 

460 

Beard-Grass, 

544 

Black  Bindweed, 

375 

Beard-Tongue, 

286 

Black  Grass, 

483 

Bear-Grass, 

471 

Black  Haw, 

107 

Beaver-poison, 

157 

Black-Jack, 

406 

Bedstraw, 

169 

Black  Moss, 

458 

INDEX. 


Black  Oat-Grass, 

549 

Brizopyrum, 

560 

Black  Thorn, 

112,  124 

Broccoli, 

40 

Blasia, 

690 

Bromc-Grass, 

566 

Blazing-Star, 

184,  478 

BHOMELIACE^E, 

458 

BLKCIINEJE, 

588 

Bromus, 

566 

Blcphilia, 

310 

Broom-Corn, 

584 

Blessed  Thistle, 

232 

Broom-rape, 

280,  281 

Bk-tia, 

451 

Broom-rape  Family, 

279 

Blite, 

364 

Brooklime, 

290 

Blitttin, 

364 

Brook-Moss, 

655 

Blojd-root, 

26 

Brook-weed, 

274 

Blood  wort  Family, 

457 

Broussonetia, 

398 

Blue  Beech, 

409 

Bruchia, 

616 

Blueberry, 

247 

Brunella, 

313 

Bluebottle, 

232 

BRYACE^B, 

614 

Blue  Cohosh, 

20 

Bryuin, 

643 

Blue  Curls, 

302 

Buchnera, 

291 

Bkiets, 

172,  174 

BUCHNEREJE, 

282 

Blue  Flag, 

459 

Buffalo-Berry, 

381 

Blue-eyed  Grass, 

460 

Buffalo-Nut, 

382 

Blue  Grass, 

563 

Buckbean, 

348 

Blue-Hearts, 

291 

Buckeye, 

83 

Blue  Joint-Grass, 

547 

Buckthorn, 

79,  8f    267 

Blue  Tangle, 

247 

Buckthorn  Family, 

78 

Blue-  weed, 

320 

Buckwheat, 

375 

Blyttia, 

545 

Buckwheat  Family, 

371 

Bo3hmeria, 

399 

Bugle, 

302 

Bog-Asphodel, 

479 

Bugle-weed, 

303 

Bog-Hush, 

480 

Bugloss, 

320 

Boltonia, 

200 

Bugbane, 

7,  14 

Boncset, 

187 

Bulrush, 

498 

Borage, 

325 

Bumelia, 

267 

Borage  Family, 

319 

Bunch-berry, 

161 

BORRAGE.35, 

319 

Bunch-flower, 

475 

BOUHAGINACEJE, 

319 

Bunch-Pink, 

54 

Borrago, 

325 

Buplcurum, 

156 

Borrichia, 

213 

Bnrmannia, 

442 

Botrychium, 

601 

BURMANNIACE-3S 

(Burman- 

Botrypns, 

601 

nia  Family), 

442 

Botryois, 

364 

Burdock, 

235 

Bottle-brush  Grass, 

571 

Bur-  Grass, 

581 

Bottle-Grass, 

581 

Bur-Marigold, 

221 

Bouncing  Bet, 

55 

Buniet, 

115 

Bouteloua, 

552 

Burning-Bush, 

81 

Bowman's  Root, 

114 

Bur-  reed, 

429 

Bow-wood, 

398 

Bush-Clover, 

101 

Box, 

393 

Bush  Honeysuckle, 

166 

Boxberry, 

251 

Buttcr-and-eggs, 

284 

Box-Elder, 

85 

Buttercup, 

7,  10 

Boykinia, 

143 

Butterfly  Pea, 

106 

Bnichyelytrum, 

546 

Butterfly-weed, 

354 

Bnu-hyehoeta, 

200 

Butternut, 

401 

Brachythecium, 

675 

Butter-  weed, 

198 

Brake"  Bracken, 

591 

Butterwort, 

277 

Bramble, 

120 

Button-bush, 

172 

Brasenia, 

22 

Button-weed,  . 

171 

Brasiletto  Family, 

90,  108 

Buttonwood, 

400 

Brassica, 

40 

Buxbaumia, 

639 

BKASSICK/E, 

29 

Buxus, 

393 

Bread-fruit  and  Fig  Family, 

394,  397 

Briza, 

565 

Cabbage. 

40 

INDEX. 


CABOMBACE^E, 

22 

Carex, 

507 

Cacalia, 

230 

CARICE^E, 

491 

CACTACE^E  (Cactus  Family), 

136 

Carnation, 

54 

Cactus, 

136 

Carolina  Allspice, 

126 

Csenotus, 

C.ESALPINIE^E,                                       90, 

198 
108 

Carolina-Allspice  Family, 
Carphephorus, 

126 
185 

Cakile, 

39 

Carpinus, 

409 

CAKILINE^E, 

29 

Carrion-Flower, 

463 

Calamagrostis, 

547 

Carrot, 

152 

Calaminth, 

307 

Carum, 

159 

Calamintha, 

307 

Carya, 

402 

Calamovilfa, 
Calamus, 

548 
429 

C  A  R  YOPH  YLL  ACE  ^E, 

Cashew  Family, 

52 

76 

Calico-bush, 

255 

Cassandra, 

252 

Calla. 

427 

Cassena, 

263 

Calliergon, 

672 

Cassia, 

108 

Calliastrum, 

190 

Cassiope, 

253 

Callicarpa, 

299 

Castanea, 

407 

Callirrhoe, 

66 

Castilleia, 

294 

CALLITRICHACE^E, 

384 

Castor-oil  Plant, 

393 

Callitriche, 

384 

Catalpa, 

279 

Calomelissa, 

307 

Catbrier, 

461 

Calopogon, 

450 

Catchfly, 

55 

Caltha, 

11 

Catgut, 

97 

CALYCANTHACEJE, 

126 

Catherinea, 

640 

Calycanthus, 

126 

Cat-Mint, 

311 

Calycocarpum, 
Calypogeia, 

18 
702 

Catnip, 
Cat-tail, 

311 

429 

Calypso, 

450 

Cat-tail  Family, 

429 

Calystegia, 
Camassia, 

334 
469 

Cat-tail  Flag, 
Cat's-tail  Grass, 

429 
541 

Camelina, 

38 

Cauliflower, 

40 

CAMELINE^E, 

29 

Caulinia, 

432 

Camellia  Family, 

70 

Caulophyllura, 

20 

CAMELLIACE^E, 

70 

Cayenne, 

341 

Campanula, 

243 

Ceanothus, 

80 

CAMPANULACE2E  (Campanula 

Cercis, 

108 

Family), 

243 

Cedar, 

424,  425 

Campion, 

55 

Cedronella, 

312 

Campto.sorus, 

593 

Celandine, 

25 

Campylium, 
Campylopus, 

677 
619 

Celandine  Poppy, 
CELASTRACE^E, 

25 
81 

Canary-Grass, 

574 

Celastrus, 

81 

Cancer-root,                                 280, 

281 

Celery, 

159 

Candy-tuft, 

40 

Celtis, 

396 

Cane, 

568 

Cenclirus, 

581 

CANNABINE^E,                            395, 

400 

Centaurea, 

232 

Cunnabis, 

400 

Centaurella, 

347 

Canterbury  Bells, 

244 

Centaury, 

342,  343 

Caper  Family, 

40 

Centrosema, 

106 

Caper  Spurge, 

389 

Centunculus, 

274 

CAPPAUIDACEJE, 

40 

Cephalanthus, 

172 

Capraria, 

287 

Cerastium, 

60 

CAPRIFOLIACE^E, 

163 

Cerasus, 

112 

Caprifolium, 

164 

Ceratodon, 

623 

Capsella, 

39 

CERATOPHYLLACEjE, 

383 

Capsicum, 

341 

Ceratophyllum, 

383 

Caraway, 

159 

Ceratoschanus., 

504 

Cardamincv 

32 

CluBrophyllum, 

158 

Cardinal-flower, 

242 

Chtetocyperus, 

497 

OarJuus, 

234 

Chaff-seed, 

294 

INDEX. 


Chaff-  weed, 

274 

Climacium, 

666 

Chamaelirium, 

478 

Climbing  Fern, 

600 

Cluimomile, 

225,  226 

Climbing  Fumitory, 

27 

Cheat, 

566 

Clinopodium, 

308 

Cheekerberry, 

251 

Clintonia, 

468 

Clu-ilanthes, 

592 

Clitoria, 

106 

Cheiranthus, 

40 

Clove-Pink, 

54 

Chelidonium, 

25 

Clover,                                       92,  93,  95 

Chelone, 

285 

Clotbur, 

212 

ClIKLOXE^, 

282 

Cloud-berry, 

120 

CIIENOPODIACE^E, 

361 

Cnicus, 

232 

CHENOPODIE.E, 

362 

Cnidoscolus, 

389 

Chenopodina, 

366 

Club-Moss,                                   602, 

604 

Chenopodium, 

362 

Club-Moss  Family, 

602 

Cherry, 

111,  112,113 

Club-Hush, 

498 

Chess, 

566 

Cocculus, 

18 

Chestnut, 

407 

Cocklcbur, 

212 

Chervil, 

158 

Cock's-foot  Grass, 

557 

Chick-pea, 

104 

Cockspur  Thorn, 

124 

Chickweed, 

58 

Cohosh,                                           14 

,  20 

Chickweed  Family, 
Chickweed-Wintergreen, 
Chiloscyphus, 

53,  57 
272 
691 

Colchicum  Family, 
Colic-root, 
Collinsia, 

472 
458 

285 

Chimaphila, 

260 

Collinsonia, 

308 

Chinquapin, 

408 

Coltsfoot,                                     188, 

189 

Chiogenes, 

250 

Columbine, 

12 

Chionanthus, 

357 

Columbo, 

344 

Chironia, 

342 

Comandra, 

381 

Chives, 

470 

Comaropsis, 

117 

CHLORIDES, 

536 

Comarum, 

119 

Choke-berry, 

125 

Comfrey,                                       320, 

3'2i 

Chondrosium, 

553 

Commelvna, 

485 

Chrysastrum, 

201 

COMMKI.YNACE^E, 

485 

Chrysogonum, 

209 

Compass-Plant, 

210 

Chrysopsis, 

207 

COMPOSITE  (Composite  Fam.), 

177 

Chrysosplenium, 

145 

Comptonia, 

410 

Cic-er, 

104 

Cone-flower, 

214 

ClCIIORACEjE, 

235 

CONIFERS, 

420 

Cichorium, 

235 

Coniosclinum, 

154 

Cic-hory, 

235 

Conium, 

153 

Cic-uta, 

157 

Conobea, 

287 

Cimieifuga, 

14,  15 

Conoelinium, 

188 

ClMICIFUGE-S, 

3 

Conomitrium, 

625 

Cinchona  Family 

169,  171 

Conopholis, 

280 

ClNCHONK.K, 

169,  171 

Conostomum, 

650 

Cinque-foil, 

118,  119 

Conostylis, 

458 

Cinna, 

544 

Conyallaria, 

467 

Cinnamon  Fern, 

601 

CONVOLVULACE^E    (Convol- 

Circaea, 

133 

vulus  Family), 

382 

Cii-sitim, 

232 

Convolvulus, 

334 

Cistacea:, 

45 

Coprosmanthus, 

4C3 

Cissus, 

78 

Coptis, 

11 

Cladium, 

506 

Coral-berry, 

164 

ClHdrustis, 

107 

Corallorhiza, 

452 

Clasmatodon, 

660 

Coral  -root, 

452 

Claytonia, 

65 

Corema, 

393 

Cleft  rweed, 

399 

Coreopsis, 

219 

Cleavers, 

169 

Cord-Grass, 

551 

CT/BMATIDEJS, 

2 

Coriander, 

159 

Clematis, 

3 

Coriandrum, 

159 

Clethra. 

254 

COKNACE^E, 

L60 

INDEX. 


Corn-Cockle, 

57    CurRESSiNE.s:, 

420,  421 

Cornel, 

161 

Cupressus, 

424 

Corn-flag, 

460 

Cupseed, 

18 

Corn  Salad, 

175 

CUPULIFERyE, 

403 

Cornus, 

161 

Currant, 

136,  137 

Corpse-Plant, 

262 

Currant  Family, 

136 

Cqrydalis, 

27 

Cuscuta, 

336 

Corylus, 

408 

CUSCUTINE^:, 

333 

Coseinodon, 

637 

Custard-Apple  Family, 

17 

Cosmanthus, 

328 

Cut-Grass, 

540 

Cotton-Grass, 

501 

Cyanococcus, 

249 

Cotton-plant, 

69 

CYCLOLOBE^S, 

362 

Cotton-Rose, 

229 

Cycloloma, 

362 

Cotton-  wood, 

419 

Cydonia, 

126 

Couch  Grass, 

569 

Cylindrothecium, 

664 

Cowbane,                                      153, 

157 

CYNARE.E, 

182 

Cowberry, 

248 

Cynodon, 

554 

Cow-Herb, 

55 

Cynodontium, 

620 

Cow-Parsnip 

152 

Cynoglossura, 

324 

Cowslip,                                      271, 

272 

Cynthia, 

236 

Cow-Wheat, 

296 

CYPERACE^E, 

490 

Crab-  Apple, 

125 

CYPERE-<E, 

490 

Crab-Grass,                                  554, 

557 

Cypertis, 

491 

Cranberry, 

247 

Cypress, 

424 

C  ran  berry  -tree, 

168 

Cypress  Family, 

420,  424 

Crane-fly  Orchis, 

451 

Cypress-Vine, 

333 

Cranesbill, 

72 

CYPKIPEDJE/E, 

443 

Crantzia 

151 

Cypripedium, 

454 

CRASSULACE.E, 

139 

Cystopteris, 

596 

Crataegus, 

123 

Cratoneuron, 

673 

Dactylis, 

557 

Crocus, 

460 

Daetvloctenium, 

554 

Crossopetalum, 

345 

Daffodil, 

455 

Crotalaria, 

91 

Dahoon, 

264 

Croton, 

391 

Daisy, 

200 

Crotonopsis, 

392 

Dalca, 

95 

Crowberry, 

393 

Dalibarda, 

120 

Crowberry  Family, 

393 

Daltonia, 

656 

Crownbearcl, 

222 

Dandelion,                  235,  236 

239,  240 

Crown  Imperial, 

472 

Danthonia, 

572 

Crowfoot, 

7 

Dangleberry, 

247 

Crowfoot  Family, 

2 

Darnel, 

569 

CRUCIFER./E, 

28 

Dasystoma, 

293 

Cryphaea, 

656 

Date  Plum, 

267 

Crypsis, 

542 

Datura, 

340 

Cryptotaenia, 

157 

Daucus, 

152 

Crvosanthes, 

455 

Day-flower, 

185 

CRYPTOGAMOUS  PLANTS, 
Cryptogrammftj 

585 
591 

Day-Lily, 
Deadly  Nightshade, 

468 
341 

Ctenium, 

552 

Dead-Nettie, 

318 

Cuckoo-flower, 

33 

Deerberry, 

24S 

Cucumber, 

139 

Deer-Grass, 

127 

Cucumber-tree, 

16 

Delphinium, 

12 

Cucumis, 

139 

Dentaria, 

31 

Cucurbita, 

139 

Deschampsia, 

571 

CUCURBIT  ACE^E, 

138 

Desman  thus, 

109 

Cudweed, 

228 

Desmatodon, 

628 

Culver's  Root  or  Culver's  Physic, 

290 

Desmodium, 

9y 

Cunila, 

304 

l^ewberry, 

121 

Cuphea, 

129 

Devil's-Bit, 

478 

Cup-plant, 

210 

Devil-wood, 

357 

INDEX. 


Dianthcra, 

297 

Dropwort, 

114 

Dianthus, 

54 

Drummondia, 

632 

Diapensia, 

332 

DRYADEJS, 

111 

DlAPENSIfi^, 

329 

Dryas, 

116 

Diarrhena, 

557 

Dryopteris, 

597 

Dicentra, 

27 

Dryptodon, 

638 

Dichelyma, 

655 

Duck's-meat, 

431 

Dichondra, 

335 

Duckweed, 

431 

DlCHONDRE-iE, 

333 

Duckweed  Family, 

430 

Dichromena, 

504 

Dulichium, 

494 

Dicksonia, 

595 

Dumortiera, 

686 

DICKSONIE.S:, 

588 

Dtipontia, 

556 

Dicliptera, 

297 

Dutchman's  Breeches, 

27 

DICOTYLEDONOUS 

PLANTS,    1 

Dutchman's  Pipe, 

360 

Dicranella, 

621 

Dyer's  Rocket, 

41 

Dicranodontium, 

619 

Dysodia, 

223 

Dicranum, 

620 

Didymodon, 

628 

Eatonia, 

557 

Diervilla, 

165 

EBENACEJE  (Ebony 

Family  \      266 

DIGITALE.E, 

282 

Eofaioacea, 

214 

Digitaria, 

577 

Echinochloa, 

580 

Dilepyrum, 

546 

Echinodorus, 

438 

Dill, 

159 

Echinospermum, 

324 

Diodia, 

171 

Echinocystis, 

139 

Dionsea, 

47 

Bchites, 

350 

Dioscorea, 

460 

Echium, 

319 

DIOSCOREACE.S, 

460 

Eclipta, 

213 

Diospyros, 

267 

Eel-grass, 

432,  441 

Diphvlleia, 

20 

Egg-Plant, 

339 

Diphyscium, 

640 

Egyj)tian  Grass, 

554 

Diplachne, 

555 

Elaeagnus, 

381 

Diplazium, 

594 

EL^EAGNACE^E, 

380 

Diplocea, 

556 

Elutine, 

52 

])iplopappus, 

199 

ELATINACE^E, 

52 

Dipsacus, 

176 

Elder, 

166 

DII'SACEJE, 

176 

Elecampane, 

208 

Dipteracanthus, 

297 

Eleocharis, 

495 

Dirca, 

380 

Eleogcnus, 

496 

l>iscopleura, 

156 

Elephant'g-foot, 

184 

Distich!  am, 

628 

Elephantopus, 

184 

Ditch-grass, 

433 

Eleusine, 

554 

Dittany, 

304 

Ellisia, 

327 

Dock, 

376 

Elm, 

395 

Dodrratheon, 

272 

Elm  Family, 

39  1,  395 

Dodder, 

336 

Elodea, 

52    (441) 

Dogbane, 

350 

Elodinm, 

668 

Dogbane  Family, 

349 

Elymua, 

570 

Do^-'s-tail, 

554 

KSlTETRACEJE, 

393 

Dog's-tooth  Violet 

471 

Erape  train, 

393 

Dogwood, 

161 

Encalypta. 

6.10 

Dogwood  Family 

160 

Enchanter's  Nightshade, 

138 

Doodia, 

593 

ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS           426 

Door-weed, 

373 

Enemion, 

11 

Drab-a, 

36 

EngL'lmannia, 

392 

Dracocephalum, 

312,313 

Enslenia, 

355 

Dragon-Arum, 

426 

Entosthodon, 

651 

Dragon-head, 

312,  313 

Epigtea, 

251 

Dragon-root, 

427 

Ephcmerum, 

614 

Drop-seed  Grass, 

542,  54  5 

Epilobium, 

130 

Drosera, 

47 

Epipactis, 

449 

DUOSEUACE^E, 

47 

Epiphegus, 

280 

INDEX. 


EQUISETACE^E, 

585 

False  Rice, 

5-19 

Equisetum, 

585 

False  Rocket, 

31 

Eragrostis, 

563 

False  Spikenard, 

467 

Ere-chthites, 

229 

Featherfoil, 

9.75 

Erianthus, 

582 

Feather  Geranium, 

3G4 

ERICACEAE, 

245 

Feather-Grass, 

549 

KKJCINEJB,                                 245, 

250 

Fedia, 

175 

Erigenia, 

159 

Fegatella, 

€87 

Erigeridiurn, 

199 

Fennel, 

159 

Erigeron, 

197 

Fennel-flower, 

15 

E  KIOCAULONACEJ3, 

488 

Ferns, 

58 

Eriocaulon, 

488 

Fescue-Grass, 

565 

Eriopliorura, 

501 

Festuca, 

565 

Erodium, 

73 

FESTUCINEJS, 

537 

Erophila, 

37 

Fetterbush, 

254 

Ervum, 

103 

Fever-bush, 

379 

Eryngium, 

151 

Feverfew, 

226 

Erysimum, 

35 

Fever-wort, 

166 

Erythraea, 

343 

Figwort, 

284 

Erythronium, 
ESCALLONIEJE  (Eicallonia  Fam- 

471 

Figvvort  Family, 
Filago, 

281 

229 

ily),                                          142, 

146 

Filbert, 

408 

Eschscholtzia, 

26 

FILICES, 

587 

Eubotrys, 

252 

Fimbriaria, 

€88 

Euchroma, 

294 

Fimbristylis, 

502 

Eulophus, 

158 

Finger-Grass, 

577 

Euonymus, 

81 

Fir, 

422 

EUPATOHIACE.E, 

179 

Fireweed, 

229 

Eupatorium, 

186 

Fissidens, 

624 

Euphorbia, 

385 

Five-Finger, 

118,  119 

EUPHORBIACE^E, 

385 

Flax, 

71 

Euphrasia, 

295 

Flax  Family, 

70 

EUPHRASIEJS, 

283 

Flcabane, 

197 

Eurhynchium, 

669 

Fleur-de-Lis, 

460 

EUSMILACE^E, 

461 

Floating  Heart, 

348 

ISustichium, 

629 

Floerkea, 

74 

Euthamia, 

206 

Flower-de-Luce, 

459 

Eutoca, 

329 

FLOWERING  PLANTS, 

I 

Eutriana, 

553 

Flowering  Ferns, 

589,  600 

Euxolus, 

369 

FLOWERLESS  PLANTS, 

585 

Evening-  Primrose,              130,  131, 

132 

Fhiminia, 

55€ 

E  vcn  ing-Primrose  Family, 

129 

Fly-Poison, 

477 

Everlasting,                                  228, 

229 

Fly-catch  Grass, 

540 

Everlasting  Pea,                          103, 

104 

Fog-fruit, 

299 

EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

1 

Fontinalis, 

654 

Eyebright, 

295 

Fool's  Parsley, 

154 

Forked  Chickweed, 

62 

Fsxba, 

104 

Forget-me-not, 

323 

Fabronia, 

661 

Fossombronia, 

690 

Fugopyrum, 

375 

Fothergilla, 

148 

Fagus, 

408 

Four-o'clock, 

360 

Farkleberry, 

248 

Four-o'clock  Family, 

360 

False  Asphodel, 

478 

Fowl  Meadow-Grass, 

562 

False  Bugbane, 

7 

Foxtail  Grass, 

540,  581 

False  Flax, 

38 

Forestiera, 

358 

False  Foxglove, 

293 

FORESTIERBJB, 

356 

False  Hellebore, 

476 

Forsteronia, 

349 

False  Indigo,                                95, 

107 

FOTHERG  I  LLE  JB, 

147 

False  Mermaid, 

74 

Fountain  Moss, 

654 

False  Mistletoe, 

382 

Fragaria, 

119 

False  Pimpernel, 

288 

Frangula, 

80 

INDEX. 


Frasera, 

344 

Glaux, 

FHAXINE«, 

356 

Gleelioma, 

F  rax  in  us, 

357 

Gleditschia, 

French  Mulberry, 

29«J 

Globe  Amaranth, 

Fringe-tree, 

357 

Globe-flower, 

Fnelichia, 

370 

G'laphalium, 

Frog's-bit, 

440 

Glyceria, 

Frog's-bit  Family, 

440 

Goat's-Beard, 

Frost-weed, 

45 

Goat's  Rue. 

Frullania, 

697 

Golden  Aster, 

Fuirena, 

503 

Golden-club, 

Fwnaria, 

28 

Golden-rod, 

FUMARIACEJE, 

26 

Golilen  Saxifrage, 

Fumitory 

28 

Goldthread, 

Fumitory  Family, 

26 

Soraphrena, 

Fun  aria, 

650 

GOMI'HUKXE^S, 

Funkia, 

468 

(ionolobus, 

Good-  King-Henry, 

GALACINE^E 

262 

Goodycra, 

Galactia, 

105 

GoosebciTy. 

Galanthus, 

455 

Groosofoot, 

Galatella, 

190 

Goo^efbot  Family, 

Galax, 

262 

Goose-Grass, 

Gahix  Family, 

262 

Gordon  ia, 

GALEGEJ&, 

89 

Gossypium, 

Galeopsis, 

316 

Gourd, 

Gulingale, 

Galinsoga, 

491 

225 

Gourd  Farnilv, 
GRAM1NEJE, 

Galium, 

169 

Grape, 

Gall-of-thc-Earth, 

238 

Grass  family, 

Gama-Grass, 

582 

Grass  of  Parnassus, 

Gorget, 

361 

Grass  of  the  An  les, 

Garlic, 

469 

Grass-wrack, 

(iaultheria, 

251 

Gratiola, 

Gaura, 

132 

G  RAT  I  OLE,*:, 

Gaylussacia, 

247 

Greek  Valerian, 

(  rcisi-U-ria, 

391 

Greenbrier, 

Golsemium, 

296,  703 

Green  Dragon, 

GELSEMINE.JG, 

283 

Green  Violet, 

Genista, 

91 

Grimaldia, 

GKNISTKJfi, 

89 

(irinnnia, 

Gentian, 

345 

Groimvcll. 

1  irmiann, 

345 

(iUOSSULACETE, 

GENT1ANACE2E 

(Gentian  Fani- 

Grossularia, 

ily), 

341 

Ground  Cherry, 

Goo-alvx, 

691 

Ground  Hemlock, 

GERANIACEJE, 

72 

Ground-Ivy, 

Geranium, 

72 

Ground  Laurel, 

Grraniuiu  Family 

72 

Ground-Nut, 

Gerardia, 

202 

Ground  Pine, 

>  ihi;  .vi:i>iE2B, 

283 

Ground  Plum, 

Germander, 

302 

Groundsel, 

G&un, 

116 

Groundsel-Tree, 

Giant  Hyssop, 

311 

Grove  Sand  wort, 

Gill, 

312 

(luclder-Rose, 

Gillcnia, 

114 

Guinea-Cora, 

Giuscng, 

159 

Gum-Tree, 

Ginseng  Family, 

159    Gyimiadenia, 

GlftdiolM, 

460    Gymnocladus, 

(ilasswort, 

366    Gymnomitriom, 

Gluuciuui, 

26  ,  Gymiiopogon, 

274 
312 

109 

371 

II 

228 
558 

114,  142 

97 

207 

428 

200,  207 
145 
11 
371 
367 
355 
365 
447 

136,  137 

362,  366 
361 

1G9,  373 

70 

09 

J39 

138 

535 

77 

535 

48 

573 

432 

287 

282 

329 

461 

427 

41 

687 

637 

320,3-^1 
136 
136 
339 
425 
312 
25] 

105, 160 
603 
97 
230 
208 
57 
168 
5S4 
162 
444 
109 
696 
553 


INDEX. 


GYMNOSPERM^, 

Gymnostichum, 

420 
571 

Herd's-Grass, 
Hemianthus, 

541,  544 

288 

Gymnostomum, 

617 

Hemlock, 

158 

Gynamblosis, 

392 

Hemlock  Parsley 

154 

Gyromia, 

465 

Hemlock  Spruce, 

423 

Heracleura, 

152 

Habenaria, 

444 

Hercules'  Club, 

159 

Hackbeny, 

396 

Herpestis, 

287 

Hackmatack, 

423 

Hesperis, 

40 

H7KMODO  RACEME, 

457 

Heteranthera, 

484 

Hair-cap  Moss, 

641 

Heterocladium, 

677 

Hair-Grass, 

543,  546,  571 

Heterotropa, 

359 

Halcnia, 

344 

Heuchera, 

144 

Halesia, 

266 

HIBISCEJB, 

65 

HALOKAGE/E, 

129,  134 

Hibiscus, 

68 

HAMAMELACE^:, 

147 

Hickory, 

402 

HAMAMKLE^E, 

147 

Hieracium, 

236 

ilumamelis, 

147 

Ilierochloa, 

574 

Harbinger-of-Spring, 

159 

Highwater-shrub, 

211 

Hardback, 

114 

H  1  PPOCAST  AM  K.aC, 

82 

Harpidiiun, 

673 

Hippuris, 

135 

Harebell, 

244 

Hoary  Pea, 

96 

Haricot, 

104 

Hobble-bush, 

168 

Hawkbit, 

236 

II  axel-nut, 

408 

Hawk  weed, 

236 

Hog  Pea-Nut, 

106 

Hawthorn, 

123 

Hog-  weed, 

212 

J  leal-all, 

313 

Holcus, 

573 

1  leart's-ease, 

42 

Holly, 

263 

Heath  Family, 

245 

Holly  Family, 

263 

Hedera, 

160 

Hollyhocks, 

66 

Hedeoma, 

308 

Holosteum, 

60 

Hedgehog-Grass, 

581 

Holy-Grass, 

574 

Hedge-Hyssop, 

287 

Komalothecium, 

663 

Hedge-Mustard, 

35 

Honesty, 

40 

Hedge-Nettle, 

316 

Honey-Locust, 

109 

Hcdwigia, 

639 

Honeysuckle, 

164,  256 

HKDYSAKKJS, 

89 

Honeysuckle  Family, 

163 

Hcdysarum, 

98 

Honkcnya, 

57 

Hedyotis, 

173 

Honcwort, 

157 

Heleuium, 

223 

Hookeria, 

666 

Ileleochloa, 

560 

Hop, 

400 

Helianthemum, 

45 

Hopea, 

266 

Holianthus, 

216 

Hop-Hornbeam, 

409 

Iloliophytum, 

325 

Hop-tree, 

75 

lleliopsis, 

214 

Hordeum, 

570 

Heliotrope, 

325 

HORDE  i  NE^E, 

538 

HELIOTROPE.®, 

319 

liorehound, 

315,  318 

Ilelictropium, 

325 

Hornbeam, 

409 

Hellebore, 

12 

Horned  Rush, 

504 

Helleborus, 

12 

Hora-Poppy, 

26 

HELLEBOUINE^, 

2 

Hornwort, 

383 

Helonias, 

478 

Hornwort  Family, 

383 

Hemcrocallis, 

468 

Horse-Balm, 

308 

llcroicaipha, 

495 

Horsechestnut, 

83 

Hemp, 

400    Horse-Gentian, 

166 

Hemp  Family, 

39!\  400    Horse-Mint, 

309,  310 

Hemp-Nettle^ 

316    Horse-Nettle, 

339 

Hemp-weed, 

188    Horseradish, 

31 

Henbane, 

340    Horse-Sugar. 

266 

Hepatica, 

6    Horse-  weed, 

198 

HEPATIC®, 

682    Horsetail, 

5Ua 

INDEX 


Horsetail  Family, 

585 

Inkbcny, 

204 

Hottonia, 

275 

Inula, 

21)8 

HOTTOXIE.E, 

271 

lodanthus, 

31 

Hounds-Tongue, 

321 

Ipecac, 

114 

IIu  use-Leek, 

1  4  1    Ipomosa, 

333 

Houstonia, 

17'i  i  Iresine, 

370 

Hyacinth, 

47?    IKLDACE^E, 

459 

Hydrangea, 

141 

Ins, 

459 

IlA  D  K  AX  G  i  KM   (  Hydrangea 

Farui 

Iris  Family, 

459 

iy), 

142,  146 

I  run-  weed, 

183 

Ilvdrastis, 

14 

Iron-wood. 

409 

liYDROCHAKIDACE^E, 

440     Isanthus, 

302 

Hydroeharis, 

440    Isatis, 

40 

Hydrocotyle, 

150  1  Isnardia, 

133 

Hydrog]os.sum, 

600    IsoCtes, 

605 

Hvdropeltis, 

22 

Isopyrum, 

11 

HYDROPHYLLACEJ6, 

326 

Isothccium, 

069 

Ilvdrophvllum, 

326 

Italian  May, 

114 

UVDHOPTERIDES, 

605 

I  tea, 

146 

Hyloeomiitm, 

068 

Iva, 

211 

llynu'iiocallis, 

456 

Ivy, 

160 

Hymcnopappuf, 

223 

Ilvoscvainus, 

340 

Jacob's  Ladder, 

330 

HYPEltl  CACEJB, 

48 

Jagged  duckweed,     / 

60 

Hvperieum, 

49 

Jamestown  Weed, 

341 

Uypuum, 

667 

Jatropha, 

389 

lIvi'OLYTREJB, 

490 

Jefferson  ia, 

20 

Hypopekis, 

595 

Jerusalem  Artichoke, 

219 

Hypopitys, 

262 

Jerusalem  Oak, 

364 

Ilypo.xys, 

456 

Jerusalem  Sage, 

318 

Hyssop, 

304 

Jessamine, 

296 

Ilyssopus, 

304 

Jewd-wecd, 

73 

Huckleberry, 

247,  248 

Joe-Pyc  Weed, 

186 

Hudsonia,  * 

46 

Joint-Grass, 

576 

Ihnriulus, 

40d 

Jointweed, 

374 

Huntsman's  Cup, 

24 

Jonquil, 

458 

Judas-tree, 

i(te 

Iberis, 

40 

JtJGLANDACE-fi, 

401 

Ictodcs, 

428 

Juglans, 

401 

Ilex, 

263 

JUNCACE7K, 

47  '1 

IU,ECEHRE.«, 

54,  61 

JUNCAGINE.E, 

436,  43; 

llysantlu's, 

288 

Jnncus, 

4S(/ 

Impatiens, 

73 

June-berry, 

12-) 

Indian  Bean, 

279 

Jungcrmannia, 

693 

Indiuii-Cliickweed, 

63 

rJ  1  1  N  G  K  K  M  AN  N  I  A  CKJR, 

68'J 

Indian-Chic  kweod  Family, 

54,  63 

Juniper, 

423 

Indian  Corn, 

584 

Juniperaa, 

4J5 

Jn  ii.in  Ciu-nmber  root. 

464 

Jussia?a, 

152,  703 

Indian  Currant, 

164 

Josticia, 

297 

Indian  Fig, 

136 

Indian-Uruss, 

584 

Ku-leria, 

557 

Indian  Hemp, 

350 

Kalmia, 

255 

Indian  Millet, 

584 

Kentuc'ky  CoflTee-tree, 

109 

Indian  Physic, 

114 

Kidney  Bean, 

104 

Indian  Pipe, 

262 

Kinnikinnik, 

181 

Indian-Pipe  Family, 

246,  261 

Knawel, 

63 

Indian  Plantain, 

230 

Kmnvel  Family, 

54,  63 

Indian  Poke, 

476 

Knapweed, 

232 

Indian  Hice, 

540 

Knot-Grass, 

373 

Indian  Tobacco, 

242 

Knotweed, 

371 

Indian  Turnip, 

94,  426 

Knotwort  Family, 

54.  6) 

INDEX. 


K  isteletzkya, 

68 

Leptochloa,                                         555 

Kohl-Rabi, 

40 

Leptodon,                                            657 

Krigia, 

235 

Leptopoda,                                          224 

Kulmia, 

186 

Lepturus,                                              568 

Kyllingia, 

494 

Leskea,                                                659 

Lespedeza,                                           101 

LABIATE, 

300 

Lettuce,                                               240 

Labrador  Tea, 

258 

Leucanthemum,                                  226 

Lachnanthcs, 

457 

Leucodon,                                           656 

Lachnocaulon, 

489 

Leucobryum,                                      623 

Lactuca, 

240 

Leucojum,                                             455 

Ladies'  Tresses, 

448 

Leucothoe,                                          251 

Lady's  Mantle, 

115 

Lever-wood,                                        409 

Lady's  Slipper, 

454 

Liatris,                                                 184 

Lady's  Thumb, 

373 

LlGULIFLOR^E,                                       83,  235 

Lambkill, 

255 

Ligusticum,                                         154 

Lamb-Lettuce, 

175 

Ligustrum,                                            356 

Lamb's-Quarters, 

363 

Lilac,                                                     356 

Lamiura, 

318 

LILIACE^E  (Lily  Family),            465 

Lampsana, 

235 

Lilium,                                                  470 

Laportea, 

398 

Lily,                                                       470 

Lap  pa, 

235 

Lily  of  the  Valley,                            467 

Lapsana, 

235 

LIMNANTHAOEJE,                        74 

Larch, 

423 

Limnanthenmra,                              348 

Larix, 

423 

Limnanthes  Family,                            74 

Larkspur, 

12 

Limnetis,                                               551 

Lastrea, 

597 

Limnobium,                              140,  (671) 

Lathyrus, 

103 

Limnochloa,                                         495 

LAU  RACEME  {Laurel 

Family),     378 

"Limosella,                                             289 

Laurel, 

255,  257 

LINACE^E,                                       70 

Laurestinus, 

167 

Linaria,                                                 284 

Laurus, 

379 

Linden,                                                  69 

Lavandula, 

318 

Linden  Family,                                    69 

Lavender, 

318 

Linderuia,                                           288 

Lead  Plant, 

95 

Linnaea,                                               163 

Leadwort  Family, 

270 

Linum,                                                  71 

Leaf-Cup, 

209 

Lion's-foot,                                          238 

Leather-Leaf, 

252 

Liparis,                                                  452 

Leather-flower, 

4 

Lippia,                                                   299 

Leather-wood, 

380 

Liquidambar,                                      148 

Lea  ven  worthia, 

31 

Liriodendron,                                        1  7 

Leehca, 

46 

Listera,                                                449 

Leoontia, 
Ledum, 

427 

258 

Lithospermum,                                   321 
Lizard's-tail,                                         383 

Leek, 

469 

Lizard's-tail  Family,                          383 

Leersia, 

539 

Live-for-ever,                                       140 

LEGUMINOSJE, 

88 

Liverleaf,                                                 6 

Leiophyllum, 

259 

Liverworts,                                           682 

Lejeuma, 

698 

LOASACE^E  (Loasa  Family),       135 

Lemna, 

431 

Lobadiurn, 

LEMNACEJE, 

430 

Lobelia,                                               241 

LENTIBULACEJE, 

275 

LOBELIACE^E  (Lobelia  Fam.),  241 

Lcontodon, 

236 

Locust-tree,                                            96 

Leonurus, 
Lepachys, 

317 

215 

Loblolly  Bay,                                       70 
LOG  ANiE^'LoganiaFam.),!  69,1  74,703 

Lepidanche, 

337 

Loiseleuria, 

LKJTDISE.*, 

29 

Lolium,                                               569 

Lepidium, 

38 

LOMENTACE^E, 

Lepidozia, 

702 

Long  Moss, 

Leptandra, 

290 

Lonlcera,                                               164 

Leptanthus, 

485 

LONICEREJ5,                                                     163 

INDEX. 


Loosestrife,                 128,  132 

272,  273 

Marigold, 

223 

Loosestrife  Farailj  , 

127 

Mariscus, 

494 

Loplianthus, 

•Lil 

Marjoram, 

3%s  318 

Lophiola, 

457 

Marrubium, 

315 

Lophoeolea, 

692 

Marshallia, 

224 

Lopseed, 

299 

Marsh  Elder, 

211 

Loquat, 

126 

Marsh  Fleabare, 

208 

LORANTIIACE^E 

382 

Marsh  Grass, 

551 

LOTE^E, 

89 

Marsh-Mallow, 

66 

Loose  wort, 

295 

Marsh  Marigold, 

11 

Lovage, 

154 

Marsh  Pennywort, 

150 

Lucerne, 
Ludwigia, 

93 
132 

Marsh-Rosemary, 
Marsh  St.  Jolm's-wort, 

270 
52 

Lunaria, 

40 

Marsilea, 

606 

Lungwort, 

322 

MARSILEACE2E, 

605 

Lupine, 

91 

Martynia, 

279 

Lupinus, 

91 

Maruta, 

225 

Luzula, 

479 

Marvel  of  Peru, 

360 

Lyclmis, 

57 

Masterwort, 

152 

Lycium, 

341 

Mastigobryum, 

701 

Lvcopcrsicura, 
LYCOPODIACE^ 

339 
602 

Matricaria, 
Matrimony-vine, 

226 
341 

Lycopsis, 

320 

Matthiola, 

40 

Lycopus, 

303 

Mayaca, 

487 

Lygodium, 

600 

May-  Apple, 

21 

Lyme-Grass, 

570 

May-flower, 

251 

Lyouia, 

254 

May-weed, 

225 

Lvsimachia, 
LYTHRACEjE, 

272 
127* 

Meadow-Beauty, 
Meadow-Grass, 

127 
561 

Ly  thrum, 

128 

Meadow-Parsnip, 

155 

Mca  dow-Rue, 

6 

Madura, 

398 

Meadow  Soft-grass, 

573 

Macro  mitrium, 

635 

Meadow-Sweet, 

113,  114 

Macrotys, 

15 

Meconopsis, 

25 

Madder, 

171 

Medeola, 

464 

Madder  Family, 

168 

Medicare, 

93 

Madotheea, 

699 

Medick, 

93 

Magnolia, 

15 

Meesia, 

648 

MAGNOLIACRfi, 

15 

Mclampvnim, 

296 

Magnolia  Family, 

15 

MKLANTIIACE^E, 

472 

Mahonia, 

20 

MELANTIHE^E, 

472,  475 

Maianthemum, 

467 

Melanthium, 

475 

Maidenhair, 

592 

MELASTOMACEJE  (Mclastoma 

MALAXIDE^E, 

443 

Family), 

127 

Malaxis, 

452 

Meliea, 

558 

Mallow, 

66,  67 

Melic-Grass, 

558 

Mallow  Family, 

65 

Melilot, 

93 

Mains, 

125 

Melilotus, 

93 

Malva, 

66 

Melissa, 

308 

MALVACEAE, 

65 

Melothria. 

139 

MALVE*, 

65 

MENI  SPERMACE  ^E, 

18 

Mandrake, 

21 

Menispermum, 

18 

Mangel  Wurtzel, 

367 

Men  t  ha, 

303 

Manna-Grass, 

558 

Mentx.elia, 

.      135 

Man-of-the-Earth, 

334 

MEXYANTHBJB, 

342 

Maple, 

84 

Menyanthes, 

348 

Maple  Family, 

82,84 

Menxiesia, 

256 

Marchantia, 

686 

Mercurialis, 

393 

MARCHANT  i  ACE^, 

686 

Mercury, 

S89 

Marc's-tail, 

135 

Mermaid-weed, 

134 

Marginaria, 

590 

Mertcnsia, 

823 

NTeteoriiim, 

681 

Moss  Pink, 

332 

Metzgeria, 

689 

Motherwort, 

317 

Mexican  Tea, 

364 

Mountain-Ash, 

125 

Mezereum  family, 

380 

Mountain  Holly, 

264 

Micromeria, 

307 

Mountain  Mint, 

3tM 

Microstylis, 

451 

Mountain  Rice, 

548 

Mignonette, 

41 

Mouse-ear, 

323 

Mignonette  Family, 

41 

Mouse-ear  duckweed, 

00 

Mikania, 

188 

Mouse-tail, 

10 

Milfoil, 

226 

Mud  Plantain, 

484 

Milium, 

575 

Mud  wort, 

289 

Milk  Tea, 

105 

Mug  wort, 

227 

Milkweed, 

351,  354 

Muhlenbergia, 

545 

Milkweed  Family, 

350 

Mulberry, 

31J7 

Mi  Ik  wort, 

85 

Mnlgedium, 

240 

Mi  Ik  wort  Familr, 

85 

Mullein, 

283 

Milk  tTetch, 

97 

Mullein  Foxglove, 

292 

Millet, 

581 

Mullein  Pink, 

57 

Millet-Grass, 

575 

Muscadine, 

78 

Ml.MOSE/E, 

91,  109 

MUSCI, 

€07 

Mimosa  Family, 

91,  109 

Muskit-Grass, 

552 

Mimulus, 

286 

Muskmclon, 

139 

Mint, 

303,  304 

Musk-plant, 

287 

Mint  Family, 

300 

Musquash-Hoot, 

157 

Mirabilis, 

360 

Mustard, 

36 

Mist-flower, 

188 

Mustard  Family, 

28 

Mistletoe  Family, 

382 

Myosotis, 

323 

Mitchella, 

172 

Myosurus, 

1-0 

Mitella, 

145 

Mvrica, 

4G£ 

Mitreola, 

174 

MYRICACEJE, 

409 

Mitre-wort, 

145,  174 

Myriophyllum, 

134 

Mniuin, 

647,681 

Myurella, 

661,681 

Moccason-flower, 

454 

Mocker-nut, 

402 

Nabalus, 

2.37 

Mock-Orange, 

146 

Naiad, 

432 

Modiola, 

68 

NAIADACE^E, 

431 

itoehringia, 

58 

Nnias, 

432 

Mxjenchia, 

61 

Naked-beard  Grass, 

553 

MOLLUGINEJC, 

54,  63 

NANDINE^E, 

19 

Mollago, 

63 

Na])jea, 

67 

Momordica, 

139 

Narcissus, 

455 

Monarda, 

309 

Nardosmia, 

188 

MOXARDE^E, 

301 

Narthecium, 

479 

Moneses, 

260 

Nasturtium, 

SO  (74) 

Monkey-flower, 

286 

Nuumlmrgia, 

273 

Monkshood, 

13 

Neckera, 

€65 

Monocera, 

552 

Neckweed, 

291 

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS 

Negundo, 

85 

PLANTS, 

426 

NELUMBIACEJS, 

21 

Monopetalous  Exogenous  Plants,    163 

Nelumbium, 

21 

Monotropa, 

262 

Nelumbo, 

21 

HONOTBOPEJE, 

246,  261 

Nelumbo  Family, 

21 

Montelia, 

369 

Nemopanthes, 

264 

Moonseed, 

18 

Nemophila, 

327 

Moonseed  Family, 

18 

NEOTTIE^;, 

443 

Moon  wort, 

40,  601 

Nepeta, 

311 

Moose-wood, 

84,380 

NEPETE^!, 

301 

Morning-Glory, 

333 

Nephrodium, 

597 

Moro  carpus, 

365 

Nerium, 

350 

Morus, 

397 

Nessea, 

128 

Mosses, 

607 

Nettle, 

398,  399 

INDEX. 


Nettle  Family, 

394,  393 

Orchis, 

4iH   444 

Nettle-tree, 

396 

Origanum, 

306 

New  Jersey  Tea, 

SO 

Oritrophium, 

196 

Nicandra, 
Nk'Otiana, 

340 
341 

Ornithogalum, 

OUOBANCIIACE2E, 

468 
279 

Nfgeila, 

15 

Orontium, 

428 

Nightshade, 

339,  341 

Orpine, 

140 

Nightshade  Family, 

338 

Orpine  Family, 

13? 

Nimble  Will, 

546 

Orthomeris, 

196 

Nine-Bark, 

113 

Orthotrichum, 

632 

Nondo, 

155 

OBTZKJB, 

535 

Nonesuch, 

93 

Oryzopsis, 

548 

North  American  Papaw, 

17 

Osage  Orange, 

398 

Nothoseordum, 

470 

Osier, 

413 

Notothylus, 

685 

O.smorrhiza, 

158 

Nupliar, 

23 

Ot>munda, 

60C 

Nut-Grass, 

f$3 

OSMUNDE.S:, 

589 

Nut-Rush, 

506 

OSM  UNDINES, 

589  600 

NYCTAGINACEJB, 

360 

Ostiieh-Fcrn, 

590 

Nvmphaea, 

22 

Ostrya, 

409 

NYMPHJEACETR, 

22 

Oswcgo  Tea, 

310 

Nyssa, 

162 

Otophylla, 

293 

OXALIDACE^E, 

71 

Oak, 

404 

Oxalis, 

71 

Oakesia, 

394 

Ox-eye, 

213,  214 

Oak  Family, 

403 

Ox-eye  Daisy, 

226 

Oat, 

572 

Oxybaphus, 

361 

Oat-Grass, 

572,  573 

Oxycoecus, 

248 

Obeliscaria, 

215 

Oxydendrum, 

254 

Obione, 

•     366 

Oxvdenia, 

555 

Obolaria, 

347 

Oxyria, 

376 

Ocymum, 

318 

Oxytripolium, 

197 

Odoncetis, 

450 

CEnothera, 

130 

Pacliysandra, 

392 

Oil-nut, 

382 

Padu's, 

113 

Okra, 

69 

Paionia, 

15 

Oldenlandia, 

172 

Pajpalanthus, 

489 

Olea, 

356 

Painted-Cup, 

294 

OLEACE^E, 

356 

Puiiax, 

160 

Oleander, 

350 

1'ancratium, 

456 

Oleaster  Family., 

380 

PANICK2B, 

539 

Olive, 

356 

Panic-Cirass, 

576 

Olive  Family, 

356 

Panicum, 

576 

Omalia, 

665 

Pa  paver, 

25 

ONAGRACE^R 

129,  130 

PAPAVERACE^E, 

24 

Oneostylis, 

503 

1'ajK'r-Mtilberry, 

398 

Onion, 

469 

I'Al'ILIONACK.-K, 

88,  91 

Onoclca, 

599 

I'aplioosoroot, 

20 

Onopordon, 

234 

Papyrus, 

491 

Unosmodium, 

320 

Par  dan  thus, 

460 

Ol'lIIOGLOSSE^, 

589,  601 

Parietaria, 

399 

Ophioglotfsum, 

602 

Parnassia, 

43 

Oi'HKYDK.i;, 

442 

PARNASSIACEJI 

48 

O])lotheca, 

370 

1'arnnssia  Family, 

48 

Opulus, 

168 

Paronychia, 

62 

Opuntia, 

136 

Tars  ley, 

159 

Onvche, 

365 

Paretoy  Family, 

148 

Orange-root, 

14 

i'arsnip, 

152 

Orange-grass, 

51 

I'artlicnium, 

211 

Orchard-Grass, 

557 

Partridge-berry, 

172,  251 

ORCHLDACE^E  (Orchis 

Fam.),   44  -2    Partridge  Pea, 

108 

INDEX 


PASPA  LE.E, 

539 

Physcomitrium, 

G51 

Paspalum, 
Pasque-flower, 

575 

4 

Phvsostegia, 
PHYTOLACCACE.E 

313 
361 

Passiflora, 

138 

Picca, 

423 

PASSIFLORACE^E, 

138 

Pickerel-weed, 

484 

Passion-flower, 

138 

Pickerel-weed  Family, 

403 

Passion-flower  Family, 

138 

Pieris, 

254 

Pastinaca, 

152 

Pigeon-Berry, 

361 

Patania, 

595 

Pig-nut, 

403 

Pavia, 

83 

Pigweed, 

362,  308 

Peach, 

113 

Pilea, 

399 

Pear, 

124    Pilinophvtum, 

391 

Pear  Family, 

111,  123 

Pilotrichum, 

654,  681 

Pearhvort, 

61 

Pimpernel, 

274 

Pecan-nut, 

402 

Pine, 

421 

Pcdieularis, 

295 

Pine-  Apple  Family, 

458 

Pellia, 

690 

Pine-drops, 

261 

Pellitory, 

399 

Pine  Family, 

420,  421 

Peltamira, 

427 

Pine-sap, 

261,  262 

Pen  ci  1-Flo  wer, 

102 

Pine-weed, 

51 

Pennyroyal, 
Pentalophus, 

302,  308 
322 

Pinguicula, 
Pink, 

277 
54 

Penthorum, 

141 

Pink  Family, 

52,  54 

Pentstemon, 

286 

Pink-root, 

174 

Pepperbush, 

254 

Pinus, 

421 

Peppergrass, 

38,  40 

Pimveed, 

46 

Peppermint, 

303 

Pinxtcr-flower, 

257 

Pepper-root, 

31 

Pipe-  Vine, 

360 

Pepperwort, 

38 

Pipe  wort, 

488,  489 

Pepperidge, 

162 

Pipcwort  Family, 

488 

Periploca, 

355 

Pipsissewa, 

260 

PER  IP  LOCK  JB, 

351 

Piptathcrum, 

548 

Periwinkle, 

350 

Pisum, 

104 

Persea, 

378 

Pitcher-Plants, 

23 

Persicaria, 

372 

Plugiochasma, 

688 

Persimmon, 

267 

Plagiochila, 

69.1 

Petalostemon, 

95 

Plagiothecium, 

679 

Phacelia, 

328 

PI  an  era, 

398 

PILENOGAMOUS  PLANTS,         1 

Planer-Tree, 

396 

Phalacroloma, 

198 

Plane-tree, 

400 

Pkalangium, 

469 

J  'lane-tree  Family, 

400 

PlIALARIDE^E, 

538 

PLANTAGINACE^S, 

268 

Phalaris, 

574 

Pktntago, 

268 

Pharbitis, 

333 

Plantain, 

268 

Phascum, 
PHASEOLE.E, 

614 

90 

Plantain  Family, 
PLATANACEJ3, 

268 
400 

Pliaseolus, 

104 

Platanthera, 

444 

Pheasant's  Eye, 

15 

Platanus, 

400 

Phelipaea, 

280 

Platygyrium, 

663 

Philadelphus, 

146 

Platyloma, 

591 

Phleum, 

541 

Pleuranthe, 

692 

Phlomis, 

318 

Pleurisv-root, 

354 

Phlox, 

330 

PLEUROCARPI, 

609,  654 

Phoradendron, 

382 

Pleurozium, 

668 

Pliragraites, 

568 

Pluchea, 

208 

Phryma, 

299 

Plum, 

111,  112,  113 

Phyllanthus, 

392 

PLUMBAGINACEJE, 

270 

Phyllodoce, 

255 

Pneumonanthe, 

346 

Physalis, 

339 

Poa, 

561 

Physocarpos, 

113 

POACE^B, 

535 

Physcomitrella 

615 

PODALYRIE-S:, 

9d 

INDEX. 


Podophvllam, 
PODOSTEMACBJ& 

21 

384 

Primrose, 
Primrose  Family, 

271 
270 

Podostemon, 

384 

Primula, 

271 

Pogonatum, 

641 

PRIMULACE^E, 

270 

Fogonia, 

450 

PRIMCLEJS, 

270 

Poison  Hemlock, 

158 

Prince's  Feather, 

368,  372 

Poison  Ivy, 

76 

Prince's  Pine, 

261 

Poison  Oak, 

76 

Prinos, 

264 

Poison  Sumach, 

76 

Privet, 

356 

Poke, 

361 

Prosartes, 

474 

Poke  weed  Family, 

361 

Proserpinaca, 

134 

Polanisia, 

40 

Prunella, 

313 

POLEMONIACE^E  (Polemonium 
Fiunily),                                            329 

Prunus, 
Psilocarya, 

111,  112 

503 

Polemonium, 

329 

Psoralea, 

94 

Polianthes, 

472 

PSORALE^E, 

89 

Polygala, 

85 

Ptelea. 

75 

POLYGALACE^E, 

85 

PTERIDE^E, 

588 

POLYGONACE^E, 

371 

Ptcrigonium, 

663 

Polygonatum, 

466 

Pteri<ryuandram, 

663 

Polygonum, 

371 

Pteris, 

591 

Polymnia, 

209 

Pterospora, 

261 

Polypetalous  Exogenous  Plants, 

2 

Ptilidium, 

701 

POLYPODIES, 

588 

Ptilium, 

673 

POLY  IODINES,                          587, 

589 

Ptychomitrium, 

635 

Poly  pod  him, 

589 

Puccoon, 

321 

Polypogon, 

544 

Pulmonuria, 

323 

Polysnchum, 

598 

Pulsatilla, 

4 

Polyta:nia, 

152 

I'ulsc  Family, 

88 

POMEJS,                                       111, 

123 

Pumpkin, 

139 

Polytrichum, 

641 

Purslane, 

64 

Pomine  Blanche, 

94 

Purslane  Family, 

63 

Poinnie  de  Prairie, 

94 

Putty-root, 

453 

Pond  Spice, 

380 

Pycnanthemum, 

304 

Pond  weed,                                    432, 

433 

Pycrcus, 

491 

Pomlwccd  Family, 

431 

Pylaisasa, 

662 

Pontcderia, 

484 

Pyrola, 

259 

PONTEDERIACKfi, 

483 

PYROLES  (PjTola  Family) 

246,  259 

Poor  Man's  Weather-glass, 

274 

Pvrrliopappus, 

240 

Poplar, 

418 

Pyrularia, 

382 

l>(>PJ»y» 

25 

Pyrus, 

1-24 

P<»pj>y  Family, 

24 

Tyxidanthera, 

332 

Popuhis, 

418 

Porcupine  Grass, 

549 

Quaking  Grass, 

565 

Portulaca, 

64 

Quamash, 

469 

PORTULACACEJB 

63 

Quamoclit, 

333 

Portuna, 

253 

Queen-of-the-Prairie, 

114 

Potamogeton, 

433 

Quorcus, 

404 

Potato, 

339 

Quick-Grass, 

569 

Potcntilla, 

118 

Quill  wort, 

605 

Poterium, 

115 

Quince, 

126 

Pottia, 

629 

Quitch-Grass, 

569 

Poverty  Grass, 

550 

Prairie  Clover, 

95 

Racomitrium, 

638 

Prairie  Dock, 

210 

Radish, 

89,40 

Prcissia, 

686 

Kadula, 

700 

Prenanthee, 

237 

Ragged  Robin, 

57 

Prickly  Ash, 

75 

Ragweed, 

211 

Prirkly  Pear, 

136 

Ragwort, 

231 

Prickly  Poppy, 

25 

Ram's-head, 

455 

Prim, 

356 

Kamsted, 

284 

INDEX. 


RAXUNCULACEJE, 

2    Rock  Cress, 

RAXUNCULE^E, 

2    Rocket, 

Ranunculus, 

7    Rock-rose, 

RAI'HANEJB, 

29 

Rock-  rose  Family, 

Raphanus, 

39,40 

Roman  Wormwood 

llaphidostegjura, 

670 

Rosa, 

Has  pi  jerry, 

120,  121 

ROSACE^E, 

Rattle-box, 

91 

Rose, 

Rattlesnake-Grass, 

559 

HOSEJK, 

Rattlesnake-Master, 

151 

Rose-bay, 

Rattlesnake-Plantain 

447 

Rose  Family, 

Rattlesnake-root, 

237 

Rose-Mallow, 

Rattlesnake-weed, 

237 

Rosin-Plant, 

liny-Grass, 

509 

Rosin-weed, 

Rcboulua, 

557 

Roubieva, 

Rcboulia, 

687 

Rowan-tree, 

Rod  Bay, 
Red-bud, 

379 
108 

Rubia, 
RUB  LACE  JE, 

Red-Osier, 

161 

Rubus, 

Red  Pepper, 

341 

Rudbeckia, 

Red-Hoot, 

80 

Rue-Anemone, 

Red-Root, 

-  457 

Ruellia, 

Red-top, 

544,  555,  562 

Rue  Family, 

Reed, 

568 

Ruinex, 

Reed  Bent-Grass, 

547 

Ruppia, 

Reed-  Grass, 

544,  551 

Rush, 

Reed-mace, 

429 

Rush  Family, 

Reed  Meadow-Grass, 

559 

Rush-Grass, 

Rensseheria, 

427 

Rush  Salt-Grass, 

Jlfiseda, 

41 

RUTACE^K, 

RJESEDACEJE, 

41 

Rye, 

Rhabdoweisia, 

618 

Rye-Grass, 

RHAMNACKffl, 

78 

Rhamnus, 

79 

Sabbatia, 

Rlieuiu, 

378 

SACCHARK^B, 

Rhexia, 

127 

Saccbarum, 

RlIINANTITIDE^S, 

282 

Sacred  Bean, 

Rhinanthus, 

295 

Sage, 

Rhododendron, 

257 

Sagina, 

Rhodora, 

258 

Sagittaria, 

RllOUOREJS, 

246 

St.  Andrew's  Cross, 

Rhubarb, 

378 

St.  John's-wort, 

Rhus, 

76 

St.  John's-wort  Family, 

Rhynchosia, 

105 

St.  Peter's-wort, 

Rhynchospora, 

504 

SALIC  ACE  JE, 

RUVNCUO8PORE2B, 

490 

Salieornia, 

Rhynehostegium, 

670 

SALICORXIE^B, 

Rhytidiuin, 

675 

Salix, 

Ribbon-Grass, 

575 

Salsola, 

gibes, 

136 

SALSOLE^E, 

Ribgrass, 

268,  269 

Salt  Marsh-Grass, 

Ru-cia, 

683 

Saltwort, 

RlCClACExE, 

683 

Sal  via, 

Richweed, 

309,  399 

Salvinia, 

Rieinus, 

393 

SAMHUCEJE, 

Ripplegrass, 

269 

Sambucus, 

River-weed, 

384 

SAMOLEA;, 

River-weed  Family, 

384 

Samolus, 

Robinia, 

96 

Samphire, 

Robin's  Plantain, 

198 

Sandalwood  Family, 

Rock  Brake, 

591 

Sand-  Grass, 

33 

40 

45 

45 

212 

122 

110,  113 
122 
111 
25? 

UO,  113 
68 
209 
210 
364 
125 
171 
168 
120 
214 
6 

297 
74 
376 
433 
480 
479 
541 
551 
74 
570 
569 

342 

539 

584 

21 

309 

61 

438 

49 

49 

48 

49 

413 

3£6 

302 

413 

367 

362 

552 

367 

309 

606 

163 

166 

271 

274 

366 

381 

550 


INDEX. 


Sand  Myrtle, 

259 

Sea-Rocket, 

89 

Sand  wort, 

58 

Sea  Sand-Reed, 

548 

Sanguinaria, 

26 

Sea-Sandwoit, 

57 

Sanguisorba, 
Sanicle, 

115 
151 

Sea  Spear-Grass, 
Secale, 

560 
570 

Sanicula, 

151 

Sedge, 

507 

SANTALACEJE, 

381 

Sedge  Family, 

490 

KAPINDACEJE, 

82 

Sedum, 

140 

Sr.ponaria, 

54 

Seed-box, 

133 

SABOTAGED, 

267 

Selaginella, 

604 

Sappodilla  Family, 

267 

Seligcria, 

618,  680 

Surcoscyplms, 
Sarracema, 

696 
23 

Self-heal, 
Sempcrvivura, 

313 
141 

SARRACENIACEjE, 

23 

Scndtnera, 

701 

Sarsaparilla, 

159 

Scnebiera, 

39 

Sassafras, 

379 

SENEBIERE;E, 

29 

Saturcia, 

307 

Seneca-Grass, 

574 

SATURETE^, 

300 

Seneca  Snakeroot, 

87 

SAURURACE^E, 

383 

Senecio, 

230 

Saururus, 

383 

SENECIONIDE.E, 

180 

Savin, 

425 

Senna, 

108 

Savory, 

307 

Sensitive  Briar, 

110 

Saxifraga,                                   142, 

143 

Sensitive  Fern, 

599 

SAXIFRAGACE^E    (Saxifrage 

Sensitive  Plant, 

109 

Family),                                    141, 

142 

Sensitive  Joint  Vetch, 

98 

Saxifrage,                                    142, 

143 

Sericocarpus, 

189 

SAXIFRAGES, 

141 

Service-berry, 

125 

Scapania, 

695 

SESAMES, 

278 

Schedonorus, 

567 

Sesame-Grass, 

582 

Scheuclizeria, 

437 

Sesuvium, 

64 

Schizsea, 

600 

Setaria, 

581 

SCHIZE*:, 

589 

Seymeria, 

292 

Schistidiuin, 

636 

Shad-bush, 

125 

Schcenus, 

506 

Shag-bark, 

402 

Schollera, 

485 

Shave-Grass, 

587 

Schrankia, 

110 

Shell-bark, 

402 

Schwalbca, 

294 

Sheep-berry, 

167 

Schweinitzia, 

261 

Shell-flower, 

285 

Scilla, 

469 

Shepherd  ia, 

381 

SCIRPE^S, 

490 

Shepherd's  Purse, 

39 

Bcirpidiom, 

496 

Shield-Fern, 

596 

Srirpus,                                         498, 

502 

Shin-leaf, 

260 

SCLKKAXTHE2E,                                        54 

,  63 

Shooting-Star, 

27i> 

Srlcnmthus, 

63 

Shrubby  Trefoil, 

75 

Sclcria, 

506 

Shrub  Yellow-root, 

13 

SCLERIE^, 

490 

Sibbaldia, 

115 

Sclerochloa, 

560 

SinrnoKPiEA, 

282 

ScliTolcpis, 

184 

Sickle-pod, 

34 

Scoko, 

361 

Sieves, 

138 

Scolochloa, 

556 

Sida, 

67 

Scolopendrium, 

593 

Side-saddle  Flower, 

23 

Sclotheimia, 

635 

Sievcrsia, 

117 

Scorpion-Grass, 

323 

Silene, 

55 

Scouring  Hush,                           585, 

587 

SlLBNBJB, 

63,  54 

Stropbtuaria. 

S  C  R  OPHUL  ARIACEJE, 

284 
281 

SlLICCLOS^, 
SlLIQUOS-fi, 

29 
28 

Scutch-Grass, 

554 

Silkwecd, 

851 

Scutellaria, 

313 

Silphium, 

209 

Sett-Lavender, 

270 

Silver-bcll-Tree, 

266 

Sea-Milkwort, 

274 

Silver-Berry, 

881 

Sea-rurslane, 

64 

Silver-Weed, 

Ud 

INDEX. 


Sinapis, 

SlHYMBRIEJB, 

36 
29 

Spikenard, 
Spike-Rush, 

Sisymhrium, 

35 

Spinach, 

Sisyrinchiura, 

460 

Spinacia, 

Sitoiobium, 

595 

SPINACIE.B, 

Slum, 

157 

Spindle-tree, 

Skullcap, 

313 

Spiraea, 

Skunk  Cabbage, 

428 

SPIR^E^E, 

Sloe, 

112 

Spiranthes, 

Smart-  weed, 

373 

Spirodela, 

SMILACE^E  (Snulax  Family), 

461 

Sri  ROLODEX, 

Smilacina, 

467 

Splachnum, 

Smilax, 

461 

Splcenwort, 

Smyrniura, 
Snake-head, 

156 

285 

Spoon-  wood, 
Sporobolus, 

Snakeroot,                   151    184,  188, 

360 

Spring-Beauty, 

Snapdragon, 

284 

Spruce, 

Sneeze-weed, 

224 

Spurge, 

Sneezewort, 

226 

Spurge  Family, 

Snow-ball  Tree, 

168 

Spurred  Gentian, 

Snowberry,                                  164, 

250 

Spurge  Nettle, 

Snowdrop,                                   266, 

455 

Spurrey, 

Snowflake, 

455 

Spurrey  Sandwort, 

Soapberry  Family, 

82 

Squash, 

Soapwort, 

54 

Squaw-root, 

SOLANACE^E, 

338 

Squaw-  weed, 

Solanum, 

339 

Squill, 

Solea, 

41 

Squirrel-Corn, 

Solidago, 

200 

Squirrel-tail  Grass, 

Solomon's  Seal,                         466, 

467 

STACHYDE^E, 

Sonchus, 

241 

Stachys, 

SOPHOKE.E, 

90 

Staff-tree, 

Sorbus, 

125 

Staff-tree  Family, 

Sorghum, 

584 

Stagger-bush, 

Sorrel,                                   71,  376, 

378 

Staphylea, 

Sorrel-tree, 

254 

STAPHYLEACE^E, 

Sour-wood, 

254 

Star-Cucumber, 

Southern-wood, 

228 

Star-flower, 

Sow-thistle, 

241 

Star-grass, 

Spanish  Bayonet, 

471 

S  t  ar-of-B  e  th  lehem, 

Spanish  Needles, 

222 

Star-Thistle, 

Sparganium, 

429 

Starwort, 

Spartina, 

551 

Staticc, 

Spatter-Dock. 

23 

Steeple-bush, 

Spear-Grass, 

561 

Steet/.ia, 

Spearmint, 

303 

Steironema, 

Spcarwort, 

8 

Stcllaria, 

Specularia, 

244 

STELLATE, 

Speedwell, 

289 

Stcnactis, 

Spergula, 

62 

Stcnanthium, 

Spergularia, 

61 

Stickseed, 

Spermacoee, 

171 

Stillingia, 

Sphserocarpus, 

684 

Stipa, 

SPHAGNACE.E, 

610 

Stitchwort, 

Sphagncecetis, 

692 

Stock, 

Sphagnum, 

610 

Stone-crop, 

Spice-bush, 

379 

Stone-root, 

Spiderwort, 

486 

Storax, 

Spiderwort  Family 

485 

Storax  Family, 

Spigelia,                                              174 
Spike-Grass,                               560,  5C7 

Storksbill, 
STRATIOTIDEJB 

ICO 
495 
367 
367 
362 

81 
113 
111 
448 
431 
362 
652 
594 
255 
542 

65 
422 
385 
385 
344 
389 

62 

61 
139 
280 
231 
469 

27 
570 
301 
316 

81 

81 
254 

82 

82 
138 
272 

456,  458 
468 
232 

58 
270 
114 
690 
273 

58 
169 
198 
476 
324 
391 
549 

59 

40 

140,  141 
309 
265 
265 

73 
440 


INDEX. 


Strawberry, 
Strawberry  Bush, 

11 

8 

Tansy, 
Tansy  Mustard, 

226 

36 

Strcptopns, 

47 

Tape-Grass, 

4H 

Strophostyles, 

10 

Taraxacum, 

2;i9 

Strutliiopteris, 

59 

Tare, 

IOJ 

Sruarria, 

9 

TAXINEJB, 

42(>.  425 

Stylipua, 

11 

Taxodiura, 

424 

Stylisma, 

33 

Taxus, 

425 

Stylophorum, 

2 

Tea-berry, 

251 

Stvlosanthes, 

10 

Tear-thumb, 

375 

STYUACACEJE, 

26 

Teasel, 

176 

STYRACE.K, 

26. 

Teasel  Family, 

176 

Sty  rax, 

26 

Tecoma, 

278 

SL*/KDE;E, 

36 

Tclmatopbace, 

131 

Subufaria, 

39 

Tephrosia, 

Q6 

StJDCLABlJEJB, 

29 

Tetragonotheca, 

213 

Succory, 

2-3. 

Tetranthera, 

379 

Sugarberry, 

397 

Tetrajihis, 

630 

Supir-Cane, 

584 

Tctraplodon, 

653 

Sullivantia, 

144 

Tetrodontium, 

630 

Sumach, 

76 

Teucrium, 

302 

Summer  Haw, 

124 

Thalictrum, 

6 

Summer  Savory, 

SO1 

Thamnium, 

669 

Sundew, 

47 

Thapsia, 

156 

Sundew  Family, 

47 

Thaspium, 

155 

Sunflower, 

216,  223 

Thelia, 

660 

Supple-Jack, 
Swamp-  Honeysuckle, 

79 
257 

Thelypteris, 
Thimbleberry, 

597 
121 

Sweet-Brier, 

123 

Thin-Grass, 

543 

Sweet  Cicely, 

158 

Thistle, 

232,  233 

Sweet  Fern, 

410 

Thorn, 

123,  124 

Sweet  Fla<j, 

429 

Thorn-Apple, 

341 

Sweet  Gale, 

410 

Three-leaved  Nightshade, 

463 

Sweet-Gale  Family, 

409 

Three-thorned  Acacia, 

109 

Sweet-Gum  Tree, 

148 

Thorough-wax, 

156 

Sweet-Leaf, 

266 

Thproughwort, 

186 

Sweet  IVa, 

104 

Thrift, 

270 

Sweet  Potato, 

334 

Thuidium, 

667 

Sweet  Scabious, 

198 

Thuja, 

424 

Sweet-scented  Sbrub, 

126 

Thyme, 

306 

Sweet-scented  Venial-Grass, 

574 

TliYMELEACE^E, 

880 

Sweet-  William, 

54,  330 

Thvinus, 

306 

Swine-Cress, 

39 

Tmrella, 

145 

Sycamore, 

401 

Ticksced, 

219 

Syeiia, 

487 

Ticksecd  Sunflower, 

220 

Sympnoricarpui, 

164 

Tick-Trefoil, 

99 

Symphytuin, 

320 

riedeniannia, 

153 

Symplocarpus, 

428 

Tiper-flowcr, 

460 

SVMI'LOCINK^E, 

265 

Fipridia, 

460 

Symploeos, 

266 

Tilia, 

69 

Syrmndra, 

312 

TILIACKffl, 

69 

Synthyrii, 

289 

Tilla;a, 

140 

Syfinga, 

146 

rillandsia, 

458 

Syrrhopodon, 

631 

Timmia, 

642 

Timothy, 

541 

Tacnmanac, 

419 

1'ipularia, 

451 

Ttenidia, 

156 

^oad-Flax, 

284 

Tn<retcs, 

223 

'obacco, 

841 

Tulinum, 

64 

'ofieldia, 

478 

Tamarack, 

423 

""omato, 

339 

Toiiomum, 

226 

Toothache  -Grass, 

559 

INDEX. 


Tooth  wort, 

Tower  Mustard, 

Toxicodendron, 

Tradeseaatia, 

Tragia, 

Trautvctteria, 

Trachynotia, 

Treacle  Mustard, 

Tread-Softly, 

Trefoil, 

Trematodon, 

Tree-ot-IIeaven, 

Triantha, 

Trichelostylis, 

Trichochloa, 

Trichocolca, 

Trichodium, 

Trichophorura, 

Tnchosteraa, 

Trichostomum, 

Tricuspis, 

Tridynia, 

Tricntalis. 


Trifolium, 

Triglochin, 

TRII.LIACK^C, 

Trillium, 

Trillium  Family, 

Triodallus, 

Triosteum, 

Triplasis, 

Triple-awned  Grass, 

Tripsacura, 

Tripterella, 

Trisetum, 

Triticura, 

Trollius, 

Tropieolum, 

Troximon, 

Trumpet-flower, 

Trumpets, 

Trumpet-  Weed, 

Tuberose, 

TUBULIFLORJE, 

Tuckermannia, 
Tulip, 


Tulip-tree, 

Tupelo, 

Turuip, 

Turritis, 

Tussilago, 

Turtle-head, 

Twayblade, 

Twig-  Rush, 

Twin-Hower, 

Twin-leaf, 

Twisted-Stalk, 

Tvpha. 

TYFllACEjE, 


31 
34 

76 

486  | 
390 

551  I 
35| 

389  | 

92  ' 

620  ! 

75  I 
478! 

to3 1 

546  I 
701 
54S| 
501 
302 
626 
555 
272  i 
272  | 
89 
92 
437 

461,  463 
463 

461,  463 

244 

166 

556 

550 

582 

442 

572 

569 

11 

74 

239 

278 

24 

186 

472 

177 

394 

472 

465 

17 

162 

40 

34 

189 

285 

449,  452 
506 
163 
20 
474 
429 
429 


Udora,  44  1 

ULMACE^E  394.-VJ5 

Ulmaria,  114 

Uliiius,  395 

UMBELLIFERJE,  148 

Umbrella-Grass,  5<>3 

Umbrella-leaf,  20 

Umbrella-tree,  1  6 

Unicorn-plant,  279 

Uniola,  5(i7 

Urachne,  o-*a 

Uralepis,  555 

Urtica,  398 

URTJCACE^E,  394 

UUTICS/E,  394,  398 

Utricularia,  275 

Uvularia,  473 

UVULARIE^S,  472,  473 


Vaccaria, 

VACCINIE^B,  245, 

Vaceinium, 

Vablodea, 

Valerian, 

Valerian  a, 

VALEHIANACE^E    (Valerian 

Family), 
Valcrianella, 
Vallisneria, 
VALLISNERIEJB, 
Vanilla-Gruss, 
Vanilla-plant, 
Velvet-Grass, 
Velvet-Leaf, 
Venus's  Fly-trap, 
Venus's  Looking-glass, 
Veratrum, 


Verbascum, 

Verbena, 

VKKBKNAOEJS, 

Verbesina, 

Vernal-Grass, 

Vernonia, 

VEUNONIACE^E, 

Veronica, 

VERONICE.E, 

Vervain, 

Vervain  Family, 

Vesicaria, 

Vetch, 

Vetchling, 

Viburnum, 

Vieia, 

VICIE.E, 

Vilfa, 

Vinca, 

Vine  Family, 

Viola, 

VIOLACE^E, 

Violet, 


55 
247 
247 
572 
1  75 
175 

174 

176 

441 

440 

574 

185 

673 

68 

47 

244 

476 

282 

283 

298 

298 

222 

574 

183 

179 

289 

282 

298 

298 

37 

102 

103 

167 

102 

90 

541 

850 

77 

42 

41 

42 


INDEX. 


Violet  Family, 
Vipci  's  Bugloss, 
Virgaurca, 
Virgilia, 

Virginian  Cowslip, 
Virginian  Creeper, 
Virginia  Snakeroot, 
Virgin's-Bower, 
Viscum, 
VITACE^E, 
Vitis, 
Vitis-idaea, 

Waahoo, 

Waldsteinia, 

Walking-leaf, 

Wall-flower, 

Wall-pepper, 

Walnut, 

Walnut  Family, 

Wart-Cress, 

Washington  Thorn, 

Water-Beech, 

Water-Cress, 

Water-Dropwort, 

Watcr-IIcmloek, 

Water-Hemp, 

W  ater-  Horehou  nd, 

Waterleaf, 

Waterleaf  Family, 

Water-Li  ly, 

Water-Lily  Family, 

Water-Locust, 

Water-Marigold, 

Watermelon, 

Water-Milfoil, 

Water-Milfoil  Family 

Water-Nymph, 

Water-Oats, 

Water-Parsnip, 

Water-Pepper, 

Water-Plantain, 

Water-Plantain  Family 

Water-Rice, 

Water-shield  Family, 

Water-shield, 

Water  Star-Grass, 

Watcr-Starwort, 

Water-Stanvort  Family, 

Water- Violet, 

Water-Willow, 

Water-weed, 

Water-wort, 

Water-wort  Family, 

Wax-Myrtle, 

Wax-work, 

Wayfaring-tree. 

Wcisia, 

Whahoo, 

Wheat, 

Wheat-Grass, 


41 

Whin, 

91 

319 

White  Alder, 

254 

201 

White  Daisy, 

226 

108 

White  Grass, 

539 

323 

White  Hellebore, 

476 

78 

White-  weed, 

226 

360 

White  Lettuce, 

238 

3 

White  Thorn, 

123 

383 

Whitlow-Grass, 

36 

77 

Whitlow-wort, 

62 

77 

Whortleberry  Family, 

245,  247 

248 

Wake-Robin, 

464 

81 

Wicopy, 
Wild  Balsam-apple, 

380 
139 

,117 

Wild  Elder, 

160 

593 

Wild  Ginger, 

359 

40 

Wild  Hyacinth, 

469 

141 

Wild  Ipecac, 

387 

401 

Wild  Liquorice, 

170 

401 

Wild  Potato-vine, 

334 

39 

Wild  Rve, 

570 

123 

Willow," 

413 

409 

Willow  Family, 

413 

30 

Willow-  Herb,* 

130 

153 

Windflower, 

4 

157 

Windsoria, 

555 

370 

Winterberry, 

264 

303 

Winter  Cress, 

35 

326 

Wintergrcen, 

251,  259,  261 

326 

Winterlia, 

264 

22 

Wire-Grass, 

554,  563 

22 

Wistaria, 

96 

109 

Witch-Hazel, 

147 

222 

Witch-Hazel  Family, 

147 

139 

Withe-rod, 

167 

134 

Woad, 

40 

134 

Woad-Waxen, 

91 

22 
540 

Wold, 
Wolfbcrry, 

41 
164 

157 

Wolfslmne, 

13 

373 

Wood  Anemone, 

6 

4.37 

Wood  Betony, 

295   317 

436,  437 

Woodbine, 

'  164 

540 

Wood-Fern, 

596 

22 

Wood-Grass, 

584 

22 

Wood-Rush, 

479 

485 

Woodsia, 

595 

384 

WOODSIFJE, 

588 

384 

Wood-Sage, 

302 

275 

Wood-Sorrel, 

**  1 

297 

Wood-Sorrel  Family, 

71 

441 

Woodwardia, 

592 

52 

Wool-Grass, 

501 

52 

Worm-Grass, 

174 

409 

Worm  seed, 

364 

81 

Wonnwood, 

227 

168 

Woundwort, 

316 

618 

396 

Xanthinm, 

212 

569 

Xerophylium, 

477 

509 

Xylostcori, 

164 

INDEX. 


XTTR1DACEJE, 

487 

Yew  Family, 

Xyris, 

487 

Yucca, 

Yam, 

460 

Zapania, 

Yam  Family, 

460 

Zannichellia, 

Yard-  Grass, 

554 

Zanthorhiza, 

Yarrow, 

225 

ZANTEIOXYLACE<«, 

Yaupon, 

263 

Zanthoxylum, 

Yeliow-eyed  Grass, 

487 

Zca, 

Yellow-eyed  Grass  Family 

487 

Zephyranthes, 

Yellow  Pond-Lily, 

23 

Zizania, 

Yellow  Puceoon, 

14 

Zizia, 

Velio  w-Kattle, 

295 

Zostera, 

Fellow-  Wo.  xi. 

107 

Zygadcnus, 

Yew, 

4ltf 

Zy«odon. 

420,  42& 
471 

299 

432 

13 

75 

75 

584 

455 

540 

156 

432 

47i 

631 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


Genera  of  Gramiiiese,  or  Grasses* 


TAB.   I. 

LEERSIA.  — Panicle  of  L.  oryzoides,  reduced  in  size  (1);  a  branchlet  of  the  same  with  its 

spikelets,  of  the  natural  size  (2)  ;  and  an  open  spikelet  in  flower,  enlarged  (3). 
ZIZANIA.  —  A  staminate  (1)  and  a  pistillate  (2)  flower  or  spikelet  of  Z.  aquatica  •,  a  magnified 

pistil  with  a  pair  of  squamuke  or  hypogyrious  scales  (3) ;  a  grain  (4)  ;  and  a  magnified 

longitudinal  section  of  the  lower  part  of  the  same,  showing  the  embryo  at  the  outside 

of  the  base  of  the  albumen. 
ALOPECURUS.  —  Part  of  a  plant  of  A.  geniculatus,  in  flower  (1);  a  few  spikelets  from  the 

spike-like  inflorescence,  moderately  magnified  (2)  ;   an  open  spikelet  in  flower,  more 

magnified  (3),  and  the  single  lower  palea  detached  (4). 
PHLEUM.  — One  spikelet  of  P.  pratense,  having  the  flower  with  its  palese  raised  above  the 

glumes,  magnified. 
CRYPSIS.  — Inflorescence  (1)  of  C.  schoenoicles  (see  Addenda,  p.  xcix.)j  a  separate  enlarged 

spikelet  (2) ;  and  the  same  open,  in  flower  (3). 

VILFA.  —  An  enlarged  spikelet  of  V.  vaginseflora  (1)  5  and  the  same  displayed  (2). 
SPOROBOLUS.  —  A  spikelet  of  S.  cryptandrus,  magnified  (1)  ;  the  same  with  the  flower  open, 

the  paleas  raised  above  the  glumes  (2)  ;  and  the  fruit  (3),  more  magnified,  showing  the 

seed  loose  in  the  pericarp  (utricle). 
AGROSTIS.  —  Panicle  of  A.  vulgaris  (1) ;  with  an  enlarged  open  spikelet  of  the  same :  also  (3) 

the  rough  pedicel  and  glumes  of  A.  scabra,  with  the  flower  separated,  the  latter  having 

no  upper  palea. 

TAB.  II. 

POLYPOGON.—  Spike-like  contracted  panicle  of  P.  Monspeliensis  (1) ;  an  enlarged-  detached 
spikelet,  showing  the  long  awns  to  the  glumes  (2)  5  the  same  open  in  flower  (3) ;  and  a 
separate  flower  without  the  glumes  (4). 

CINNA.  — A  magnified  spikelet  of  C.  arundinacea  (1)-,  and  the  sam«  open,  displaying  the 
palese,  the  single  stamen,  and  the  pistil  (2). 

MUHLENBERGIA.  —  A  magnified  closed  spikelet  of  M.  sylvatlca  (1)  ;  the  same  with  the  open 
flower  raised  out  of  the  glumes  (2).  A  magnified  spikelet  of  M.  diffusa  (3) ;  its  minute 
and  unequal  glumes  more  magnified  (4) ;  and  an  open  spikelet  of  the  same  (5). 


EXPLANATION   OF   THE   PLATES. 

fcRACHYELYTRUM.  —  A  spikelet  of  B.  aristatum  enlarged  (1)  ;  the  same  displayed  (2). 
CALAMAGROSTIS.  —  An  open  spikelet  of  C.  Canadensis,  enlarged,  displaying  all  the  parts  (I) ; 

the  same  with  the  flower  raised  out  of  the  glumes,  showing  the  hairy  rudiment  behind 

the  upper  palea  (2). 

ORYZOPSIS.  —  An  open  magnified  spikelet  of  0.  asperifolia  (1)  ;  and  the  flower  of  the  same 
removed  from  the  glumes  (2).  Notice  the  remarkably  long  squarnulss  or  hypogynoua 
scales,  which  here  nearly  equal  the  palese  in  length. 

STIPA.  —  Glumes  and  flower  (a  little  separated)  of  S.  avenacea,  enlarged. 

ARISTIDA.  —  A  spikelet  of  A.  purpurascens,  enlarged. 

TAB.   III. 

SPARTIN  A. —  Portion  of  the  inflorescence  of  S.  stricta,  of  the  natural  size  (1)  ;  a  spikelet  en 
larged  (2)  -,  and  the  same  displayed,  the  flower  raised  above  the  glumes  (3). 

CTENIUM.  — Spike  of  C.  Americanrum  (1)  ;  a  single  spikelet  magnified  (2)  ;  and  the  same  dis- 
played, the  glumes  separated  (3). 

BOUTELOUA.  —  A  portion  of  the  compound  spike,  of  the  natural  size  (1)  ;  and  a  spikelet  dis- 
played and  magnified  (2),  the  flowers  raised  out  of  the  glumes. 

GYMNOPOGON.  — Inflorescence  of  G.  racemosus,  reduced  in  size  (1) ;  and  a  magnified  spikelet 
.  with  the  parts  displayed  (2). 

CYNODON.  —  Inflorescence,  of  digitate  spikes  (1  j  a  spikelet  magnified  and  displayed,  show- 
ing a  perfect  flower  and  a  rudiment  (2). 

DACTYLOCTENIUM.  —  Inflorescence  of  D.  .ffigyptiacum,  of  digitate  spikes  (1);  one  of  the 
spikelets  magnified  (2)  •,  the  fruit  magnified  (3),  showing  the  seed  loose  in  the  thin  peri- 
carp (utricle)  ;  and  (4)  the  wrinkled  seed  more  magnified. 

ELEUSINE.  —One  of  the  spikes  from  the  digitate  inflorescence  of  E.  Indica  (1) ;  a  magnified 
spikelet  (2) ;  the  same  with  the  flowers  more  displayed  (3)  ;  a  flower  from  the  last  show- 
ing its  parts  (4) ;  the  fruit  magnified,  showing  the  seed  loose  in  the  utricle  (5)  ;  and  the 
wrinkled  seed  detached  (6). 

LEPTOCHLOA.  —  Small  portion  of  the  inflorescence  of  L.  fascicularis  (1)  5  one  of  its  spikelets 
displayed  and  magnified  (2; ;  an  open  flower  of  the  same  (3). 


TAB.    IV. 

TRICUSPIS.  — Magnified  spikelet  of  T.  seslerioides  (1)  •,  the  same  displayed  and  the  lowest 
flower  open  (2) ;  back  view  of  the  lower  palese  spread  out  (3).  -* 

DUPONTIA,  or,  as  it  should  be,  GRAPHEPHORUM  (see  Addenda,  p.  c.).  —  A  magnified  spike- 
let  of  Dupontia  Cooleyi  or  Graphephorum  melicoides,  displayed  (1)  ;  a  part  of  the  hairy 
rhachis  and  one  flower  of  the  same  (2). 

DIARRHENA.  —  A  spikelet  of  D.  Americana,  enlarged  (1) :  the  grain  and  palese  (2). 

DACTYLIS.  —  A  spikelet  of  D.  glomerata  magnified  and  displayed. 

KGELERIA.  —  A  magnified  spikelet  of  K.  cristata,  expanded,  showing  the  glumes,  the  three 
flowers,  and  a  rudiment  (1)  ;  lower  half  of  a  lower  palea,  partly  spread  open  (2)  ;  it  is 
much  more  folded  and  keeled  in  its  natural  condition. 

EATONIA.  —  A  magnified  spikelet  of  E.  obtusata,  expanded,  showing  the  glumes,  the  two  flow- 
ers, and  a  rudiment. 


EXPLANATION    OF    THE    PLATES. 

MELICA.  —A  magnified  spikelet  of  M.  mutica,  expanded,  showing  the  glumes,  two  perfect 

flowers,  and  an  abortive  one. 
GLYCERIA.  —  A  magnified  spikelet  of  G.  nervata  (1)  5  a  separate  flower  with  one  joint  of  the 

rhachis  (2) ;  and  (3)  the  lower  half  of  a  lower  palea,  showing  its  form  (rounded  on  the 

back,  not  keeled.) 
BRIZOPYRUM.  —  A  pistillate  spikelet  of  B.  spicatum,  enlarged  (1) ;  a  flower  from  the  same  (2)  ; 

and  a  flower  from  a  staminate  spikelet  (3). 
POA.  —  Panicle  of  P.  compressa,  reduced  in  size  (1) ;  a  magnified  spikelet  (2)  5  a  separate 

flower  more  magnified  (3)  ;  a  lower  palea  cut  across  and  somewhat  outspread  (4). 
ERAGROSTIS.  —  A  spikelet  of  E.  pilosa,  enlarged  (1) ;   the  same,  from  which  the  glumes  and 

all  of  six  lower  flowers  except  the  upper  palea  have  fallen  away  (2)  ;  a  magnified  flower, 

open  (3) ;  the  lower  palea  of  the  same  outspread  (4). 
BRIZA.  —  A  spikelet  of  B.  media,  enlarged  (1) ;  a  separate  flower  (2). 
FESTUCA.  —  A  spikelet  of  F.  elatior,  enlarged  (1) ;  a  separate  flower  (2) ;   lower  part  of  a 

lower  palea,  outspread  (3). 
BROMUS.  —A  spikelet  of  B.  secalinus,  or  Chess  (1)  ;  a  separate  flower,  enlarged  (2). 


TAB.   V. 

tNIOLA.  —  A  spikelet  of  U.  latifolia,  of  about  the  natural  size  (1) ;  a  flower,  enlarged  (2)  j 
empty  lower  palea  of  the  lowest  (sterile)  flower  (3). 

PHRAGMITES.  —  A  spikelet  of  P.  communis,  enlarged  (1) ;  one  of  the  perfect  flowers,  en- 
larged (2)  5  and  the  lowest  flower  (3),  which  has  stamens  only. 

ARUNDINARIA.  —  A  spikelet  of  A.  macrosperma  (1) ;  a  separate  flower,  magnified  (2). 
LEPTURUS. — Portion  of  the  spike  of  L.  paniculatus,  enlarged  (1)  •,  a  flower  magnified  (2). 
LOLIUM.  —  Portion  of  the  spike  of  L.  temulentum  (1) ;  a  separate  flower,  magnified  (2). 

TRITICUM.  —  Portion  of  the  spike  of  T.  repens,  or  Couch-Grass,  of  about  the  natural  size  (1) ; 
a  flower  magnified  (2). 

HORDEUM.  —  The  three  one-flowered  spikelets  from  one  joint  of  the  spike  of  H.  jubatum, 
with  their  awn-like  glumes,  the  lateral  flowers  abortive  and  neutral,  the  middle  one  alone 
perfect  (1)  5  this  perfect  flower  (with  an  awn-like  rudiment)  open  and  enlarged  (2). 

ELYMUS.— The  two  spikelets  of  one  joint  of  the  spike  of  E.  Virginicus,  about  the  natural 
size  (1) ;  the  glumes  and  the  flowers  of  one  spikelet,  enlarged  and  displayed  (2)  ;  and 
an  open  flower,  more  magnified  (3). 

GYMNOSTICIIUM.  —  A  spikelet  of  G.  Hystrix  (1),  and  an  expanded  flower,  magnified  (2). 


TAB.  VI. 

AIR  A.  —  Panicle  of  A.  flexuosa  (1) ;  a  spikelet,  magnified,  the  parts  displayed  (2) ;  and  one 
of  the  flowers  detached  and  open  (3). 

DANTIIONIA.  —  Panicle  of  D.  spicata  (1)  5  a  spikelet  enlarged  (2);  and  a  separate  flower 
from  the  same  (3). 

TRISETUM.  —  A  spikelet  of  T.  subspicatum,  var.  molle,  expanded  and  magnified  (1) ;  and  a 
separate  open  flower  (2). 

AYENA.  —  A  spikelet  of  A.  striata  displayed  and  magnified  (1) ;  and  a  separate  flower  (2). 


EXPLANATION    OF    THE    PLATES. 

ARRENATHERUM.  —  A  spikelet  of  A.  avenaceum  displayed  and  magnified :  1,  the  glumes  ; 

2,  the  flowers,  the  lower  one  staminate  only,  the  next  perfect,  and  the  third  a  rudiment. 
HOLCUS.— A  spikelet  of  H.  lanatus  magnified  (1);  the  same  displayed  to  show  the  two 

flowers,  the  lower  one  perfect  and  awuless,  the  upper  staminate  and  awned  (2). 

TAB.  VII. 

HIEROCHLOA.  —  A  spikelet  of  H.  borealis,  enlarged  (1) ;  the  same  displayed,  the  flowers 
separated  from  the  glumes,  the  two  lateral  ones  with  three  stamens  and  no  pistil ;  the 
middle  or  terminal  one  with  a  pistil  and  only  two  stamens  (2). 

ANTHOXANTHUM.  —  The  spike-like  inflorescence  of  A.  odoratum  (1) ;  a  spikelet  magnified 
(2) ;  another  with  the  parts  displayed,  the  flowers  raised  from  the  glumes,  the  lateral  ones 
neutral,  each  of  a  single  and  awned  palea,  the  middle  one  perfect  and  diandrous  (3). 

PHALARIS. — A  spikelet  of  P.  arundinacea  enlarged  (1)  ;  the  glumes  and  the  perfect  flower 
with  a  hairy  rudiment  on  each  side  of  it  (2). 

MILIUM.  — Portion  of  the  panicle  of  M.  effusum(l)  ;  a  closed  spikelet  magnified  (2)  ;  and  the 
same  displayed  (3). 

AMPHICARPUM.—  A  spikelet  from  the  panicle  of  A.  Purshii,  magnified  (1)  ;  the  same  with 
the  parts  displayed  (2)  ;  and  a  radical  (fertile)  spikelet,  enlarged  (3). 

PASPALUM.  —  Inflorescence  of  P.  Iseve  (1)  ;  a  closed  spikelet,  enlarged  (2)  ;  the  same  with 
the  parts  displayed  (3). 

PANICuff.  —  Part  of  a  spike  of  P.  (Digitaria)  sanguinale  (1) ;  one  of  its  spikelets  magnified 
(2)  ;  the  same  with  the  parts  displayed  (3)  :  in  this  the  lower  flower  is  neutral  and  of  a 
single  palea.  A  spikelet  of  P.  capillare,  magnified  (4),  and  the  same  displayed  (5)  : 
the  lower  flower  a  single  palea.  A  spikelet  of  P.  clandestinum,  magnified  (6),  and  the 
same  displayed  (7) :  the  lower  flower  neutral,  of  two  paleae.  A  spikelet  of  P.  virgatum, 
magnified  (8) ;  the  same  displayed  (9) :  the  lower  flower  of  two  palese  and'  staminate. 

SETARIA.  —  A  magnified  spikelet  of  S.  glauca,  with  the  accompanying  cluster  of  bristles  (1) ; 
the  spikelet  displayed,  showing  the  neutral  lower  flower  of  two  paleae  and  the  perfect 
flower  (2). 

TAB.  VIII. 

CENCHRTJS.  —  A  spiny  involucre  of  C.  tribuloides,  in  flower,  enlarged  (1)  ;  longitudinal  sec* 
tion  of  the  same  (2)  ;  a  spikelet  detached  and  displayed  (3) :  the  stigmas  should  belon? 
to  the  right-hand  or  upper  flower  ;  the  left-hand  or  lower  flower  is  only  staminate. 

TRIPSACUM.  —  Piece  of  the  spike  vof  the  natural  size),  pistillate  below,  staminate  above  (1) ; 
a  longitudinal  section  of  one  of  the  pistillate  spikelets  (2) ;  a  pistillate  spikelet  with  iU 
parts  displayed  (3)  ;  a  staminate  (2-flowered)  spikelet,  with  its  parts  displayed  (4). 

ERIANTHUS.  — Part  of  the  hairy  inflorescence  with  two  spikelets  of  E.  alopecuroides,  en- 
larged (1)  ;  one  of  the  spikelets  displayed  (2). 

ANDROPOGON.—  Small  portion  of  the  spike  of  A.  furcatus,  enlarged,  with  one  fertile  and 
awned  spikelet,  and  one  staminate  and  awnless  spikelet  (1)  •,  the  fertile  spikelet  (2),  and 
the  staminate  spikelet  (3)  displayed. 

SORGHUM.  —  A  fertile  spikelet  of  S.  nutans,  enlarged,  with  a  sterile  pedicel  on  each  side  (1)  ; 
the  spikelet  displayed  (2). 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


Ociicra  of   Filicc§. 


TAB   IX. 

POL  YPODIUM.— Plant;  piece  of  the  fron*  (t)  ;  n  magnified  sporangium  \rith  Its  stalk, 
and  another  bursting  and  discharging  spores,  of  P.  vulgare,  L. 

BTKUTHIOPTERI9.— Pinna  of  the  sterile  froud  (i)cf  S.  Germanlca,  WilM.;  portion  of  e 
fertile  frond  (2);  apiece  of  one  pinna  cut  ofifto^hcwtho  manner  in  which  it  is  rolled 
np  (8);  and  a  portion  of  the  last,  magnified,  with  on^»  side  unrolled  (4) ;  towards  the 
base  the  sporangia  all  removed,  to  show  how  tho  fruit-dots  are  bo.ne  each  on  tlw 
middle  of  a  vein. 

ALLO8ORUS.— Sterile  and  fertile  plants  of  A.  gracilis,  Prv&.;  md  ^  portion  of  the  fortfU 
frond  (1)  enlarged,  with  a  piece  of  the  marginal  lndns<um  turned  ba^k  <x>  display 
the  fruit;  the  sporangia  are  all  removed  from  the  fruit-bearing  Upb  of  th«  two  fork." 
of  the  lower  vein. 

TAB.  X. 

PTERIS.— A  pinnule  of  P.  aqulllna,  Z.,  var.  caudata;  and  a  piece  of  on»  <*  the  lob<* 

enlarged  (2),  the  marginal  indnsinm  rolled  back  on  one  side,  displnyii.g  thr  frilt, 

the  sporangia  all  removed  from  the  lower  part  to  show  the  receptacle  that  NJ:»\ 

thorn,  viz.  a  cross  line  connecting  the  tips  of  the  veins. 
ADIANTUM.— Piece  of  the  frond  of  A.  pedatum.  L.  (1) ;  a  pinnule  somewhat  enlarci-d  (3^ 

and  a  piece  of  one  (8)  more  enlarged,  with  the  Indusium  of  one  fruit-dot  turned  b:uj* 

to  show  the  attachment  of  the  fruit. 

CITEILANTHE8.— Small  plant  of  C.  vestita(l);  and  a  fruit-bearing  pinnule. enlarged  (2) 
WOODWARDIA.— Portion  of  the  sterile  (1)  AIKI  of  the  fertile  frond  (2^  r>f  W.  anirust!- 

folia;  a  piece  of  the  latter  enlarged  (8);  piece  of  the'frond  of  W.  Virginlca  (4j  ;  and 

part  of  a  fruiting  lobe  (5),  enlarged. 


TAB.  XI. 

CAMPTO3ORU8.— Plant  of  (1  rhizophyllus,  IAnk.;  and  a  portion  of  a  frond,  with  fruit 

dots,  enlarged  (1). 
t»COTX)PKM>i:i  I'M.— Tip  of  a  fertile  frond  of  S.  offlclnarum;  and  (2)  a  piece  enlarged, 

with  two  fruit-dots. 
&.SPLKN  IUM.— A  i-inna  of  A   thelypteroides,  Mh-hx.  (1) ;  and  part  of  11  lube  (2)  in  fruit, 

enlarged. 


EXPLANATION    OF   THE    PLATES. 

DICKSONlA,  §SITOLOBIUM.— Pinna  of  D.  punctilobula,  /Too^.(l);  portion  of  a  pinnule 
^2),  enlarged;  and  a  fruit-dot  in  its  cup-shaped  indusium  (8). 


TAB.  XII. 

CYSTOPTERIS.— Piece  of  the  frond  of  C.  bulbifera,  Bernh.  (1);  a  lobe  tn  fruit  (2), 
enlarged ;  and  a  small  portion  more  magnified  (8),  bearing  a  fruit-dot  with  its  indu- 
siom  thrown  back. 

WOODSIA.— Small  frond  of~W.  glabella,/?.  Br.  (1):  a  part  of  a  fruiting  pinna  of  the  same 
(2),  magnified ;  and  a  separate  indusium  (3),  more  magnified ;  a  piece  of  a  fruitful 
pinnule  of  W.  obtusa,  Torr.  (4),  enlarged;  and  a  fruit  with  the  opened  indusium 
beneath  (5),  more  magnified. 

ASPID1UM,— Pinna  of  A.  (Dryopteris)  marginale,  Swarfc:  (1);  and  a  magnified  fruiting 
portion  (2) ;  piece  of  A.  (Polystichum)  acrostichoides  (3);  and  a  small  fruiting  por- 
tion (4),  magnified. 

ONOOLE  A.— Sterile  arid  fertile  frond  of  O.  sensibilis,  L.;  front  view  of  a  fruiting  contracted 
pinnule,  enlarged  (1);  and  the  same  laid  open  and  viewed  from  the  other  Bide  (2)' 
on  one  lobe  the  sporangia  are  removed  from  the  veins. 


TAB.  XIII. 

SCH12.iEA.— Plant  of  S.  pnsilla,  Purxh;  a  fertile  pinna  with  eleven  sporangia  (1),  mag- 
nified; and  a  separate  sporangium  (2),  more  magnified. 

LYGODIUM.— Summit  of  frond  of  L.  palmatum,  Swart3(l),  with  fertile  and  sterile  divi- 
sions ;  a  fruiting  lobe  enlarged  <  2).  with  two  of  the  lower  scales,  or  indusia,  removed, 
displaying  a  sporangium  under  each  ;  and  a  sporangium  more  magnified  (8). 

OSMUND  A.— Small  piece  of  the  frond  of  O.  Claytoniana,  L.  (1),  with  a  fertile  and  a 
sterile  pinna;  a  portion  of  the  fruit  magnified  (2);  and  one  sporangium  more  mag- 
nified (8). 

BOTRYCH1UM.— Plant  of  B.  lunarioides,  Swarta;  and  a  portion  of  the  fruit  (1),  with  sb 
sporangia,  magnified. 

OPH1OQLOSSUM.— Frond  of  0.  vulgatum,  L.;  and  a  portion  of  the  fruiting  spike  en- 
larged (1). 


Genera  of    Eqniftetaceae,   I^ycopodiaccaB,  and 
£1  ydroptcrides. 

TAB.  XIV. 

EQFISETUM.— Upper  part  of  fertile  plant  of  E.  limosum,  L.  (1);  one  of  the  shield- 
Khnped  scales  or  receptacles  of  the  spike,  with  the  six  sporangia  underneath  (2), 
enlarged;  same  seen  from  below,  discharging  the  spores  (8);  a  magnified  spore 
with  the  club-shaped  filaments  spreading  (4)  ;  and  (5)  the  same  with  the  filaments 
coiled  up. 

LYXJOPODIirM.— Plant  of  L.  Carolinianum,  /,.,•  and  (1)  a  magnified  scale  of  the  spike 
removed,  with  the  sporangium  in  its  axil,  discharging  powdery  spores. 

8ELAG  I  NELL  A.— Plant  of  8.  rupestria.  Spring ;  part  of  a  fertile  spike,  enlarged  (1) ;  scale 
from  the  tipper  part  of  it  (2),  with  its  sporangium,  contai  nine  in  numerable  powdery 
spores;  scale  from  the  base  (3),  with  its  sporangium  coiituiiiing  few  huge  sporea 
and  (4j  three  large  spores. 


EXPLANATION    OF   THE    PLATES. 

ISO ETES.— Plant  of  I.  lacustris  (1);  sporocarp  containing  minnte  spores,  cut  acr  IBS  (2) 
enlarged;  same  divided  lengthwise  (5);  sporocarp  with  coarse  spores,  divided 
lengthwise  (8j ;  and  (4)  three  coarse  spores  more  magnified. 

AZOLLA.— Plant  (1):  a  portion  magnified  (2),  with  two  kinds  of  organs;  s'erile  sporocarp, 
or  antheridium,  more  magnified  (3) ;  fertile  sporocarp  more  magnified  (4);  the  same 
burst  open,  showing  the  stalked  sporangia  (5) ;  one  of  the  latter  more  magnified 
($);  another  bursting  (7) ;  and  three  spores  (8),  beset  with  bristles. 


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